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  • Comparing Option-Parsing Libraries

    ...Python standard library (as optparse) in Python 2.3. (It was checked in to Python's CVS tree in November 2002, and first released in July 2003.) Since I proposed Optik for the Python standard library, a number of other option-parsing libraries have come to light. I'm trying to evaluate them by implementing the same real-world command-line interface with several different libraries. Currently, implementations exist for: Greg Ward's (that's me) Optik Russ Cox' iter...

  • Release – Python 3.12.0a2

    Version: None

    Released: Nov. 15, 2022

    This is an early developer preview of Python 3.12. Major new features of the 3.12 series, compared to 3.11 Python 3.12 is still in development. This release, 3.12.0a2 is the second of seven planned alpha releases. Alpha releases are intended to make it easier to test the current state …

  • Release – Python 3.14.0b1

    Version: None

    Released: May 7, 2025

    Only one day late, welcome to the first beta! This is a beta preview of Python 3.14 Python 3.14 is still in development. This release, 3.14.0b1, is the first of four planned beta releases. Beta release previews are intended to give the wider community the opportunity to test new features …

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  • Python Patterns - Implementing Graphs

    ...code written in Python). In another Python Patterns column, I will try to analyze their running speed and improve their performance, at the cost of more code. UPDATE: Eryk Kopczyński pointed out that these functions are not optimal. To the contrary, "this program runs in exponential time, while find_shortest_path can be done in linear time using BFS [Breadth First Search]. Furthermore a linear BFS is simpler:" # Code by Eryk Kopczyński def find_shortest_path(graph, start,...

  • Release – Python 3.10.0

    Version: None

    Released: Oct. 4, 2021

    This is the stable release of Python 3.10.0 Python 3.10.0 is the newest major release of the Python programming language, and it contains many new features and optimizations. Major new features of the 3.10 series, compared to 3.9 Among the new major new features and changes so far: PEP 623 …

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  • Release – Python 3.14.0b2

    Version: None

    Released: May 26, 2025

    Here's the second 3.14 beta. https://www.python.org/downloads/release/python-3140b2/ This is a beta preview of Python 3.14 Python 3.14 is still in development. This release, 3.14.0b2, is the first of four planned beta releases. Beta release previews are intended to give the wider community the opportunity to test new features and bug fixes …

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  • Foreword for "Programming Python" (1st ed.)

    ...Python as a working title for the project, being in a slightly irreverent mood (and a big fan of Monty Python's Flying Circus). Today, I can safely say that Python has changed my life. I have moved to a different continent. I spend my working days developing large systems in Python, when I'm not hacking on Python or answering Python-related email. There are Python T-shirts, workshops, mailing lists, a newsgroup, and now a book. Frankly, my only unfulfilled wish is to have my pictu...

  • Release – Python 3.11.6

    Version: None

    Released: Oct. 2, 2023

    This is the sixth maintenance release of Python 3.11 Python 3.11.6 is the newest major release of the Python programming language, and it contains many new features and optimizations. Major new features of the 3.11 series, compared to 3.10 Some of the new major new features and changes in Python …

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  • Release – Python 3.11.9

    Version: None

    Released: April 2, 2024

    This is the last bugfix release of the Python 3.11 series This is the ninth (and last) bugfix release of Python 3.11 Python 3.11.9 is the newest major release of the Python programming language, and it contains many new features and optimizations. Major new features of the 3.11 series, compared …

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  • Release – Python 3.11.8

    Version: None

    Released: Feb. 6, 2024

    This is the eighth maintenance release of Python 3.11 Python 3.11.8 is the newest major release of the Python programming language, and it contains many new features and optimizations. Major new features of the 3.11 series, compared to 3.10 Some of the new major new features and changes in Python …

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  • Comparing Python to Other Languages

    ...Python; Python can also be used to prototype components until their design can be "hardened" in a Java implementation. To support this type of development, a Python implementation written in Java is under development, which allows calling Python code from Java and vice versa. In this implementation, Python source code is translated to Java bytecode (with help from a run-time library to support Python's dynamic semantics). Javascript Python's "object-based" subset is roughly equivalen...

  • Release – Python 3.12.0a5

    Version: None

    Released: Feb. 7, 2023

    This is an early developer preview of Python 3.12. Major new features of the 3.12 series, compared to 3.11 Python 3.12 is still in development. This release, 3.12.0a5 is the fifth of seven planned alpha releases. Alpha releases are intended to make it easier to test the current state …

  • Release – Python 3.12.0a6

    Version: None

    Released: March 8, 2023

    This is an early developer preview of Python 3.12. Major new features of the 3.12 series, compared to 3.11 Python 3.12 is still in development. This release, 3.12.0a6 is the sixth of seven planned alpha releases. Alpha releases are intended to make it easier to test the current state …

  • Release – Python 3.11.0rc2

    Version: None

    Released: Sept. 12, 2022

    This is the second release candidate of Python 3.11 This release, 3.11.0rc2, is the last preview before the final release of Python 3.11.0 on 2022-10-24. Entering the release candidate phase, only reviewed code changes which are clear bug fixes are allowed between this release candidate and the final release. …

  • Release – Python 3.11.0rc1

    Version: None

    Released: Aug. 8, 2022

    This is the first release candidate of Python 3.11 This release, 3.11.0rc1, is the penultimate release preview. Entering the release candidate phase, only reviewed code changes which are clear bug fixes are allowed between this release candidate and the final release. The second candidate and the last planned release …

  • Python Success Stories

    ...Python," says Friedrich. He attributes this characteristic to three primary language features: Dynamic typing Pseudocode-like syntax The Python interpreter The result? "We achieve immediate functioning code so much faster in Python than in any other language that it's staggering," says Friedrich. "Java and C++, for example, have much more baggage you have to understand just to get a functioning piece of software. "Python also shines when it comes to code maintenance,...

  • Release – Python 3.12.0

    Version: None

    Released: Oct. 2, 2023

    This is the stable release of Python 3.12.0 Python 3.12.0 is the newest major release of the Python programming language, and it contains many new features and optimizations. Major new features of the 3.12 series, compared to 3.11 New features More flexible f-string parsing, allowing many things previously disallowed …

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  • Release – Python 3.11.5

    Version: None

    Released: Aug. 24, 2023

    This is the fifth maintenance release of Python 3.11 Python 3.11.5 is the newest major release of the Python programming language, and it contains many new features and optimizations. Security content in this release gh-108310: Fixed an issue where instances of ssl.SSLSocket were vulnerable to a bypass of the …

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  • Python Core Mentorship

    Python Core Mentorship Introduction The Python Core Mentorship Program is predicated on the idea that Python core, and Python as a whole would be served by further lowering the barrier to entry of contribution to Python core (original proposal) The mission of the Python Core Mentor Program is to provide an open and welcoming place to connect students, programmers – and anyone interested in contributing to the Python core development. This project is based on the idea that the best way to welc...

  • Release – Python 3.11.3

    Version: None

    Released: April 5, 2023

    This is the third maintenance release of Python 3.11 Python 3.11.3 is the newest major release of the Python programming language, and it contains many new features and optimizations. Major new features of the 3.11 series, compared to 3.10 Some of the new major new features and changes in Python …

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