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...lambda x: x % 2 == 0 >>> forall([2, 4, 6, 8], even) 1 >>> forall('this is a test'.split(), lambda x: len(x) == 4) 0 """ def exists(a, fn = bool): """Returns True if there is at least one true value in a. >>> exists([]) 0 >>> exists('this is a test'.split(), lambda x: len(x) == 4) 1 """ An example: def sort(a): """Sort a list. pre: isinstance(a, type(list)) post[a]: # array size is unchanged ...
...lambdas because of the single expression limitation, they must also be supported. This is done by having the expected sequence argument bound to a single parameter and then indexing on that parameter: lambda (x, y): x + y will be translated into: lambda x_y: x_y[0] + x_y[1] References [1]2to3 refactoring tool (http://svn.python.org/view/sandbox/trunk/2to3/) [2]2to3 fixer (http://svn.python.org/view/sandbox/trunk/2to3/fixes/fix_tuple_params.py) [3]IronPython (http://www.codepl...
...lambdas: { lambda x: x*2 }' SyntaxError: unexpected EOF while parsing These limitations serve no purpose from a language user perspective and can be lifted by giving f-literals a regular grammar without exceptions and implementing it using dedicated parse code. Rationale The restrictions mentioned in Motivation are non-obvious and counter-intuitive unless the user is familiar with the f-literals’ implementation details. As mentioned, a previous version of PEP 498 allowed escape sequences a...
...lambdas instead of strings. This would be prohibitively expensive for highly annotated code as the frames would keep all their objects alive. That includes predominantly objects that won't ever be accessed again. To be able to address class-level scope, the lambda approach would require a new kind of cell in the interpreter. This would proliferate the number of types that can appear in __annotations__, as well as wouldn't be as introspectable as strings. Note that in the case of nested classes,...
...LAMBDA WITH STROKE) generator ⚛ (ATOM SYMBOL) Exception ⌁ (ELECTRIC ARROW) The declarator for the None type is a zero-width space. These characters should be obvious and easy to remember and type for every programmer. Unicode replacement units Since even in our modern, globalized world there are still some old-fashioned rebels who can't or don't want to use Unicode in their source code, and since Python is a forgiving language, a fallback is provided for those: Instead of the single Unico...
...lambda definition. See python-dev discussion on 17 June 2005 [2]. Motivation To allow a programming style for selectable actions that is more in accordance with the minimalistic functional programming goals of the Python language. Rationale Allow the use of None in method tables as a universal no effect rather than either (1) checking a method table entry against None before calling, or (2) writing a local no effect method with arguments similar to other functions in the table. The semantics...
...lambda expressions for describing default arguments. Keyword Argument Support Python supports the specification of particular function arguments by name, rather than by position. Goal: Implementation of a feature which allows keyword arguments to be used from Python for wrapped C++ functions. Generic C++ to Python Object Interface It is often necessary for C++ functions to manipulate objects passed to them directly from Python, without converting them to some ...
...lambda expression". Guido van Rossum—Python's BDFL at the time—replied, asserting that these "implicit lambda expression" wouldn't work, because they'd only be able to resolve symbols at module-level scope: IMO the inability of referencing class-level definitions from annotations on methods pretty much kills this idea. https://mail.python.org/pipermail/python-dev/2017-November/150109.html This led to a short discussion about extending lambda-ized annotations for methods to be able to refer to c...
...lambda: None) resume = getattr(type(mgr), "__resume__", lambda: None) ### --- END OF NEW STUFF --- value = type(mgr).__enter__(mgr) exc = True try: try: VAR = value # Only if "as VAR" is present PARTIAL-BLOCK-1 ### --- NEW STUFF --- suspend(mgr) tmp = yield foo resume(mgr) f(tmp) ### --- END OF NEW STUFF --- PARTIAL-BLOCK-2 except: exc = False if not exit(mgr, *sys.exc_info()): raise ...
...lambda self: repr, } cls = type(class_name, (), class_namespace) cls.__module__ = module _get_parent_frame().f_globals[class_name] = cls sentinel = cls() cls.__new__ = lambda cls_: sentinel return sentinel def _get_class_name(sentinel_qualname, module_name): return '__'.join(['_sentinel_type', module_name.replace('.', '_'), sentinel_qualname.replace('.', '_')]) Note that a dedicated class is created automatically for...
...lambda Lambda expression if -- else Conditional expression or Boolean OR and Boolean AND not x Boolean NOT in, not in, is, is not, <, <=, >, >=, !=, == Comparisons, including membership tests and identity tests | Bitwise OR ^ Bitwise XOR & Bitwise AND <<, >> Shifts +, - Addition and subtraction *, @, /, //, % Multiplication, matrix multiplication, division, remainder +x, -x, ~x Positive, negative, bitwise NOT ** Exponentiation await x Await expression x...
...lambda obj: "mock" print("func(): %s" % func()) print("#specialized: %s" % len(myoptimizer.get_specialized(func))) Output: func(): A #specialized: 1 func(): mock #specialized: 0 The first call uses the specialized bytecode which returns the string "A". The second call removes the specialized code because the builtin chr() function was replaced, and executes the original bytecode calling chr(65). On a microbenchmark, calling the specialized bytecode takes 88 ns, whereas the original function...
...lambda lambda nested_scopes? That is, unless we introduce a new keyword, we can't introduce an entirely new statement. But if we introduce a new keyword, that in itself would break old code. That would be too ironic to bear. Yes, overloading import does suck, but not as energetically as the alternatives -- as is, future_statements are 100% backward compatible. Copyright This document has been placed in the public domain. References and Footnotes [1]Note that this is may and not will:...
...lambda *args, **kwds: 0 del f import sys bind_all(sys.modules[__name__]) # Optimizer, optimize thyself! Note the automatic detection of a non-CPython environment that does not have bytecodes [3]. In that situation, the bind functions would simply return the original function unchanged. This assures that the two line additions to library modules do not impact other implementations. The final code should add a flag to make it easy to disable binding. References [2]ASPN Recipe for ...
...lambda statements could reference variables in the namespaces where the lambda is defined. In some unusual cases, this change will break code. In all previous version of Python, names were resolved in exactly three namespaces -- the local namespace, the global namespace, and the builtin namespace. According to this old definition, if a function A is defined within a function B, the names bound in B are not visible in A. The new rules make names bound in B visible in A, unless A contains a nam...
...lambda a, ?, ?: ... # Unused variables with type annotations: ?: int = f() # Exception handling: try: ... except Exception as ?: ... # With blocks: with open(f) as ?: ... Some of these may seem to make sense from a consistency point of view, but practical uses are limited and dubious. Type annotations on "?" and using it with except and with do not seem to make any sense. In the reference implementation, except is not supported (the existing syntax only allows a name) but with is (by virtue ...
...lambda expression directly to an identifier: # Correct: def f(x): return 2*x # Wrong: f = lambda x: 2*x The first form means that the name of the resulting function object is specifically 'f' instead of the generic '<lambda>'. This is more useful for tracebacks and string representations in general. The use of the assignment statement eliminates the sole benefit a lambda expression can offer over an explicit def statement (i.e. that it can be embedded inside a larger expression) Deriv...
...lambdas. Example code with types: <?hh class MyClass { private ?string $x = null; public function alpha(): int { return 1; } public function beta(): string { return 'hi test'; } } function f(MyClass $my_inst): string { // Will generate a hh_client error return $my_inst->alpha(); } TypeScript TypeScript [typescript] is a typed superset of JavaScript that adds interfaces, classes, mixins and modules to the language. Type checks are duck typed. Multiple valid fun...
...lambda: '__getattribute__' a = A() assert a() == '__call__' assert a.__call__() == '__getattribute__' In any case, this issue goes away entirely because classic calls to super(<class>, <instance>) are still supported with the same meaning. Alternative Proposals No Changes Although its always attractive to just keep things how they are, people have sought a change in the usage of super calling for some time, and for good reason, all mentioned previously. Decoupling from the clas...