[Scipy-svn] r7141 - in trunk: doc/source/tutorial scipy/signal scipy/signal/tests

scipy-svn at scipy.org scipy-svn at scipy.org
Sat Feb 12 23:48:41 EST 2011


Author: rgommers
Date: 2011-02-12 22:48:40 -0600 (Sat, 12 Feb 2011)
New Revision: 7141

Added:
   trunk/scipy/signal/spectral.c
   trunk/scipy/signal/spectral.pyx
   trunk/scipy/signal/tests/test_spectral.py
Modified:
   trunk/doc/source/tutorial/signal.rst
   trunk/scipy/signal/SConscript
   trunk/scipy/signal/__init__.py
   trunk/scipy/signal/setup.py
Log:
ENH: Add Lomb-Scargle periodogram in new signal.spectral module.

Thanks to Pim Schellart for this contribution.

Modified: trunk/doc/source/tutorial/signal.rst
===================================================================
--- trunk/doc/source/tutorial/signal.rst	2011-02-12 10:58:52 UTC (rev 7140)
+++ trunk/doc/source/tutorial/signal.rst	2011-02-13 04:48:40 UTC (rev 7141)
@@ -3,6 +3,10 @@
 
 .. sectionauthor:: Travis E. Oliphant
 
+.. sectionauthor:: Pim Schellart
+
+.. currentmodule:: scipy.signal
+
 The signal processing toolbox currently contains some filtering
 functions, a limited set of filter design tools, and a few B-spline
 interpolation algorithms for one- and two-dimensional data. While the
@@ -19,25 +23,29 @@
 
 A B-spline is an approximation of a continuous function over a finite-
 domain in terms of B-spline coefficients and knot points. If the knot-
-points are equally spaced with spacing :math:`\Delta x` , then the B-spline approximation to a 1-dimensional function is the
-finite-basis expansion.
+points are equally spaced with spacing :math:`\Delta x` , then the B-spline
+approximation to a 1-dimensional function is the finite-basis expansion.
 
 .. math::
    :nowrap:
 
     \[ y\left(x\right)\approx\sum_{j}c_{j}\beta^{o}\left(\frac{x}{\Delta x}-j\right).\]
 
-In two dimensions with knot-spacing :math:`\Delta x` and :math:`\Delta y` , the function representation is
+In two dimensions with knot-spacing :math:`\Delta x` and :math:`\Delta y` , the
+function representation is
 
 .. math::
    :nowrap:
 
     \[ z\left(x,y\right)\approx\sum_{j}\sum_{k}c_{jk}\beta^{o}\left(\frac{x}{\Delta x}-j\right)\beta^{o}\left(\frac{y}{\Delta y}-k\right).\]
 
-In these expressions, :math:`\beta^{o}\left(\cdot\right)` is the space-limited B-spline basis function of order, :math:`o` . The requirement of equally-spaced knot-points and equally-spaced
-data points, allows the development of fast (inverse-filtering)
-algorithms for determining the coefficients, :math:`c_{j}` , from sample-values, :math:`y_{n}` . Unlike the general spline interpolation algorithms, these algorithms
-can quickly find the spline coefficients for large images.
+In these expressions, :math:`\beta^{o}\left(\cdot\right)` is the space-limited
+B-spline basis function of order, :math:`o` . The requirement of equally-spaced
+knot-points and equally-spaced data points, allows the development of fast
+(inverse-filtering) algorithms for determining the coefficients, :math:`c_{j}`
+, from sample-values, :math:`y_{n}` . Unlike the general spline interpolation
+algorithms, these algorithms can quickly find the spline coefficients for large
+images.
 
 The advantage of representing a set of samples via B-spline basis
 functions is that continuous-domain operators (derivatives, re-
@@ -179,7 +187,9 @@
 In this case, the matrix multiplication can be accomplished using
 Fourier transforms.
 
-Let :math:`x\left[n\right]` define a one-dimensional signal indexed by the integer :math:`n.` Full convolution of two one-dimensional signals can be expressed as
+Let :math:`x\left[n\right]` define a one-dimensional signal indexed by the
+integer :math:`n.` Full convolution of two one-dimensional signals can be
+expressed as
 
 .. math::
    :nowrap:
@@ -199,14 +209,17 @@
 
     \[ y\left[n\right]=\sum_{k=\max\left(n-M,0\right)}^{\min\left(n,K\right)}x\left[k\right]h\left[n-k\right].\]
 
-For convenience assume :math:`K\geq M.` Then, more explicitly the output of this operation is
+For convenience assume :math:`K\geq M.` Then, more explicitly the output of
+this operation is
 
 .. math::
    :nowrap:
 
     \begin{eqnarray*} y\left[0\right] & = & x\left[0\right]h\left[0\right]\\ y\left[1\right] & = & x\left[0\right]h\left[1\right]+x\left[1\right]h\left[0\right]\\ y\left[2\right] & = & x\left[0\right]h\left[2\right]+x\left[1\right]h\left[1\right]+x\left[2\right]h\left[0\right]\\ \vdots & \vdots & \vdots\\ y\left[M\right] & = & x\left[0\right]h\left[M\right]+x\left[1\right]h\left[M-1\right]+\cdots+x\left[M\right]h\left[0\right]\\ y\left[M+1\right] & = & x\left[1\right]h\left[M\right]+x\left[2\right]h\left[M-1\right]+\cdots+x\left[M+1\right]h\left[0\right]\\ \vdots & \vdots & \vdots\\ y\left[K\right] & = & x\left[K-M\right]h\left[M\right]+\cdots+x\left[K\right]h\left[0\right]\\ y\left[K+1\right] & = & x\left[K+1-M\right]h\left[M\right]+\cdots+x\left[K\right]h\left[1\right]\\ \vdots & \vdots & \vdots\\ y\left[K+M-1\right] & = & x\left[K-1\right]h\left[M\right]+x\left[K\right]h\left[M-1\right]\\ y\left[K+M\right] & = & x\left[K\right]h\left[M\right].\end{eqnarray*}
 
-Thus, the full discrete convolution of two finite sequences of lengths :math:`K+1` and :math:`M+1` respectively results in a finite sequence of length :math:`K+M+1=\left(K+1\right)+\left(M+1\right)-1.`
+Thus, the full discrete convolution of two finite sequences of lengths
+:math:`K+1` and :math:`M+1` respectively results in a finite sequence of length
+:math:`K+M+1=\left(K+1\right)+\left(M+1\right)-1.`
 
 One dimensional convolution is implemented in SciPy with the function
 ``signal.convolve`` . This function takes as inputs the signals
@@ -237,7 +250,10 @@
 
     \[ w\left[n\right]=\sum_{k=-\infty}^{\infty}y\left[k\right]x\left[n+k\right]\]
 
-is the (cross) correlation of the signals :math:`y` and :math:`x.` For finite-length signals with :math:`y\left[n\right]=0` outside of the range :math:`\left[0,K\right]` and :math:`x\left[n\right]=0` outside of the range :math:`\left[0,M\right],` the summation can simplify to
+is the (cross) correlation of the signals :math:`y` and :math:`x.` For
+finite-length signals with :math:`y\left[n\right]=0` outside of the range
+:math:`\left[0,K\right]` and :math:`x\left[n\right]=0` outside of the range
+:math:`\left[0,M\right],` the summation can simplify to
 
 .. math::
    :nowrap:
@@ -299,7 +315,8 @@
 :math:`y\left[n\right]` for :math:`n<0` resulting in a filter that
 cannot be expressed using convolution.
 
-The difference equation filter can be thought of as finding :math:`y\left[n\right]` recursively in terms of it's previous values
+The difference equation filter can be thought of as finding
+:math:`y\left[n\right]` recursively in terms of it's previous values
 
 .. math::
    :nowrap:
@@ -352,7 +369,10 @@
 
     \[ z_{m}\left[n\right]=\sum_{p=0}^{K-m-1}\left(b_{m+p+1}x\left[n-p\right]-a_{m+p+1}y\left[n-p\right]\right).\]
 
-Using this formula we can find the intial condition vector :math:`z_{0}\left[-1\right]` to :math:`z_{K-1}\left[-1\right]` given initial conditions on :math:`y` (and :math:`x` ). The command :obj:`signal.lfiltic` performs this function.
+Using this formula we can find the intial condition vector
+:math:`z_{0}\left[-1\right]` to :math:`z_{K-1}\left[-1\right]` given initial
+conditions on :math:`y` (and :math:`x` ). The command :obj:`signal.lfiltic`
+performs this function.
 
 
 Other filters
@@ -433,8 +453,83 @@
 
     \[ Y=X\cdot H\]
 
-where :math:`H` is 2 for positive frequencies, :math:`0` for negative frequencies and :math:`1` for zero-frequencies.
+where :math:`H` is 2 for positive frequencies, :math:`0` for negative
+frequencies and :math:`1` for zero-frequencies.
 
+
+Least-Squares Spectral Analysis (:mod:`spectral`)
+-------------------------------------------------
+
+Least-squares spectral analysis (LSSA) is a method of estimating a frequency
+spectrum, based on a least squares fit of sinusoids to data samples, similar to
+Fourier analysis. Fourier analysis, the most used spectral method in science,
+generally boosts long-periodic noise in long gapped records; LSSA mitigates
+such problems.
+
+
+Lomb-Scargle Periodograms (:func:`spectral.lombscargle`)
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+The Lomb-Scargle method performs spectral analysis on unevenly sampled data and
+is known to be a powerful way to find, and test the significance of, weak
+periodic signals.
+
+For a time series comprising :math:`N_{t}` measurements
+:math:`X_{j}\equiv X(t_{j})` sampled at times :math:`t_{j}` where
+:math:`(j = 1, \ldots, N_{t})`, assumed to have been scaled and shifted
+such that its mean is zero and its variance is unity, the normalized
+Lomb-Scargle periodogram at frequency :math:`f` is
+
+.. math::
+
+    P_{n}(f) \frac{1}{2}\left\{\frac{\left[\sum_{j}^{N_{t}}X_{j}\cos\omega(t_{j}-\tau)\right]^{2}}{\sum_{j}^{N_{t}}\cos^{2}\omega(t_{j}-\tau)}+\frac{\left[\sum_{j}^{N_{t}}X_{j}\sin\omega(t_{j}-\tau)\right]^{2}}{\sum_{j}^{N_{t}}\sin^{2}\omega(t_{j}-\tau)}\right\}.
+
+Here, :math:`\omega \equiv 2\pi f` is the angular frequency.
+The frequency dependent time offset :math:`\tau` is given by
+
+.. math::
+
+    \tan 2\omega\tau = \frac{\sum_{j}^{N_{t}}\sin 2\omega t_{j}}{\sum_{j}^{N_{t}}\cos 2\omega t_{j}}.
+
+The :func:`~scipy.signal.spectral.lombscargle` function
+calculates the periodogram using a slightly
+modified algorithm due to Townsend [3]_ which allows the
+periodogram to be calculated using only a single pass through
+the input arrays for each frequency.
+
+The equation is refactored as:
+
+.. math::
+
+    P_{n}(f) = \frac{1}{2}\left[\frac{(c_{\tau}XC + s_{\tau}XS)^{2}}{c_{\tau}^{2}CC + 2c_{\tau}s_{\tau}CS + s_{\tau}^{2}SS} + \frac{(c_{\tau}XS - s_{\tau}XC)^{2}}{c_{\tau}^{2}SS - 2c_{\tau}s_{\tau}CS + s_{\tau}^{2}CC}\right]
+
+and
+
+.. math::
+
+    \tan 2\omega\tau = \frac{2CS}{CC-SS}.
+
+Here,
+
+.. math::
+
+    c_{\tau} = \cos\omega\tau,\qquad s_{\tau} = \sin\omega\tau
+
+while the sums are
+
+.. math::
+
+    XC &= \sum_{j}^{N_{t}} X_{j}\cos\omega t_{j}\\
+    XS &= \sum_{j}^{N_{t}} X_{j}\sin\omega t_{j}\\
+    CC &= \sum_{j}^{N_{t}} \cos^{2}\omega t_{j}\\
+    SS &= \sum_{j}^{N_{t}} \sin^{2}\omega t_{j}\\
+    CS &= \sum_{j}^{N_{t}} \cos\omega t_{j}\sin\omega t_{j}.
+
+This requires :math:`N_{f}(2N_{t}+3)` trigonometric function
+evaluations giving a factor of :math:`\sim 2` speed increase over the
+straightforward implementation.
+
+
 .. XXX: TODO
 ..
 .. Detrend
@@ -542,3 +637,20 @@
 ..
 .. Tilbert transform
 .. -----------------
+
+
+.. rubric:: References
+
+Some further reading and related software:
+
+.. [1] N.R. Lomb "Least-squares frequency analysis of unequally spaced
+data", Astrophysics and Space Science, vol 39, pp. 447-462, 1976
+
+.. [2] J.D. Scargle "Studies in astronomical time series analysis. II - 
+Statistical aspects of spectral analysis of unevenly spaced data",
+The Astrophysical Journal, vol 263, pp. 835-853, 1982
+
+.. [3] R.H.D. Townsend, "Fast calculation of the Lomb-Scargle
+periodogram using graphics processing units.", The Astrophysical
+Journal Supplement Series, vol 191, pp. 247-253, 2010
+

Modified: trunk/scipy/signal/SConscript
===================================================================
--- trunk/scipy/signal/SConscript	2011-02-12 10:58:52 UTC (rev 7140)
+++ trunk/scipy/signal/SConscript	2011-02-13 04:48:40 UTC (rev 7141)
@@ -13,6 +13,8 @@
                                    'firfilter.c', \
                                    'medianfilter.c'])
 
+env.NumpyPythonExtension('spectral', source='spectral.c')
+
 env.NumpyPythonExtension('spline', 
                          source = ['splinemodule.c', 'S_bspline_util.c', 
                                    'D_bspline_util.c', 'C_bspline_util.c', 

Modified: trunk/scipy/signal/__init__.py
===================================================================
--- trunk/scipy/signal/__init__.py	2011-02-12 10:58:52 UTC (rev 7140)
+++ trunk/scipy/signal/__init__.py	2011-02-13 04:48:40 UTC (rev 7141)
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@
 from ltisys import *
 from windows import *
 from signaltools import *
+from spectral import *
 from wavelets import *
 
 __all__ = filter(lambda s:not s.startswith('_'),dir())

Modified: trunk/scipy/signal/setup.py
===================================================================
--- trunk/scipy/signal/setup.py	2011-02-12 10:58:52 UTC (rev 7140)
+++ trunk/scipy/signal/setup.py	2011-02-13 04:48:40 UTC (rev 7141)
@@ -15,6 +15,8 @@
                          include_dirs=['.']
     )
 
+    config.add_extension('spectral', sources=['spectral.c'])
+
     config.add_extension('spline',
         sources = ['splinemodule.c','S_bspline_util.c','D_bspline_util.c',
                    'C_bspline_util.c','Z_bspline_util.c','bspline_util.c'],

Added: trunk/scipy/signal/spectral.c
===================================================================
--- trunk/scipy/signal/spectral.c	                        (rev 0)
+++ trunk/scipy/signal/spectral.c	2011-02-13 04:48:40 UTC (rev 7141)
@@ -0,0 +1,5108 @@
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+        ((sizeof(x) == sizeof(char))  ? T_BYTE : \
+        ((sizeof(x) == sizeof(short)) ? T_SHORT : \
+        ((sizeof(x) == sizeof(int))   ? T_INT : \
+        ((sizeof(x) == sizeof(long))  ? T_LONG : \
+        ((sizeof(x) == sizeof(PY_LONG_LONG))   ? T_LONGLONG : -1)))))
+#endif
+
+#define __Pyx_T_FLOATING(x) \
+        ((sizeof(x) == sizeof(float)) ? T_FLOAT : \
+        ((sizeof(x) == sizeof(double)) ? T_DOUBLE : -1))
+
+#if !defined(T_SIZET)
+#if !defined(T_ULONGLONG)
+#define T_SIZET \
+        ((sizeof(size_t) == sizeof(unsigned int))  ? T_UINT  : \
+        ((sizeof(size_t) == sizeof(unsigned long)) ? T_ULONG : -1))
+#else
+#define T_SIZET \
+        ((sizeof(size_t) == sizeof(unsigned int))          ? T_UINT      : \
+        ((sizeof(size_t) == sizeof(unsigned long))         ? T_ULONG     : \
+        ((sizeof(size_t) == sizeof(unsigned PY_LONG_LONG)) ? T_ULONGLONG : -1)))
+#endif
+#endif
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+static CYTHON_INLINE Py_ssize_t __Pyx_PyIndex_AsSsize_t(PyObject*);
+static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject * __Pyx_PyInt_FromSize_t(size_t);
+static CYTHON_INLINE size_t __Pyx_PyInt_AsSize_t(PyObject*);
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+#define __pyx_PyFloat_AsDouble(x) (PyFloat_CheckExact(x) ? PyFloat_AS_DOUBLE(x) : PyFloat_AsDouble(x))
+
+
+#ifdef __GNUC__
+/* Test for GCC > 2.95 */
+#if __GNUC__ > 2 ||               (__GNUC__ == 2 && (__GNUC_MINOR__ > 95)) 
+#define likely(x)   __builtin_expect(!!(x), 1)
+#define unlikely(x) __builtin_expect(!!(x), 0)
+#else /* __GNUC__ > 2 ... */
+#define likely(x)   (x)
+#define unlikely(x) (x)
+#endif /* __GNUC__ > 2 ... */
+#else /* __GNUC__ */
+#define likely(x)   (x)
+#define unlikely(x) (x)
+#endif /* __GNUC__ */
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+static PyObject *__pyx_m;
+static PyObject *__pyx_b;
+static PyObject *__pyx_empty_tuple;
+static PyObject *__pyx_empty_bytes;
+static int __pyx_lineno;
+static int __pyx_clineno = 0;
+static const char * __pyx_cfilenm= __FILE__;
+static const char *__pyx_filename;
+static const char **__pyx_f;
+
+
+#if !defined(CYTHON_CCOMPLEX)
+  #if defined(__cplusplus)
+    #define CYTHON_CCOMPLEX 1
+  #elif defined(_Complex_I)
+    #define CYTHON_CCOMPLEX 1
+  #else
+    #define CYTHON_CCOMPLEX 0
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+#endif
+
+#if CYTHON_CCOMPLEX
+  #ifdef __cplusplus
+    #include <complex>
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+    #include <complex.h>
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+
+#if CYTHON_CCOMPLEX && !defined(__cplusplus) && defined(__sun__) && defined(__GNUC__)
+  #undef _Complex_I
+  #define _Complex_I 1.0fj
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+typedef npy_int8 __pyx_t_5numpy_int8_t;
+
+typedef npy_int16 __pyx_t_5numpy_int16_t;
+
+typedef npy_int32 __pyx_t_5numpy_int32_t;
+
+typedef npy_int64 __pyx_t_5numpy_int64_t;
+
+typedef npy_uint8 __pyx_t_5numpy_uint8_t;
+
+typedef npy_uint16 __pyx_t_5numpy_uint16_t;
+
+typedef npy_uint32 __pyx_t_5numpy_uint32_t;
+
+typedef npy_uint64 __pyx_t_5numpy_uint64_t;
+
+typedef npy_float32 __pyx_t_5numpy_float32_t;
+
+typedef npy_float64 __pyx_t_5numpy_float64_t;
+
+typedef npy_long __pyx_t_5numpy_int_t;
+
+typedef npy_longlong __pyx_t_5numpy_long_t;
+
+typedef npy_intp __pyx_t_5numpy_intp_t;
+
+typedef npy_uintp __pyx_t_5numpy_uintp_t;
+
+typedef npy_ulong __pyx_t_5numpy_uint_t;
+
+typedef npy_ulonglong __pyx_t_5numpy_ulong_t;
+
+typedef npy_double __pyx_t_5numpy_float_t;
+
+typedef npy_double __pyx_t_5numpy_double_t;
+
+typedef npy_longdouble __pyx_t_5numpy_longdouble_t;
+
+#if CYTHON_CCOMPLEX
+  #ifdef __cplusplus
+    typedef ::std::complex< float > __pyx_t_float_complex;
+  #else
+    typedef float _Complex __pyx_t_float_complex;
+  #endif
+#else
+    typedef struct { float real, imag; } __pyx_t_float_complex;
+#endif
+
+#if CYTHON_CCOMPLEX
+  #ifdef __cplusplus
+    typedef ::std::complex< double > __pyx_t_double_complex;
+  #else
+    typedef double _Complex __pyx_t_double_complex;
+  #endif
+#else
+    typedef struct { double real, imag; } __pyx_t_double_complex;
+#endif
+
+/* Type declarations */
+
+typedef npy_cfloat __pyx_t_5numpy_cfloat_t;
+
+typedef npy_cdouble __pyx_t_5numpy_cdouble_t;
+
+typedef npy_clongdouble __pyx_t_5numpy_clongdouble_t;
+
+typedef npy_cdouble __pyx_t_5numpy_complex_t;
+
+#ifndef CYTHON_REFNANNY
+  #define CYTHON_REFNANNY 0
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+  #define __Pyx_INCREF(r) Py_INCREF(r)
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+  #define __Pyx_GOTREF(r)
+  #define __Pyx_GIVEREF(r)
+  #define __Pyx_XDECREF(r) Py_XDECREF(r)
+#endif /* CYTHON_REFNANNY */
+#define __Pyx_XGIVEREF(r) do { if((r) != NULL) {__Pyx_GIVEREF(r);} } while(0)
+#define __Pyx_XGOTREF(r) do { if((r) != NULL) {__Pyx_GOTREF(r);} } while(0)
+
+static void __Pyx_RaiseDoubleKeywordsError(
+    const char* func_name, PyObject* kw_name); /*proto*/
+
+static void __Pyx_RaiseArgtupleInvalid(const char* func_name, int exact,
+    Py_ssize_t num_min, Py_ssize_t num_max, Py_ssize_t num_found); /*proto*/
+
+static int __Pyx_ParseOptionalKeywords(PyObject *kwds, PyObject **argnames[],     PyObject *kwds2, PyObject *values[], Py_ssize_t num_pos_args,     const char* function_name); /*proto*/
+
+/* Run-time type information about structs used with buffers */
+struct __Pyx_StructField_;
+
+typedef struct {
+  const char* name; /* for error messages only */
+  struct __Pyx_StructField_* fields;
+  size_t size;     /* sizeof(type) */
+  char typegroup; /* _R_eal, _C_omplex, Signed _I_nt, _U_nsigned int, _S_truct, _P_ointer, _O_bject */
+} __Pyx_TypeInfo;
+
+typedef struct __Pyx_StructField_ {
+  __Pyx_TypeInfo* type;
+  const char* name;
+  size_t offset;
+} __Pyx_StructField;
+
+typedef struct {
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+  size_t parent_offset;
+} __Pyx_BufFmt_StackElem;
+
+
+static CYTHON_INLINE void __Pyx_SafeReleaseBuffer(Py_buffer* info);
+static int __Pyx_GetBufferAndValidate(Py_buffer* buf, PyObject* obj, __Pyx_TypeInfo* dtype, int flags, int nd, int cast, __Pyx_BufFmt_StackElem* stack);
+#define __Pyx_BufPtrStrided1d(type, buf, i0, s0) (type)((char*)buf + i0 * s0)
+
+#define __Pyx_SetItemInt(o, i, v, size, to_py_func) ((size <= sizeof(Py_ssize_t)) ? \
+                                                    __Pyx_SetItemInt_Fast(o, i, v, size <= sizeof(long)) : \
+                                                    __Pyx_SetItemInt_Generic(o, to_py_func(i), v))
+
+static CYTHON_INLINE int __Pyx_SetItemInt_Generic(PyObject *o, PyObject *j, PyObject *v) {
+    int r;
+    if (!j) return -1;
+    r = PyObject_SetItem(o, j, v);
+    Py_DECREF(j);
+    return r;
+}
+
+static CYTHON_INLINE int __Pyx_SetItemInt_Fast(PyObject *o, Py_ssize_t i, PyObject *v, int fits_long) {
+    if (PyList_CheckExact(o) && ((0 <= i) & (i < PyList_GET_SIZE(o)))) {
+        Py_INCREF(v);
+        Py_DECREF(PyList_GET_ITEM(o, i));
+        PyList_SET_ITEM(o, i, v);
+        return 1;
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+    else if (Py_TYPE(o)->tp_as_sequence && Py_TYPE(o)->tp_as_sequence->sq_ass_item && (likely(i >= 0)))
+        return PySequence_SetItem(o, i, v);
+    else {
+        PyObject *j = fits_long ? PyInt_FromLong(i) : PyLong_FromLongLong(i);
+        return __Pyx_SetItemInt_Generic(o, j, v);
+    }
+}
+
+static CYTHON_INLINE void __Pyx_ErrRestore(PyObject *type, PyObject *value, PyObject *tb); /*proto*/
+static CYTHON_INLINE void __Pyx_ErrFetch(PyObject **type, PyObject **value, PyObject **tb); /*proto*/
+
+static CYTHON_INLINE void __Pyx_RaiseNeedMoreValuesError(Py_ssize_t index);
+
+static CYTHON_INLINE void __Pyx_RaiseTooManyValuesError(void);
+
+static PyObject *__Pyx_UnpackItem(PyObject *, Py_ssize_t index); /*proto*/
+static int __Pyx_EndUnpack(PyObject *); /*proto*/
+
+static CYTHON_INLINE int __Pyx_TypeTest(PyObject *obj, PyTypeObject *type); /*proto*/
+
+static CYTHON_INLINE void __Pyx_RaiseNoneNotIterableError(void);
+
+static void __Pyx_UnpackTupleError(PyObject *, Py_ssize_t index); /*proto*/
+
+static int __Pyx_ArgTypeTest(PyObject *obj, PyTypeObject *type, int none_allowed,
+    const char *name, int exact); /*proto*/
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+static int __Pyx_GetBuffer(PyObject *obj, Py_buffer *view, int flags);
+static void __Pyx_ReleaseBuffer(Py_buffer *view);
+#else
+#define __Pyx_GetBuffer PyObject_GetBuffer
+#define __Pyx_ReleaseBuffer PyBuffer_Release
+#endif
+
+Py_ssize_t __Pyx_zeros[] = {0};
+Py_ssize_t __Pyx_minusones[] = {-1};
+
+static PyObject *__Pyx_Import(PyObject *name, PyObject *from_list); /*proto*/
+
+static PyObject *__Pyx_GetName(PyObject *dict, PyObject *name); /*proto*/
+
+static void __Pyx_Raise(PyObject *type, PyObject *value, PyObject *tb); /*proto*/
+
+static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject *__Pyx_PyInt_to_py_npy_intp(npy_intp);
+
+#if CYTHON_CCOMPLEX
+  #ifdef __cplusplus
+    #define __Pyx_CREAL(z) ((z).real())
+    #define __Pyx_CIMAG(z) ((z).imag())
+  #else
+    #define __Pyx_CREAL(z) (__real__(z))
+    #define __Pyx_CIMAG(z) (__imag__(z))
+  #endif
+#else
+    #define __Pyx_CREAL(z) ((z).real)
+    #define __Pyx_CIMAG(z) ((z).imag)
+#endif
+
+#if defined(_WIN32) && defined(__cplusplus) && CYTHON_CCOMPLEX
+    #define __Pyx_SET_CREAL(z,x) ((z).real(x))
+    #define __Pyx_SET_CIMAG(z,y) ((z).imag(y))
+#else
+    #define __Pyx_SET_CREAL(z,x) __Pyx_CREAL(z) = (x)
+    #define __Pyx_SET_CIMAG(z,y) __Pyx_CIMAG(z) = (y)
+#endif
+
+static CYTHON_INLINE __pyx_t_float_complex __pyx_t_float_complex_from_parts(float, float);
+
+#if CYTHON_CCOMPLEX
+    #define __Pyx_c_eqf(a, b)   ((a)==(b))
+    #define __Pyx_c_sumf(a, b)  ((a)+(b))
+    #define __Pyx_c_difff(a, b) ((a)-(b))
+    #define __Pyx_c_prodf(a, b) ((a)*(b))
+    #define __Pyx_c_quotf(a, b) ((a)/(b))
+    #define __Pyx_c_negf(a)     (-(a))
+  #ifdef __cplusplus
+    #define __Pyx_c_is_zerof(z) ((z)==(float)0)
+    #define __Pyx_c_conjf(z)    (::std::conj(z))
+    /*#define __Pyx_c_absf(z)     (::std::abs(z))*/
+  #else
+    #define __Pyx_c_is_zerof(z) ((z)==0)
+    #define __Pyx_c_conjf(z)    (conjf(z))
+    /*#define __Pyx_c_absf(z)     (cabsf(z))*/
+ #endif
+#else
+    static CYTHON_INLINE int __Pyx_c_eqf(__pyx_t_float_complex, __pyx_t_float_complex);
+    static CYTHON_INLINE __pyx_t_float_complex __Pyx_c_sumf(__pyx_t_float_complex, __pyx_t_float_complex);
+    static CYTHON_INLINE __pyx_t_float_complex __Pyx_c_difff(__pyx_t_float_complex, __pyx_t_float_complex);
+    static CYTHON_INLINE __pyx_t_float_complex __Pyx_c_prodf(__pyx_t_float_complex, __pyx_t_float_complex);
+    static CYTHON_INLINE __pyx_t_float_complex __Pyx_c_quotf(__pyx_t_float_complex, __pyx_t_float_complex);
+    static CYTHON_INLINE __pyx_t_float_complex __Pyx_c_negf(__pyx_t_float_complex);
+    static CYTHON_INLINE int __Pyx_c_is_zerof(__pyx_t_float_complex);
+    static CYTHON_INLINE __pyx_t_float_complex __Pyx_c_conjf(__pyx_t_float_complex);
+    /*static CYTHON_INLINE float __Pyx_c_absf(__pyx_t_float_complex);*/
+#endif
+
+static CYTHON_INLINE __pyx_t_double_complex __pyx_t_double_complex_from_parts(double, double);
+
+#if CYTHON_CCOMPLEX
+    #define __Pyx_c_eq(a, b)   ((a)==(b))
+    #define __Pyx_c_sum(a, b)  ((a)+(b))
+    #define __Pyx_c_diff(a, b) ((a)-(b))
+    #define __Pyx_c_prod(a, b) ((a)*(b))
+    #define __Pyx_c_quot(a, b) ((a)/(b))
+    #define __Pyx_c_neg(a)     (-(a))
+  #ifdef __cplusplus
+    #define __Pyx_c_is_zero(z) ((z)==(double)0)
+    #define __Pyx_c_conj(z)    (::std::conj(z))
+    /*#define __Pyx_c_abs(z)     (::std::abs(z))*/
+  #else
+    #define __Pyx_c_is_zero(z) ((z)==0)
+    #define __Pyx_c_conj(z)    (conj(z))
+    /*#define __Pyx_c_abs(z)     (cabs(z))*/
+ #endif
+#else
+    static CYTHON_INLINE int __Pyx_c_eq(__pyx_t_double_complex, __pyx_t_double_complex);
+    static CYTHON_INLINE __pyx_t_double_complex __Pyx_c_sum(__pyx_t_double_complex, __pyx_t_double_complex);
+    static CYTHON_INLINE __pyx_t_double_complex __Pyx_c_diff(__pyx_t_double_complex, __pyx_t_double_complex);
+    static CYTHON_INLINE __pyx_t_double_complex __Pyx_c_prod(__pyx_t_double_complex, __pyx_t_double_complex);
+    static CYTHON_INLINE __pyx_t_double_complex __Pyx_c_quot(__pyx_t_double_complex, __pyx_t_double_complex);
+    static CYTHON_INLINE __pyx_t_double_complex __Pyx_c_neg(__pyx_t_double_complex);
+    static CYTHON_INLINE int __Pyx_c_is_zero(__pyx_t_double_complex);
+    static CYTHON_INLINE __pyx_t_double_complex __Pyx_c_conj(__pyx_t_double_complex);
+    /*static CYTHON_INLINE double __Pyx_c_abs(__pyx_t_double_complex);*/
+#endif
+
+static CYTHON_INLINE unsigned char __Pyx_PyInt_AsUnsignedChar(PyObject *);
+
+static CYTHON_INLINE unsigned short __Pyx_PyInt_AsUnsignedShort(PyObject *);
+
+static CYTHON_INLINE unsigned int __Pyx_PyInt_AsUnsignedInt(PyObject *);
+
+static CYTHON_INLINE char __Pyx_PyInt_AsChar(PyObject *);
+
+static CYTHON_INLINE short __Pyx_PyInt_AsShort(PyObject *);
+
+static CYTHON_INLINE int __Pyx_PyInt_AsInt(PyObject *);
+
+static CYTHON_INLINE signed char __Pyx_PyInt_AsSignedChar(PyObject *);
+
+static CYTHON_INLINE signed short __Pyx_PyInt_AsSignedShort(PyObject *);
+
+static CYTHON_INLINE signed int __Pyx_PyInt_AsSignedInt(PyObject *);
+
+static CYTHON_INLINE unsigned long __Pyx_PyInt_AsUnsignedLong(PyObject *);
+
+static CYTHON_INLINE unsigned PY_LONG_LONG __Pyx_PyInt_AsUnsignedLongLong(PyObject *);
+
+static CYTHON_INLINE long __Pyx_PyInt_AsLong(PyObject *);
+
+static CYTHON_INLINE PY_LONG_LONG __Pyx_PyInt_AsLongLong(PyObject *);
+
+static CYTHON_INLINE signed long __Pyx_PyInt_AsSignedLong(PyObject *);
+
+static CYTHON_INLINE signed PY_LONG_LONG __Pyx_PyInt_AsSignedLongLong(PyObject *);
+
+static PyTypeObject *__Pyx_ImportType(const char *module_name, const char *class_name, long size, int strict);  /*proto*/
+
+static PyObject *__Pyx_ImportModule(const char *name); /*proto*/
+
+static void __Pyx_AddTraceback(const char *funcname); /*proto*/
+
+static int __Pyx_InitStrings(__Pyx_StringTabEntry *t); /*proto*/
+/* Module declarations from python_buffer */
+
+/* Module declarations from python_ref */
+
+/* Module declarations from stdlib */
+
+/* Module declarations from stdio */
+
+/* Module declarations from numpy */
+
+/* Module declarations from numpy */
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+static PyTypeObject *__pyx_ptype_5numpy_flatiter = 0;
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+static PyTypeObject *__pyx_ptype_5numpy_ndarray = 0;
+static PyTypeObject *__pyx_ptype_5numpy_ufunc = 0;
+static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject *__pyx_f_5numpy_PyArray_MultiIterNew1(PyObject *); /*proto*/
+static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject *__pyx_f_5numpy_PyArray_MultiIterNew2(PyObject *, PyObject *); /*proto*/
+static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject *__pyx_f_5numpy_PyArray_MultiIterNew3(PyObject *, PyObject *, PyObject *); /*proto*/
+static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject *__pyx_f_5numpy_PyArray_MultiIterNew4(PyObject *, PyObject *, PyObject *, PyObject *); /*proto*/
+static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject *__pyx_f_5numpy_PyArray_MultiIterNew5(PyObject *, PyObject *, PyObject *, PyObject *, PyObject *); /*proto*/
+static CYTHON_INLINE char *__pyx_f_5numpy__util_dtypestring(PyArray_Descr *, char *, char *, int *); /*proto*/
+static CYTHON_INLINE void __pyx_f_5numpy_set_array_base(PyArrayObject *, PyObject *); /*proto*/
+static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject *__pyx_f_5numpy_get_array_base(PyArrayObject *); /*proto*/
+/* Module declarations from cython */
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+/* Module declarations from scipy.signal.spectral */
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+#define __Pyx_MODULE_NAME "scipy.signal.spectral"
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+static char __pyx_k__y[] = "y";
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+/* "/Users/rgommers/Code/scipy/scipy/signal/spectral.pyx":16
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+static char __pyx_doc_5scipy_6signal_8spectral_lombscargle[] = "Computes the Lomb-Scargle periodogram.\n""    \n""    The Lomb-Scargle periodogram was developed by Lomb [1]_ and further\n""    extended by Scargle [2]_ to find, and test the significance of weak\n""    periodic signals with uneven temporal sampling.\n""\n""    The computed periodogram is unnormalized, it takes the value\n""    ``(A**2) * N/4`` for a harmonic signal with amplitude A for sufficiently\n""    large N.\n""\n""    Parameters\n""    ----------\n""    x : array_like\n""        Sample times.\n""    y : array_like\n""        Measurement values.\n""    freqs : array_like\n""        Angular frequencies for output periodogram.\n""\n""    Returns\n""    -------\n""    pgram : array_like\n""        Lomb-Scargle periodogram.\n""\n""    Raises\n""    ------\n""    ValueError\n""        If the input arrays `x` and `y` do not have the same shape.\n""\n""    Notes\n""    -----\n""    This subroutine calculates the periodogram using a slightly\n""    modified algorithm due to Townsend [3]_ which allows the\n""    periodogram to be calculated using only a single pass through\n""    the input arrays for each frequency.\n""\n""    The algorithm running time scales roughly as O(x * freqs) or O(N^2)\n""    for a large number of samples and frequencies.\n""\n""    References\n""    ----------\n""    .. [1] N.R. Lomb \"Least-squares frequency analysis of unequally spaced\n""    data\", Astrophysics and Space Science, vol 39, pp. 447-462, 1976\n""\n""    .. [2] J.D. Scargle \"Studies in astronomical time series analysis. II - \n""    Statistical aspects of spectral analysis of unevenly spaced data\",\n""    The Astrophysical Journal, vol 263, pp. 835-853, 1982\n""\n""    .. [3] R.H.D. Townsend, \"Fast calculation of the Lomb-Scargle\n""    periodogram using graphics processing units.\", The Astrophysical\n""    Journal Supplement Series, vol 191, pp. 247-253, 2010\n""\n""    Examples\n""    --------\n""    >>> import scipy.signal\n""\n""    First define some input parameters for the signal:\n""\n""    >>> A = 2.\n""    >>> w = 1.\n""    >>> phi = 0.5 * np.pi\n""    >>> nin = 1000\n""    >>> nout = 100000\n""    >>> frac_points = 0.9 # Fraction of points to select\n""     \n""    Randomly select a fraction of an array with timesteps:\n""\n""    >>> r = np.random.rand(nin)\n""    >>> x = np.linspace(0.01, 10*np.pi, nin)\n""    >>> x = x[r >= frac_points]\n""    >>> normval = x.shape[0] # For normalization of the periodogram\n""     \n""    Plot a sine wave for the selected times:\n""\n""    >>> y = A * np.sin(w*x+phi)\n""\n""    Define the array of frequencies for which to compute the periodogram:\n""    \n""    >>> f = np.linspace(0.01, 10, nout)\n""     \n""    Calculate Lomb-Scargle periodogram:\n""\n""    >>> pgram = sp.signal.lombscargle(x, y, f)\n""\n""    Now make a plot of the input data:\n""\n""    >>> plt.subplot(2, 1, 1)\n""    <matplotlib.axes.AxesSubplot object at 0x102154f50>\n""    >>> plt.plot(x, y, 'b+')\n""    [<matplotlib.lines.Line2D object at 0x102154a10>]\n""\n""    Then plot the normalized periodogram:\n""\n""    >>> plt.subplot(2, 1, 2)\n""    <matplotlib.axes.AxesSubplot object at 0x104b0a990>\n""    >>> plt.plot(f, np.sqrt(4*(pgram/normval)))\n""    [<matplotlib.lines.Line2D object at 0x104b2f910>]\n""    >>> plt.show()\n""    \n""    ";
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+  __Pyx_DECREF(__pyx_t_3); __pyx_t_3 = 0;
+  if (PyObject_SetAttr(__pyx_m, __pyx_n_s____test__, ((PyObject *)__pyx_t_1)) < 0) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[0]; __pyx_lineno = 1; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+  __Pyx_DECREF(((PyObject *)__pyx_t_1)); __pyx_t_1 = 0;
+
+  /* "/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.6/lib/python2.6/site-packages/Cython-0.12.1-py2.6-macosx-10.3-fat.egg/Cython/Includes/stdlib.pxd":2
+ * 
+ * cdef extern from "stdlib.h" nogil:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
+ *     void free(void *ptr)
+ *     void *malloc(size_t size)
+ */
+  goto __pyx_L0;
+  __pyx_L1_error:;
+  __Pyx_XDECREF(__pyx_t_1);
+  __Pyx_XDECREF(__pyx_t_2);
+  __Pyx_XDECREF(__pyx_t_3);
+  if (__pyx_m) {
+    __Pyx_AddTraceback("init scipy.signal.spectral");
+    Py_DECREF(__pyx_m); __pyx_m = 0;
+  } else if (!PyErr_Occurred()) {
+    PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ImportError, "init scipy.signal.spectral");
+  }
+  __pyx_L0:;
+  __Pyx_RefNannyFinishContext();
+  #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+  return;
+  #else
+  return __pyx_m;
+  #endif
+}
+
+static const char *__pyx_filenames[] = {
+  "spectral.pyx",
+  "numpy.pxd",
+};
+
+/* Runtime support code */
+
+static void __pyx_init_filenames(void) {
+  __pyx_f = __pyx_filenames;
+}
+
+static void __Pyx_RaiseDoubleKeywordsError(
+    const char* func_name,
+    PyObject* kw_name)
+{
+    PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
+        #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
+        "%s() got multiple values for keyword argument '%U'", func_name, kw_name);
+        #else
+        "%s() got multiple values for keyword argument '%s'", func_name,
+        PyString_AS_STRING(kw_name));
+        #endif
+}
+
+static void __Pyx_RaiseArgtupleInvalid(
+    const char* func_name,
+    int exact,
+    Py_ssize_t num_min,
+    Py_ssize_t num_max,
+    Py_ssize_t num_found)
+{
+    Py_ssize_t num_expected;
+    const char *number, *more_or_less;
+
+    if (num_found < num_min) {
+        num_expected = num_min;
+        more_or_less = "at least";
+    } else {
+        num_expected = num_max;
+        more_or_less = "at most";
+    }
+    if (exact) {
+        more_or_less = "exactly";
+    }
+    number = (num_expected == 1) ? "" : "s";
+    PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
+        #if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x02050000
+            "%s() takes %s %d positional argument%s (%d given)",
+        #else
+            "%s() takes %s %zd positional argument%s (%zd given)",
+        #endif
+        func_name, more_or_less, num_expected, number, num_found);
+}
+
+static int __Pyx_ParseOptionalKeywords(
+    PyObject *kwds,
+    PyObject **argnames[],
+    PyObject *kwds2,
+    PyObject *values[],
+    Py_ssize_t num_pos_args,
+    const char* function_name)
+{
+    PyObject *key = 0, *value = 0;
+    Py_ssize_t pos = 0;
+    PyObject*** name;
+    PyObject*** first_kw_arg = argnames + num_pos_args;
+
+    while (PyDict_Next(kwds, &pos, &key, &value)) {
+        name = first_kw_arg;
+        while (*name && (**name != key)) name++;
+        if (*name) {
+            values[name-argnames] = value;
+        } else {
+            #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+            if (unlikely(!PyString_CheckExact(key)) && unlikely(!PyString_Check(key))) {
+            #else
+            if (unlikely(!PyUnicode_CheckExact(key)) && unlikely(!PyUnicode_Check(key))) {
+            #endif
+                goto invalid_keyword_type;
+            } else {
+                for (name = first_kw_arg; *name; name++) {
+                    #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
+                    if (PyUnicode_GET_SIZE(**name) == PyUnicode_GET_SIZE(key) &&
+                        PyUnicode_Compare(**name, key) == 0) break;
+                    #else
+                    if (PyString_GET_SIZE(**name) == PyString_GET_SIZE(key) &&
+                        _PyString_Eq(**name, key)) break;
+                    #endif
+                }
+                if (*name) {
+                    values[name-argnames] = value;
+                } else {
+                    /* unexpected keyword found */
+                    for (name=argnames; name != first_kw_arg; name++) {
+                        if (**name == key) goto arg_passed_twice;
+                        #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
+                        if (PyUnicode_GET_SIZE(**name) == PyUnicode_GET_SIZE(key) &&
+                            PyUnicode_Compare(**name, key) == 0) goto arg_passed_twice;
+                        #else
+                        if (PyString_GET_SIZE(**name) == PyString_GET_SIZE(key) &&
+                            _PyString_Eq(**name, key)) goto arg_passed_twice;
+                        #endif
+                    }
+                    if (kwds2) {
+                        if (unlikely(PyDict_SetItem(kwds2, key, value))) goto bad;
+                    } else {
+                        goto invalid_keyword;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    return 0;
+arg_passed_twice:
+    __Pyx_RaiseDoubleKeywordsError(function_name, **name);
+    goto bad;
+invalid_keyword_type:
+    PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
+        "%s() keywords must be strings", function_name);
+    goto bad;
+invalid_keyword:
+    PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
+    #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+        "%s() got an unexpected keyword argument '%s'",
+        function_name, PyString_AsString(key));
+    #else
+        "%s() got an unexpected keyword argument '%U'",
+        function_name, key);
+    #endif
+bad:
+    return -1;
+}
+
+static CYTHON_INLINE int __Pyx_IsLittleEndian(void) {
+  unsigned int n = 1;
+  return *(unsigned char*)(&n) != 0;
+}
+
+typedef struct {
+  __Pyx_StructField root;
+  __Pyx_BufFmt_StackElem* head;
+  size_t fmt_offset;
+  int new_count, enc_count;
+  int is_complex;
+  char enc_type;
+  char packmode;
+} __Pyx_BufFmt_Context;
+
+static void __Pyx_BufFmt_Init(__Pyx_BufFmt_Context* ctx,
+                              __Pyx_BufFmt_StackElem* stack,
+                              __Pyx_TypeInfo* type) {
+  stack[0].field = &ctx->root;
+  stack[0].parent_offset = 0;
+  ctx->root.type = type;
+  ctx->root.name = "buffer dtype";
+  ctx->root.offset = 0;
+  ctx->head = stack;
+  ctx->head->field = &ctx->root;
+  ctx->fmt_offset = 0;
+  ctx->head->parent_offset = 0;
+  ctx->packmode = '@';
+  ctx->new_count = 1;
+  ctx->enc_count = 0;
+  ctx->enc_type = 0;
+  ctx->is_complex = 0;
+  while (type->typegroup == 'S') {
+    ++ctx->head;
+    ctx->head->field = type->fields;
+    ctx->head->parent_offset = 0;
+    type = type->fields->type;
+  }
+}
+
+static int __Pyx_BufFmt_ParseNumber(const char** ts) {
+    int count;
+    const char* t = *ts;
+    if (*t < '0' || *t > '9') {
+      return -1;
+    } else {
+        count = *t++ - '0';
+        while (*t >= '0' && *t < '9') {
+            count *= 10;
+            count += *t++ - '0';
+        }
+    }
+    *ts = t;
+    return count;
+}
+
+static void __Pyx_BufFmt_RaiseUnexpectedChar(char ch) {
+  char msg[] = {ch, 0};
+  PyErr_Format(PyExc_ValueError, "Unexpected format string character: '%s'", msg);
+}
+
+static const char* __Pyx_BufFmt_DescribeTypeChar(char ch, int is_complex) {
+  switch (ch) {
+    case 'b': return "'char'";
+    case 'B': return "'unsigned char'";
+    case 'h': return "'short'";
+    case 'H': return "'unsigned short'";
+    case 'i': return "'int'";
+    case 'I': return "'unsigned int'";
+    case 'l': return "'long'";
+    case 'L': return "'unsigned long'";
+    case 'q': return "'long long'";
+    case 'Q': return "'unsigned long long'";
+    case 'f': return (is_complex ? "'complex float'" : "'float'");
+    case 'd': return (is_complex ? "'complex double'" : "'double'");
+    case 'g': return (is_complex ? "'complex long double'" : "'long double'");
+    case 'T': return "a struct";
+    case 'O': return "Python object";
+    case 'P': return "a pointer";
+    case 0: return "end";
+    default: return "unparseable format string";
+  }
+}
+
+static size_t __Pyx_BufFmt_TypeCharToStandardSize(char ch, int is_complex) {
+  switch (ch) {
+    case '?': case 'c': case 'b': case 'B': return 1;
+    case 'h': case 'H': return 2;
+    case 'i': case 'I': case 'l': case 'L': return 4;
+    case 'q': case 'Q': return 8;
+    case 'f': return (is_complex ? 8 : 4);
+    case 'd': return (is_complex ? 16 : 8);
+    case 'g': {
+      PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, "Python does not define a standard format string size for long double ('g')..");
+      return 0;
+    }
+    case 'O': case 'P': return sizeof(void*);
+    default:
+      __Pyx_BufFmt_RaiseUnexpectedChar(ch);
+      return 0;
+    }
+}
+
+static size_t __Pyx_BufFmt_TypeCharToNativeSize(char ch, int is_complex) {
+  switch (ch) {
+    case 'c': case 'b': case 'B': return 1;
+    case 'h': case 'H': return sizeof(short);
+    case 'i': case 'I': return sizeof(int);
+    case 'l': case 'L': return sizeof(long);
+    #ifdef HAVE_LONG_LONG
+    case 'q': case 'Q': return sizeof(PY_LONG_LONG);
+    #endif
+    case 'f': return sizeof(float) * (is_complex ? 2 : 1);
+    case 'd': return sizeof(double) * (is_complex ? 2 : 1);
+    case 'g': return sizeof(long double) * (is_complex ? 2 : 1);
+    case 'O': case 'P': return sizeof(void*);
+    default: {
+      __Pyx_BufFmt_RaiseUnexpectedChar(ch);
+      return 0;
+    }    
+  }
+}
+
+typedef struct { char c; short x; } __Pyx_st_short;
+typedef struct { char c; int x; } __Pyx_st_int;
+typedef struct { char c; long x; } __Pyx_st_long;
+typedef struct { char c; float x; } __Pyx_st_float;
+typedef struct { char c; double x; } __Pyx_st_double;
+typedef struct { char c; long double x; } __Pyx_st_longdouble;
+typedef struct { char c; void *x; } __Pyx_st_void_p;
+#ifdef HAVE_LONG_LONG
+typedef struct { char c; PY_LONG_LONG x; } __Pyx_s_long_long;
+#endif
+
+static size_t __Pyx_BufFmt_TypeCharToAlignment(char ch, int is_complex) {
+  switch (ch) {
+    case '?': case 'c': case 'b': case 'B': return 1;
+    case 'h': case 'H': return sizeof(__Pyx_st_short) - sizeof(short);
+    case 'i': case 'I': return sizeof(__Pyx_st_int) - sizeof(int);
+    case 'l': case 'L': return sizeof(__Pyx_st_long) - sizeof(long);
+#ifdef HAVE_LONG_LONG
+    case 'q': case 'Q': return sizeof(__Pyx_s_long_long) - sizeof(PY_LONG_LONG);
+#endif
+    case 'f': return sizeof(__Pyx_st_float) - sizeof(float);
+    case 'd': return sizeof(__Pyx_st_double) - sizeof(double);
+    case 'g': return sizeof(__Pyx_st_longdouble) - sizeof(long double);
+    case 'P': case 'O': return sizeof(__Pyx_st_void_p) - sizeof(void*);
+    default:
+      __Pyx_BufFmt_RaiseUnexpectedChar(ch);
+      return 0;
+    }
+}
+
+static size_t __Pyx_BufFmt_TypeCharToGroup(char ch, int is_complex) {
+  switch (ch) {
+    case 'c': case 'b': case 'h': case 'i': case 'l': case 'q': return 'I';
+    case 'B': case 'H': case 'I': case 'L': case 'Q': return 'U';
+    case 'f': case 'd': case 'g': return (is_complex ? 'C' : 'R');
+    case 'O': return 'O';
+    case 'P': return 'P';
+    default: {
+      __Pyx_BufFmt_RaiseUnexpectedChar(ch);
+      return 0;
+    }    
+  }
+}
+
+static void __Pyx_BufFmt_RaiseExpected(__Pyx_BufFmt_Context* ctx) {
+  if (ctx->head == NULL || ctx->head->field == &ctx->root) {
+    const char* expected;
+    const char* quote;
+    if (ctx->head == NULL) {
+      expected = "end";
+      quote = "";
+    } else {
+      expected = ctx->head->field->type->name;
+      quote = "'";
+    }
+    PyErr_Format(PyExc_ValueError,
+                 "Buffer dtype mismatch, expected %s%s%s but got %s",
+                 quote, expected, quote,
+                 __Pyx_BufFmt_DescribeTypeChar(ctx->enc_type, ctx->is_complex));
+  } else {
+    __Pyx_StructField* field = ctx->head->field;
+    __Pyx_StructField* parent = (ctx->head - 1)->field;
+    PyErr_Format(PyExc_ValueError,
+                 "Buffer dtype mismatch, expected '%s' but got %s in '%s.%s'",
+                 field->type->name, __Pyx_BufFmt_DescribeTypeChar(ctx->enc_type, ctx->is_complex),
+                 parent->type->name, field->name);
+  }
+}
+
+static int __Pyx_BufFmt_ProcessTypeChunk(__Pyx_BufFmt_Context* ctx) {
+  char group;
+  size_t size, offset;
+  if (ctx->enc_type == 0) return 0;
+  group = __Pyx_BufFmt_TypeCharToGroup(ctx->enc_type, ctx->is_complex);
+  do {
+    __Pyx_StructField* field = ctx->head->field;
+    __Pyx_TypeInfo* type = field->type;
+  
+    if (ctx->packmode == '@' || ctx->packmode == '^') {
+      size = __Pyx_BufFmt_TypeCharToNativeSize(ctx->enc_type, ctx->is_complex);
+    } else {
+      size = __Pyx_BufFmt_TypeCharToStandardSize(ctx->enc_type, ctx->is_complex);
+    }
+    if (ctx->packmode == '@') {
+      int align_at = __Pyx_BufFmt_TypeCharToAlignment(ctx->enc_type, ctx->is_complex);
+      int align_mod_offset;
+      if (align_at == 0) return -1;
+      align_mod_offset = ctx->fmt_offset % align_at;
+      if (align_mod_offset > 0) ctx->fmt_offset += align_at - align_mod_offset;
+    }
+
+    if (type->size != size || type->typegroup != group) {
+      if (type->typegroup == 'C' && type->fields != NULL) {
+        /* special case -- treat as struct rather than complex number */
+        size_t parent_offset = ctx->head->parent_offset + field->offset;
+        ++ctx->head;
+        ctx->head->field = type->fields;
+        ctx->head->parent_offset = parent_offset;
+        continue;
+      }
+    
+      __Pyx_BufFmt_RaiseExpected(ctx);
+      return -1;
+    }
+
+    offset = ctx->head->parent_offset + field->offset;
+    if (ctx->fmt_offset != offset) {
+      PyErr_Format(PyExc_ValueError,
+                   "Buffer dtype mismatch; next field is at offset %"PY_FORMAT_SIZE_T"d "
+                   "but %"PY_FORMAT_SIZE_T"d expected", ctx->fmt_offset, offset);
+      return -1;
+    }
+
+    ctx->fmt_offset += size;
+  
+    --ctx->enc_count; /* Consume from buffer string */
+
+    /* Done checking, move to next field, pushing or popping struct stack if needed */
+    while (1) {
+      if (field == &ctx->root) {
+        ctx->head = NULL;
+        if (ctx->enc_count != 0) {
+          __Pyx_BufFmt_RaiseExpected(ctx);
+          return -1;
+        }
+        break; /* breaks both loops as ctx->enc_count == 0 */
+      }
+      ctx->head->field = ++field;
+      if (field->type == NULL) {
+        --ctx->head;
+        field = ctx->head->field;
+        continue;
+      } else if (field->type->typegroup == 'S') {
+        size_t parent_offset = ctx->head->parent_offset + field->offset;
+        if (field->type->fields->type == NULL) continue; /* empty struct */
+        field = field->type->fields;
+        ++ctx->head;
+        ctx->head->field = field;
+        ctx->head->parent_offset = parent_offset;
+        break;
+      } else {
+        break;
+      }
+    }
+  } while (ctx->enc_count);
+  ctx->enc_type = 0;
+  ctx->is_complex = 0;
+  return 0;    
+}
+
+static int __Pyx_BufFmt_FirstPack(__Pyx_BufFmt_Context* ctx) {
+  if (ctx->enc_type != 0 || ctx->packmode != '@') {
+    PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, "Buffer packing mode currently only allowed at beginning of format string (this is a defect)");
+    return -1;
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
+
+static const char* __Pyx_BufFmt_CheckString(__Pyx_BufFmt_Context* ctx, const char* ts) {
+  int got_Z = 0;
+  while (1) {
+    switch(*ts) {
+      case 0:
+        if (ctx->enc_type != 0 && ctx->head == NULL) {
+          __Pyx_BufFmt_RaiseExpected(ctx);
+          return NULL;
+        }
+        if (__Pyx_BufFmt_ProcessTypeChunk(ctx) == -1) return NULL;
+        if (ctx->head != NULL) {
+          __Pyx_BufFmt_RaiseExpected(ctx);
+          return NULL;
+        }
+        return ts;
+      case ' ':
+      case 10:
+      case 13:
+        ++ts;
+        break;
+      case '<':
+        if (!__Pyx_IsLittleEndian()) {
+          PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, "Little-endian buffer not supported on big-endian compiler");
+          return NULL;
+        }
+        if (__Pyx_BufFmt_FirstPack(ctx) == -1) return NULL;
+        ctx->packmode = '=';
+        ++ts;
+        break;
+      case '>':
+      case '!':
+        if (__Pyx_IsLittleEndian()) {
+          PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, "Big-endian buffer not supported on little-endian compiler");
+          return NULL;
+        }
+        if (__Pyx_BufFmt_FirstPack(ctx) == -1) return NULL;
+        ctx->packmode = '=';
+        ++ts;
+        break;
+      case '=':
+      case '@':
+      case '^':
+        if (__Pyx_BufFmt_FirstPack(ctx) == -1) return NULL;
+        ctx->packmode = *ts++;
+        break;
+      case 'T': /* substruct */
+        {
+          int i;
+          const char* ts_after_sub;
+          int struct_count = ctx->new_count;
+          ctx->new_count = 1;
+          ++ts;
+          if (*ts != '{') {
+            PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, "Buffer acquisition: Expected '{' after 'T'");
+            return NULL;
+          }
+          ++ts;
+          ts_after_sub = ts;
+          for (i = 0; i != struct_count; ++i) {
+            ts_after_sub = __Pyx_BufFmt_CheckString(ctx, ts);
+            if (!ts_after_sub) return NULL;
+          }
+          ts = ts_after_sub;
+        }
+        break;
+      case '}': /* end of substruct; either repeat or move on */
+        ++ts;
+        return ts;
+      case 'x':
+        if (__Pyx_BufFmt_ProcessTypeChunk(ctx) == -1) return NULL;
+        ctx->fmt_offset += ctx->new_count;
+        ctx->new_count = 1;
+        ctx->enc_count = 0;
+        ctx->enc_type = 0;
+        ++ts;
+        break;
+      case 'Z':
+        got_Z = 1;
+        ++ts;
+        if (*ts != 'f' && *ts != 'd' && *ts != 'g') {
+          __Pyx_BufFmt_RaiseUnexpectedChar('Z');
+          return NULL;
+        }        /* fall through */
+      case 'c': case 'b': case 'B': case 'h': case 'H': case 'i': case 'I':
+      case 'l': case 'L': case 'q': case 'Q':
+      case 'f': case 'd': case 'g':
+      case 'O':
+        if (ctx->enc_type == *ts && got_Z == ctx->is_complex) {
+          /* Continue pooling same type */
+          ctx->enc_count += ctx->new_count;
+        } else {
+          /* New type */
+          if (__Pyx_BufFmt_ProcessTypeChunk(ctx) == -1) return NULL;
+          ctx->enc_count = ctx->new_count;
+          ctx->enc_type = *ts;
+          ctx->is_complex = got_Z;
+        }
+        ++ts;
+        ctx->new_count = 1;
+        got_Z = 0;
+        break;
+      default:
+        {
+          ctx->new_count = __Pyx_BufFmt_ParseNumber(&ts);
+          if (ctx->new_count == -1) { /* First char was not a digit */
+            char msg[2] = { *ts, 0 };
+            PyErr_Format(PyExc_ValueError,
+                         "Does not understand character buffer dtype format string ('%s')", msg);
+            return NULL;
+          }
+        }
+      
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+static CYTHON_INLINE void __Pyx_ZeroBuffer(Py_buffer* buf) {
+  buf->buf = NULL;
+  buf->obj = NULL;
+  buf->strides = __Pyx_zeros;
+  buf->shape = __Pyx_zeros;
+  buf->suboffsets = __Pyx_minusones;
+}
+
+static int __Pyx_GetBufferAndValidate(Py_buffer* buf, PyObject* obj, __Pyx_TypeInfo* dtype, int flags, int nd, int cast, __Pyx_BufFmt_StackElem* stack) {
+  if (obj == Py_None) {
+    __Pyx_ZeroBuffer(buf);
+    return 0;
+  }
+  buf->buf = NULL;
+  if (__Pyx_GetBuffer(obj, buf, flags) == -1) goto fail;
+  if (buf->ndim != nd) {
+    PyErr_Format(PyExc_ValueError,
+                 "Buffer has wrong number of dimensions (expected %d, got %d)",
+                 nd, buf->ndim);
+    goto fail;
+  }
+  if (!cast) {
+    __Pyx_BufFmt_Context ctx;
+    __Pyx_BufFmt_Init(&ctx, stack, dtype);
+    if (!__Pyx_BufFmt_CheckString(&ctx, buf->format)) goto fail;
+  }
+  if ((unsigned)buf->itemsize != dtype->size) {
+    PyErr_Format(PyExc_ValueError,
+      "Item size of buffer (%"PY_FORMAT_SIZE_T"d byte%s) does not match size of '%s' (%"PY_FORMAT_SIZE_T"d byte%s)",
+      buf->itemsize, (buf->itemsize > 1) ? "s" : "",
+      dtype->name,
+      dtype->size, (dtype->size > 1) ? "s" : "");
+    goto fail;
+  }
+  if (buf->suboffsets == NULL) buf->suboffsets = __Pyx_minusones;
+  return 0;
+fail:;
+  __Pyx_ZeroBuffer(buf);
+  return -1;
+}
+
+static CYTHON_INLINE void __Pyx_SafeReleaseBuffer(Py_buffer* info) {
+  if (info->buf == NULL) return;
+  if (info->suboffsets == __Pyx_minusones) info->suboffsets = NULL;
+  __Pyx_ReleaseBuffer(info);
+}
+
+
+static CYTHON_INLINE void __Pyx_ErrRestore(PyObject *type, PyObject *value, PyObject *tb) {
+    PyObject *tmp_type, *tmp_value, *tmp_tb;
+    PyThreadState *tstate = PyThreadState_GET();
+
+    tmp_type = tstate->curexc_type;
+    tmp_value = tstate->curexc_value;
+    tmp_tb = tstate->curexc_traceback;
+    tstate->curexc_type = type;
+    tstate->curexc_value = value;
+    tstate->curexc_traceback = tb;
+    Py_XDECREF(tmp_type);
+    Py_XDECREF(tmp_value);
+    Py_XDECREF(tmp_tb);
+}
+
+static CYTHON_INLINE void __Pyx_ErrFetch(PyObject **type, PyObject **value, PyObject **tb) {
+    PyThreadState *tstate = PyThreadState_GET();
+    *type = tstate->curexc_type;
+    *value = tstate->curexc_value;
+    *tb = tstate->curexc_traceback;
+
+    tstate->curexc_type = 0;
+    tstate->curexc_value = 0;
+    tstate->curexc_traceback = 0;
+}
+
+
+static CYTHON_INLINE void __Pyx_RaiseNeedMoreValuesError(Py_ssize_t index) {
+    PyErr_Format(PyExc_ValueError,
+        #if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x02050000
+                 "need more than %d value%s to unpack", (int)index,
+        #else
+                 "need more than %zd value%s to unpack", index,
+        #endif
+                 (index == 1) ? "" : "s");
+}
+
+static CYTHON_INLINE void __Pyx_RaiseTooManyValuesError(void) {
+    PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, "too many values to unpack");
+}
+
+static PyObject *__Pyx_UnpackItem(PyObject *iter, Py_ssize_t index) {
+    PyObject *item;
+    if (!(item = PyIter_Next(iter))) {
+        if (!PyErr_Occurred()) {
+            __Pyx_RaiseNeedMoreValuesError(index);
+        }
+    }
+    return item;
+}
+
+static int __Pyx_EndUnpack(PyObject *iter) {
+    PyObject *item;
+    if ((item = PyIter_Next(iter))) {
+        Py_DECREF(item);
+        __Pyx_RaiseTooManyValuesError();
+        return -1;
+    }
+    else if (!PyErr_Occurred())
+        return 0;
+    else
+        return -1;
+}
+
+static CYTHON_INLINE int __Pyx_TypeTest(PyObject *obj, PyTypeObject *type) {
+    if (unlikely(!type)) {
+        PyErr_Format(PyExc_SystemError, "Missing type object");
+        return 0;
+    }
+    if (likely(PyObject_TypeCheck(obj, type)))
+        return 1;
+    PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError, "Cannot convert %.200s to %.200s",
+                 Py_TYPE(obj)->tp_name, type->tp_name);
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static CYTHON_INLINE void __Pyx_RaiseNoneNotIterableError(void) {
+    PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError, "'NoneType' object is not iterable");
+}
+
+static void __Pyx_UnpackTupleError(PyObject *t, Py_ssize_t index) {
+    if (t == Py_None) {
+      __Pyx_RaiseNoneNotIterableError();
+    } else if (PyTuple_GET_SIZE(t) < index) {
+      __Pyx_RaiseNeedMoreValuesError(PyTuple_GET_SIZE(t));
+    } else {
+      __Pyx_RaiseTooManyValuesError();
+    }
+}
+
+static int __Pyx_ArgTypeTest(PyObject *obj, PyTypeObject *type, int none_allowed,
+    const char *name, int exact)
+{
+    if (!type) {
+        PyErr_Format(PyExc_SystemError, "Missing type object");
+        return 0;
+    }
+    if (none_allowed && obj == Py_None) return 1;
+    else if (exact) {
+        if (Py_TYPE(obj) == type) return 1;
+    }
+    else {
+        if (PyObject_TypeCheck(obj, type)) return 1;
+    }
+    PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
+        "Argument '%s' has incorrect type (expected %s, got %s)",
+        name, type->tp_name, Py_TYPE(obj)->tp_name);
+    return 0;
+}
+
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+static int __Pyx_GetBuffer(PyObject *obj, Py_buffer *view, int flags) {
+  #if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x02060000
+  if (Py_TYPE(obj)->tp_flags & Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_NEWBUFFER)
+      return PyObject_GetBuffer(obj, view, flags);
+  #endif
+  if (PyObject_TypeCheck(obj, __pyx_ptype_5numpy_ndarray)) return __pyx_pf_5numpy_7ndarray___getbuffer__(obj, view, flags);
+  else {
+  PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError, "'%100s' does not have the buffer interface", Py_TYPE(obj)->tp_name);
+  return -1;
+    }
+}
+
+static void __Pyx_ReleaseBuffer(Py_buffer *view) {
+  PyObject* obj = view->obj;
+  if (obj) {
+if (PyObject_TypeCheck(obj, __pyx_ptype_5numpy_ndarray)) __pyx_pf_5numpy_7ndarray___releasebuffer__(obj, view);
+    Py_DECREF(obj);
+    view->obj = NULL;
+  }
+}
+
+#endif
+
+static PyObject *__Pyx_Import(PyObject *name, PyObject *from_list) {
+    PyObject *__import__ = 0;
+    PyObject *empty_list = 0;
+    PyObject *module = 0;
+    PyObject *global_dict = 0;
+    PyObject *empty_dict = 0;
+    PyObject *list;
+    __import__ = __Pyx_GetAttrString(__pyx_b, "__import__");
+    if (!__import__)
+        goto bad;
+    if (from_list)
+        list = from_list;
+    else {
+        empty_list = PyList_New(0);
+        if (!empty_list)
+            goto bad;
+        list = empty_list;
+    }
+    global_dict = PyModule_GetDict(__pyx_m);
+    if (!global_dict)
+        goto bad;
+    empty_dict = PyDict_New();
+    if (!empty_dict)
+        goto bad;
+    module = PyObject_CallFunctionObjArgs(__import__,
+        name, global_dict, empty_dict, list, NULL);
+bad:
+    Py_XDECREF(empty_list);
+    Py_XDECREF(__import__);
+    Py_XDECREF(empty_dict);
+    return module;
+}
+
+static PyObject *__Pyx_GetName(PyObject *dict, PyObject *name) {
+    PyObject *result;
+    result = PyObject_GetAttr(dict, name);
+    if (!result)
+        PyErr_SetObject(PyExc_NameError, name);
+    return result;
+}
+
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+static void __Pyx_Raise(PyObject *type, PyObject *value, PyObject *tb) {
+    Py_XINCREF(type);
+    Py_XINCREF(value);
+    Py_XINCREF(tb);
+    /* First, check the traceback argument, replacing None with NULL. */
+    if (tb == Py_None) {
+        Py_DECREF(tb);
+        tb = 0;
+    }
+    else if (tb != NULL && !PyTraceBack_Check(tb)) {
+        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
+            "raise: arg 3 must be a traceback or None");
+        goto raise_error;
+    }
+    /* Next, replace a missing value with None */
+    if (value == NULL) {
+        value = Py_None;
+        Py_INCREF(value);
+    }
+    #if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x02050000
+    if (!PyClass_Check(type))
+    #else
+    if (!PyType_Check(type))
+    #endif
+    {
+        /* Raising an instance.  The value should be a dummy. */
+        if (value != Py_None) {
+            PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
+                "instance exception may not have a separate value");
+            goto raise_error;
+        }
+        /* Normalize to raise <class>, <instance> */
+        Py_DECREF(value);
+        value = type;
+        #if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x02050000
+            if (PyInstance_Check(type)) {
+                type = (PyObject*) ((PyInstanceObject*)type)->in_class;
+                Py_INCREF(type);
+            }
+            else {
+                type = 0;
+                PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
+                    "raise: exception must be an old-style class or instance");
+                goto raise_error;
+            }
+        #else
+            type = (PyObject*) Py_TYPE(type);
+            Py_INCREF(type);
+            if (!PyType_IsSubtype((PyTypeObject *)type, (PyTypeObject *)PyExc_BaseException)) {
+                PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
+                    "raise: exception class must be a subclass of BaseException");
+                goto raise_error;
+            }
+        #endif
+    }
+
+    __Pyx_ErrRestore(type, value, tb);
+    return;
+raise_error:
+    Py_XDECREF(value);
+    Py_XDECREF(type);
+    Py_XDECREF(tb);
+    return;
+}
+
+#else /* Python 3+ */
+
+static void __Pyx_Raise(PyObject *type, PyObject *value, PyObject *tb) {
+    if (tb == Py_None) {
+        tb = 0;
+    } else if (tb && !PyTraceBack_Check(tb)) {
+        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
+            "raise: arg 3 must be a traceback or None");
+        goto bad;
+    }
+    if (value == Py_None)
+        value = 0;
+
+    if (PyExceptionInstance_Check(type)) {
+        if (value) {
+            PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
+                "instance exception may not have a separate value");
+            goto bad;
+        }
+        value = type;
+        type = (PyObject*) Py_TYPE(value);
+    } else if (!PyExceptionClass_Check(type)) {
+        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
+            "raise: exception class must be a subclass of BaseException");
+        goto bad;
+    }
+
+    PyErr_SetObject(type, value);
+
+    if (tb) {
+        PyThreadState *tstate = PyThreadState_GET();
+        PyObject* tmp_tb = tstate->curexc_traceback;
+        if (tb != tmp_tb) {
+            Py_INCREF(tb);
+            tstate->curexc_traceback = tb;
+            Py_XDECREF(tmp_tb);
+        }
+    }
+
+bad:
+    return;
+}
+#endif
+
+static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject *__Pyx_PyInt_to_py_npy_intp(npy_intp val) {
+    const npy_intp neg_one = (npy_intp)-1, const_zero = 0;
+    const int is_unsigned = neg_one > const_zero;
+    if (sizeof(npy_intp) <  sizeof(long)) {
+        return PyInt_FromLong((long)val);
+    } else if (sizeof(npy_intp) == sizeof(long)) {
+        if (is_unsigned)
+            return PyLong_FromUnsignedLong((unsigned long)val);
+        else
+            return PyInt_FromLong((long)val);
+    } else { /* (sizeof(npy_intp) > sizeof(long)) */
+        if (is_unsigned)
+            return PyLong_FromUnsignedLongLong((unsigned PY_LONG_LONG)val);
+        else
+            return PyLong_FromLongLong((PY_LONG_LONG)val);
+    }
+}
+
+#if CYTHON_CCOMPLEX
+  #ifdef __cplusplus
+    static CYTHON_INLINE __pyx_t_float_complex __pyx_t_float_complex_from_parts(float x, float y) {
+      return ::std::complex< float >(x, y);
+    }
+  #else
+    static CYTHON_INLINE __pyx_t_float_complex __pyx_t_float_complex_from_parts(float x, float y) {
+      return x + y*(__pyx_t_float_complex)_Complex_I;
+    }
+  #endif
+#else
+    static CYTHON_INLINE __pyx_t_float_complex __pyx_t_float_complex_from_parts(float x, float y) {
+      __pyx_t_float_complex z;
+      z.real = x;
+      z.imag = y;
+      return z;
+    }
+#endif
+
+#if CYTHON_CCOMPLEX
+#else
+    static CYTHON_INLINE int __Pyx_c_eqf(__pyx_t_float_complex a, __pyx_t_float_complex b) {
+       return (a.real == b.real) && (a.imag == b.imag);
+    }
+    static CYTHON_INLINE __pyx_t_float_complex __Pyx_c_sumf(__pyx_t_float_complex a, __pyx_t_float_complex b) {
+        __pyx_t_float_complex z;
+        z.real = a.real + b.real;
+        z.imag = a.imag + b.imag;
+        return z;
+    }
+    static CYTHON_INLINE __pyx_t_float_complex __Pyx_c_difff(__pyx_t_float_complex a, __pyx_t_float_complex b) {
+        __pyx_t_float_complex z;
+        z.real = a.real - b.real;
+        z.imag = a.imag - b.imag;
+        return z;
+    }
+    static CYTHON_INLINE __pyx_t_float_complex __Pyx_c_prodf(__pyx_t_float_complex a, __pyx_t_float_complex b) {
+        __pyx_t_float_complex z;
+        z.real = a.real * b.real - a.imag * b.imag;
+        z.imag = a.real * b.imag + a.imag * b.real;
+        return z;
+    }
+    static CYTHON_INLINE __pyx_t_float_complex __Pyx_c_quotf(__pyx_t_float_complex a, __pyx_t_float_complex b) {
+        __pyx_t_float_complex z;
+        float denom = b.real * b.real + b.imag * b.imag;
+        z.real = (a.real * b.real + a.imag * b.imag) / denom;
+        z.imag = (a.imag * b.real - a.real * b.imag) / denom;
+        return z;
+    }
+    static CYTHON_INLINE __pyx_t_float_complex __Pyx_c_negf(__pyx_t_float_complex a) {
+        __pyx_t_float_complex z;
+        z.real = -a.real;
+        z.imag = -a.imag;
+        return z;
+    }
+    static CYTHON_INLINE int __Pyx_c_is_zerof(__pyx_t_float_complex a) {
+       return (a.real == 0) && (a.imag == 0);
+    }
+    static CYTHON_INLINE __pyx_t_float_complex __Pyx_c_conjf(__pyx_t_float_complex a) {
+        __pyx_t_float_complex z;
+        z.real =  a.real;
+        z.imag = -a.imag;
+        return z;
+    }
+/*
+    static CYTHON_INLINE float __Pyx_c_absf(__pyx_t_float_complex z) {
+#if HAVE_HYPOT
+        return hypotf(z.real, z.imag);
+#else
+        return sqrtf(z.real*z.real + z.imag*z.imag);
+#endif
+    }
+*/
+#endif
+
+#if CYTHON_CCOMPLEX
+  #ifdef __cplusplus
+    static CYTHON_INLINE __pyx_t_double_complex __pyx_t_double_complex_from_parts(double x, double y) {
+      return ::std::complex< double >(x, y);
+    }
+  #else
+    static CYTHON_INLINE __pyx_t_double_complex __pyx_t_double_complex_from_parts(double x, double y) {
+      return x + y*(__pyx_t_double_complex)_Complex_I;
+    }
+  #endif
+#else
+    static CYTHON_INLINE __pyx_t_double_complex __pyx_t_double_complex_from_parts(double x, double y) {
+      __pyx_t_double_complex z;
+      z.real = x;
+      z.imag = y;
+      return z;
+    }
+#endif
+
+#if CYTHON_CCOMPLEX
+#else
+    static CYTHON_INLINE int __Pyx_c_eq(__pyx_t_double_complex a, __pyx_t_double_complex b) {
+       return (a.real == b.real) && (a.imag == b.imag);
+    }
+    static CYTHON_INLINE __pyx_t_double_complex __Pyx_c_sum(__pyx_t_double_complex a, __pyx_t_double_complex b) {
+        __pyx_t_double_complex z;
+        z.real = a.real + b.real;
+        z.imag = a.imag + b.imag;
+        return z;
+    }
+    static CYTHON_INLINE __pyx_t_double_complex __Pyx_c_diff(__pyx_t_double_complex a, __pyx_t_double_complex b) {
+        __pyx_t_double_complex z;
+        z.real = a.real - b.real;
+        z.imag = a.imag - b.imag;
+        return z;
+    }
+    static CYTHON_INLINE __pyx_t_double_complex __Pyx_c_prod(__pyx_t_double_complex a, __pyx_t_double_complex b) {
+        __pyx_t_double_complex z;
+        z.real = a.real * b.real - a.imag * b.imag;
+        z.imag = a.real * b.imag + a.imag * b.real;
+        return z;
+    }
+    static CYTHON_INLINE __pyx_t_double_complex __Pyx_c_quot(__pyx_t_double_complex a, __pyx_t_double_complex b) {
+        __pyx_t_double_complex z;
+        double denom = b.real * b.real + b.imag * b.imag;
+        z.real = (a.real * b.real + a.imag * b.imag) / denom;
+        z.imag = (a.imag * b.real - a.real * b.imag) / denom;
+        return z;
+    }
+    static CYTHON_INLINE __pyx_t_double_complex __Pyx_c_neg(__pyx_t_double_complex a) {
+        __pyx_t_double_complex z;
+        z.real = -a.real;
+        z.imag = -a.imag;
+        return z;
+    }
+    static CYTHON_INLINE int __Pyx_c_is_zero(__pyx_t_double_complex a) {
+       return (a.real == 0) && (a.imag == 0);
+    }
+    static CYTHON_INLINE __pyx_t_double_complex __Pyx_c_conj(__pyx_t_double_complex a) {
+        __pyx_t_double_complex z;
+        z.real =  a.real;
+        z.imag = -a.imag;
+        return z;
+    }
+/*
+    static CYTHON_INLINE double __Pyx_c_abs(__pyx_t_double_complex z) {
+#if HAVE_HYPOT
+        return hypot(z.real, z.imag);
+#else
+        return sqrt(z.real*z.real + z.imag*z.imag);
+#endif
+    }
+*/
+#endif
+
+static CYTHON_INLINE unsigned char __Pyx_PyInt_AsUnsignedChar(PyObject* x) {
+    const unsigned char neg_one = (unsigned char)-1, const_zero = 0;
+    const int is_unsigned = neg_one > const_zero;
+    if (sizeof(unsigned char) < sizeof(long)) {
+        long val = __Pyx_PyInt_AsLong(x);
+        if (unlikely(val != (long)(unsigned char)val)) {
+            if (!unlikely(val == -1 && PyErr_Occurred())) {
+                PyErr_SetString(PyExc_OverflowError,
+                    (is_unsigned && unlikely(val < 0)) ?
+                    "can't convert negative value to unsigned char" :
+                    "value too large to convert to unsigned char");
+            }
+            return (unsigned char)-1;
+        }
+        return (unsigned char)val;
+    }
+    return (unsigned char)__Pyx_PyInt_AsUnsignedLong(x);
+}
+
+static CYTHON_INLINE unsigned short __Pyx_PyInt_AsUnsignedShort(PyObject* x) {
+    const unsigned short neg_one = (unsigned short)-1, const_zero = 0;
+    const int is_unsigned = neg_one > const_zero;
+    if (sizeof(unsigned short) < sizeof(long)) {
+        long val = __Pyx_PyInt_AsLong(x);
+        if (unlikely(val != (long)(unsigned short)val)) {
+            if (!unlikely(val == -1 && PyErr_Occurred())) {
+                PyErr_SetString(PyExc_OverflowError,
+                    (is_unsigned && unlikely(val < 0)) ?
+                    "can't convert negative value to unsigned short" :
+                    "value too large to convert to unsigned short");
+            }
+            return (unsigned short)-1;
+        }
+        return (unsigned short)val;
+    }
+    return (unsigned short)__Pyx_PyInt_AsUnsignedLong(x);
+}
+
+static CYTHON_INLINE unsigned int __Pyx_PyInt_AsUnsignedInt(PyObject* x) {
+    const unsigned int neg_one = (unsigned int)-1, const_zero = 0;
+    const int is_unsigned = neg_one > const_zero;
+    if (sizeof(unsigned int) < sizeof(long)) {
+        long val = __Pyx_PyInt_AsLong(x);
+        if (unlikely(val != (long)(unsigned int)val)) {
+            if (!unlikely(val == -1 && PyErr_Occurred())) {
+                PyErr_SetString(PyExc_OverflowError,
+                    (is_unsigned && unlikely(val < 0)) ?
+                    "can't convert negative value to unsigned int" :
+                    "value too large to convert to unsigned int");
+            }
+            return (unsigned int)-1;
+        }
+        return (unsigned int)val;
+    }
+    return (unsigned int)__Pyx_PyInt_AsUnsignedLong(x);
+}
+
+static CYTHON_INLINE char __Pyx_PyInt_AsChar(PyObject* x) {
+    const char neg_one = (char)-1, const_zero = 0;
+    const int is_unsigned = neg_one > const_zero;
+    if (sizeof(char) < sizeof(long)) {
+        long val = __Pyx_PyInt_AsLong(x);
+        if (unlikely(val != (long)(char)val)) {
+            if (!unlikely(val == -1 && PyErr_Occurred())) {
+                PyErr_SetString(PyExc_OverflowError,
+                    (is_unsigned && unlikely(val < 0)) ?
+                    "can't convert negative value to char" :
+                    "value too large to convert to char");
+            }
+            return (char)-1;
+        }
+        return (char)val;
+    }
+    return (char)__Pyx_PyInt_AsLong(x);
+}
+
+static CYTHON_INLINE short __Pyx_PyInt_AsShort(PyObject* x) {
+    const short neg_one = (short)-1, const_zero = 0;
+    const int is_unsigned = neg_one > const_zero;
+    if (sizeof(short) < sizeof(long)) {
+        long val = __Pyx_PyInt_AsLong(x);
+        if (unlikely(val != (long)(short)val)) {
+            if (!unlikely(val == -1 && PyErr_Occurred())) {
+                PyErr_SetString(PyExc_OverflowError,
+                    (is_unsigned && unlikely(val < 0)) ?
+                    "can't convert negative value to short" :
+                    "value too large to convert to short");
+            }
+            return (short)-1;
+        }
+        return (short)val;
+    }
+    return (short)__Pyx_PyInt_AsLong(x);
+}
+
+static CYTHON_INLINE int __Pyx_PyInt_AsInt(PyObject* x) {
+    const int neg_one = (int)-1, const_zero = 0;
+    const int is_unsigned = neg_one > const_zero;
+    if (sizeof(int) < sizeof(long)) {
+        long val = __Pyx_PyInt_AsLong(x);
+        if (unlikely(val != (long)(int)val)) {
+            if (!unlikely(val == -1 && PyErr_Occurred())) {
+                PyErr_SetString(PyExc_OverflowError,
+                    (is_unsigned && unlikely(val < 0)) ?
+                    "can't convert negative value to int" :
+                    "value too large to convert to int");
+            }
+            return (int)-1;
+        }
+        return (int)val;
+    }
+    return (int)__Pyx_PyInt_AsLong(x);
+}
+
+static CYTHON_INLINE signed char __Pyx_PyInt_AsSignedChar(PyObject* x) {
+    const signed char neg_one = (signed char)-1, const_zero = 0;
+    const int is_unsigned = neg_one > const_zero;
+    if (sizeof(signed char) < sizeof(long)) {
+        long val = __Pyx_PyInt_AsLong(x);
+        if (unlikely(val != (long)(signed char)val)) {
+            if (!unlikely(val == -1 && PyErr_Occurred())) {
+                PyErr_SetString(PyExc_OverflowError,
+                    (is_unsigned && unlikely(val < 0)) ?
+                    "can't convert negative value to signed char" :
+                    "value too large to convert to signed char");
+            }
+            return (signed char)-1;
+        }
+        return (signed char)val;
+    }
+    return (signed char)__Pyx_PyInt_AsSignedLong(x);
+}
+
+static CYTHON_INLINE signed short __Pyx_PyInt_AsSignedShort(PyObject* x) {
+    const signed short neg_one = (signed short)-1, const_zero = 0;
+    const int is_unsigned = neg_one > const_zero;
+    if (sizeof(signed short) < sizeof(long)) {
+        long val = __Pyx_PyInt_AsLong(x);
+        if (unlikely(val != (long)(signed short)val)) {
+            if (!unlikely(val == -1 && PyErr_Occurred())) {
+                PyErr_SetString(PyExc_OverflowError,
+                    (is_unsigned && unlikely(val < 0)) ?
+                    "can't convert negative value to signed short" :
+                    "value too large to convert to signed short");
+            }
+            return (signed short)-1;
+        }
+        return (signed short)val;
+    }
+    return (signed short)__Pyx_PyInt_AsSignedLong(x);
+}
+
+static CYTHON_INLINE signed int __Pyx_PyInt_AsSignedInt(PyObject* x) {
+    const signed int neg_one = (signed int)-1, const_zero = 0;
+    const int is_unsigned = neg_one > const_zero;
+    if (sizeof(signed int) < sizeof(long)) {
+        long val = __Pyx_PyInt_AsLong(x);
+        if (unlikely(val != (long)(signed int)val)) {
+            if (!unlikely(val == -1 && PyErr_Occurred())) {
+                PyErr_SetString(PyExc_OverflowError,
+                    (is_unsigned && unlikely(val < 0)) ?
+                    "can't convert negative value to signed int" :
+                    "value too large to convert to signed int");
+            }
+            return (signed int)-1;
+        }
+        return (signed int)val;
+    }
+    return (signed int)__Pyx_PyInt_AsSignedLong(x);
+}
+
+static CYTHON_INLINE unsigned long __Pyx_PyInt_AsUnsignedLong(PyObject* x) {
+    const unsigned long neg_one = (unsigned long)-1, const_zero = 0;
+    const int is_unsigned = neg_one > const_zero;
+#if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x03000000
+    if (likely(PyInt_Check(x))) {
+        long val = PyInt_AS_LONG(x);
+        if (is_unsigned && unlikely(val < 0)) {
+            PyErr_SetString(PyExc_OverflowError,
+                            "can't convert negative value to unsigned long");
+            return (unsigned long)-1;
+        }
+        return (unsigned long)val;
+    } else
+#endif
+    if (likely(PyLong_Check(x))) {
+        if (is_unsigned) {
+            if (unlikely(Py_SIZE(x) < 0)) {
+                PyErr_SetString(PyExc_OverflowError,
+                                "can't convert negative value to unsigned long");
+                return (unsigned long)-1;
+            }
+            return PyLong_AsUnsignedLong(x);
+        } else {
+            return PyLong_AsLong(x);
+        }
+    } else {
+        unsigned long val;
+        PyObject *tmp = __Pyx_PyNumber_Int(x);
+        if (!tmp) return (unsigned long)-1;
+        val = __Pyx_PyInt_AsUnsignedLong(tmp);
+        Py_DECREF(tmp);
+        return val;
+    }
+}
+
+static CYTHON_INLINE unsigned PY_LONG_LONG __Pyx_PyInt_AsUnsignedLongLong(PyObject* x) {
+    const unsigned PY_LONG_LONG neg_one = (unsigned PY_LONG_LONG)-1, const_zero = 0;
+    const int is_unsigned = neg_one > const_zero;
+#if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x03000000
+    if (likely(PyInt_Check(x))) {
+        long val = PyInt_AS_LONG(x);
+        if (is_unsigned && unlikely(val < 0)) {
+            PyErr_SetString(PyExc_OverflowError,
+                            "can't convert negative value to unsigned PY_LONG_LONG");
+            return (unsigned PY_LONG_LONG)-1;
+        }
+        return (unsigned PY_LONG_LONG)val;
+    } else
+#endif
+    if (likely(PyLong_Check(x))) {
+        if (is_unsigned) {
+            if (unlikely(Py_SIZE(x) < 0)) {
+                PyErr_SetString(PyExc_OverflowError,
+                                "can't convert negative value to unsigned PY_LONG_LONG");
+                return (unsigned PY_LONG_LONG)-1;
+            }
+            return PyLong_AsUnsignedLongLong(x);
+        } else {
+            return PyLong_AsLongLong(x);
+        }
+    } else {
+        unsigned PY_LONG_LONG val;
+        PyObject *tmp = __Pyx_PyNumber_Int(x);
+        if (!tmp) return (unsigned PY_LONG_LONG)-1;
+        val = __Pyx_PyInt_AsUnsignedLongLong(tmp);
+        Py_DECREF(tmp);
+        return val;
+    }
+}
+
+static CYTHON_INLINE long __Pyx_PyInt_AsLong(PyObject* x) {
+    const long neg_one = (long)-1, const_zero = 0;
+    const int is_unsigned = neg_one > const_zero;
+#if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x03000000
+    if (likely(PyInt_Check(x))) {
+        long val = PyInt_AS_LONG(x);
+        if (is_unsigned && unlikely(val < 0)) {
+            PyErr_SetString(PyExc_OverflowError,
+                            "can't convert negative value to long");
+            return (long)-1;
+        }
+        return (long)val;
+    } else
+#endif
+    if (likely(PyLong_Check(x))) {
+        if (is_unsigned) {
+            if (unlikely(Py_SIZE(x) < 0)) {
+                PyErr_SetString(PyExc_OverflowError,
+                                "can't convert negative value to long");
+                return (long)-1;
+            }
+            return PyLong_AsUnsignedLong(x);
+        } else {
+            return PyLong_AsLong(x);
+        }
+    } else {
+        long val;
+        PyObject *tmp = __Pyx_PyNumber_Int(x);
+        if (!tmp) return (long)-1;
+        val = __Pyx_PyInt_AsLong(tmp);
+        Py_DECREF(tmp);
+        return val;
+    }
+}
+
+static CYTHON_INLINE PY_LONG_LONG __Pyx_PyInt_AsLongLong(PyObject* x) {
+    const PY_LONG_LONG neg_one = (PY_LONG_LONG)-1, const_zero = 0;
+    const int is_unsigned = neg_one > const_zero;
+#if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x03000000
+    if (likely(PyInt_Check(x))) {
+        long val = PyInt_AS_LONG(x);
+        if (is_unsigned && unlikely(val < 0)) {
+            PyErr_SetString(PyExc_OverflowError,
+                            "can't convert negative value to PY_LONG_LONG");
+            return (PY_LONG_LONG)-1;
+        }
+        return (PY_LONG_LONG)val;
+    } else
+#endif
+    if (likely(PyLong_Check(x))) {
+        if (is_unsigned) {
+            if (unlikely(Py_SIZE(x) < 0)) {
+                PyErr_SetString(PyExc_OverflowError,
+                                "can't convert negative value to PY_LONG_LONG");
+                return (PY_LONG_LONG)-1;
+            }
+            return PyLong_AsUnsignedLongLong(x);
+        } else {
+            return PyLong_AsLongLong(x);
+        }
+    } else {
+        PY_LONG_LONG val;
+        PyObject *tmp = __Pyx_PyNumber_Int(x);
+        if (!tmp) return (PY_LONG_LONG)-1;
+        val = __Pyx_PyInt_AsLongLong(tmp);
+        Py_DECREF(tmp);
+        return val;
+    }
+}
+
+static CYTHON_INLINE signed long __Pyx_PyInt_AsSignedLong(PyObject* x) {
+    const signed long neg_one = (signed long)-1, const_zero = 0;
+    const int is_unsigned = neg_one > const_zero;
+#if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x03000000
+    if (likely(PyInt_Check(x))) {
+        long val = PyInt_AS_LONG(x);
+        if (is_unsigned && unlikely(val < 0)) {
+            PyErr_SetString(PyExc_OverflowError,
+                            "can't convert negative value to signed long");
+            return (signed long)-1;
+        }
+        return (signed long)val;
+    } else
+#endif
+    if (likely(PyLong_Check(x))) {
+        if (is_unsigned) {
+            if (unlikely(Py_SIZE(x) < 0)) {
+                PyErr_SetString(PyExc_OverflowError,
+                                "can't convert negative value to signed long");
+                return (signed long)-1;
+            }
+            return PyLong_AsUnsignedLong(x);
+        } else {
+            return PyLong_AsLong(x);
+        }
+    } else {
+        signed long val;
+        PyObject *tmp = __Pyx_PyNumber_Int(x);
+        if (!tmp) return (signed long)-1;
+        val = __Pyx_PyInt_AsSignedLong(tmp);
+        Py_DECREF(tmp);
+        return val;
+    }
+}
+
+static CYTHON_INLINE signed PY_LONG_LONG __Pyx_PyInt_AsSignedLongLong(PyObject* x) {
+    const signed PY_LONG_LONG neg_one = (signed PY_LONG_LONG)-1, const_zero = 0;
+    const int is_unsigned = neg_one > const_zero;
+#if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x03000000
+    if (likely(PyInt_Check(x))) {
+        long val = PyInt_AS_LONG(x);
+        if (is_unsigned && unlikely(val < 0)) {
+            PyErr_SetString(PyExc_OverflowError,
+                            "can't convert negative value to signed PY_LONG_LONG");
+            return (signed PY_LONG_LONG)-1;
+        }
+        return (signed PY_LONG_LONG)val;
+    } else
+#endif
+    if (likely(PyLong_Check(x))) {
+        if (is_unsigned) {
+            if (unlikely(Py_SIZE(x) < 0)) {
+                PyErr_SetString(PyExc_OverflowError,
+                                "can't convert negative value to signed PY_LONG_LONG");
+                return (signed PY_LONG_LONG)-1;
+            }
+            return PyLong_AsUnsignedLongLong(x);
+        } else {
+            return PyLong_AsLongLong(x);
+        }
+    } else {
+        signed PY_LONG_LONG val;
+        PyObject *tmp = __Pyx_PyNumber_Int(x);
+        if (!tmp) return (signed PY_LONG_LONG)-1;
+        val = __Pyx_PyInt_AsSignedLongLong(tmp);
+        Py_DECREF(tmp);
+        return val;
+    }
+}
+
+#ifndef __PYX_HAVE_RT_ImportType
+#define __PYX_HAVE_RT_ImportType
+static PyTypeObject *__Pyx_ImportType(const char *module_name, const char *class_name,
+    long size, int strict)
+{
+    PyObject *py_module = 0;
+    PyObject *result = 0;
+    PyObject *py_name = 0;
+    char warning[200];
+
+    py_module = __Pyx_ImportModule(module_name);
+    if (!py_module)
+        goto bad;
+    #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+    py_name = PyString_FromString(class_name);
+    #else
+    py_name = PyUnicode_FromString(class_name);
+    #endif
+    if (!py_name)
+        goto bad;
+    result = PyObject_GetAttr(py_module, py_name);
+    Py_DECREF(py_name);
+    py_name = 0;
+    Py_DECREF(py_module);
+    py_module = 0;
+    if (!result)
+        goto bad;
+    if (!PyType_Check(result)) {
+        PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError, 
+            "%s.%s is not a type object",
+            module_name, class_name);
+        goto bad;
+    }
+    if (!strict && ((PyTypeObject *)result)->tp_basicsize > size) {
+        PyOS_snprintf(warning, sizeof(warning), 
+            "%s.%s size changed, may indicate binary incompatibility",
+            module_name, class_name);
+        PyErr_WarnEx(NULL, warning, 0);
+    }
+    else if (((PyTypeObject *)result)->tp_basicsize != size) {
+        PyErr_Format(PyExc_ValueError, 
+            "%s.%s has the wrong size, try recompiling",
+            module_name, class_name);
+        goto bad;
+    }
+    return (PyTypeObject *)result;
+bad:
+    Py_XDECREF(py_module);
+    Py_XDECREF(result);
+    return 0;
+}
+#endif
+
+#ifndef __PYX_HAVE_RT_ImportModule
+#define __PYX_HAVE_RT_ImportModule
+static PyObject *__Pyx_ImportModule(const char *name) {
+    PyObject *py_name = 0;
+    PyObject *py_module = 0;
+
+    #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+    py_name = PyString_FromString(name);
+    #else
+    py_name = PyUnicode_FromString(name);
+    #endif
+    if (!py_name)
+        goto bad;
+    py_module = PyImport_Import(py_name);
+    Py_DECREF(py_name);
+    return py_module;
+bad:
+    Py_XDECREF(py_name);
+    return 0;
+}
+#endif
+
+#include "compile.h"
+#include "frameobject.h"
+#include "traceback.h"
+
+static void __Pyx_AddTraceback(const char *funcname) {
+    PyObject *py_srcfile = 0;
+    PyObject *py_funcname = 0;
+    PyObject *py_globals = 0;
+    PyCodeObject *py_code = 0;
+    PyFrameObject *py_frame = 0;
+
+    #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+    py_srcfile = PyString_FromString(__pyx_filename);
+    #else
+    py_srcfile = PyUnicode_FromString(__pyx_filename);
+    #endif
+    if (!py_srcfile) goto bad;
+    if (__pyx_clineno) {
+        #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+        py_funcname = PyString_FromFormat( "%s (%s:%d)", funcname, __pyx_cfilenm, __pyx_clineno);
+        #else
+        py_funcname = PyUnicode_FromFormat( "%s (%s:%d)", funcname, __pyx_cfilenm, __pyx_clineno);
+        #endif
+    }
+    else {
+        #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+        py_funcname = PyString_FromString(funcname);
+        #else
+        py_funcname = PyUnicode_FromString(funcname);
+        #endif
+    }
+    if (!py_funcname) goto bad;
+    py_globals = PyModule_GetDict(__pyx_m);
+    if (!py_globals) goto bad;
+    py_code = PyCode_New(
+        0,            /*int argcount,*/
+        #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
+        0,            /*int kwonlyargcount,*/
+        #endif
+        0,            /*int nlocals,*/
+        0,            /*int stacksize,*/
+        0,            /*int flags,*/
+        __pyx_empty_bytes, /*PyObject *code,*/
+        __pyx_empty_tuple,  /*PyObject *consts,*/
+        __pyx_empty_tuple,  /*PyObject *names,*/
+        __pyx_empty_tuple,  /*PyObject *varnames,*/
+        __pyx_empty_tuple,  /*PyObject *freevars,*/
+        __pyx_empty_tuple,  /*PyObject *cellvars,*/
+        py_srcfile,   /*PyObject *filename,*/
+        py_funcname,  /*PyObject *name,*/
+        __pyx_lineno,   /*int firstlineno,*/
+        __pyx_empty_bytes  /*PyObject *lnotab*/
+    );
+    if (!py_code) goto bad;
+    py_frame = PyFrame_New(
+        PyThreadState_GET(), /*PyThreadState *tstate,*/
+        py_code,             /*PyCodeObject *code,*/
+        py_globals,          /*PyObject *globals,*/
+        0                    /*PyObject *locals*/
+    );
+    if (!py_frame) goto bad;
+    py_frame->f_lineno = __pyx_lineno;
+    PyTraceBack_Here(py_frame);
+bad:
+    Py_XDECREF(py_srcfile);
+    Py_XDECREF(py_funcname);
+    Py_XDECREF(py_code);
+    Py_XDECREF(py_frame);
+}
+
+static int __Pyx_InitStrings(__Pyx_StringTabEntry *t) {
+    while (t->p) {
+        #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+        if (t->is_unicode) {
+            *t->p = PyUnicode_DecodeUTF8(t->s, t->n - 1, NULL);
+        } else if (t->intern) {
+            *t->p = PyString_InternFromString(t->s);
+        } else {
+            *t->p = PyString_FromStringAndSize(t->s, t->n - 1);
+        }
+        #else  /* Python 3+ has unicode identifiers */
+        if (t->is_unicode | t->is_str) {
+            if (t->intern) {
+                *t->p = PyUnicode_InternFromString(t->s);
+            } else if (t->encoding) {
+                *t->p = PyUnicode_Decode(t->s, t->n - 1, t->encoding, NULL);
+            } else {
+                *t->p = PyUnicode_FromStringAndSize(t->s, t->n - 1);
+            }
+        } else {
+            *t->p = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(t->s, t->n - 1);
+        }
+        #endif
+        if (!*t->p)
+            return -1;
+        ++t;
+    }
+    return 0;
+}
+
+/* Type Conversion Functions */
+
+static CYTHON_INLINE int __Pyx_PyObject_IsTrue(PyObject* x) {
+   if (x == Py_True) return 1;
+   else if ((x == Py_False) | (x == Py_None)) return 0;
+   else return PyObject_IsTrue(x);
+}
+
+static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject* __Pyx_PyNumber_Int(PyObject* x) {
+  PyNumberMethods *m;
+  const char *name = NULL;
+  PyObject *res = NULL;
+#if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x03000000
+  if (PyInt_Check(x) || PyLong_Check(x))
+#else
+  if (PyLong_Check(x))
+#endif
+    return Py_INCREF(x), x;
+  m = Py_TYPE(x)->tp_as_number;
+#if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x03000000
+  if (m && m->nb_int) {
+    name = "int";
+    res = PyNumber_Int(x);
+  }
+  else if (m && m->nb_long) {
+    name = "long";
+    res = PyNumber_Long(x);
+  }
+#else
+  if (m && m->nb_int) {
+    name = "int";
+    res = PyNumber_Long(x);
+  }
+#endif
+  if (res) {
+#if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x03000000
+    if (!PyInt_Check(res) && !PyLong_Check(res)) {
+#else
+    if (!PyLong_Check(res)) {
+#endif
+      PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
+                   "__%s__ returned non-%s (type %.200s)",
+                   name, name, Py_TYPE(res)->tp_name);
+      Py_DECREF(res);
+      return NULL;
+    }
+  }
+  else if (!PyErr_Occurred()) {
+    PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
+                    "an integer is required");
+  }
+  return res;
+}
+
+static CYTHON_INLINE Py_ssize_t __Pyx_PyIndex_AsSsize_t(PyObject* b) {
+  Py_ssize_t ival;
+  PyObject* x = PyNumber_Index(b);
+  if (!x) return -1;
+  ival = PyInt_AsSsize_t(x);
+  Py_DECREF(x);
+  return ival;
+}
+
+static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject * __Pyx_PyInt_FromSize_t(size_t ival) {
+#if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x02050000
+   if (ival <= LONG_MAX)
+       return PyInt_FromLong((long)ival);
+   else {
+       unsigned char *bytes = (unsigned char *) &ival;
+       int one = 1; int little = (int)*(unsigned char*)&one;
+       return _PyLong_FromByteArray(bytes, sizeof(size_t), little, 0);
+   }
+#else
+   return PyInt_FromSize_t(ival);
+#endif
+}
+
+static CYTHON_INLINE size_t __Pyx_PyInt_AsSize_t(PyObject* x) {
+   unsigned PY_LONG_LONG val = __Pyx_PyInt_AsUnsignedLongLong(x);
+   if (unlikely(val == (unsigned PY_LONG_LONG)-1 && PyErr_Occurred())) {
+       return (size_t)-1;
+   } else if (unlikely(val != (unsigned PY_LONG_LONG)(size_t)val)) {
+       PyErr_SetString(PyExc_OverflowError,
+                       "value too large to convert to size_t");
+       return (size_t)-1;
+   }
+   return (size_t)val;
+}
+
+
+#endif /* Py_PYTHON_H */

Added: trunk/scipy/signal/spectral.pyx
===================================================================
--- trunk/scipy/signal/spectral.pyx	                        (rev 0)
+++ trunk/scipy/signal/spectral.pyx	2011-02-13 04:48:40 UTC (rev 7141)
@@ -0,0 +1,164 @@
+# Author: Pim Schellart
+# 2010 - 2011
+
+"""Tools for spectral analysis of unequally sampled signals."""
+
+import numpy as np
+cimport numpy as np
+cimport cython
+
+cdef extern from "math.h":
+    double cos(double)
+    double sin(double)
+    double atan(double)
+
+ at cython.boundscheck(False)
+def lombscargle(np.ndarray[np.float64_t, ndim=1] x,
+                np.ndarray[np.float64_t, ndim=1] y,
+                np.ndarray[np.float64_t, ndim=1] freqs):
+    """Computes the Lomb-Scargle periodogram.
+    
+    The Lomb-Scargle periodogram was developed by Lomb [1]_ and further
+    extended by Scargle [2]_ to find, and test the significance of weak
+    periodic signals with uneven temporal sampling.
+
+    The computed periodogram is unnormalized, it takes the value
+    ``(A**2) * N/4`` for a harmonic signal with amplitude A for sufficiently
+    large N.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    x : array_like
+        Sample times.
+    y : array_like
+        Measurement values.
+    freqs : array_like
+        Angular frequencies for output periodogram.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    pgram : array_like
+        Lomb-Scargle periodogram.
+
+    Raises
+    ------
+    ValueError
+        If the input arrays `x` and `y` do not have the same shape.
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    This subroutine calculates the periodogram using a slightly
+    modified algorithm due to Townsend [3]_ which allows the
+    periodogram to be calculated using only a single pass through
+    the input arrays for each frequency.
+
+    The algorithm running time scales roughly as O(x * freqs) or O(N^2)
+    for a large number of samples and frequencies.
+
+    References
+    ----------
+    .. [1] N.R. Lomb "Least-squares frequency analysis of unequally spaced
+    data", Astrophysics and Space Science, vol 39, pp. 447-462, 1976
+
+    .. [2] J.D. Scargle "Studies in astronomical time series analysis. II - 
+    Statistical aspects of spectral analysis of unevenly spaced data",
+    The Astrophysical Journal, vol 263, pp. 835-853, 1982
+
+    .. [3] R.H.D. Townsend, "Fast calculation of the Lomb-Scargle
+    periodogram using graphics processing units.", The Astrophysical
+    Journal Supplement Series, vol 191, pp. 247-253, 2010
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> import scipy.signal
+
+    First define some input parameters for the signal:
+
+    >>> A = 2.
+    >>> w = 1.
+    >>> phi = 0.5 * np.pi
+    >>> nin = 1000
+    >>> nout = 100000
+    >>> frac_points = 0.9 # Fraction of points to select
+     
+    Randomly select a fraction of an array with timesteps:
+
+    >>> r = np.random.rand(nin)
+    >>> x = np.linspace(0.01, 10*np.pi, nin)
+    >>> x = x[r >= frac_points]
+    >>> normval = x.shape[0] # For normalization of the periodogram
+     
+    Plot a sine wave for the selected times:
+
+    >>> y = A * np.sin(w*x+phi)
+
+    Define the array of frequencies for which to compute the periodogram:
+    
+    >>> f = np.linspace(0.01, 10, nout)
+     
+    Calculate Lomb-Scargle periodogram:
+
+    >>> pgram = sp.signal.lombscargle(x, y, f)
+
+    Now make a plot of the input data:
+
+    >>> plt.subplot(2, 1, 1)
+    <matplotlib.axes.AxesSubplot object at 0x102154f50>
+    >>> plt.plot(x, y, 'b+')
+    [<matplotlib.lines.Line2D object at 0x102154a10>]
+
+    Then plot the normalized periodogram:
+
+    >>> plt.subplot(2, 1, 2)
+    <matplotlib.axes.AxesSubplot object at 0x104b0a990>
+    >>> plt.plot(f, np.sqrt(4*(pgram/normval)))
+    [<matplotlib.lines.Line2D object at 0x104b2f910>]
+    >>> plt.show()
+    
+    """
+
+    # Check input sizes
+    if x.shape[0] != y.shape[0]:
+        raise ValueError("Input arrays do not have the same size.")
+
+    # Create empty array for output periodogram
+    pgram = np.empty(freqs.shape[0], dtype=np.float64)
+
+    # Local variables
+    cdef Py_ssize_t i, j
+    cdef double c, s, xc, xs, cc, ss, cs
+    cdef double tau, c_tau, s_tau, c_tau2, s_tau2, cs_tau
+
+    for i in range(freqs.shape[0]):
+
+        xc = 0.
+        xs = 0.
+        cc = 0.
+        ss = 0.
+        cs = 0.
+
+        for j in range(x.shape[0]):
+
+            c = cos(freqs[i] * x[j])
+            s = sin(freqs[i] * x[j])
+            
+            xc += y[j] * c
+            xs += y[j] * s
+            cc += c * c
+            ss += s * s
+            cs += c * s
+
+        tau = atan(2 * cs / (cc - ss)) / (2 * freqs[i])
+        c_tau = cos(freqs[i] * tau)
+        s_tau = sin(freqs[i] * tau)
+        c_tau2 = c_tau * c_tau
+        s_tau2 = s_tau * s_tau
+        cs_tau = 2 * c_tau * s_tau
+
+        pgram[i] = 0.5 * (((c_tau * xc + s_tau * xs)**2 / \
+            (c_tau2 * cc + cs_tau * cs + s_tau2 * ss)) + \
+            ((c_tau * xs - s_tau * xc)**2 / \
+            (c_tau2 * ss - cs_tau * cs + s_tau2 * cc)))
+
+    return pgram
+

Added: trunk/scipy/signal/tests/test_spectral.py
===================================================================
--- trunk/scipy/signal/tests/test_spectral.py	                        (rev 0)
+++ trunk/scipy/signal/tests/test_spectral.py	2011-02-13 04:48:40 UTC (rev 7141)
@@ -0,0 +1,95 @@
+"""Unit tests for Lomb Scargle routines.
+"""
+
+import numpy as np
+from numpy.testing import dec, assert_raises, assert_equal, \
+                          assert_almost_equal, assert_array_equal, \
+                          assert_array_almost_equal, assert_approx_equal, \
+                          assert_, run_module_suite
+
+from scipy.signal.spectral import lombscargle
+
+
+class TestLombscargle:
+    def test_frequency(self):
+        """Test if frequency location of peak corresponds to frequency of
+        generated input signal.
+        """
+
+        # Input parameters
+        ampl = 2.
+        w = 1.
+        phi = 0.5 * np.pi
+        nin = 100
+        nout = 1000
+        p = 0.7 # Fraction of points to select
+
+        # Randomly select a fraction of an array with timesteps
+        np.random.seed(2353425)
+        r = np.random.rand(nin)
+        t = np.linspace(0.01*np.pi, 10.*np.pi, nin)[r >= p]
+
+        # Plot a sine wave for the selected times
+        x = ampl * np.sin(w*t + phi)
+
+        # Define the array of frequencies for which to compute the periodogram
+        f = np.linspace(0.01, 10., nout)
+
+        # Calculate Lomb-Scargle periodogram
+        P = lombscargle(t, x, f)
+
+        # Check if difference between found frequency maximum and input
+        # frequency is less than accuracy
+        delta = f[1] - f[0]
+        assert_(w - f[np.argmax(P)] < (delta/2.))
+
+    def test_amplitude(self):
+        """Test if height of peak in normalized Lomb-Scargle periodogram
+        corresponds to amplitude of the generated input signal.
+        """
+
+        # Input parameters
+        ampl = 2.
+        w = 1.
+        phi = 0.5 * np.pi
+        nin = 100
+        nout = 1000
+        p = 0.7 # Fraction of points to select
+
+        # Randomly select a fraction of an array with timesteps
+        np.random.seed(2353425)
+        r = np.random.rand(nin)
+        t = np.linspace(0.01*np.pi, 10.*np.pi, nin)[r >= p]
+
+        # Plot a sine wave for the selected times
+        x = ampl * np.sin(w*t + phi)
+
+        # Define the array of frequencies for which to compute the periodogram
+        f = np.linspace(0.01, 10., nout)
+
+        # Calculate Lomb-Scargle periodogram
+        pgram = lombscargle(t, x, f)
+
+        # Normalize
+        pgram = np.sqrt(4 * pgram / t.shape[0])
+
+        # Check if difference between found frequency maximum and input
+        # frequency is less than accuracy
+        assert_approx_equal(np.max(pgram), ampl, significant=2)
+
+    def test_wrong_shape(self):
+        t = np.linspace(0, 1, 1)
+        x = np.linspace(0, 1, 2)
+        f = np.linspace(0, 1, 3)
+        assert_raises(ValueError, lombscargle, t, x, f)
+
+    def test_zero_division(self):
+        t = np.zeros(1)
+        x = np.zeros(1)
+        f = np.zeros(1)
+        assert_raises(ZeroDivisionError, lombscargle, t, x, f)
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    run_module_suite()
+




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