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  • Computer Programming for Everybody

    ...while still not 100%!), together with the invention of printing technology, has been one of the most emancipatory forces of recent history. We are just now entering the information age, and it is expected that computer technology will soon replace printing as the dominant form of information distribution technology. About half of all US households already own at least one personal computer, and this number is still growing. However, while many people nowadays use a computer, few of ...

  • Release – Python 2.1.3

    Version: None

    Released: April 9, 2002

    Note: This is not the most current Python version. See the download page for a more recent version. On April 8 2002, we're releasing Python 2.1.3 - a bugfix release of Python 2.1. This release has a small number of critical bug fixes. This is the …

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  • Python 2.1.3

    ...While the most recent release of Python is 2.2, there are a couple of bugs that have come up since 2.1.2 was released, in particular one bug that caused Zope to crash. What's New? This release has only a couple of bug fixes. This is hopefully because the 2.1.x line is now stable enough that there are very few bugs still lurking. Unlike the 2.1.2 release, there has not been a wholesale attempt to port most bug fixes from the current python code to this release - only critical bu...

  • Contributing to the PSF

    ...while you are submitting your first change to a Python-owned repository on GitHub. That's the recommended way as it is fully automated. The Contributor Agreement page you're looking at now is mainly intended for signing Contributor Agreements on behalf of organizations. The Contributor Agreement form hosted here is manually reviewed which takes time to process. Contributor Agreements Procedures The PSF is now asking all past and future contributors to sign a Contributor Agreement. Wi...

  • Release – Python 3.14.0rc1

    Version: None

    Released: July 22, 2025

    It's the first 3.14 release candidate! https://www.python.org/downloads/release/python-3140rc1/ This is the first release candidate of Python 3.14 This release, 3.14.0rc1, is the penultimate release preview. Entering the release candidate phase, only reviewed code changes which are clear bug fixes are allowed between this release candidate and the …

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  • Python Success Stories

    Python Success Stories Introduction The GravityZoo Company, founded in late 2005 is a pioneering innovator of Software as a Service (SaaS) enabling technology, Ubiquitous Computing and Ambient Intelligence Systems. The core technology of the Company is its framework. This GravityZoo Framework is designed to develop and host any kind of application while simultaneously making these applications available at anytime, anyplace. The latter on any type of client device, be it a PC, a mobile client...

  • Python Success Stories

    ...While there are debuggers available for Python, we were able to get along very well without them. By using Python, largely because of the RAD features identified above, we realized the following additional benefits: Because the Python interpreter handles program errors by raising exceptions, and doesn't just crash as would a buggy C/C++ module, it was easy to capture and log unexpected errors seen on the assembly line. This allowed problems to be detected and resolved more quickly. Python made...

  • Debugging Reference Count Problems

    ...while loop (which isn't good...)). Apparently, the INCREFs you added don't change your program's allocation behavior -- so obviously they aren't in the right places. This is confirmed by what you said earlier: adding the INCREF calls didn't remove the problem. So, my questions of the hour: 1) What's the c api equiv for sys.refcount? (so I can watch refcounts across calls and determine which are reference neutral) (Echoed by Mark Hammond, who believes the reference co...

  • Python Success Stories

    ...while written in one language, use another scripting language to allow flexible configuration at run time by ERP administrators. Python is equally well suited both for scripting and core development, reducing complexity and increasing the flexibility of the system. Using Python allowed code initially written as scripts to be incorporated afterward into core components, and vice versa, wherever this made sense. With Java, it would have been necessary to provide a separate scripting environment ba...

  • Release – Python 3.12.0b3

    Version: None

    Released: June 19, 2023

    This is a beta preview of Python 3.12 Python 3.12 is still in development. This release, 3.12.0b3, is the third of four beta release previews of 3.12. Beta release previews are intended to give the wider community the opportunity to test new features and bug fixes and to …

  • Release – Python 3.10.11

    Version: None

    Released: April 5, 2023

    This is the eleventh maintenance release of Python 3.10 Python 3.10.10 is the newest major release of the Python programming language, and it contains many new features and optimizations. Major new features of the 3.10 series, compared to 3.9 Among the new major new features and …

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  • Release – Python 3.12.0b4

    Version: None

    Released: July 11, 2023

    This is a beta preview of Python 3.12 Python 3.12 is still in development. This release, 3.12.0b4, is the final of four beta release previews of 3.12. Beta release previews are intended to give the wider community the opportunity to test new features and bug fixes and to …

  • Python Success Stories

    ...while the conveyor moves continuously beneath them Zoom in The front of the CD/DVD disc partitioner Zoom in The side of the CD/DVD disc partitioner. The touch screen control panel is in the upper left corner Zoom in The main computer communicates with the six CD/DVD disc partitioners through RS-485 connections and controls the air cylinders on the conveyor through digital I/O buses. Control Software Architecture The controller software is divided into five major components: The central...

  • Release – Python 3.8.0b4

    Version: None

    Released: Aug. 29, 2019

    This is a beta preview of Python 3.8 Python 3.8 is still in development. This release, 3.8.0b4 is the last of four planned beta release previews. Beta release previews are intended to give the wider community the opportunity to test new features and bug fixes and to prepare their …

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  • Release – Python 3.11.0b4

    Version: None

    Released: July 11, 2022

    This is a beta preview of Python 3.11 Python 3.11 is still in development. 3.11.0b4 is the fourth of five planned beta release previews. Beta release previews are intended to give the wider community the opportunity to test new features and bug fixes and to prepare their projects to …

  • Python Success Stories

    ...while learning Python. The first prototype version of DevNet used Quixote's PTL for templating and had no database. Python made development of this prototype very rapid, despite the author's initial unfamiliarity with the language. After this was completed, the rapid development nature of Python made it easy to throw away the prototype and rewrite DevNET, again quite quickly, using the architecture described above. Conclusion Learning Python and writing DevNet at the same time was an enjoyabl...

  • 2006-10-15 Grants Committee Status Report

    ...While the initial time plan for the grants committee (call for proposals and review) worked out fairly well, it turned out that the follow-up activities had significant delays; many delays due to inactivity on my part. From the PSF side, the projects were primarily managed by Kurt Kaiser (as the treasurer) and myself; things that caused delays were Coming up with contracts. It was difficult to work with the lawyer to set up the text of a contract, as I had never done that before. Monitoring dea...

  • Release – Python 3.14.0b2

    Version: None

    Released: May 26, 2025

    Here's the second 3.14 beta. https://www.python.org/downloads/release/python-3140b2/ This is a beta preview of Python 3.14 Python 3.14 is still in development. This release, 3.14.0b2, is the first of four planned beta releases. Beta release previews are intended to give the wider community the opportunity to test new …

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  • PSF Distinguished Service Awards

    ...while integrating with lower-level Win32 APIs, as well as integrate with other Microsoft applications such as the Office suite of tools via COM. The Python Software Foundation thanks Mark Hammond for his contributions to the CPython project and the greater Python community, especially those on the Windows platform. 2014 Raymond Hettinger The 2014 Distinguished Service Award was presented to Raymond Hettinger at PyCon 2014 in Montréal. Raymond has been a prolific contributor to the CPython proj...

  • Metaclasses in Python 1.5

    ...while there is a big technical difference between type(B) and B.__class__, they play the same role at different abstraction levels. And perhaps at some point in the future they will really be the same thing (at which point you would be able to derive subclasses from built-in types). At this point it may be worth mentioning that C.__class__ is the same object as B.__class__, i.e., C's metaclass is the same as B's metaclass. In other words, subclassing an existing class creates a new (...

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