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  • Unifying types and classes in Python 2.2

    ...type and you're in business. There's a new built-in name, "dict", for the type of dictionaries. (In version 2.2b1 and before, this was called "dictionary"; while in general I don't like abbreviations, "dictionary" was just too long to type, and we've been saying "dict" for years.) This is really just sugar, since there are already two other ways to name this type: type({}) and (after importing the types module) types.DictType (and a third, types.DictionaryType). But now that types p...

  • Unifying types and classes in Python 2.2

    ...type and you're in business. There's a new built-in name, "dict", for the type of dictionaries. (In version 2.2b1 and before, this was called "dictionary"; while in general I don't like abbreviations, "dictionary" was just too long to type, and we've been saying "dict" for years.) This is really just sugar, since there are already two other ways to name this type: type({}) and (after importing the types module) types.DictType (and a third, types.DictionaryType). But now that types p...

  • Unifying types and classes in Python 2.2

    ...type and you're in business. There's a new built-in name, "dict", for the type of dictionaries. (In version 2.2b1 and before, this was called "dictionary"; while in general I don't like abbreviations, "dictionary" was just too long to type, and we've been saying "dict" for years.) This is really just sugar, since there are already two other ways to name this type: type({}) and (after importing the types module) types.DictType (and a third, types.DictionaryType). But now that types p...

  • Unifying types and classes in Python 2.2

    ...type and you're in business. There's a new built-in name, "dict", for the type of dictionaries. (In version 2.2b1 and before, this was called "dictionary"; while in general I don't like abbreviations, "dictionary" was just too long to type, and we've been saying "dict" for years.) This is really just sugar, since there are already two other ways to name this type: type({}) and (after importing the types module) types.DictType (and a third, types.DictionaryType). But now that types p...

  • Metaclasses in Python 1.5

    ...type must be made callable. That's why we need a second type. Whether an object is callable depends on its type. So whether a type object is callable depends on its type, which is a meta-type. (In core Python there is only one meta-type, the type ``type'' (types.TypeType), which is the type of all type objects, even itself.) A new meta-type must be defined that makes the type of the class-like objects callable. (Normally, a third type would also be needed, the new ``instance'' type, ...

  • Comparing Python to Other Languages

    ...types and its dynamic typing. For example, a Python programmer wastes no time declaring the types of arguments or variables, and Python's powerful polymorphic list and dictionary types, for which rich syntactic support is built straight into the language, find a use in almost every Python program. Because of the run-time typing, Python's run time must work harder than Java's. For example, when evaluating the expression a+b, it must first inspect the objects a and b to find out their type,...

  • Standard Exception Classes in Python 1.5

    ...type (usually string or tuple). With the new scheme, the type is a class and the value is a class instance. For example, the following code will break: try: raise Exception() except: print "Sorry:", sys.exc_type + ":", sys.exc_value because it tries to concatenate the exception type (a class object) with a string. A fix (also for the previous example) would be to write try: raise Exception() except: etype = sys.exc_type # Save it; try-excep...

  • Towards a Standard Parser Generator

    ...TYPE="s">pathExpr</SYMBOL> <CODE> </CODE> </RULE> <RULE> <SYMBOL TYPE="s">unionExpr</SYMBOL> <SYMBOL TYPE="s">'|'</SYMBOL> <SYMBOL TYPE="s">pathExpr</SYMBOL> <CODE> <VARIABLE TYPE="PyObject*" NAME="right"></VARIABLE> <VARIABLE TYPE="PyObject*" NAME="left"></VARIABLE> <VARIABLE TYPE="PyObject*" NAME="expr"></VARIABLE> <CODE_SNIPPE...

  • Python Success Stories

    ...typesetting solutions. The two most popular are TeX and DocBook, both of which are supported by open source implementations written in C. DocBook was chosen because it had more clearly defined and documented production rules for typesetting elements. DocBook, The Definitive Guide is a real treasure when it comes to explaining these rules in detail. DocBook provides a set of Document Type Definition (.DTD) and Document Stylesheet (.DSL) files written in DSSSL, the Document Style Semantics and Spe...

  • Notes

    ...types with partial orderings. Classes or types that want to implement (in)equality tests but not the ordering operators (i.e. unordered types) should implement == and !=, and raise an error for the ordering operators. It is possible to define types whose rich comparison results are not Boolean; e.g. a matrix type might want to return a matrix of bits for A < B, giving elementwise comparisons. Such types should ensure that any interpretation of their value in a Boolean context raises an excep...

  • Python 2.0

    ...definition of NULL in C source code; all definitions were removed and add #error to Python.h if NULL isn't defined after #include of stdio.h. Py_PROTO() macros that were removed in 2.0b1 have been restored for backwards compatibility (at the source level) with old extensions. A wrapper API was added for signal() and sigaction(). Instead of either function, always use PyOS_getsig() to get a signal handler and PyOS_setsig() to set one. A new convenience typedef PyOS_sigha...

  • Parade of the PEPs

    ...Type to Python - Zadka Like 228, I think this is not a realistic PEP, it's just a collection of open issues. A rational type seems to create more problems than it resolves. Maybe, just maybe there could be an efficient rational type implemented in C (using Python longs of course) in an extension module. But that's just a matter of hard work, and nobody seems interested. In the mean time, if you need rational numbers, there are plenty of implementations in pure Python available (in...

  • Notes

    ...type's coercion if both arguments have the same type but this type has the CHECKTYPES flag set. This is to better support proxies. The type of tp_free has been changed from "void (*)(PyObject *)" to "void (*)(void *)". PyObject_Del, PyObject_GC_Del are now functions instead of macros. A type can now inherit its metatype from its base type. Previously, when PyType_Ready() was called, if ob_type was found to be NULL, it was always set to &PyType_Type; now it is set to bas...

  • Python 2.4.1 - Release Notes

    ...type's coercion if both arguments have the same type but this type has the CHECKTYPES flag set. This is to better support proxies. The type of tp_free has been changed from "void (*)(PyObject *)" to "void (*)(void *)". PyObject_Del, PyObject_GC_Del are now functions instead of macros. A type can now inherit its metatype from its base type. Previously, when PyType_Ready() was called, if ob_type was found to be NULL, it was always set to &PyType_Type; now it is set to bas...

  • Python Software Foundation: Vendor Policies

    ...Definition Vendors include various legal entities that provide goods and services to the PSF. Typical legal entities include individuals/sole proprietors, S-Corporations, C-Corporations, partnerships, and LLCs. Vendors include legal entities that are paid for invoices or independent contractor agreements, as well as awards and honorariums. For more information about the tax documentation and implications for various types of vendors, see the Vendor Tax Documents section. Invoices The PSF gener...

  • Notes

    ...types that support garbage collection. Compiler now treats None as a constant. The type of values returned by __int__, __float__, __long__, __oct__, and __hex__ are now checked. Returning an invalid type will cause a TypeError to be raised. This matches the behavior of Jython. Implemented bind_textdomain_codeset() in locale module. Added a workaround for proper string operations in BSDs. str.split and str.is* methods can now work correctly with UTF-8 locales. Bug #989185: unicode.iswide(...

  • Python Humor

    ...type of snake, which you'll notice is an object. With the two vowels, python is quite readable. Python Object Oriented Programming Seminar Subject: Re: Fall Python Workshop & OOPSLA? From: Joseph Strout <@ucsd.edu> Date: Fri, 28 Feb 1997 09:24:41 -0800 On Tue, 25 Feb 1997, Jeffrey Kunce wrote: > At last Fall's workshop, there was talk of combining the 1997 > Fall Python Workshop with OOPSLA in some way. > > Have there been any developments? I suggested holding...

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