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...Object PyTypeObject Type Objects The structure of type objects is not available to applications; declaration of "static" type objects is not possible anymore (for applications using this ABI). Instead, type objects get created dynamically. To allow an easy creation of types (in particular, to be able to fill out function pointers easily), the following structures and functions are available: typedef struct{ int slot; /* slot id, see below */ void *pfunc; /* function pointer */ } PyTyp...
...objects, notably bound methods, will be given __cocall__ implementations that delegate to the underlying object. New builtins, attributes and C API functions To facilitate interfacing cofunctions with non-coroutine code, there will be a built-in function costart whose definition is equivalent to def costart(obj, *args, **kwds): return obj.__cocall__(*args, **kwds) There will also be a corresponding C API function PyObject *PyObject_CoCall(PyObject *obj, PyObject *args, PyObject *kwds) ...
...definition body. Why None instead of an empty tuple? A key objective of adding __definition_order__ is to preserve information in class definitions which was lost prior to this PEP. One consequence is that __definition_order__ implies an original class definition. Using None allows us to clearly distinguish classes that do not have a definition order. An empty tuple clearly indicates a class that came from a definition statement but did not define any attributes there. Why None instead of ...
...objects, which don't exist. If the object being finalized is not part of the CI/CT: by definition, objects in the CI/CT don't have any references pointing to them from outside the CI/CT. Therefore, the finalizer cannot reach any zombie object (that is, even if the object being finalized was itself referenced from a zombie object). Now for the second issue. There are three potential cases: The finalizer clears an existing reference to a CI object. The CI object may be disposed of before the ...
...object. The subclass __new__ can do two things to affect the resulting object: pass different arguments to the base class __new__, and modify the resulting object after it's been created (for example to initialize essential instance variables). __new__ must return an object. There's nothing that requires that it return a new object that is an instance of its class argument, although that is the convention. If you return an existing object, the constructor call will still call its __i...
...object. The subclass __new__ can do two things to affect the resulting object: pass different arguments to the base class __new__, and modify the resulting object after it's been created (for example to initialize essential instance variables). __new__ must return an object. There's nothing that requires that it return a new object that is an instance of its class argument, although that is the convention. If you return an existing object of your class or a subclass, the constructor ...
...object will gain a default implementation of the hook that returns the class unmodified: class object: def __autodecorate__(cls): return cls If a metaclass wishes to block implicit class decoration for some reason, it must arrange for cls.__autodecorate__ to trigger AttributeError. If present on the created object, this new hook will be called by the class creation machinery after the __class__ reference has been initialised. For types.new_class(), it will be called as the last ste...
...objects. Call the Reader object to read data from the source Input object and parse the data with the Parser object. A document object is returned. Set up and apply transforms via the Transformer object attached to the document. Call the Writer object which translates the document to the final output format and writes the formatted data to the destination Output object. Depending on the Output object, the output may be returned from the Writer, and then from the publish() method. Calling the ...
...object is not a real class object. Here are the only uses of the type a type checker is expected to allow: It can be used in type annotations and in any context where an arbitrary type hint is valid, such as in type aliases and as the target type of a cast. It can be used as a callable object with keyword arguments corresponding to the TypedDict items. Non-keyword arguments are not allowed. Example: m = Movie(name='Blade Runner', year=1982) When called, the TypedDict type object returns a...
...definition, a function definition or as first string literal in a module. The string literals are added to the objects in question under the __doc__ attribute and are from then on available for introspection tools which can extract the contained information for help, debugging and documentation purposes. Docstrings appearing in locations other than the ones mentioned are simply ignored and don't result in any code generation. Here is an example: class C: "class C doc-string" a = 1 ...
...definition, the name bindings that occur in the class block are not visible to enclosed functions.) A class definition is an executable statement that may contain uses and definitions of names. These references follow the normal rules for name resolution. The namespace of the class definition becomes the attribute dictionary of the class. The following operations are name binding operations. If they occur within a block, they introduce new local names in the current block unless there is also...
...definition will affect the containing scope. The name used in the trailing function or class definition is only visible from the associated @in clause, and behaves as if it was an ordinary variable defined in that scope. If any nested scopes are created in either the @in clause or the trailing function or class definition, those scopes will see the trailing function or class definition rather than any other bindings for that name in the containing scope. In a very real sense, this proposal is ab...
...object and return a pointer to it "s" For Unicode objects: return a pointer to the object's <defenc> buffer (which uses the <default encoding>). "s#" Access to the default encoded version of the Unicode object (see Buffer Interface); note that the length relates to the length of the default encoded string rather than the Unicode object length. "t#" Same as "s#". "es" Takes two parameters: encoding (const char *) and buffer (char **). The input object is first coerced to Unicode in th...
...objects have their im_class field set differently. In previous versions, the im_class field was set to the class that <i>defined</i> the method. Now it is set to the class that was used to create the method object. For example: <pre> class A: def meth(self): ... class B(A): ... # doesn't define meth class C(A): def meth(self): B.meth(self) # error, C doesn't inherit from B System Message: WARNING/2 (<string>, line 105) Definition list ends without a blank line...
...objects, a single constant (a tuple) is set as an attribute of the function. For class and module objects, the annotations dict is always built and set as an attribute of the class or module. With this PEP, a single object is set as an attribute of the object being annotated. Most often, this object is a constant (a code object). In cases where the annotation refers to local variables or class variables, the code object will be bound to a function object, and the function object is set as the...
...definition make it obvious what is happening; at the very least it should be obvious that new users can safely ignore it when writing their own code be a syntax "that ... [is] easy to remember once explained" not make future extensions more difficult be easy to type; programs that use it are expected to use it very frequently not make it more difficult to scan through code quickly. It should still be easy to search for all definitions, a particular definition, or the arguments that a function a...
...objects have their im_class field set differently. In previous versions, the im_class field was set to the class that <i>defined</i> the method. Now it is set to the class that was used to create the method object. For example: <pre> class A: def meth(self): ... class B(A): ... # doesn't define meth class C(A): def meth(self): B.meth(self) # error, C doesn't inherit from B System Message: WARNING/2 (<string>, line 89) Definition list ends without a blank line;...
...objects have their im_class field set differently. In previous versions, the im_class field was set to the class that <i>defined</i> the method. Now it is set to the class that was used to create the method object. For example: <pre> class A: def meth(self): ... class B(A): ... # doesn't define meth class C(A): def meth(self): B.meth(self) # error, C doesn't inherit from B System Message: WARNING/2 (<string>, line 79) Definition list ends without a blank line;...