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...definition of a new circuit breaking protocol (using the method names __then__ and __else__) that provides a common underlying semantic foundation for: conditional expressions: LHS if COND else RHS logical conjunction: LHS and RHS logical disjunction: LHS or RHS the None-aware operators proposed in PEP 505 the rich comparison chaining model proposed in PEP 535 Taking advantage of the new protocol, it further proposes that the definition of conditional expressions be revised to also permit the ...
...protocol Protocol members Explicitly declaring implementation Merging and extending protocols Generic protocols Recursive protocols Self-types in protocols Callback protocols Using Protocols Subtyping relationships with other types Unions and intersections of protocols Type[] and class objects vs protocols NewType() and type aliases Modules as implementations of protocols @runtime_checkable decorator and narrowing types by isinstance() Using Protocols in Python 2.7 - 3.5 Runtime Implementati...
...protocol in Python 2.x consists of two methods: __iter__() called on an iterable object to yield an iterator, and next() called on an iterator object to yield the next item in the sequence. Using a for loop to iterate over an iterable object implicitly calls both of these methods. This PEP proposes that the next method be renamed to __next__, consistent with all the other protocols in Python in which a method is implicitly called as part of a language-level protocol, and that a built-in functi...
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Released: May 3, 2021
This is the tenth and final regular maintenance release of Python 3.8 Note: The release you're looking at is Python 3.8.10, a bugfix release for the legacy 3.8 series. Python 3.11 is now the latest feature release series of Python 3. Get the latest release of 3.11.x here. According …
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...Protocols Protocols are probably more familiar to new users. The terminology is consistent with what you would expect from something called a protocol: the protocols most people think of first, like HTTP, IRC, SMTP... are all examples of something that would be implemented in a protocol. The shortest useful definition of a protocol is a (usually two-way) bridge between the transport and the rest of the application logic. A protocol will receive bytes from a transport and translates that inform...
...protocol described in PEP 532, this PEP proposes a change to the definition of chained comparisons, where the comparison chaining will be updated to use the left-associative circuit breaking operator (else) rather than the logical disjunction operator (and) if the left hand comparison returns a circuit breaker as its result. While there are some practical complexities arising from the current handling of single-valued arrays in NumPy, this change should be sufficient to allow elementwise chaine...
...definitions indicates that they use a new "existence checking" protocol rather than the established truth-checking protocol used by if statements, while loops, comprehensions, generator expressions, conditional expressions, logical conjunction, and logical disjunction. This new protocol would be made available as operator.exists, with the following characteristics: types can define a new __exists__ magic method (Python) or tp_exists slot (C) to override the default behaviour. This optional meth...
...protocol. Cofunctions respond to __cocall__ the same way as ordinary generator functions respond to __call__, i.e. by returning a generator-iterator. Certain objects that wrap other callable objects, notably bound methods, will be given __cocall__ implementations that delegate to the underlying object. New builtins, attributes and C API functions To facilitate interfacing cofunctions with non-coroutine code, there will be a built-in function costart whose definition is equivalent to def cost...
...protocol knows about the object, the protocol must have an __adapt__() method. This optional method takes two arguments: self, the protocol requested obj, the object being adapted If the protocol finds the object to be compliant, it can return obj directly. Alternatively, the method may return a wrapper compliant with the protocol. If the protocol knows the object is not compliant although it belongs to a type which is a subclass of the protocol, then __adapt__ should raise a LiskovViolatio...
...protocol(self) -> Optional[Union[NextProtocol, bytes]]: """ Returns the protocol that was selected during the TLS handshake. This selection may have been made using ALPN, NPN, or some future negotiation mechanism. If the negotiated protocol is one of the protocols defined in the ``NextProtocol`` enum, the value from that enum will be returned. Otherwise, the raw bytestring of the negotiated protocol will be returned. If...
...protocols. Checking a class for compatibility with a protocol: If a protocol uses Self in methods or attribute annotations, then a class Foo is considered compatible with the protocol if its corresponding methods and attribute annotations use either Self or Foo or any of Foo’s subclasses. See the examples below: from typing import Protocol class ShapeProtocol(Protocol): def set_scale(self, scale: float) -> Self: ... class ReturnSelf: scale: float = 1.0 def set_scale(self, scal...
Released: July 2, 2019
Note: The release you are looking at is Python 3.6.9, a security bugfix release for the legacy 3.6 series which has now reached end-of-life and is no longer supported. See the downloads page for currently supported versions of Python. The final source-only security fix release for 3.6 was 3.6.15 …
Released: Dec. 11, 2019
Note Python 3.8 is now released and is the latest feature release of Python 3. Get the latest release of 3.8.x here. Python 3.6.10rc1 is the release candidate preview of the next security fix release of Python 3.6. Python 3.6.8 was the final bugfix release for 3.6. Python 3.6 …
Released: June 18, 2019
Python 3.6.9rc1 is a release candidate preview of the latest security fix release of Python 3.6. Note Python 3.7 is now released and is the latest feature release of Python 3. Get the latest release of 3.7.x here. Python 3.6.8 was the final bugfix release for 3.6. Python 3.6 …
...definition time, they are used, but if they are subsequently added to a class later they are not. Key Differences with the Existing Protocol __findattr__()'s semantics are different from the existing protocol in key ways: First, __getattr__() is never called if the attribute is found in the instance's __dict__. This is done for efficiency reasons, and because otherwise, __setattr__() would have no way to get to the instance's attributes. Second, __setattr__() cannot use "normal" syntax for s...
...Protocols Protocols are always used in conjunction with transports. While a few common protocols are provided (e.g. decent though not necessarily excellent HTTP client and server implementations), most protocols will be implemented by user code or third-party libraries. Like for transports, we distinguish between stream protocols, datagram protocols, and perhaps other custom protocols. The most common type of protocol is a bidirectional stream protocol. (There are no unidirectional protocols....
...protocol: __enter__ Statement template protocol: __exit__ Factoring out arbitrary exception handling Generators Default value for yield Template generator decorator: statement_template Template generator wrapper: __enter__() method Template generator wrapper: __exit__() method Injecting exceptions into generators Generator finalisation Generator finalisation: TerminateIteration exception Generator finalisation: __del__() method Deterministic generator finalisation Generators as user defined st...
Released: March 5, 2017
Python 3.6.1rc1 is a release candidate preview of the first maintenance release of Python 3.6. The Python 3.6 series contains many new features and optimizations. See the What’s New In Python 3.6 document for more information. Major new features of the 3.6 series, compared to 3.5 Among the new major …
Released: June 17, 2017
Python 3.6.2rc1 is a release candidate preview of the second maintenance release of Python 3.6. The Python 3.6 series contains many new features and optimizations. See the What’s New In Python 3.6 document for more information. Major new features of the 3.6 series, compared to 3.5 Among the new major …
Released: July 7, 2017
Python 3.6.2rc2 is a release candidate preview of the second maintenance release of Python 3.6. The Python 3.6 series contains many new features and optimizations. See the What’s New In Python 3.6 document for more information. Major new features of the 3.6 series, compared to 3.5 Among the new major …