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...Alias = int # type alias x: TypeAlias = "MyClass" # type alias Note: The examples above illustrate implicit and explicit alias declarations in isolation. For the sake of backwards compatibility, type checkers should support both simultaneously, meaning an untyped global expression x = int will still be considered a valid type alias. Backwards Compatibility Explicit aliases provide an alternative way to declare type aliases, but all pre-existing code and old alias declarations will work as b...
...aliases for new-style tags: manylinux1_x86_64 is now an alias for manylinux_2_5_x86_64 manylinux1_i686 is now an alias for manylinux_2_5_i686 manylinux2010_x86_64 is now an alias for manylinux_2_12_x86_64 manylinux2010_i686 is now an alias for manylinux_2_12_i686 manylinux2014_x86_64 is now an alias for manylinux_2_17_x86_64 manylinux2014_i686 is now an alias for manylinux_2_17_i686 manylinux2014_aarch64 is now an alias for manylinux_2_17_aarch64 manylinux2014_armv7l is now an alias for manylin...
...definitions, a script to convert C source code containing type definitions will be provided [3]. References [1](1, 2) "python3 module definition file": http://svn.python.org/projects/python/branches/pep-0384/PC/python3.def [2]"PEP 384 branch": http://svn.python.org/projects/python/branches/pep-0384/ [3]"ABI type conversion script": http://svn.python.org/projects/python/branches/pep-0384/Tools/scripts/abitype.py Copyright This document has been placed in the public domain. So...
...Alias: def __init__(self, origin, item): self.origin = origin self.item = item def __mro_entries__(self, bases): return (self.origin,) class NewList: def __class_getitem__(cls, item): return GenericAlias(cls, item) class Tokens(NewList[int]): ... assert Tokens.__bases__ == (NewList,) assert Tokens.__orig_bases__ == (NewList[int],) assert Tokens.__mro__ == (Tokens, NewList, object) Resolution using __mro_entries__ happens only in bases of a clas...
...alias for ssl._create_unverified_context if this environment variable is present and set to '0' otherwise, set the ssl._create_default_https_context function to be an alias for ssl.create_default_context as usual Example implementation _https_verify_envvar = 'PYTHONHTTPSVERIFY' def _get_https_context_factory(): if not sys.flags.ignore_environment: config_setting = os.environ.get(_https_verify_envvar) if config_setting == '0': return _create_unverified_context...
...definition, class definition, or method definition, after any comments. This is the standard for Python __doc__ attributes. Immediately following a simple assignment at the top level of a module, class definition, or __init__ method definition, after any comments. See Attribute Docstrings below. Additional string literals found immediately after the docstrings in (a) and (b) will be recognized, extracted, and concatenated. See Additional Docstrings below. @@@ 2.2-style "properties" with attri...
...aliases Type aliases are defined by simple variable assignments: Url = str def retry(url: Url, retry_count: int) -> None: ... Note that we recommend capitalizing alias names, since they represent user-defined types, which (like user-defined classes) are typically spelled that way. Type aliases may be as complex as type hints in annotations -- anything that is acceptable as a type hint is acceptable in a type alias: from typing import TypeVar, Iterable, Tuple T = TypeVar('T', int, float, ...
...AliasImporter: def __init__(self, module, alias): self.module = module self.alias = alias def __repr__(self): fmt = "{0.__class__.__name__}({0.module.__name__}, {0.alias})" return fmt.format(self) def find_module(self, fullname, path=None): if path is None and fullname == self.alias: return self return None def load_module(self, fullname): if fullname != self.alias: raise ImportError("{!r} cannot load {!r}".format(self, ful...
...definitions: T = TypeVar('T', bound='<type>') UserId = NewType('UserId', '<type>') Employee = NamedTuple('Employee', [('name', '<type>'), ('id', '<type>')]) aliases: Alias = Optional['<type>'] AnotherAlias = Union['<type>', '<type>'] YetAnotherAlias = '<type>' casting: cast('<type>', value) base classes: class C(Tuple['<type>', '<type>']): ... Depending on the specific case, some of the cases listed above might be wor...
...aliasing The attrs library performs automatic aliasing of field names that start with a single underscore, stripping the underscore from the name of the corresponding __init__ parameter. This proposal omits that behavior since it is specific to attrs. Users can manually alias these fields using the alias parameter. Alternate field ordering algorithms The attrs library currently supports two approaches to ordering the fields within a class: Dataclass order: The same ordering used by dataclasse...
...definition and only passes in the __class__ cell when this is found. Thus, calling a global alias of super without arguments will not necessarily work. Closed Issues Determining the class object to use The class object is taken from a cell named __class__. Should super actually become a keyword? No. It is not necessary for super to become a keyword. super used with __call__ attributes It was considered that it might be a problem that instantiating super instances the classic way, because...
...alias to the errno module. Removed function. For example, collections aliases to ABC classes have been removed in Python 3.9. Changed function signature: Reject a type which was previously accepted (ex: only accept int, reject float). Add a new mandatory parameter. Convert a positional-or-keyword parameter to positional-only. Behavior change. For example, Python 3.8 now serializes XML attributes in their insertion order, rather than sorting them by name. New warning. Since more and more projec...
...definitions of the concept of type in the literature. Here we assume that type is a set of values and a set of functions that one can apply to these values. There are several ways to define a particular type: By explicitly listing all values. E.g., True and False form the type bool. By specifying functions which can be used with variables of a type. E.g. all objects that have a __len__ method form the type Sized. Both [1, 2, 3] and 'abc' belong to this type, since one can call len on them: ...
...alias list. It's public and anyone can subscribe to it: https://wiki.python.org/moin/PythonEventsCalendar#Mailing_List Submissions sent to events at python.org are forwarded to this mailing list. I ran a blog post and announcement earlier this month to call for submission of events for 2014. This was well received and we're getting a continuous stream of additions. I also setup a new feed for the calendars on Twitter using IFTTT: https://twitter.com/pythonevents This gets all newly added events ...
...definitions for the benefit of redistributors that want to override those default settings. The locale coercion behaviour would be controlled by the flag --with[out]-c-locale-coercion, which would set the PY_COERCE_C_LOCALE preprocessor definition. The locale warning behaviour would be controlled by the flag --with[out]-c-locale-warning, which would set the PY_WARN_ON_C_LOCALE preprocessor definition. (Note: this compile time warning option ended up being replaced by a runtime PYTHONCOERCECLOCAL...
...aliases containing Self. Supporting Self outside class definitions can require a lot of special-handling in type checkers. Given that it also goes against the rest of the PEP to use Self outside a class definition, we believe the added convenience of aliases is not worth it: TupleSelf = Tuple[Self, Self] # Rejected class Alias: def return_tuple(self) -> TupleSelf: # Rejected return (self, self) Note that we reject Self in staticmethods. Self does not add much value since ther...
...alias to A. By-value lookup of the value of A and B will return A. By-name lookup of B will also return A: >>> class Shape(Enum): ... square = 2 ... diamond = 1 ... circle = 3 ... alias_for_square = 2 ... >>> Shape.square <Shape.square: 2> >>> Shape.alias_for_square <Shape.square: 2> >>> Shape(2) <Shape.square: 2> Iterating over the members of an enum does not provide the aliases: >>> list(Shape) [<Shape.square: 2>...
...alias, but also has the direction hardcoded, which will force us to actually have separate patterns for north/south/east/west. This leads to some code duplication, but at the same time we get better input validation, and we will not be getting into that branch if the command entered by the user is "go figure!" instead of a direction. We could try to get the best of both worlds doing the following (I'll omit the aliased version without "go" for brevity): match command.split(): case ["go", ("...
...Definitions vs Callable Type Annotations In all of the languages listed above, type annotations for function definitions use a : rather than a ->. For example, in TypeScript a simple add function looks like this: function higher_order(fn: (a: string) => string): string { return fn("Hello, World"); } Scala and Kotlin use essentially the same : syntax for return annotations. The : makes sense in these languages because they all use : for type annotations of parameters and variables, and...
...aliases Protocols are essentially anonymous. To emphasize this point, static type checkers might refuse protocol classes inside NewType() to avoid an illusion that a distinct type is provided: from typing import NewType, Protocol, Iterator class Id(Protocol): code: int secrets: Iterator[bytes] UserId = NewType('UserId', Id) # Error, can't provide distinct type In contrast, type aliases are fully supported, including generic type aliases: from typing import TypeVar, Reversible, Iter...