[pypy-commit] pypy ufuncapi: merge default into branch

mattip noreply at buildbot.pypy.org
Thu Jan 15 20:55:54 CET 2015


Author: mattip <matti.picus at gmail.com>
Branch: ufuncapi
Changeset: r75362:a0cbd2bf13da
Date: 2015-01-15 21:55 +0200
http://bitbucket.org/pypy/pypy/changeset/a0cbd2bf13da/

Log:	merge default into branch

diff too long, truncating to 2000 out of 6448 lines

diff --git a/LICENSE b/LICENSE
--- a/LICENSE
+++ b/LICENSE
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@
     DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
 
 
-PyPy Copyright holders 2003-2014
+PyPy Copyright holders 2003-2015
 ----------------------------------- 
 
 Except when otherwise stated (look for LICENSE files or information at
diff --git a/lib-python/2.7/distutils/unixccompiler.py b/lib-python/2.7/distutils/unixccompiler.py
--- a/lib-python/2.7/distutils/unixccompiler.py
+++ b/lib-python/2.7/distutils/unixccompiler.py
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@
     executables = {'preprocessor' : None,
                    'compiler'     : ["cc"],
                    'compiler_so'  : ["cc"],
-                   'compiler_cxx' : ["cc"],
+                   'compiler_cxx' : ["c++"],  # pypy: changed, 'cc' is bogus
                    'linker_so'    : ["cc", "-shared"],
                    'linker_exe'   : ["cc"],
                    'archiver'     : ["ar", "-cr"],
diff --git a/lib-python/2.7/subprocess.py b/lib-python/2.7/subprocess.py
--- a/lib-python/2.7/subprocess.py
+++ b/lib-python/2.7/subprocess.py
@@ -1589,7 +1589,7 @@
                   'copyfile' in caller.f_globals):
         dest_dir = sys.pypy_resolvedirof(target_executable)
         src_dir = sys.pypy_resolvedirof(sys.executable)
-        for libname in ['libpypy-c.so']:
+        for libname in ['libpypy-c.so', 'libpypy-c.dylib']:
             dest_library = os.path.join(dest_dir, libname)
             src_library = os.path.join(src_dir, libname)
             if os.path.exists(src_library):
diff --git a/lib_pypy/_functools.py b/lib_pypy/_functools.py
--- a/lib_pypy/_functools.py
+++ b/lib_pypy/_functools.py
@@ -9,7 +9,10 @@
     of the given arguments and keywords.
     """
 
-    def __init__(self, func, *args, **keywords):
+    def __init__(self, *args, **keywords):
+        if not args:
+            raise TypeError('__init__() takes at least 2 arguments (1 given)')
+        func, args = args[0], args[1:]
         if not callable(func):
             raise TypeError("the first argument must be callable")
         self._func = func
diff --git a/lib_pypy/cffi/__init__.py b/lib_pypy/cffi/__init__.py
--- a/lib_pypy/cffi/__init__.py
+++ b/lib_pypy/cffi/__init__.py
@@ -6,3 +6,8 @@
 
 __version__ = "0.8.6"
 __version_info__ = (0, 8, 6)
+
+# The verifier module file names are based on the CRC32 of a string that
+# contains the following version number.  It may be older than __version__
+# if nothing is clearly incompatible.
+__version_verifier_modules__ = "0.8.6"
diff --git a/lib_pypy/cffi/api.py b/lib_pypy/cffi/api.py
--- a/lib_pypy/cffi/api.py
+++ b/lib_pypy/cffi/api.py
@@ -69,6 +69,7 @@
         self._function_caches = []
         self._libraries = []
         self._cdefsources = []
+        self._windows_unicode = None
         if hasattr(backend, 'set_ffi'):
             backend.set_ffi(self)
         for name in backend.__dict__:
@@ -77,6 +78,7 @@
         #
         with self._lock:
             self.BVoidP = self._get_cached_btype(model.voidp_type)
+            self.BCharA = self._get_cached_btype(model.char_array_type)
         if isinstance(backend, types.ModuleType):
             # _cffi_backend: attach these constants to the class
             if not hasattr(FFI, 'NULL'):
@@ -189,13 +191,16 @@
             cdecl = self._typeof(cdecl)
         return self._backend.alignof(cdecl)
 
-    def offsetof(self, cdecl, fieldname):
+    def offsetof(self, cdecl, *fields_or_indexes):
         """Return the offset of the named field inside the given
-        structure, which must be given as a C type name.
+        structure or array, which must be given as a C type name.  
+        You can give several field names in case of nested structures.
+        You can also give numeric values which correspond to array
+        items, in case of an array type.
         """
         if isinstance(cdecl, basestring):
             cdecl = self._typeof(cdecl)
-        return self._backend.typeoffsetof(cdecl, fieldname)[1]
+        return self._typeoffsetof(cdecl, *fields_or_indexes)[1]
 
     def new(self, cdecl, init=None):
         """Allocate an instance according to the specified C type and
@@ -264,6 +269,16 @@
         """
         return self._backend.buffer(cdata, size)
 
+    def from_buffer(self, python_buffer):
+        """Return a <cdata 'char[]'> that points to the data of the
+        given Python object, which must support the buffer interface.
+        Note that this is not meant to be used on the built-in types str,
+        unicode, or bytearray (you can build 'char[]' arrays explicitly)
+        but only on objects containing large quantities of raw data
+        in some other format, like 'array.array' or numpy arrays.
+        """
+        return self._backend.from_buffer(self.BCharA, python_buffer)
+
     def callback(self, cdecl, python_callable=None, error=None):
         """Return a callback object or a decorator making such a
         callback object.  'cdecl' must name a C function pointer type.
@@ -335,9 +350,23 @@
         which requires binary compatibility in the signatures.
         """
         from .verifier import Verifier, _caller_dir_pycache
+        #
+        # If set_unicode(True) was called, insert the UNICODE and
+        # _UNICODE macro declarations
+        if self._windows_unicode:
+            self._apply_windows_unicode(kwargs)
+        #
+        # Set the tmpdir here, and not in Verifier.__init__: it picks
+        # up the caller's directory, which we want to be the caller of
+        # ffi.verify(), as opposed to the caller of Veritier().
         tmpdir = tmpdir or _caller_dir_pycache()
+        #
+        # Make a Verifier() and use it to load the library.
         self.verifier = Verifier(self, source, tmpdir, **kwargs)
         lib = self.verifier.load_library()
+        #
+        # Save the loaded library for keep-alive purposes, even
+        # if the caller doesn't keep it alive itself (it should).
         self._libraries.append(lib)
         return lib
 
@@ -356,15 +385,29 @@
         with self._lock:
             return model.pointer_cache(self, ctype)
 
-    def addressof(self, cdata, field=None):
+    def addressof(self, cdata, *fields_or_indexes):
         """Return the address of a <cdata 'struct-or-union'>.
-        If 'field' is specified, return the address of this field.
+        If 'fields_or_indexes' are given, returns the address of that
+        field or array item in the structure or array, recursively in
+        case of nested structures.
         """
         ctype = self._backend.typeof(cdata)
-        ctype, offset = self._backend.typeoffsetof(ctype, field)
+        if fields_or_indexes:
+            ctype, offset = self._typeoffsetof(ctype, *fields_or_indexes)
+        else:
+            if ctype.kind == "pointer":
+                raise TypeError("addressof(pointer)")
+            offset = 0
         ctypeptr = self._pointer_to(ctype)
         return self._backend.rawaddressof(ctypeptr, cdata, offset)
 
+    def _typeoffsetof(self, ctype, field_or_index, *fields_or_indexes):
+        ctype, offset = self._backend.typeoffsetof(ctype, field_or_index)
+        for field1 in fields_or_indexes:
+            ctype, offset1 = self._backend.typeoffsetof(ctype, field1, 1)
+            offset += offset1
+        return ctype, offset
+
     def include(self, ffi_to_include):
         """Includes the typedefs, structs, unions and enums defined
         in another FFI instance.  Usage is similar to a #include in C,
@@ -387,6 +430,44 @@
     def from_handle(self, x):
         return self._backend.from_handle(x)
 
+    def set_unicode(self, enabled_flag):
+        """Windows: if 'enabled_flag' is True, enable the UNICODE and
+        _UNICODE defines in C, and declare the types like TCHAR and LPTCSTR
+        to be (pointers to) wchar_t.  If 'enabled_flag' is False,
+        declare these types to be (pointers to) plain 8-bit characters.
+        This is mostly for backward compatibility; you usually want True.
+        """
+        if self._windows_unicode is not None:
+            raise ValueError("set_unicode() can only be called once")
+        enabled_flag = bool(enabled_flag)
+        if enabled_flag:
+            self.cdef("typedef wchar_t TBYTE;"
+                      "typedef wchar_t TCHAR;"
+                      "typedef const wchar_t *LPCTSTR;"
+                      "typedef const wchar_t *PCTSTR;"
+                      "typedef wchar_t *LPTSTR;"
+                      "typedef wchar_t *PTSTR;"
+                      "typedef TBYTE *PTBYTE;"
+                      "typedef TCHAR *PTCHAR;")
+        else:
+            self.cdef("typedef char TBYTE;"
+                      "typedef char TCHAR;"
+                      "typedef const char *LPCTSTR;"
+                      "typedef const char *PCTSTR;"
+                      "typedef char *LPTSTR;"
+                      "typedef char *PTSTR;"
+                      "typedef TBYTE *PTBYTE;"
+                      "typedef TCHAR *PTCHAR;")
+        self._windows_unicode = enabled_flag
+
+    def _apply_windows_unicode(self, kwds):
+        defmacros = kwds.get('define_macros', ())
+        if not isinstance(defmacros, (list, tuple)):
+            raise TypeError("'define_macros' must be a list or tuple")
+        defmacros = list(defmacros) + [('UNICODE', '1'),
+                                       ('_UNICODE', '1')]
+        kwds['define_macros'] = defmacros
+
 
 def _load_backend_lib(backend, name, flags):
     if name is None:
diff --git a/lib_pypy/cffi/backend_ctypes.py b/lib_pypy/cffi/backend_ctypes.py
--- a/lib_pypy/cffi/backend_ctypes.py
+++ b/lib_pypy/cffi/backend_ctypes.py
@@ -169,6 +169,7 @@
 class CTypesGenericPtr(CTypesData):
     __slots__ = ['_address', '_as_ctype_ptr']
     _automatic_casts = False
+    kind = "pointer"
 
     @classmethod
     def _newp(cls, init):
@@ -370,10 +371,12 @@
                                 (CTypesPrimitive, type(source).__name__))
             return source
         #
+        kind1 = kind
         class CTypesPrimitive(CTypesGenericPrimitive):
             __slots__ = ['_value']
             _ctype = ctype
             _reftypename = '%s &' % name
+            kind = kind1
 
             def __init__(self, value):
                 self._value = value
@@ -703,12 +706,13 @@
         class struct_or_union(base_ctypes_class):
             pass
         struct_or_union.__name__ = '%s_%s' % (kind, name)
+        kind1 = kind
         #
         class CTypesStructOrUnion(CTypesBaseStructOrUnion):
             __slots__ = ['_blob']
             _ctype = struct_or_union
             _reftypename = '%s &' % (name,)
-            _kind = kind
+            _kind = kind = kind1
         #
         CTypesStructOrUnion._fix_class()
         return CTypesStructOrUnion
@@ -994,27 +998,42 @@
     def getcname(self, BType, replace_with):
         return BType._get_c_name(replace_with)
 
-    def typeoffsetof(self, BType, fieldname):
-        if fieldname is not None and issubclass(BType, CTypesGenericPtr):
-            BType = BType._BItem
-        if not issubclass(BType, CTypesBaseStructOrUnion):
-            raise TypeError("expected a struct or union ctype")
-        if fieldname is None:
-            return (BType, 0)
-        else:
+    def typeoffsetof(self, BType, fieldname, num=0):
+        if isinstance(fieldname, str):
+            if num == 0 and issubclass(BType, CTypesGenericPtr):
+                BType = BType._BItem
+            if not issubclass(BType, CTypesBaseStructOrUnion):
+                raise TypeError("expected a struct or union ctype")
             BField = BType._bfield_types[fieldname]
             if BField is Ellipsis:
                 raise TypeError("not supported for bitfields")
             return (BField, BType._offsetof(fieldname))
+        elif isinstance(fieldname, (int, long)):
+            if issubclass(BType, CTypesGenericArray):
+                BType = BType._CTPtr
+            if not issubclass(BType, CTypesGenericPtr):
+                raise TypeError("expected an array or ptr ctype")
+            BItem = BType._BItem
+            offset = BItem._get_size() * fieldname
+            if offset > sys.maxsize:
+                raise OverflowError
+            return (BItem, offset)
+        else:
+            raise TypeError(type(fieldname))
 
-    def rawaddressof(self, BTypePtr, cdata, offset):
+    def rawaddressof(self, BTypePtr, cdata, offset=None):
         if isinstance(cdata, CTypesBaseStructOrUnion):
             ptr = ctypes.pointer(type(cdata)._to_ctypes(cdata))
         elif isinstance(cdata, CTypesGenericPtr):
+            if offset is None or not issubclass(type(cdata)._BItem,
+                                                CTypesBaseStructOrUnion):
+                raise TypeError("unexpected cdata type")
+            ptr = type(cdata)._to_ctypes(cdata)
+        elif isinstance(cdata, CTypesGenericArray):
             ptr = type(cdata)._to_ctypes(cdata)
         else:
             raise TypeError("expected a <cdata 'struct-or-union'>")
-        if offset != 0:
+        if offset:
             ptr = ctypes.cast(
                 ctypes.c_void_p(
                     ctypes.cast(ptr, ctypes.c_void_p).value + offset),
diff --git a/lib_pypy/cffi/commontypes.py b/lib_pypy/cffi/commontypes.py
--- a/lib_pypy/cffi/commontypes.py
+++ b/lib_pypy/cffi/commontypes.py
@@ -29,6 +29,9 @@
                 result = model.PointerType(resolve_common_type(result[:-2]))
         elif result in model.PrimitiveType.ALL_PRIMITIVE_TYPES:
             result = model.PrimitiveType(result)
+        elif result == 'set-unicode-needed':
+            raise api.FFIError("The Windows type %r is only available after "
+                               "you call ffi.set_unicode()" % (commontype,))
         else:
             if commontype == result:
                 raise api.FFIError("Unsupported type: %r.  Please file a bug "
@@ -86,8 +89,6 @@
         "ULONGLONG": "unsigned long long",
         "WCHAR": "wchar_t",
         "SHORT": "short",
-        "TBYTE": "WCHAR",
-        "TCHAR": "WCHAR",
         "UCHAR": "unsigned char",
         "UINT": "unsigned int",
         "UINT8": "unsigned char",
@@ -157,14 +158,12 @@
 
         "LPCVOID": model.const_voidp_type,
         "LPCWSTR": "const WCHAR *",
-        "LPCTSTR": "LPCWSTR",
         "LPDWORD": "DWORD *",
         "LPHANDLE": "HANDLE *",
         "LPINT": "int *",
         "LPLONG": "long *",
         "LPSTR": "CHAR *",
         "LPWSTR": "WCHAR *",
-        "LPTSTR": "LPWSTR",
         "LPVOID": model.voidp_type,
         "LPWORD": "WORD *",
         "LRESULT": "LONG_PTR",
@@ -173,7 +172,6 @@
         "PBYTE": "BYTE *",
         "PCHAR": "CHAR *",
         "PCSTR": "const CHAR *",
-        "PCTSTR": "LPCWSTR",
         "PCWSTR": "const WCHAR *",
         "PDWORD": "DWORD *",
         "PDWORDLONG": "DWORDLONG *",
@@ -200,9 +198,6 @@
         "PSIZE_T": "SIZE_T *",
         "PSSIZE_T": "SSIZE_T *",
         "PSTR": "CHAR *",
-        "PTBYTE": "TBYTE *",
-        "PTCHAR": "TCHAR *",
-        "PTSTR": "LPWSTR",
         "PUCHAR": "UCHAR *",
         "PUHALF_PTR": "UHALF_PTR *",
         "PUINT": "UINT *",
@@ -240,6 +235,15 @@
         "USN": "LONGLONG",
         "VOID": model.void_type,
         "WPARAM": "UINT_PTR",
+
+        "TBYTE": "set-unicode-needed",
+        "TCHAR": "set-unicode-needed",
+        "LPCTSTR": "set-unicode-needed",
+        "PCTSTR": "set-unicode-needed",
+        "LPTSTR": "set-unicode-needed",
+        "PTSTR": "set-unicode-needed",
+        "PTBYTE": "set-unicode-needed",
+        "PTCHAR": "set-unicode-needed",
         })
     return result
 
diff --git a/lib_pypy/cffi/cparser.py b/lib_pypy/cffi/cparser.py
--- a/lib_pypy/cffi/cparser.py
+++ b/lib_pypy/cffi/cparser.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-
 from . import api, model
 from .commontypes import COMMON_TYPES, resolve_common_type
 try:
@@ -209,6 +208,8 @@
 
     def _add_constants(self, key, val):
         if key in self._int_constants:
+            if self._int_constants[key] == val:
+                return     # ignore identical double declarations
             raise api.FFIError(
                 "multiple declarations of constant: %s" % (key,))
         self._int_constants[key] = val
@@ -228,12 +229,18 @@
 
                 pyvalue = int(int_str, 0)
                 self._add_constants(key, pyvalue)
+                self._declare('macro ' + key, pyvalue)
             elif value == '...':
                 self._declare('macro ' + key, value)
             else:
-                raise api.CDefError('only supports the syntax "#define '
-                                    '%s ..." (literally) or "#define '
-                                    '%s 0x1FF" for now' % (key, key))
+                raise api.CDefError(
+                    'only supports one of the following syntax:\n'
+                    '  #define %s ...     (literally dot-dot-dot)\n'
+                    '  #define %s NUMBER  (with NUMBER an integer'
+                                    ' constant, decimal/hex/octal)\n'
+                    'got:\n'
+                    '  #define %s %s'
+                    % (key, key, key, value))
 
     def _parse_decl(self, decl):
         node = decl.type
@@ -460,6 +467,8 @@
             elif kind == 'union':
                 tp = model.UnionType(explicit_name, None, None, None)
             elif kind == 'enum':
+                if explicit_name == '__dotdotdot__':
+                    raise CDefError("Enums cannot be declared with ...")
                 tp = self._build_enum_type(explicit_name, type.values)
             else:
                 raise AssertionError("kind = %r" % (kind,))
@@ -532,9 +541,24 @@
 
     def _parse_constant(self, exprnode, partial_length_ok=False):
         # for now, limited to expressions that are an immediate number
-        # or negative number
+        # or positive/negative number
         if isinstance(exprnode, pycparser.c_ast.Constant):
-            return int(exprnode.value, 0)
+            s = exprnode.value
+            if s.startswith('0'):
+                if s.startswith('0x') or s.startswith('0X'):
+                    return int(s, 16)
+                return int(s, 8)
+            elif '1' <= s[0] <= '9':
+                return int(s, 10)
+            elif s[0] == "'" and s[-1] == "'" and (
+                    len(s) == 3 or (len(s) == 4 and s[1] == "\\")):
+                return ord(s[-2])
+            else:
+                raise api.CDefError("invalid constant %r" % (s,))
+        #
+        if (isinstance(exprnode, pycparser.c_ast.UnaryOp) and
+                exprnode.op == '+'):
+            return self._parse_constant(exprnode.expr)
         #
         if (isinstance(exprnode, pycparser.c_ast.UnaryOp) and
                 exprnode.op == '-'):
diff --git a/lib_pypy/cffi/ffiplatform.py b/lib_pypy/cffi/ffiplatform.py
--- a/lib_pypy/cffi/ffiplatform.py
+++ b/lib_pypy/cffi/ffiplatform.py
@@ -11,6 +11,9 @@
     """
 
 
+LIST_OF_FILE_NAMES = ['sources', 'include_dirs', 'library_dirs',
+                      'extra_objects', 'depends']
+
 def get_extension(srcfilename, modname, sources=(), **kwds):
     from distutils.core import Extension
     allsources = [srcfilename]
diff --git a/lib_pypy/cffi/model.py b/lib_pypy/cffi/model.py
--- a/lib_pypy/cffi/model.py
+++ b/lib_pypy/cffi/model.py
@@ -235,6 +235,8 @@
         BPtrItem = PointerType(self.item).get_cached_btype(ffi, finishlist)
         return global_cache(self, ffi, 'new_array_type', BPtrItem, self.length)
 
+char_array_type = ArrayType(PrimitiveType('char'), None)
+
 
 class StructOrUnionOrEnum(BaseTypeByIdentity):
     _attrs_ = ('name',)
@@ -478,7 +480,7 @@
     try:
         res = getattr(ffi._backend, funcname)(*args)
     except NotImplementedError as e:
-        raise NotImplementedError("%r: %s" % (srctype, e))
+        raise NotImplementedError("%s: %r: %s" % (funcname, srctype, e))
     # note that setdefault() on WeakValueDictionary is not atomic
     # and contains a rare bug (http://bugs.python.org/issue19542);
     # we have to use a lock and do it ourselves
diff --git a/lib_pypy/cffi/vengine_cpy.py b/lib_pypy/cffi/vengine_cpy.py
--- a/lib_pypy/cffi/vengine_cpy.py
+++ b/lib_pypy/cffi/vengine_cpy.py
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@
         # The following two 'chained_list_constants' items contains
         # the head of these two chained lists, as a string that gives the
         # call to do, if any.
-        self._chained_list_constants = ['0', '0']
+        self._chained_list_constants = ['((void)lib,0)', '((void)lib,0)']
         #
         prnt = self._prnt
         # first paste some standard set of lines that are mostly '#define'
@@ -138,15 +138,22 @@
         prnt()
         prnt('#endif')
 
-    def load_library(self):
+    def load_library(self, flags=None):
         # XXX review all usages of 'self' here!
         # import it as a new extension module
+        if hasattr(sys, "getdlopenflags"):
+            previous_flags = sys.getdlopenflags()
         try:
+            if hasattr(sys, "setdlopenflags") and flags is not None:
+                sys.setdlopenflags(flags)
             module = imp.load_dynamic(self.verifier.get_module_name(),
                                       self.verifier.modulefilename)
         except ImportError as e:
             error = "importing %r: %s" % (self.verifier.modulefilename, e)
             raise ffiplatform.VerificationError(error)
+        finally:
+            if hasattr(sys, "setdlopenflags"):
+                sys.setdlopenflags(previous_flags)
         #
         # call loading_cpy_struct() to get the struct layout inferred by
         # the C compiler
@@ -228,7 +235,8 @@
                 converter = '_cffi_to_c_int'
                 extraarg = ', %s' % tp.name
             else:
-                converter = '_cffi_to_c_%s' % (tp.name.replace(' ', '_'),)
+                converter = '(%s)_cffi_to_c_%s' % (tp.get_c_name(''),
+                                                   tp.name.replace(' ', '_'))
             errvalue = '-1'
         #
         elif isinstance(tp, model.PointerType):
@@ -267,8 +275,8 @@
         self._prnt('  if (datasize != 0) {')
         self._prnt('    if (datasize < 0)')
         self._prnt('      %s;' % errcode)
-        self._prnt('    %s = alloca(datasize);' % (tovar,))
-        self._prnt('    memset((void *)%s, 0, datasize);' % (tovar,))
+        self._prnt('    %s = alloca((size_t)datasize);' % (tovar,))
+        self._prnt('    memset((void *)%s, 0, (size_t)datasize);' % (tovar,))
         self._prnt('    if (_cffi_convert_array_from_object('
                    '(char *)%s, _cffi_type(%d), %s) < 0)' % (
             tovar, self._gettypenum(tp), fromvar))
@@ -336,7 +344,7 @@
         prnt = self._prnt
         numargs = len(tp.args)
         if numargs == 0:
-            argname = 'no_arg'
+            argname = 'noarg'
         elif numargs == 1:
             argname = 'arg0'
         else:
@@ -386,6 +394,9 @@
         prnt('  Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS')
         prnt()
         #
+        prnt('  (void)self; /* unused */')
+        if numargs == 0:
+            prnt('  (void)noarg; /* unused */')
         if result_code:
             prnt('  return %s;' %
                  self._convert_expr_from_c(tp.result, 'result', 'result type'))
@@ -452,6 +463,7 @@
         prnt('static void %s(%s *p)' % (checkfuncname, cname))
         prnt('{')
         prnt('  /* only to generate compile-time warnings or errors */')
+        prnt('  (void)p;')
         for fname, ftype, fbitsize in tp.enumfields():
             if (isinstance(ftype, model.PrimitiveType)
                 and ftype.is_integer_type()) or fbitsize >= 0:
@@ -482,6 +494,8 @@
                 prnt('    sizeof(((%s *)0)->%s),' % (cname, fname))
         prnt('    -1')
         prnt('  };')
+        prnt('  (void)self; /* unused */')
+        prnt('  (void)noarg; /* unused */')
         prnt('  return _cffi_get_struct_layout(nums);')
         prnt('  /* the next line is not executed, but compiled */')
         prnt('  %s(0);' % (checkfuncname,))
@@ -578,7 +592,8 @@
     # constants, likely declared with '#define'
 
     def _generate_cpy_const(self, is_int, name, tp=None, category='const',
-                            vartp=None, delayed=True, size_too=False):
+                            vartp=None, delayed=True, size_too=False,
+                            check_value=None):
         prnt = self._prnt
         funcname = '_cffi_%s_%s' % (category, name)
         prnt('static int %s(PyObject *lib)' % funcname)
@@ -590,6 +605,9 @@
         else:
             assert category == 'const'
         #
+        if check_value is not None:
+            self._check_int_constant_value(name, check_value)
+        #
         if not is_int:
             if category == 'var':
                 realexpr = '&' + name
@@ -637,6 +655,27 @@
     # ----------
     # enums
 
+    def _check_int_constant_value(self, name, value, err_prefix=''):
+        prnt = self._prnt
+        if value <= 0:
+            prnt('  if ((%s) > 0 || (long)(%s) != %dL) {' % (
+                name, name, value))
+        else:
+            prnt('  if ((%s) <= 0 || (unsigned long)(%s) != %dUL) {' % (
+                name, name, value))
+        prnt('    char buf[64];')
+        prnt('    if ((%s) <= 0)' % name)
+        prnt('        snprintf(buf, 63, "%%ld", (long)(%s));' % name)
+        prnt('    else')
+        prnt('        snprintf(buf, 63, "%%lu", (unsigned long)(%s));' %
+             name)
+        prnt('    PyErr_Format(_cffi_VerificationError,')
+        prnt('                 "%s%s has the real value %s, not %s",')
+        prnt('                 "%s", "%s", buf, "%d");' % (
+            err_prefix, name, value))
+        prnt('    return -1;')
+        prnt('  }')
+
     def _enum_funcname(self, prefix, name):
         # "$enum_$1" => "___D_enum____D_1"
         name = name.replace('$', '___D_')
@@ -653,25 +692,8 @@
         prnt('static int %s(PyObject *lib)' % funcname)
         prnt('{')
         for enumerator, enumvalue in zip(tp.enumerators, tp.enumvalues):
-            if enumvalue < 0:
-                prnt('  if ((%s) >= 0 || (long)(%s) != %dL) {' % (
-                    enumerator, enumerator, enumvalue))
-            else:
-                prnt('  if ((%s) < 0 || (unsigned long)(%s) != %dUL) {' % (
-                    enumerator, enumerator, enumvalue))
-            prnt('    char buf[64];')
-            prnt('    if ((%s) < 0)' % enumerator)
-            prnt('        snprintf(buf, 63, "%%ld", (long)(%s));' % enumerator)
-            prnt('    else')
-            prnt('        snprintf(buf, 63, "%%lu", (unsigned long)(%s));' %
-                 enumerator)
-            prnt('    PyErr_Format(_cffi_VerificationError,')
-            prnt('                 "enum %s: %s has the real value %s, '
-                 'not %s",')
-            prnt('                 "%s", "%s", buf, "%d");' % (
-                name, enumerator, enumvalue))
-            prnt('    return -1;')
-            prnt('  }')
+            self._check_int_constant_value(enumerator, enumvalue,
+                                           "enum %s: " % name)
         prnt('  return %s;' % self._chained_list_constants[True])
         self._chained_list_constants[True] = funcname + '(lib)'
         prnt('}')
@@ -695,8 +717,11 @@
     # macros: for now only for integers
 
     def _generate_cpy_macro_decl(self, tp, name):
-        assert tp == '...'
-        self._generate_cpy_const(True, name)
+        if tp == '...':
+            check_value = None
+        else:
+            check_value = tp     # an integer
+        self._generate_cpy_const(True, name, check_value=check_value)
 
     _generate_cpy_macro_collecttype = _generate_nothing
     _generate_cpy_macro_method = _generate_nothing
@@ -783,6 +808,24 @@
    typedef unsigned __int16 uint16_t;
    typedef unsigned __int32 uint32_t;
    typedef unsigned __int64 uint64_t;
+   typedef __int8 int_least8_t;
+   typedef __int16 int_least16_t;
+   typedef __int32 int_least32_t;
+   typedef __int64 int_least64_t;
+   typedef unsigned __int8 uint_least8_t;
+   typedef unsigned __int16 uint_least16_t;
+   typedef unsigned __int32 uint_least32_t;
+   typedef unsigned __int64 uint_least64_t;
+   typedef __int8 int_fast8_t;
+   typedef __int16 int_fast16_t;
+   typedef __int32 int_fast32_t;
+   typedef __int64 int_fast64_t;
+   typedef unsigned __int8 uint_fast8_t;
+   typedef unsigned __int16 uint_fast16_t;
+   typedef unsigned __int32 uint_fast32_t;
+   typedef unsigned __int64 uint_fast64_t;
+   typedef __int64 intmax_t;
+   typedef unsigned __int64 uintmax_t;
 # else
 #  include <stdint.h>
 # endif
@@ -828,12 +871,15 @@
             PyLong_FromLongLong((long long)(x)))
 
 #define _cffi_from_c_int(x, type)                                        \
-    (((type)-1) > 0 ?   /* unsigned */                                   \
-        (sizeof(type) < sizeof(long) ? PyInt_FromLong(x) :               \
-         sizeof(type) == sizeof(long) ? PyLong_FromUnsignedLong(x) :     \
-                                        PyLong_FromUnsignedLongLong(x))  \
-      : (sizeof(type) <= sizeof(long) ? PyInt_FromLong(x) :              \
-                                        PyLong_FromLongLong(x)))
+    (((type)-1) > 0 ? /* unsigned */                                     \
+        (sizeof(type) < sizeof(long) ?                                   \
+            PyInt_FromLong((long)x) :                                    \
+         sizeof(type) == sizeof(long) ?                                  \
+            PyLong_FromUnsignedLong((unsigned long)x) :                  \
+            PyLong_FromUnsignedLongLong((unsigned long long)x)) :        \
+        (sizeof(type) <= sizeof(long) ?                                  \
+            PyInt_FromLong((long)x) :                                    \
+            PyLong_FromLongLong((long long)x)))
 
 #define _cffi_to_c_int(o, type)                                          \
     (sizeof(type) == 1 ? (((type)-1) > 0 ? (type)_cffi_to_c_u8(o)        \
@@ -844,7 +890,7 @@
                                          : (type)_cffi_to_c_i32(o)) :    \
      sizeof(type) == 8 ? (((type)-1) > 0 ? (type)_cffi_to_c_u64(o)       \
                                          : (type)_cffi_to_c_i64(o)) :    \
-     (Py_FatalError("unsupported size for type " #type), 0))
+     (Py_FatalError("unsupported size for type " #type), (type)0))
 
 #define _cffi_to_c_i8                                                    \
                  ((int(*)(PyObject *))_cffi_exports[1])
@@ -907,6 +953,7 @@
 {
     PyObject *library;
     int was_alive = (_cffi_types != NULL);
+    (void)self; /* unused */
     if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "OOO", &_cffi_types, &_cffi_VerificationError,
                                        &library))
         return NULL;
diff --git a/lib_pypy/cffi/vengine_gen.py b/lib_pypy/cffi/vengine_gen.py
--- a/lib_pypy/cffi/vengine_gen.py
+++ b/lib_pypy/cffi/vengine_gen.py
@@ -58,12 +58,12 @@
             modname = self.verifier.get_module_name()
             prnt("void %s%s(void) { }\n" % (prefix, modname))
 
-    def load_library(self):
+    def load_library(self, flags=0):
         # import it with the CFFI backend
         backend = self.ffi._backend
         # needs to make a path that contains '/', on Posix
         filename = os.path.join(os.curdir, self.verifier.modulefilename)
-        module = backend.load_library(filename)
+        module = backend.load_library(filename, flags)
         #
         # call loading_gen_struct() to get the struct layout inferred by
         # the C compiler
@@ -235,6 +235,7 @@
         prnt('static void %s(%s *p)' % (checkfuncname, cname))
         prnt('{')
         prnt('  /* only to generate compile-time warnings or errors */')
+        prnt('  (void)p;')
         for fname, ftype, fbitsize in tp.enumfields():
             if (isinstance(ftype, model.PrimitiveType)
                 and ftype.is_integer_type()) or fbitsize >= 0:
@@ -354,11 +355,20 @@
     # ----------
     # constants, likely declared with '#define'
 
-    def _generate_gen_const(self, is_int, name, tp=None, category='const'):
+    def _generate_gen_const(self, is_int, name, tp=None, category='const',
+                            check_value=None):
         prnt = self._prnt
         funcname = '_cffi_%s_%s' % (category, name)
         self.export_symbols.append(funcname)
-        if is_int:
+        if check_value is not None:
+            assert is_int
+            assert category == 'const'
+            prnt('int %s(char *out_error)' % funcname)
+            prnt('{')
+            self._check_int_constant_value(name, check_value)
+            prnt('  return 0;')
+            prnt('}')
+        elif is_int:
             assert category == 'const'
             prnt('int %s(long long *out_value)' % funcname)
             prnt('{')
@@ -367,6 +377,7 @@
             prnt('}')
         else:
             assert tp is not None
+            assert check_value is None
             prnt(tp.get_c_name(' %s(void)' % funcname, name),)
             prnt('{')
             if category == 'var':
@@ -383,9 +394,13 @@
 
     _loading_gen_constant = _loaded_noop
 
-    def _load_constant(self, is_int, tp, name, module):
+    def _load_constant(self, is_int, tp, name, module, check_value=None):
         funcname = '_cffi_const_%s' % name
-        if is_int:
+        if check_value is not None:
+            assert is_int
+            self._load_known_int_constant(module, funcname)
+            value = check_value
+        elif is_int:
             BType = self.ffi._typeof_locked("long long*")[0]
             BFunc = self.ffi._typeof_locked("int(*)(long long*)")[0]
             function = module.load_function(BFunc, funcname)
@@ -396,6 +411,7 @@
                 BLongLong = self.ffi._typeof_locked("long long")[0]
                 value += (1 << (8*self.ffi.sizeof(BLongLong)))
         else:
+            assert check_value is None
             BFunc = self.ffi._typeof_locked(tp.get_c_name('(*)(void)', name))[0]
             function = module.load_function(BFunc, funcname)
             value = function()
@@ -410,6 +426,36 @@
     # ----------
     # enums
 
+    def _check_int_constant_value(self, name, value):
+        prnt = self._prnt
+        if value <= 0:
+            prnt('  if ((%s) > 0 || (long)(%s) != %dL) {' % (
+                name, name, value))
+        else:
+            prnt('  if ((%s) <= 0 || (unsigned long)(%s) != %dUL) {' % (
+                name, name, value))
+        prnt('    char buf[64];')
+        prnt('    if ((%s) <= 0)' % name)
+        prnt('        sprintf(buf, "%%ld", (long)(%s));' % name)
+        prnt('    else')
+        prnt('        sprintf(buf, "%%lu", (unsigned long)(%s));' %
+             name)
+        prnt('    sprintf(out_error, "%s has the real value %s, not %s",')
+        prnt('            "%s", buf, "%d");' % (name[:100], value))
+        prnt('    return -1;')
+        prnt('  }')
+
+    def _load_known_int_constant(self, module, funcname):
+        BType = self.ffi._typeof_locked("char[]")[0]
+        BFunc = self.ffi._typeof_locked("int(*)(char*)")[0]
+        function = module.load_function(BFunc, funcname)
+        p = self.ffi.new(BType, 256)
+        if function(p) < 0:
+            error = self.ffi.string(p)
+            if sys.version_info >= (3,):
+                error = str(error, 'utf-8')
+            raise ffiplatform.VerificationError(error)
+
     def _enum_funcname(self, prefix, name):
         # "$enum_$1" => "___D_enum____D_1"
         name = name.replace('$', '___D_')
@@ -427,24 +473,7 @@
         prnt('int %s(char *out_error)' % funcname)
         prnt('{')
         for enumerator, enumvalue in zip(tp.enumerators, tp.enumvalues):
-            if enumvalue < 0:
-                prnt('  if ((%s) >= 0 || (long)(%s) != %dL) {' % (
-                    enumerator, enumerator, enumvalue))
-            else:
-                prnt('  if ((%s) < 0 || (unsigned long)(%s) != %dUL) {' % (
-                    enumerator, enumerator, enumvalue))
-            prnt('    char buf[64];')
-            prnt('    if ((%s) < 0)' % enumerator)
-            prnt('        sprintf(buf, "%%ld", (long)(%s));' % enumerator)
-            prnt('    else')
-            prnt('        sprintf(buf, "%%lu", (unsigned long)(%s));' %
-                 enumerator)
-            prnt('    sprintf(out_error,'
-                             ' "%s has the real value %s, not %s",')
-            prnt('            "%s", buf, "%d");' % (
-                enumerator[:100], enumvalue))
-            prnt('    return -1;')
-            prnt('  }')
+            self._check_int_constant_value(enumerator, enumvalue)
         prnt('  return 0;')
         prnt('}')
         prnt()
@@ -456,16 +485,8 @@
             tp.enumvalues = tuple(enumvalues)
             tp.partial_resolved = True
         else:
-            BType = self.ffi._typeof_locked("char[]")[0]
-            BFunc = self.ffi._typeof_locked("int(*)(char*)")[0]
             funcname = self._enum_funcname(prefix, name)
-            function = module.load_function(BFunc, funcname)
-            p = self.ffi.new(BType, 256)
-            if function(p) < 0:
-                error = self.ffi.string(p)
-                if sys.version_info >= (3,):
-                    error = str(error, 'utf-8')
-                raise ffiplatform.VerificationError(error)
+            self._load_known_int_constant(module, funcname)
 
     def _loaded_gen_enum(self, tp, name, module, library):
         for enumerator, enumvalue in zip(tp.enumerators, tp.enumvalues):
@@ -476,13 +497,21 @@
     # macros: for now only for integers
 
     def _generate_gen_macro_decl(self, tp, name):
-        assert tp == '...'
-        self._generate_gen_const(True, name)
+        if tp == '...':
+            check_value = None
+        else:
+            check_value = tp     # an integer
+        self._generate_gen_const(True, name, check_value=check_value)
 
     _loading_gen_macro = _loaded_noop
 
     def _loaded_gen_macro(self, tp, name, module, library):
-        value = self._load_constant(True, tp, name, module)
+        if tp == '...':
+            check_value = None
+        else:
+            check_value = tp     # an integer
+        value = self._load_constant(True, tp, name, module,
+                                    check_value=check_value)
         setattr(library, name, value)
         type(library)._cffi_dir.append(name)
 
@@ -565,6 +594,24 @@
    typedef unsigned __int16 uint16_t;
    typedef unsigned __int32 uint32_t;
    typedef unsigned __int64 uint64_t;
+   typedef __int8 int_least8_t;
+   typedef __int16 int_least16_t;
+   typedef __int32 int_least32_t;
+   typedef __int64 int_least64_t;
+   typedef unsigned __int8 uint_least8_t;
+   typedef unsigned __int16 uint_least16_t;
+   typedef unsigned __int32 uint_least32_t;
+   typedef unsigned __int64 uint_least64_t;
+   typedef __int8 int_fast8_t;
+   typedef __int16 int_fast16_t;
+   typedef __int32 int_fast32_t;
+   typedef __int64 int_fast64_t;
+   typedef unsigned __int8 uint_fast8_t;
+   typedef unsigned __int16 uint_fast16_t;
+   typedef unsigned __int32 uint_fast32_t;
+   typedef unsigned __int64 uint_fast64_t;
+   typedef __int64 intmax_t;
+   typedef unsigned __int64 uintmax_t;
 # else
 #  include <stdint.h>
 # endif
diff --git a/lib_pypy/cffi/verifier.py b/lib_pypy/cffi/verifier.py
--- a/lib_pypy/cffi/verifier.py
+++ b/lib_pypy/cffi/verifier.py
@@ -1,12 +1,23 @@
-import sys, os, binascii, imp, shutil
-from . import __version__
+import sys, os, binascii, shutil
+from . import __version_verifier_modules__
 from . import ffiplatform
 
+if sys.version_info >= (3, 3):
+    import importlib.machinery
+    def _extension_suffixes():
+        return importlib.machinery.EXTENSION_SUFFIXES[:]
+else:
+    import imp
+    def _extension_suffixes():
+        return [suffix for suffix, _, type in imp.get_suffixes()
+                if type == imp.C_EXTENSION]
+
 
 class Verifier(object):
 
     def __init__(self, ffi, preamble, tmpdir=None, modulename=None,
-                 ext_package=None, tag='', force_generic_engine=False, **kwds):
+                 ext_package=None, tag='', force_generic_engine=False,
+                 source_extension='.c', flags=None, relative_to=None, **kwds):
         self.ffi = ffi
         self.preamble = preamble
         if not modulename:
@@ -14,14 +25,15 @@
         vengine_class = _locate_engine_class(ffi, force_generic_engine)
         self._vengine = vengine_class(self)
         self._vengine.patch_extension_kwds(kwds)
-        self.kwds = kwds
+        self.flags = flags
+        self.kwds = self.make_relative_to(kwds, relative_to)
         #
         if modulename:
             if tag:
                 raise TypeError("can't specify both 'modulename' and 'tag'")
         else:
-            key = '\x00'.join([sys.version[:3], __version__, preamble,
-                               flattened_kwds] +
+            key = '\x00'.join([sys.version[:3], __version_verifier_modules__,
+                               preamble, flattened_kwds] +
                               ffi._cdefsources)
             if sys.version_info >= (3,):
                 key = key.encode('utf-8')
@@ -33,7 +45,7 @@
                                               k1, k2)
         suffix = _get_so_suffixes()[0]
         self.tmpdir = tmpdir or _caller_dir_pycache()
-        self.sourcefilename = os.path.join(self.tmpdir, modulename + '.c')
+        self.sourcefilename = os.path.join(self.tmpdir, modulename + source_extension)
         self.modulefilename = os.path.join(self.tmpdir, modulename + suffix)
         self.ext_package = ext_package
         self._has_source = False
@@ -97,6 +109,20 @@
     def generates_python_module(self):
         return self._vengine._gen_python_module
 
+    def make_relative_to(self, kwds, relative_to):
+        if relative_to and os.path.dirname(relative_to):
+            dirname = os.path.dirname(relative_to)
+            kwds = kwds.copy()
+            for key in ffiplatform.LIST_OF_FILE_NAMES:
+                if key in kwds:
+                    lst = kwds[key]
+                    if not isinstance(lst, (list, tuple)):
+                        raise TypeError("keyword '%s' should be a list or tuple"
+                                        % (key,))
+                    lst = [os.path.join(dirname, fn) for fn in lst]
+                    kwds[key] = lst
+        return kwds
+
     # ----------
 
     def _locate_module(self):
@@ -148,7 +174,10 @@
 
     def _load_library(self):
         assert self._has_module
-        return self._vengine.load_library()
+        if self.flags is not None:
+            return self._vengine.load_library(self.flags)
+        else:
+            return self._vengine.load_library()
 
 # ____________________________________________________________
 
@@ -181,6 +210,9 @@
 def _caller_dir_pycache():
     if _TMPDIR:
         return _TMPDIR
+    result = os.environ.get('CFFI_TMPDIR')
+    if result:
+        return result
     filename = sys._getframe(2).f_code.co_filename
     return os.path.abspath(os.path.join(os.path.dirname(filename),
                            '__pycache__'))
@@ -222,11 +254,7 @@
             pass
 
 def _get_so_suffixes():
-    suffixes = []
-    for suffix, mode, type in imp.get_suffixes():
-        if type == imp.C_EXTENSION:
-            suffixes.append(suffix)
-
+    suffixes = _extension_suffixes()
     if not suffixes:
         # bah, no C_EXTENSION available.  Occurs on pypy without cpyext
         if sys.platform == 'win32':
diff --git a/pypy/doc/embedding.rst b/pypy/doc/embedding.rst
--- a/pypy/doc/embedding.rst
+++ b/pypy/doc/embedding.rst
@@ -30,12 +30,10 @@
 
    Initialize threads. Only need to be called if there are any threads involved
 
-.. function:: long pypy_setup_home(char* home, int verbose);
+.. function:: int pypy_setup_home(char* home, int verbose);
 
    This function searches the PyPy standard library starting from the given
-   "PyPy home directory".  It is not strictly necessary to execute it before
-   running Python code, but without it you will not be able to import any
-   non-builtin module from the standard library.  The arguments are:
+   "PyPy home directory".  The arguments are:
 
    * ``home``: NULL terminated path to an executable inside the pypy directory
      (can be a .so name, can be made up)
@@ -84,25 +82,36 @@
 
     const char source[] = "print 'hello from pypy'";
 
-    int main()
+    int main(void)
     {
-      int res;
+        int res;
 
-      rpython_startup_code();
-      // pypy_setup_home() is not needed in this trivial example
-      res = pypy_execute_source((char*)source);
-      if (res) {
-        printf("Error calling pypy_execute_source!\n");
-      }
-      return res;
+        rpython_startup_code();
+        res = pypy_setup_home("/opt/pypy/bin/libpypy-c.so", 1);
+        if (res) {
+            printf("Error setting pypy home!\n");
+            return 1;
+        }
+
+        res = pypy_execute_source((char*)source);
+        if (res) {
+            printf("Error calling pypy_execute_source!\n");
+        }
+        return res;
     }
 
-If we save it as ``x.c`` now, compile it and run it with::
+If we save it as ``x.c`` now, compile it and run it (on linux) with::
 
     fijal at hermann:/opt/pypy$ gcc -o x x.c -lpypy-c -L.
     fijal at hermann:/opt/pypy$ LD_LIBRARY_PATH=. ./x
     hello from pypy
 
+on OSX it is necessary to set the rpath of the binary if one wants to link to it::
+
+    gcc -o x x.c -lpypy-c -L. -Wl,-rpath -Wl, at executable_path
+    ./x
+    hello from pypy
+
 Worked!
 
 .. note:: If the compilation fails because of missing PyPy.h header file,
diff --git a/pypy/doc/install.rst b/pypy/doc/install.rst
--- a/pypy/doc/install.rst
+++ b/pypy/doc/install.rst
@@ -38,14 +38,13 @@
 and not move the binary there, else PyPy would not be able to find its
 library.
 
-If you want to install 3rd party libraries, the most convenient way is to
-install distribute_ and pip_:
+If you want to install 3rd party libraries, the most convenient way is
+to install pip_ (unless you want to install virtualenv as explained
+below; then you can directly use pip inside virtualenvs):
 
 .. code-block:: console
 
-    $ curl -O http://python-distribute.org/distribute_setup.py
-    $ curl -O https://raw.githubusercontent.com/pypa/pip/master/contrib/get-pip.py
-    $ ./pypy-2.1/bin/pypy distribute_setup.py
+    $ curl -O https://bootstrap.pypa.io/get-pip.py
     $ ./pypy-2.1/bin/pypy get-pip.py
     $ ./pypy-2.1/bin/pip install pygments  # for example
 
@@ -69,7 +68,6 @@
 
 Note that bin/python is now a symlink to bin/pypy.
 
-.. _distribute: http://www.python-distribute.org/
 .. _pip: http://pypi.python.org/pypi/pip
 
 
diff --git a/pypy/goal/targetpypystandalone.py b/pypy/goal/targetpypystandalone.py
--- a/pypy/goal/targetpypystandalone.py
+++ b/pypy/goal/targetpypystandalone.py
@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@
         if space.is_none(w_path):
             if verbose:
                 debug("Failed to find library based on pypy_find_stdlib")
-            return 1
+            return rffi.cast(rffi.INT, 1)
         space.startup()
         space.call_function(w_pathsetter, w_path)
         # import site
@@ -109,13 +109,13 @@
             import_ = space.getattr(space.getbuiltinmodule('__builtin__'),
                                     space.wrap('__import__'))
             space.call_function(import_, space.wrap('site'))
-            return 0
+            return rffi.cast(rffi.INT, 0)
         except OperationError, e:
             if verbose:
                 debug("OperationError:")
                 debug(" operror-type: " + e.w_type.getname(space))
                 debug(" operror-value: " + space.str_w(space.str(e.get_w_value(space))))
-            return -1
+            return rffi.cast(rffi.INT, -1)
 
     @entrypoint('main', [rffi.CCHARP], c_name='pypy_execute_source')
     def pypy_execute_source(ll_source):
@@ -234,8 +234,7 @@
             enable_translationmodules(config)
 
         config.translation.suggest(check_str_without_nul=True)
-        if sys.platform.startswith('linux'):
-            config.translation.suggest(shared=True)
+        config.translation.suggest(shared=True)
 
         if config.translation.thread:
             config.objspace.usemodules.thread = True
diff --git a/pypy/module/__builtin__/app_io.py b/pypy/module/__builtin__/app_io.py
--- a/pypy/module/__builtin__/app_io.py
+++ b/pypy/module/__builtin__/app_io.py
@@ -86,9 +86,11 @@
 
 def print_(*args, **kwargs):
     """The new-style print function from py3k."""
-    fp = kwargs.pop("file", sys.stdout)
+    fp = kwargs.pop("file", None)
     if fp is None:
-        return
+        fp = sys.stdout
+        if fp is None:
+            return
     def write(data):
         if not isinstance(data, basestring):
             data = str(data)
diff --git a/pypy/module/__builtin__/test/test_builtin.py b/pypy/module/__builtin__/test/test_builtin.py
--- a/pypy/module/__builtin__/test/test_builtin.py
+++ b/pypy/module/__builtin__/test/test_builtin.py
@@ -651,9 +651,12 @@
         out = sys.stdout = StringIO.StringIO()
         try:
             pr("Hello,", "person!")
+            pr("2nd line", file=None)
+            sys.stdout = None
+            pr("nowhere")
         finally:
             sys.stdout = save
-        assert out.getvalue() == "Hello, person!\n"
+        assert out.getvalue() == "Hello, person!\n2nd line\n"
         out = StringIO.StringIO()
         pr("Hello,", "person!", file=out)
         assert out.getvalue() == "Hello, person!\n"
@@ -668,7 +671,6 @@
         result = out.getvalue()
         assert isinstance(result, unicode)
         assert result == u"Hello, person!\n"
-        pr("Hello", file=None) # This works.
         out = StringIO.StringIO()
         pr(None, file=out)
         assert out.getvalue() == "None\n"
diff --git a/pypy/module/_cffi_backend/__init__.py b/pypy/module/_cffi_backend/__init__.py
--- a/pypy/module/_cffi_backend/__init__.py
+++ b/pypy/module/_cffi_backend/__init__.py
@@ -34,6 +34,7 @@
         'newp_handle': 'handle.newp_handle',
         'from_handle': 'handle.from_handle',
         '_get_types': 'func._get_types',
+        'from_buffer': 'func.from_buffer',
 
         'string': 'func.string',
         'buffer': 'cbuffer.buffer',
diff --git a/pypy/module/_cffi_backend/ccallback.py b/pypy/module/_cffi_backend/ccallback.py
--- a/pypy/module/_cffi_backend/ccallback.py
+++ b/pypy/module/_cffi_backend/ccallback.py
@@ -45,8 +45,9 @@
         #
         cif_descr = self.getfunctype().cif_descr
         if not cif_descr:
-            raise OperationError(space.w_NotImplementedError,
-                                 space.wrap("callbacks with '...'"))
+            raise oefmt(space.w_NotImplementedError,
+                        "%s: callback with unsupported argument or "
+                        "return type or with '...'", self.getfunctype().name)
         res = clibffi.c_ffi_prep_closure(self.get_closure(), cif_descr.cif,
                                          invoke_callback,
                                          rffi.cast(rffi.VOIDP, self.unique_id))
@@ -98,7 +99,7 @@
 
     def print_error(self, operr, extra_line):
         space = self.space
-        operr.write_unraisable(space, "callback ", self.w_callable,
+        operr.write_unraisable(space, "cffi callback ", self.w_callable,
                                with_traceback=True, extra_line=extra_line)
 
     def write_error_return_value(self, ll_res):
diff --git a/pypy/module/_cffi_backend/cdataobj.py b/pypy/module/_cffi_backend/cdataobj.py
--- a/pypy/module/_cffi_backend/cdataobj.py
+++ b/pypy/module/_cffi_backend/cdataobj.py
@@ -440,6 +440,25 @@
         return "handle to %s" % (self.space.str_w(w_repr),)
 
 
+class W_CDataFromBuffer(W_CData):
+    _attrs_ = ['buf', 'length', 'w_keepalive']
+    _immutable_fields_ = ['buf', 'length', 'w_keepalive']
+
+    def __init__(self, space, cdata, ctype, buf, w_object):
+        W_CData.__init__(self, space, cdata, ctype)
+        self.buf = buf
+        self.length = buf.getlength()
+        self.w_keepalive = w_object
+
+    def get_array_length(self):
+        return self.length
+
+    def _repr_extra(self):
+        w_repr = self.space.repr(self.w_keepalive)
+        return "buffer len %d from '%s' object" % (
+            self.length, self.space.type(self.w_keepalive).name)
+
+
 W_CData.typedef = TypeDef(
     '_cffi_backend.CData',
     __module__ = '_cffi_backend',
diff --git a/pypy/module/_cffi_backend/ctypearray.py b/pypy/module/_cffi_backend/ctypearray.py
--- a/pypy/module/_cffi_backend/ctypearray.py
+++ b/pypy/module/_cffi_backend/ctypearray.py
@@ -107,6 +107,9 @@
                 return self.space.w_None
         return W_CTypePtrOrArray._fget(self, attrchar)
 
+    def typeoffsetof_index(self, index):
+        return self.ctptr.typeoffsetof_index(index)
+
 
 class W_CDataIter(W_Root):
     _immutable_fields_ = ['ctitem', 'cdata', '_stop']    # but not '_next'
diff --git a/pypy/module/_cffi_backend/ctypefunc.py b/pypy/module/_cffi_backend/ctypefunc.py
--- a/pypy/module/_cffi_backend/ctypefunc.py
+++ b/pypy/module/_cffi_backend/ctypefunc.py
@@ -27,6 +27,8 @@
     _immutable_fields_ = ['fargs[*]', 'ellipsis', 'cif_descr']
     kind = "function"
 
+    cif_descr = lltype.nullptr(CIF_DESCRIPTION)
+
     def __init__(self, space, fargs, fresult, ellipsis):
         extra = self._compute_extra_text(fargs, fresult, ellipsis)
         size = rffi.sizeof(rffi.VOIDP)
@@ -41,7 +43,17 @@
             # at all.  The cif is computed on every call from the actual
             # types passed in.  For all other functions, the cif_descr
             # is computed here.
-            CifDescrBuilder(fargs, fresult).rawallocate(self)
+            builder = CifDescrBuilder(fargs, fresult)
+            try:
+                builder.rawallocate(self)
+            except OperationError, e:
+                if not e.match(space, space.w_NotImplementedError):
+                    raise
+                # else, eat the NotImplementedError.  We will get the
+                # exception if we see an actual call
+                if self.cif_descr:   # should not be True, but you never know
+                    lltype.free(self.cif_descr, flavor='raw')
+                    self.cif_descr = lltype.nullptr(CIF_DESCRIPTION)
 
     def new_ctypefunc_completing_argtypes(self, args_w):
         space = self.space
@@ -57,10 +69,12 @@
                             "argument %d passed in the variadic part needs to "
                             "be a cdata object (got %T)", i + 1, w_obj)
             fvarargs[i] = ct
+        # xxx call instantiate() directly.  It's a bit of a hack.
         ctypefunc = instantiate(W_CTypeFunc)
         ctypefunc.space = space
         ctypefunc.fargs = fvarargs
         ctypefunc.ctitem = self.ctitem
+        #ctypefunc.cif_descr = NULL --- already provided as the default
         CifDescrBuilder(fvarargs, self.ctitem).rawallocate(ctypefunc)
         return ctypefunc
 
@@ -178,8 +192,6 @@
 # ____________________________________________________________
 
 
-W_CTypeFunc.cif_descr = lltype.nullptr(CIF_DESCRIPTION)     # default value
-
 BIG_ENDIAN = sys.byteorder == 'big'
 USE_C_LIBFFI_MSVC = getattr(clibffi, 'USE_C_LIBFFI_MSVC', False)
 
@@ -295,18 +307,18 @@
         nflat = 0
         for i, cf in enumerate(ctype.fields_list):
             if cf.is_bitfield():
-                raise OperationError(space.w_NotImplementedError,
-                    space.wrap("cannot pass as argument or return value "
-                               "a struct with bit fields"))
+                raise oefmt(space.w_NotImplementedError,
+                    "ctype '%s' not supported as argument or return value"
+                    " (it is a struct with bit fields)", ctype.name)
             flat = 1
             ct = cf.ctype
             while isinstance(ct, ctypearray.W_CTypeArray):
                 flat *= ct.length
                 ct = ct.ctitem
             if flat <= 0:
-                raise OperationError(space.w_NotImplementedError,
-                    space.wrap("cannot pass as argument or return value "
-                               "a struct with a zero-length array"))
+                raise oefmt(space.w_NotImplementedError,
+                    "ctype '%s' not supported as argument or return value"
+                    " (it is a struct with a zero-length array)", ctype.name)
             nflat += flat
 
         if USE_C_LIBFFI_MSVC and is_result_type:
diff --git a/pypy/module/_cffi_backend/ctypeobj.py b/pypy/module/_cffi_backend/ctypeobj.py
--- a/pypy/module/_cffi_backend/ctypeobj.py
+++ b/pypy/module/_cffi_backend/ctypeobj.py
@@ -142,12 +142,14 @@
         raise oefmt(space.w_ValueError, "ctype '%s' is of unknown alignment",
                     self.name)
 
-    def typeoffsetof(self, fieldname):
+    def typeoffsetof_field(self, fieldname, following):
         space = self.space
-        if fieldname is None:
-            msg = "expected a struct or union ctype"
-        else:
-            msg = "expected a struct or union ctype, or a pointer to one"
+        msg = "with a field name argument, expected a struct or union ctype"
+        raise OperationError(space.w_TypeError, space.wrap(msg))
+
+    def typeoffsetof_index(self, index):
+        space = self.space
+        msg = "with an integer argument, expected an array or pointer ctype"
         raise OperationError(space.w_TypeError, space.wrap(msg))
 
     def rawaddressof(self, cdata, offset):
diff --git a/pypy/module/_cffi_backend/ctypeptr.py b/pypy/module/_cffi_backend/ctypeptr.py
--- a/pypy/module/_cffi_backend/ctypeptr.py
+++ b/pypy/module/_cffi_backend/ctypeptr.py
@@ -308,24 +308,36 @@
     def getcfield(self, attr):
         return self.ctitem.getcfield(attr)
 
-    def typeoffsetof(self, fieldname):
-        if fieldname is None:
-            return W_CTypePtrBase.typeoffsetof(self, fieldname)
-        else:
-            return self.ctitem.typeoffsetof(fieldname)
+    def typeoffsetof_field(self, fieldname, following):
+        if following == 0:
+            return self.ctitem.typeoffsetof_field(fieldname, -1)
+        return W_CTypePtrBase.typeoffsetof_field(self, fieldname, following)
+
+    def typeoffsetof_index(self, index):
+        space = self.space
+        ctitem = self.ctitem
+        if ctitem.size < 0:
+            raise OperationError(space.w_TypeError,
+                                 space.wrap("pointer to opaque"))
+        try:
+            offset = ovfcheck(index * ctitem.size)
+        except OverflowError:
+            raise OperationError(space.w_OverflowError,
+                    space.wrap("array offset would overflow a ssize_t"))
+        return ctitem, offset
 
     def rawaddressof(self, cdata, offset):
         from pypy.module._cffi_backend.ctypestruct import W_CTypeStructOrUnion
         space = self.space
         ctype2 = cdata.ctype
         if (isinstance(ctype2, W_CTypeStructOrUnion) or
-               (isinstance(ctype2, W_CTypePtrOrArray) and
-                isinstance(ctype2.ctitem, W_CTypeStructOrUnion))):
+                isinstance(ctype2, W_CTypePtrOrArray)):
             ptrdata = rffi.ptradd(cdata._cdata, offset)
             return cdataobj.W_CData(space, ptrdata, self)
         else:
             raise OperationError(space.w_TypeError,
-                     space.wrap("expected a 'cdata struct-or-union' object"))
+                    space.wrap("expected a cdata struct/union/array/pointer"
+                               " object"))
 
     def _fget(self, attrchar):
         if attrchar == 'i':     # item
diff --git a/pypy/module/_cffi_backend/ctypestruct.py b/pypy/module/_cffi_backend/ctypestruct.py
--- a/pypy/module/_cffi_backend/ctypestruct.py
+++ b/pypy/module/_cffi_backend/ctypestruct.py
@@ -65,9 +65,7 @@
         keepalive_until_here(ob)
         return ob
 
-    def typeoffsetof(self, fieldname):
-        if fieldname is None:
-            return (self, 0)
+    def typeoffsetof_field(self, fieldname, following):
         self.check_complete()
         space = self.space
         try:
diff --git a/pypy/module/_cffi_backend/func.py b/pypy/module/_cffi_backend/func.py
--- a/pypy/module/_cffi_backend/func.py
+++ b/pypy/module/_cffi_backend/func.py
@@ -48,13 +48,28 @@
     align = w_ctype.alignof()
     return space.wrap(align)
 
- at unwrap_spec(w_ctype=ctypeobj.W_CType, fieldname="str_or_None")
-def typeoffsetof(space, w_ctype, fieldname):
-    ctype, offset = w_ctype.typeoffsetof(fieldname)
+ at unwrap_spec(w_ctype=ctypeobj.W_CType, following=int)
+def typeoffsetof(space, w_ctype, w_field_or_index, following=0):
+    try:
+        fieldname = space.str_w(w_field_or_index)
+    except OperationError, e:
+        if not e.match(space, space.w_TypeError):
+            raise
+        try:
+            index = space.int_w(w_field_or_index)
+        except OperationError, e:
+            if not e.match(space, space.w_TypeError):
+                raise
+            raise OperationError(space.w_TypeError,
+                    space.wrap("field name or array index expected"))
+        ctype, offset = w_ctype.typeoffsetof_index(index)
+    else:
+        ctype, offset = w_ctype.typeoffsetof_field(fieldname, following)
+    #
     return space.newtuple([space.wrap(ctype), space.wrap(offset)])
 
 @unwrap_spec(w_ctype=ctypeobj.W_CType, w_cdata=cdataobj.W_CData, offset=int)
-def rawaddressof(space, w_ctype, w_cdata, offset=0):
+def rawaddressof(space, w_ctype, w_cdata, offset):
     return w_ctype.rawaddressof(w_cdata, offset)
 
 # ____________________________________________________________
@@ -76,3 +91,32 @@
 def _get_types(space):
     return space.newtuple([space.gettypefor(cdataobj.W_CData),
                            space.gettypefor(ctypeobj.W_CType)])
+
+# ____________________________________________________________
+
+ at unwrap_spec(w_ctype=ctypeobj.W_CType)
+def from_buffer(space, w_ctype, w_x):
+    from pypy.module._cffi_backend import ctypearray, ctypeprim
+    #
+    if (not isinstance(w_ctype, ctypearray.W_CTypeArray) or
+        not isinstance(w_ctype.ctptr.ctitem, ctypeprim.W_CTypePrimitiveChar)):
+        raise oefmt(space.w_TypeError,
+                    "needs 'char[]', got '%s'", w_ctype.name)
+    #
+    # xxx do we really need to implement the same mess as in CPython 2.7
+    # w.r.t. buffers and memoryviews??
+    try:
+        buf = space.readbuf_w(w_x)
+    except OperationError, e:
+        if not e.match(space, space.w_TypeError):
+            raise
+        buf = space.buffer_w(w_x, space.BUF_SIMPLE)
+    try:
+        _cdata = buf.get_raw_address()
+    except ValueError:
+        raise oefmt(space.w_TypeError,
+                    "from_buffer() got a '%T' object, which supports the "
+                    "buffer interface but cannot be rendered as a plain "
+                    "raw address on PyPy", w_x)
+    #
+    return cdataobj.W_CDataFromBuffer(space, _cdata, w_ctype, buf, w_x)
diff --git a/pypy/module/_cffi_backend/test/_backend_test_c.py b/pypy/module/_cffi_backend/test/_backend_test_c.py
--- a/pypy/module/_cffi_backend/test/_backend_test_c.py
+++ b/pypy/module/_cffi_backend/test/_backend_test_c.py
@@ -1030,11 +1030,12 @@
     BInt = new_primitive_type("int")
     BArray0 = new_array_type(new_pointer_type(BInt), 0)
     BStruct = new_struct_type("struct foo")
+    BStructP = new_pointer_type(BStruct)
     complete_struct_or_union(BStruct, [('a', BArray0)])
-    py.test.raises(NotImplementedError, new_function_type,
-                   (BStruct,), BInt, False)
-    py.test.raises(NotImplementedError, new_function_type,
-                   (BInt,), BStruct, False)
+    BFunc = new_function_type((BStruct,), BInt, False)
+    py.test.raises(NotImplementedError, cast(BFunc, 123), cast(BStructP, 123))
+    BFunc2 = new_function_type((BInt,), BStruct, False)
+    py.test.raises(NotImplementedError, cast(BFunc2, 123), 123)
 
 def test_call_function_9():
     BInt = new_primitive_type("int")
@@ -1174,7 +1175,7 @@
         assert sys.stderr.getvalue() == ''
         assert f(10000) == -42
         assert matches(sys.stderr.getvalue(), """\
-From callback <function$Zcb1 at 0x$>:
+From cffi callback <function$Zcb1 at 0x$>:
 Traceback (most recent call last):
   File "$", line $, in Zcb1
     $
@@ -1186,7 +1187,7 @@
         bigvalue = 20000
         assert f(bigvalue) == -42
         assert matches(sys.stderr.getvalue(), """\
-From callback <function$Zcb1 at 0x$>:
+From cffi callback <function$Zcb1 at 0x$>:
 Trying to convert the result back to C:
 OverflowError: integer 60000 does not fit 'short'
 """)
@@ -1805,7 +1806,8 @@
     new_function_type((), new_pointer_type(BFunc))
     BUnion = new_union_type("union foo_u")
     complete_struct_or_union(BUnion, [])
-    py.test.raises(NotImplementedError, new_function_type, (), BUnion)
+    BFunc = new_function_type((), BUnion)
+    py.test.raises(NotImplementedError, cast(BFunc, 123))
     py.test.raises(TypeError, new_function_type, (), BArray)
 
 def test_struct_return_in_func():
@@ -2525,13 +2527,32 @@
                                        ('a2', BChar, -1),
                                        ('a3', BChar, -1)])
     py.test.raises(TypeError, typeoffsetof, BStructPtr, None)
-    assert typeoffsetof(BStruct, None) == (BStruct, 0)
+    py.test.raises(TypeError, typeoffsetof, BStruct, None)
     assert typeoffsetof(BStructPtr, 'a1') == (BChar, 0)
     assert typeoffsetof(BStruct, 'a1') == (BChar, 0)
     assert typeoffsetof(BStructPtr, 'a2') == (BChar, 1)
     assert typeoffsetof(BStruct, 'a3') == (BChar, 2)
+    assert typeoffsetof(BStructPtr, 'a2', 0) == (BChar, 1)
+    assert typeoffsetof(BStruct, u+'a3') == (BChar, 2)
+    py.test.raises(TypeError, typeoffsetof, BStructPtr, 'a2', 1)
     py.test.raises(KeyError, typeoffsetof, BStructPtr, 'a4')
     py.test.raises(KeyError, typeoffsetof, BStruct, 'a5')
+    py.test.raises(TypeError, typeoffsetof, BStruct, 42)
+    py.test.raises(TypeError, typeoffsetof, BChar, 'a1')
+
+def test_typeoffsetof_array():
+    BInt = new_primitive_type("int")
+    BIntP = new_pointer_type(BInt)
+    BArray = new_array_type(BIntP, None)
+    py.test.raises(TypeError, typeoffsetof, BArray, None)
+    py.test.raises(TypeError, typeoffsetof, BArray, 'a1')
+    assert typeoffsetof(BArray, 51) == (BInt, 51 * size_of_int())
+    assert typeoffsetof(BIntP, 51) == (BInt, 51 * size_of_int())
+    assert typeoffsetof(BArray, -51) == (BInt, -51 * size_of_int())
+    MAX = sys.maxsize // size_of_int()
+    assert typeoffsetof(BArray, MAX) == (BInt, MAX * size_of_int())
+    assert typeoffsetof(BIntP, MAX) == (BInt, MAX * size_of_int())
+    py.test.raises(OverflowError, typeoffsetof, BArray, MAX + 1)
 
 def test_typeoffsetof_no_bitfield():
     BInt = new_primitive_type("int")
@@ -2551,17 +2572,26 @@
     assert repr(p) == "<cdata 'struct foo *' owning 3 bytes>"
     s = p[0]
     assert repr(s) == "<cdata 'struct foo' owning 3 bytes>"
-    a = rawaddressof(BStructPtr, s)
+    a = rawaddressof(BStructPtr, s, 0)
     assert repr(a).startswith("<cdata 'struct foo *' 0x")
-    py.test.raises(TypeError, rawaddressof, BStruct, s)
-    b = rawaddressof(BCharP, s)
+    py.test.raises(TypeError, rawaddressof, BStruct, s, 0)
+    b = rawaddressof(BCharP, s, 0)
     assert b == cast(BCharP, p)
-    c = rawaddressof(BStructPtr, a)
+    c = rawaddressof(BStructPtr, a, 0)
     assert c == a
-    py.test.raises(TypeError, rawaddressof, BStructPtr, cast(BChar, '?'))
+    py.test.raises(TypeError, rawaddressof, BStructPtr, cast(BChar, '?'), 0)
     #
     d = rawaddressof(BCharP, s, 1)
     assert d == cast(BCharP, p) + 1
+    #
+    e = cast(BCharP, 109238)
+    f = rawaddressof(BCharP, e, 42)
+    assert f == e + 42
+    #
+    BCharA = new_array_type(BCharP, None)
+    e = newp(BCharA, 50)
+    f = rawaddressof(BCharP, e, 42)
+    assert f == e + 42
 
 def test_newp_signed_unsigned_char():
     BCharArray = new_array_type(
@@ -3195,6 +3225,20 @@
                              ('a2', BChar, 5)],
                    None, -1, -1, SF_PACKED)
 
+def test_from_buffer():
+    import array
+    a = array.array('H', [10000, 20000, 30000])
+    BChar = new_primitive_type("char")
+    BCharP = new_pointer_type(BChar)
+    BCharA = new_array_type(BCharP, None)
+    c = from_buffer(BCharA, a)
+    assert typeof(c) is BCharA
+    assert len(c) == 6
+    assert repr(c) == "<cdata 'char[]' buffer len 6 from 'array.array' object>"
+    p = new_pointer_type(new_primitive_type("unsigned short"))
+    cast(p, c)[1] += 500
+    assert list(a) == [10000, 20500, 30000]
+
 def test_version():
     # this test is here mostly for PyPy
     assert __version__ == "0.8.6"
diff --git a/pypy/module/_cffi_backend/test/test_c.py b/pypy/module/_cffi_backend/test/test_c.py
--- a/pypy/module/_cffi_backend/test/test_c.py
+++ b/pypy/module/_cffi_backend/test/test_c.py
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@
 class AppTestC(object):
     """Populated below, hack hack hack."""
 
-    spaceconfig = dict(usemodules=('_cffi_backend', 'cStringIO'))
+    spaceconfig = dict(usemodules=('_cffi_backend', 'cStringIO', 'array'))
 
     def setup_class(cls):
         testfuncs_w = []
diff --git a/pypy/module/_io/interp_bufferedio.py b/pypy/module/_io/interp_bufferedio.py
--- a/pypy/module/_io/interp_bufferedio.py
+++ b/pypy/module/_io/interp_bufferedio.py
@@ -565,7 +565,7 @@
 
         # Flush the write buffer if necessary
         if self.writable:
-            self._writer_flush_unlocked(space)
+            self._flush_and_rewind_unlocked(space)
         self._reader_reset_buf()
 
         # Read whole blocks, and don't buffer them
diff --git a/pypy/module/_io/test/test_io.py b/pypy/module/_io/test/test_io.py
--- a/pypy/module/_io/test/test_io.py
+++ b/pypy/module/_io/test/test_io.py
@@ -362,3 +362,32 @@
             f.read(1)
             f.seek(-1, 1)
             f.write(b'')
+
+    def test_issue1902_2(self):
+        import _io
+        with _io.open(self.tmpfile, 'w+b', 4096) as f:
+            f.write(b'\xff' * 13569)
+            f.flush()
+            f.seek(0, 0)
+
+            f.read(1)
+            f.seek(-1, 1)
+            f.write(b'\xff')
+            f.seek(1, 0)
+            f.read(4123)
+            f.seek(-4123, 1)
+
+    def test_issue1902_3(self):
+        import _io
+        buffer_size = 4096
+        with _io.open(self.tmpfile, 'w+b', buffer_size) as f:
+            f.write(b'\xff' * buffer_size * 3)
+            f.flush()
+            f.seek(0, 0)
+
+            f.read(1)
+            f.seek(-1, 1)
+            f.write(b'\xff')
+            f.seek(1, 0)
+            f.read(buffer_size * 2)
+            assert f.tell() == 1 + buffer_size * 2
diff --git a/pypy/module/micronumpy/descriptor.py b/pypy/module/micronumpy/descriptor.py
--- a/pypy/module/micronumpy/descriptor.py
+++ b/pypy/module/micronumpy/descriptor.py
@@ -394,7 +394,7 @@
         alignment = space.int_w(space.getitem(w_data, space.wrap(6)))
 
         if (w_names == space.w_None) != (w_fields == space.w_None):
-            raise oefmt(space.w_ValueError, "inconsistent fields and names")
+            raise oefmt(space.w_ValueError, "inconsistent fields and names in Numpy dtype unpickling")
 
         self.byteorder = endian
         self.shape = []
diff --git a/pypy/module/micronumpy/test/test_dtypes.py b/pypy/module/micronumpy/test/test_dtypes.py
--- a/pypy/module/micronumpy/test/test_dtypes.py
+++ b/pypy/module/micronumpy/test/test_dtypes.py
@@ -1234,7 +1234,8 @@
 
         d = np.dtype(('<f8', 2))
         exc = raises(ValueError, "d.__setstate__((3, '|', None, ('f0', 'f1'), None, 16, 1, 0))")
-        assert exc.value[0] == 'inconsistent fields and names'
+        inconsistent = 'inconsistent fields and names in Numpy dtype unpickling'
+        assert exc.value[0] == inconsistent
         assert d.fields is None
         assert d.shape == (2,)
         assert d.subdtype is not None
@@ -1242,7 +1243,7 @@
 
         d = np.dtype(('<f8', 2))
         exc = raises(ValueError, "d.__setstate__((3, '|', None, None, {'f0': (np.dtype('float64'), 0), 'f1': (np.dtype('float64'), 8)}, 16, 1, 0))")
-        assert exc.value[0] == 'inconsistent fields and names'
+        assert exc.value[0] == inconsistent
         assert d.fields is None
         assert d.shape == (2,)
         assert d.subdtype is not None
@@ -1283,7 +1284,11 @@
         from cPickle import loads, dumps
 
         d = dtype([("x", "int32"), ("y", "int32"), ("z", "int32"), ("value", float)])
-        assert d.__reduce__() == (dtype, ('V20', 0, 1), (3, '|', None, ('x', 'y', 'z', 'value'), {'y': (dtype('int32'), 4), 'x': (dtype('int32'), 0), 'z': (dtype('int32'), 8), 'value': (dtype('float64'), 12)}, 20, 1, 0))
+        assert d.__reduce__() == (dtype, ('V20', 0, 1), (3, '|', None, 
+                     ('x', 'y', 'z', 'value'),
+                     {'y': (dtype('int32'), 4), 'x': (dtype('int32'), 0),
+                      'z': (dtype('int32'), 8), 'value': (dtype('float64'), 12),
+                      }, 20, 1, 0))
 
         new_d = loads(dumps(d))
 
diff --git a/pypy/module/micronumpy/tool/numready/main.py b/pypy/module/micronumpy/tool/numready/main.py
--- a/pypy/module/micronumpy/tool/numready/main.py
+++ b/pypy/module/micronumpy/tool/numready/main.py
@@ -71,6 +71,10 @@
     lines = subprocess.check_output(args).splitlines()
     items = SearchableSet()
     for line in lines:
+        # since calling a function in "search.py" may have printed side effects,
+        # make sure the line begins with '[UT] : '
+        if not (line[:1] in KINDS.values() and line[1:4] == ' : '):
+            continue
         kind, name = line.split(" : ", 1)
         subitems = []
         if kind == KINDS["TYPE"] and name in SPECIAL_NAMES and attr is None:
@@ -97,7 +101,15 @@
                  "nditer"]
 
 def main(argv):
-    cpy_items = find_numpy_items("/usr/bin/python")
+    if 'help' in argv[1]:
+        print '\nusage: python', os.path.dirname(__file__), '<path-to-pypy> [<outfile.html>] [<path-to-cpython-with-numpy>]'
+        print '       path-to-cpython-with-numpy defaults to "/usr/bin/python"\n'
+        return 
+    if len(argv) < 4:
+        cpython = '/usr/bin/python'
+    else:
+        cpython = argv[3]
+    cpy_items = find_numpy_items(cpython)
     pypy_items = find_numpy_items(argv[1])
     ver = get_version_str(argv[1])
     all_items = []
diff --git a/pypy/module/micronumpy/tool/numready/search.py b/pypy/module/micronumpy/tool/numready/search.py
--- a/pypy/module/micronumpy/tool/numready/search.py
+++ b/pypy/module/micronumpy/tool/numready/search.py
@@ -23,6 +23,15 @@
         if attr is None and name.startswith("_"):
             continue
         subobj = getattr(obj, name)
+        if subobj is None:
+            continue
+        if isinstance(subobj, types.FunctionType):
+            try:
+                subobj()
+            except NotImplementedError:
+                continue
+            except:
+                pass
         if isinstance(subobj, types.TypeType):
             kind = KINDS["TYPE"]
         else:
diff --git a/pypy/module/termios/__init__.py b/pypy/module/termios/__init__.py
--- a/pypy/module/termios/__init__.py
+++ b/pypy/module/termios/__init__.py
@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 from pypy.interpreter.mixedmodule import MixedModule
 
+from rpython.rlib import rtermios
+
 class Module(MixedModule):
     "This module provides an interface to the Posix calls for tty I/O control.\n\
     For a complete description of these calls, see the Posix or Unix manual\n\
@@ -23,10 +25,6 @@
         'error'       : 'space.fromcache(interp_termios.Cache).w_error',
     }
 
-# XXX this is extremaly not-portable, but how to prevent this?
-
-import termios
-for i in dir(termios):
-    val = getattr(termios, i)
-    if i.isupper() and type(val) is int:
-        Module.interpleveldefs[i] = "space.wrap(%s)" % val
+    for name in rtermios.all_constants:
+        value = getattr(rtermios, name)
+        interpleveldefs[name] = "space.wrap(%s)" % value
diff --git a/pypy/module/termios/interp_termios.py b/pypy/module/termios/interp_termios.py
--- a/pypy/module/termios/interp_termios.py
+++ b/pypy/module/termios/interp_termios.py
@@ -6,7 +6,6 @@
 from pypy.interpreter.gateway import unwrap_spec
 from pypy.interpreter.error import wrap_oserror, OperationError
 from rpython.rlib import rtermios
-import termios
 
 class Cache:
     def __init__(self, space):
@@ -52,9 +51,9 @@
     l_w = [space.wrap(i) for i in [iflag, oflag, cflag, lflag, ispeed, ospeed]]
     # last one need to be chosen carefully
     cc_w = [space.wrap(i) for i in cc]
-    if lflag & termios.ICANON:
-        cc_w[termios.VMIN] = space.wrap(ord(cc[termios.VMIN][0]))
-        cc_w[termios.VTIME] = space.wrap(ord(cc[termios.VTIME][0]))
+    if lflag & rtermios.ICANON:
+        cc_w[rtermios.VMIN] = space.wrap(ord(cc[rtermios.VMIN][0]))
+        cc_w[rtermios.VTIME] = space.wrap(ord(cc[rtermios.VTIME][0]))
     w_cc = space.newlist(cc_w)
     l_w.append(w_cc)
     return space.newlist(l_w)
@@ -63,14 +62,14 @@
 def tcsendbreak(space, w_fd, duration):
     fd = space.c_filedescriptor_w(w_fd)
     try:
-        termios.tcsendbreak(fd, duration)
+        rtermios.tcsendbreak(fd, duration)
     except OSError, e:
         raise convert_error(space, e)
 
 def tcdrain(space, w_fd):
     fd = space.c_filedescriptor_w(w_fd)
     try:
-        termios.tcdrain(fd)
+        rtermios.tcdrain(fd)
     except OSError, e:
         raise convert_error(space, e)
 
@@ -78,7 +77,7 @@
 def tcflush(space, w_fd, queue):
     fd = space.c_filedescriptor_w(w_fd)
     try:
-        termios.tcflush(fd, queue)
+        rtermios.tcflush(fd, queue)
     except OSError, e:
         raise convert_error(space, e)
 
@@ -86,6 +85,6 @@
 def tcflow(space, w_fd, action):
     fd = space.c_filedescriptor_w(w_fd)
     try:
-        termios.tcflow(fd, action)
+        rtermios.tcflow(fd, action)
     except OSError, e:
         raise convert_error(space, e)
diff --git a/pypy/module/termios/test/test_termios.py b/pypy/module/termios/test/test_termios.py
--- a/pypy/module/termios/test/test_termios.py
+++ b/pypy/module/termios/test/test_termios.py
@@ -136,7 +136,7 @@
             val = getattr(termios, name)
             if name.isupper() and type(val) is int:
                 d[name] = val
-        assert d == self.orig_module_dict
+        assert sorted(d.items()) == sorted(self.orig_module_dict.items())
 
     def test_error(self):
         import termios, errno, os
diff --git a/pypy/module/test_lib_pypy/cffi_tests/backend_tests.py b/pypy/module/test_lib_pypy/cffi_tests/backend_tests.py
--- a/pypy/module/test_lib_pypy/cffi_tests/backend_tests.py
+++ b/pypy/module/test_lib_pypy/cffi_tests/backend_tests.py
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 import py
 import platform
 import sys, ctypes
-from cffi import FFI, CDefError
+from cffi import FFI, CDefError, FFIError
 from pypy.module.test_lib_pypy.cffi_tests.support import *
 
 SIZE_OF_INT   = ctypes.sizeof(ctypes.c_int)
@@ -917,6 +917,16 @@
         assert int(invalid_value) == 2
         assert ffi.string(invalid_value) == "2"
 
+    def test_enum_char_hex_oct(self):
+        ffi = FFI(backend=self.Backend())
+        ffi.cdef(r"enum foo{A='!', B='\'', C=0x10, D=010, E=- 0x10, F=-010};")
+        assert ffi.string(ffi.cast("enum foo", ord('!'))) == "A"
+        assert ffi.string(ffi.cast("enum foo", ord("'"))) == "B"
+        assert ffi.string(ffi.cast("enum foo", 16)) == "C"
+        assert ffi.string(ffi.cast("enum foo", 8)) == "D"
+        assert ffi.string(ffi.cast("enum foo", -16)) == "E"
+        assert ffi.string(ffi.cast("enum foo", -8)) == "F"
+
     def test_array_of_struct(self):
         ffi = FFI(backend=self.Backend())
         ffi.cdef("struct foo { int a, b; };")
@@ -950,6 +960,25 @@
         assert ffi.offsetof("struct foo", "b") == 4
         assert ffi.offsetof("struct foo", "c") == 8
 
+    def test_offsetof_nested(self):
+        ffi = FFI(backend=self.Backend())
+        ffi.cdef("struct foo { int a, b, c; };"
+                 "struct bar { struct foo d, e; };")
+        assert ffi.offsetof("struct bar", "e") == 12
+        py.test.raises(KeyError, ffi.offsetof, "struct bar", "e.a")
+        assert ffi.offsetof("struct bar", "e", "a") == 12
+        assert ffi.offsetof("struct bar", "e", "b") == 16
+        assert ffi.offsetof("struct bar", "e", "c") == 20
+
+    def test_offsetof_array(self):
+        ffi = FFI(backend=self.Backend())
+        assert ffi.offsetof("int[]", 51) == 51 * ffi.sizeof("int")
+        assert ffi.offsetof("int *", 51) == 51 * ffi.sizeof("int")
+        ffi.cdef("struct bar { int a, b; int c[99]; };")
+        assert ffi.offsetof("struct bar", "c") == 2 * ffi.sizeof("int")
+        assert ffi.offsetof("struct bar", "c", 0) == 2 * ffi.sizeof("int")
+        assert ffi.offsetof("struct bar", "c", 51) == 53 * ffi.sizeof("int")
+
     def test_alignof(self):
         ffi = FFI(backend=self.Backend())
         ffi.cdef("struct foo { char a; short b; char c; };")
@@ -1482,8 +1511,10 @@
         p = ffi.new("struct foo_s *")
         a = ffi.addressof(p[0])
         assert repr(a).startswith("<cdata 'struct foo_s *' 0x")
+        assert a == p
         py.test.raises(TypeError, ffi.addressof, p)
         py.test.raises((AttributeError, TypeError), ffi.addressof, 5)
+        py.test.raises(TypeError, ffi.addressof, ffi.cast("int", 5))


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