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...int, str]], param: Optional[int]) -> Union[float, str] def f(list: List[int | str], param: int | None) -> float | str: pass f([1, "abc"], None) # Instead of typing.List[typing.Union[str, int]] typing.List[str | int] list[str | int] # Instead of typing.Dict[str, typing.Union[int, float]] typing.Dict[str, int | float] dict[str, int | float] The existing typing.Union and | syntax should be equivalent. int | str == typing.Union[int, str] typing.Union[int, int] == int int | int == int...
...int], y: Callable[P, int]) -> Callable[P, bool]: ... def x_y(x: int, y: str) -> int: ... def y_x(y: int, x: str) -> int: ... foo(x_y, x_y) # Should return (x: int, y: str) -> bool foo(x_y, y_x) # Could return (__a: int, __b: str) -> bool # This works because both callables have types that are # behavioral subtypes of Callable[[int, str], int] def keyword_only_x(*, x: int) -> int: ... def keyword_only_y(*, y: int) -> int: ... foo(keyword_o...
...int) -> bytes .__setitem__(int | slice, int | iterable[int]) -> None .__setslice__(int, int, iterable[int]) -> Bote .append(int) -> None .count(int) -> int .decode(str) -> str | unicode # in 3.0, only str .endswith(bytes) -> bool .extend(iterable[int]) -> None .find(bytes) -> int .index(bytes | int) -> int .insert(int, int) -> None .join(iterable[bytes]) -> bytes .partition(bytes) -> (bytes, bytes, bytes) .pop([int]) -> int .remove(int) -> None .repla...
...Int functions will check this bit before deciding which types of operations to use. The existing short and long int types remain, but operations return a long int instead of raising OverflowError when a result cannot be represented as a short int. A new type, integer, may be introduced that is an abstract base type of which both the int and long implementation types are subclassed. This is useful so that programs can check integer-ness with a single test: if isinstance(i, integer): ... Af...
...int) -> (str) -> bool (int) -> ((str) -> bool) def f() -> (int, str) -> bool: pass def f() -> ((int, str) -> bool): pass def f() -> (int) -> (str) -> bool: pass def f() -> ((int) -> ((str) -> bool)): pass Because operators bind more tightly than ->, parentheses are required whenever an arrow type is intended to be inside an argument to an operator like |: (int) -> () -> int | () -> bool # syntax error! (int) -> (() -> int) | ((...
...int = 0 # Annotates c.x with int. c.y: int # Annotates c.y with int. d = {} d['a']: int = 0 # Annotates d['a'] with int. d['b']: int # Annotates d['b'] with int. Note that even a parenthesized name is considered an expression, not a simple name: (x): int # Annotates x with int, (x) treated as expression by compiler. (y): int = 0 # Same situation here. Where annotations aren't allowed It is illegal to attempt to annotate variables subject to global or nonlocal in the same ...
...int]): ... def foo(x: int?, y: str?, x: list[int]?): ... # def bar(x: list[typing.Optional[int]]): ... def bar(x: list[int?]): ... The new optional syntax should be equivalent to the existing typing.Optional syntax typing.Optional[int] == int? The new optional syntax should have the same identity as the existing typing.Optional syntax. typing.Optional[int] is int? It should also be equivalent to a Union with None. # old syntax int? == typing.Union[int, None] # new syntax int? == int | No...
...int(other) >> int(self) def __and__(self, other): return int(self) & int(other) def __rand__(self, other): return int(other) & int(self) def __xor__(self, other): return int(self) ^ int(other) def __rxor__(self, other): return int(other) ^ int(self) def __or__(self, other): return int(self) | int(other) def __ror__(self, other): return int(other) | int(self) def __invert__(self): return ~int(...
...interface. New conversion functions PyInt_FromSsize_t and PyInt_AsSsize_t, are introduced. PyInt_FromSsize_t will transparently return a long int object if the value exceeds the LONG_MAX; PyInt_AsSsize_t will transparently process long int objects. New function pointer typedefs ssizeargfunc, ssizessizeargfunc, ssizeobjargproc, ssizessizeobjargproc, and lenfunc are introduced. The buffer interface function types are now called readbufferproc, writebufferproc, segcountproc, and charbufferproc. A n...
...int(self) & int(other)) else: return int.__and__(self, other) __rand__ = __and__ def __or__(self, other): if isinstance(other, bool): return bool(int(self) | int(other)) else: return int.__or__(self, other) __ror__ = __or__ def __xor__(self, other): if isinstance(other, bool): return bool(int(self) ^ int(other)) else: return int.__xor__(self, other) __rxor__ = __xor__ ...
...int = 1 # typed global expression x = int # type alias x: Type[int] = int # typed global expression Explicit syntax: x = 1 # untyped global expression x: int = 1 # typed global expression x = int # untyped global expression (see note below) x: Type[int] = int # typed global expression x: TypeAlias = int # type alias x: TypeAlias = "MyClass" # type alias Note: The examples above illustrate implicit and explicit alias declarations in isolation. For the sake of backwards compatibilit...
...intersections are flattened, e.g. Intersection[int, Intersection[float, str]] == Intersection[int, float, str]. An intersection of fewer types is a supertype of an intersection of more types, e.g. Intersection[int, str] is a supertype of Intersection[int, float, str]. An intersection of one argument is just that argument, e.g. Intersection[int] is int. When argument have a subtype relationship, the more specific type survives, e.g. Intersection[str, Employee, Manager] is Intersection[str, Manage...
...int, int, int] @abstractmethod def intensity(self) -> int: return 0 class Point(RGB): def __init__(self, red: int, green: int, blue: str) -> None: self.rgb = red, green, blue # Error, 'blue' must be 'int' # Type checker might warn that 'intensity' is not defined A class can explicitly inherit from multiple protocols and also from normal classes. In this case methods are resolved using normal MRO and a type checker verifies that all subtyping are correct...
...int] b: B = {'x': 0, 'y': 'foo'} g(b) b['y'] + 'bar' # Runtime error: int + str A TypedDict with all int values is not consistent with Mapping[str, int], since there may be additional non-int values not visible through the type, due to structural subtyping. These can be accessed using the values() and items() methods in Mapping, for example. Example: class A(TypedDict): x: int class B(TypedDict): x: int y: str def sum_values(m: Mapping[str, int]) -> int: n = 0 for ...
...int] assert get_type_hints(Movie) == \ {'title': str, 'year': int} assert get_type_hints(Movie, include_extras=True) == \ {'title': str, 'year': NotRequired[int]} Interaction with get_origin() and get_args() typing.get_origin() and typing.get_args() will be updated to recognize Required[] and NotRequired[]: assert get_origin(Required[int]) is Required assert get_args(Required[int]) == (int,) assert get_origin(NotRequired[int]) is NotRequired assert get_args(NotRequired[int]) == (in...
...interpreter consists of 6 functions: PyAPI_FUNC(int) PyThread_create_key(void) PyAPI_FUNC(void) PyThread_delete_key(int key) PyAPI_FUNC(int) PyThread_set_key_value(int key, void *value) PyAPI_FUNC(void *) PyThread_get_key_value(int key) PyAPI_FUNC(void) PyThread_delete_key_value(int key) PyAPI_FUNC(void) PyThread_ReInitTLS(void) These would be superseded by a new set of analogous functions: PyAPI_FUNC(int) PyThread_tss_create(Py_tss_t *key) PyAPI_FUNC(void) PyThread_tss_delete(Py_tss_t *key) ...
...int, int, int) 'B:r: B:g: B:b:' <--> <named>((int, int, int), ('r','g','b')) Mixed endian (weird but possible) '>i:big: <i:little:' <--> <named>((int, int), ('big', 'little')) Nested structure struct { int ival; struct { unsigned short sval; unsigned char bval; unsigned char cval; } sub; } """i:ival: T{ H:sval: B:bval: B:cval: }:sub: """ Nested array struct { int ival; double data[16*4]...
...int, ValueRange(3, 10)], ctype("char")] == Annotated[ int, ValueRange(3, 10), ctype("char") ] Duplicated annotations are not removed: Annotated[int, ValueRange(3, 10)] != Annotated[ int, ValueRange(3, 10), ValueRange(3, 10) ] Annotated can be used with nested and generic aliases: Typevar T = ... Vec = Annotated[List[Tuple[T, T]], MaxLen(10)] V = Vec[int] V == Annotated[List[Tuple[int, int]], MaxLen(10)] Consuming annotations Ultimately, the responsibility of how to interpret ...
...int], Self is bound to Container[int]. When called with an object of generic type Container[T], Self is bound to Container[T]: def object_with_concrete_type() -> None: int_container: Container[int] str_container: Container[str] reveal_type(int_container.set_value(42)) # => Container[int] reveal_type(str_container.set_value(“hello”)) # => Container[str] def object_with_generic_type( container: Container[T], value: T, ) -> Container[T]: return container.set_...
...integer ::= decimalinteger | octinteger | hexinteger | bininteger | oldoctinteger octinteger ::= "0" ("o" | "O") octdigit+ bininteger ::= "0" ("b" | "B") bindigit+ oldoctinteger ::= "0" octdigit+ bindigit ::= "0" | "1" For Python 3.0, "oldoctinteger" will not be supported, and an exception will be raised if a literal has a leading "0" and a second character which is a digit. For both versions, this will require changes to PyLo...