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  • Foreword for "Programming Python" (2nd ed.)

    ...file, a shortcut for printing to a different file object than standard output. Personally, it's the Python 2.0 feature I use most frequently, but most people who opened their mouth about found it an abomination. The discussion thread on the newsgroup berating this simple language extension was one of the longest ever -- apart from the never-ending Python vs. Perl thread. Which brings me to the next topic. (No, not Python vs. Perl. There are better places to pick a fight than a forew...

  • Python 3.1.4 Release

    ...files: fa9f8efdc63944c8393870282e8b5c35 11795512 Python-3.1.4.tgz 09ed98eace4c403b475846702708675e 9887870 Python-3.1.4.tar.bz2 dcd128e69f8ee239182b54e33313aac7 8184052 Python-3.1.4.tar.xz 4384d3fa1ae96d0f21c37c7aff03161f 17580055 python-3.1.4-macosx10.3.dmg b632340d63c6583382f77358f7f220ce 12711906 python-3.1.4-pdb.zip c0f83b5097289b8d874be950f1c8a99a 13531106 python-3.1.4.amd64-pdb.zip 829794fc7902880e4d55c7937c364541 14557184 python-3.1.4.amd64.msi 142acb595152b322f5341045327...

  • Python Success Stories

    ...file, or case) level. Architecture CAPS is divided into three parts: (1) the Infinite Filing Cabinet, (2) the Business Logic, and (3) several client packages. The CAPS Architecture Zoom in The Infinite Filing Cabinet (IFC) is a general Object Relational database engine with a Python API. The IFC is built on top of Postgres, with an Oracle version in the works, but it is possible to use any full-function RDBMS, as we took care to avoid non-standard SQL functionality and isolated the DB-speci...

  • ...filed with the Secretary of the PSF in advance of the meeting. The form may be sent by GPG/PGP-signed email to: psf at python.org or faxed to: +1 858 712 8966 or mailed to: Python Software Foundation P.O. Box 653 Ipswich, MA 01938 USA Please use fax or email if at all possible. We can't guarantee that postal mail will arrive in time. When using fax or snail mail, send a copy of the absentee ballot by email.

  • 2010-05-10 PSF Board Meeting Minutes

    2010-05-10 PSF Board Meeting Minutes The Python Software Foundation Minutes of a Regular Meeting of the Board of Directors May 10, 2010 A regular meeting of the Python Software Foundation ("PSF") Board of Directors was held over Internet Relay Chat beginning at 16:05 UTC, 10 May 2010. Steve Holden presided at the meeting. Pat Campbell prepared the minutes. All votes are reported in the form "Y-N-A" (in favor — opposed — abstentions; e.g. "5-1-2" means "...

  • Release – Python 3.6.0a1

    Version: None

    Released: May 17, 2016

    Python 3.6.0a1 Python 3.6.0a1 was released on 2016-05-17. Major new features of the 3.6 series, compared to 3.5 Python 3.6 is still in development; 3.6.0a1 is the first of four planned alpha releases. Alpha releases are intended to make it easier to test the current …

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  • Release – Python 3.6.0a2

    Version: None

    Released: June 13, 2016

    Python 3.6.0a2 Python 3.6.0a2 was released on 2016-06-13. Major new features of the 3.6 series, compared to 3.5 Python 3.6 is still in development; 3.6.0a2 is the second of four planned alpha releases. Alpha releases are intended to make it easier to test the current …

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  • Release – Python 3.6.0a3

    Version: None

    Released: July 12, 2016

    Python 3.6.0a3 Python 3.6.0a3 was released on 2016-07-12. Major new features of the 3.6 series, compared to 3.5 Python 3.6 is still in development; 3.6.0a3 is the third of four planned alpha releases. Alpha releases are intended to make it easier to test the current …

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  • Release – Python 3.6.0a4

    Version: None

    Released: Aug. 15, 2016

    Python 3.6.0a4 Python 3.6.0a4 was released on 2016-08-15. Major new features of the 3.6 series, compared to 3.5 Python 3.6 is still in development; 3.6.0a4 is the last of four planned alpha releases. Alpha releases are intended to make it easier to test the current …

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  • Release – Python 3.7.7rc1

    Version: None

    Released: March 4, 2020

    Note Python 3.8 is now the latest feature release series of Python 3. Get the latest release of 3.8.x here. We plan to continue to provide bugfix releases for 3.7.x until mid 2020 and security fixes until mid 2023. Python 3.7.7rc1 is the release candidate preview …

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  • Release – Python 3.7.8

    Version: None

    Released: June 27, 2020

    Note: The release you are looking at is a bugfix release for the legacy 3.7 series which has now reached end-of-life and is no longer supported. See the downloads page for currently supported versions of Python. The final source-only security fix release for 3.7 was 3.7.17. Please see …

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  • Python Software Foundation: Articles of Incorporation

    ...Filed 04:30 PM 02/20/2001 010084958 - 3359300 Certificate of Incorporation of Python Software Foundation The undersigned, acting as incorporators of a corporation under the Delaware General Corporation Law, adopt the following certificate of incorporation for such corporation: Article I Name The name of the corporation is Python Software Foundation (the "Corporation"). Article II Initial Registered Agent and Office The street address of the Corporation's initial regist...

  • Python Software Foundation: Minutes of Board of Directors Meeting (July 16, 2002)

    ...filed Form 1023 with the IRS. 6. IRC members meeting The board discussed whether it would be legal and practical to hold member meetings using IRC. The Apache Software Foundation (ASF) uses IRC for member meetings, and the PSF bylaws are modelled after the ASF bylaws. Hylton suggested that the PSF get a lawyer's opinion of the legality of IRC meetings. Van Rossum suggested that an opinion was unnecessary if no member objects. He offered to report the board's position to the members. Lembu...

  • Release – Python 3.13.0rc1

    Version: None

    Released: Aug. 1, 2024

    This is the first release candidate of Python 3.13.0 This release, 3.13.0rc1, is the penultimate release preview. Entering the release candidate phase, only reviewed code changes which are clear bug fixes are allowed between this release candidate and the final release. The second candidate (and the last planned …

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  • Release – Python 3.13.0rc2

    Version: None

    Released: Sept. 6, 2024

    This is the second release candidate of Python 3.13.0 This release, 3.13.0rc2, is the final release preview. This release is expected to become the final 3.13.0 release, barring any critical bugs being discovered. The official release of 3.13.0 is scheduled for Tuesday, 2024-10-01. There will be no …

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  • Release – Python 3.13.0rc3

    Version: None

    Released: Oct. 1, 2024

    This is the third release candidate of Python 3.13.0 This release, 3.13.0rc3, is the final release preview (no really) of 3.13. This release is expected to become the final 3.13.0 release, barring any critical bugs being discovered. The official release of 3.13.0 is now scheduled for Monday, 2024-10-07. …

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  • Release – Python 3.14.3

    Version: None

    Released: Feb. 3, 2026

    This is third maintenance release of Python 3.14 Python 3.14.3 is the third maintenance release of 3.14, containing around 299 bugfixes, build improvements and documentation changes since 3.14.2. Major new features of the 3.14 series, compared to 3.13 Some of the major new features and changes …

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  • Proposed Improvements to Module Cleanup

    ...files (sys.stdin, sys.stdout and sys.stderr) are restored to their initial values (which are saved as sys.__stdin__, sys.__stdout__ and sys.__stderr__, respectively, when the interpreter starts). If any of the initial values is unavailable, the corresponding object is set to None. [New.] M3. Clear module __main__ carefully before any other modules. [This used to be done after the next step.] M4. Loop over all modules repeatedly, looking for modules with a reference count of...

  • Python 2.7.2 Release

    ...files: 0ddfe265f1b3d0a8c2459f5bf66894c7 14091337 Python-2.7.2.tgz ba7b2f11ffdbf195ee0d111b9455a5bd 11754834 Python-2.7.2.tar.bz2 75c87a80c6ddb0b785a57ea3583e04fa 9936152 Python-2.7.2.tar.xz 348bf509e778ed2e193d08d02eee5566 22041602 python-2.7.2-macosx10.3.dmg 92bc7480a840182aac486b2afd5c4181 18632739 python-2.7.2-macosx10.6.dmg e78e8520765af3cbb1cddbef891830bf 16122946 python-2.7.2-pdb.zip 89954c70f9eff948f43964ab5d1d5f8c 17204290 python-2.7.2.amd64-pdb.zip 937e2551a5d1c37a13a595...

  • Python Patterns - An Optimization Anecdote

    ...file or converted to a string as a binary data structure. Here's our function implemented using these operations: import array def f7(list): return array.array('B', list).tostring() This is about three times as fast as f6(), or 12 to 15 times as fast as f3()! it also uses less intermediate storage - it only allocates 2 objects of N bytes (plus fixed overhead), while f6() begins by allocating a list of N items, which usually costs 4N bytes (8N bytes on a 64...

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