[Numpy-svn] r6038 - trunk/doc/neps
numpy-svn at scipy.org
numpy-svn at scipy.org
Sun Nov 16 03:49:18 EST 2008
Author: jarrod.millman
Date: 2008-11-16 02:49:17 -0600 (Sun, 16 Nov 2008)
New Revision: 6038
Added:
trunk/doc/neps/generalized-ufuncs.rst
Log:
moved generalized ufunc proposal from the wiki
Added: trunk/doc/neps/generalized-ufuncs.rst
===================================================================
--- trunk/doc/neps/generalized-ufuncs.rst 2008-11-16 08:34:36 UTC (rev 6037)
+++ trunk/doc/neps/generalized-ufuncs.rst 2008-11-16 08:49:17 UTC (rev 6038)
@@ -0,0 +1,170 @@
+===============================
+Generalized Universal Functions
+===============================
+
+There is a general need for looping over not only functions on scalars
+but also over functions on vectors (or arrays), as explained on
+http://scipy.org/scipy/numpy/wiki/GeneralLoopingFunctions. We propose
+to realize this concept by generalizing the universal functions
+(ufuncs), and provide a C implementation that adds ~500 lines
+to the numpy code base. In current (specialized) ufuncs, the elementary
+function is limited to element-by-element operations, whereas the
+generalized version supports "sub-array" by "sub-array" operations.
+The Perl vector library PDL provides a similar functionality and its
+terms are re-used in the following.
+
+Each generalized ufunc has information associated with it that states
+what the "core" dimensionality of the inputs is, as well as the
+corresponding dimensionality of the outputs (the element-wise ufuncs
+have zero core dimensions). The list of the core dimensions for all
+arguments is called the "signature" of a ufunc. For example, the
+ufunc numpy.add has signature ``"(),()->()"`` defining two scalar inputs
+and one scalar output.
+
+Another example is (see the GeneralLoopingFunctions page) the function
+``inner1d(a,b)`` with a signature of ``"(i),(i)->()"``. This applies the
+inner product along the last axis of each input, but keeps the
+remaining indices intact. For example, where ``a`` is of shape ``(3,5,N)``
+and ``b`` is of shape ``(5,N)``, this will return an output of shape ``(3,5)``.
+The underlying elementary function is called 3*5 times. In the
+signature, we specify one core dimension ``"(i)"`` for each input and zero core
+dimensions ``"()"`` for the output, since it takes two 1-d arrays and
+returns a scalar. By using the same name ``"i"``, we specify that the two
+corresponding dimensions should be of the same size (or one of them is
+of size 1 and will be broadcasted).
+
+The dimensions beyond the core dimensions are called "loop" dimensions. In
+the above example, this corresponds to ``(3,5)``.
+
+The usual numpy "broadcasting" rules apply, where the signature
+determines how the dimensions of each input/output object are split
+into core and loop dimensions:
+
+#. While an input array has a smaller dimensionality than the corresponding
+ number of core dimensions, 1's are pre-pended to its shape.
+#. The core dimensions are removed from all inputs and the remaining
+ dimensions are broadcasted; defining the loop dimensions.
+#. The output is given by the loop dimensions plus the output core dimensions.
+
+
+
+Definitions
+-----------
+
+Elementary Function
+ Each ufunc consists of an elementary function that performs the
+ most basic operation on the smallest portion of array arguments
+ (e.g. adding two numbers is the most basic operation in adding two
+ arrays). The ufunc applies the elementary function multiple times
+ on different parts of the arrays. The input/output of elementary
+ functions can be vectors; e.g., the elementary function of inner1d
+ takes two vectors as input.
+
+Signature
+ A signature is a string describing the input/output dimensions of
+ the elementary function of a ufunc. See section below for more
+ details.
+
+Core Dimension
+ The dimensionality of each input/output of an elementary function
+ is defined by its core dimensions (zero core dimensions correspond
+ to a scalar input/output). The core dimensions are mapped to the
+ last dimensions of the input/output arrays.
+
+Dimension Name
+ A dimension name represents a core dimension in the signature.
+ Different dimensions may share a name, indicating that they are of
+ the same size (or are broadcastable).
+
+Dimension Index
+ A dimension index is an integer representing a dimension name. It
+ enumerates the dimension names according to the order of the first
+ occurrence of each name in the signature.
+
+
+Details of Signature
+--------------------
+
+The signature defines "core" dimensionality of input and output
+variables, and thereby also defines the contraction of the
+dimensions. The signature is represented by a string of the
+following format:
+
+* Core dimensions of each input or output array are represented by a
+ list of dimension names in parentheses, ``"(i_1,...,i_N)"``; a scalar
+ input/output is denoted by ``"()"``. Instead of ``"i_1"``, ``"i_2"``,
+ etc, one can use any valid Python variable name.
+* Dimension lists for different arguments are separated by ``","``.
+ Input/output arguments are separated by ``"->"``.
+* If one uses the same dimension name in multiple locations, this
+ enforces the same size (or broadcastable size) of the corresponding
+ dimensions.
+
+The formal syntax of signatures is as follows::
+
+ <Signature> ::= <Input arguments> "->" <Output arguments>
+ <Input arguments> ::= <Argument list>
+ <Output arguments> ::= <Argument list>
+ <Argument list> ::= nil | <Argument> | <Argument> "," <Argument list>
+ <Argument> ::= "(" <Core dimension list> ")"
+ <Core dimension list> ::= nil | <Dimension name> |
+ <Dimension name> "," <Core dimension list>
+ <Dimension name> ::= valid Python variable name
+
+
+Notes:
+
+#. All quotes are for clarity.
+#. Core dimensions that share the same name must be broadcastable, as
+ the two ``i`` in our example above. Each dimension name typically
+ corresponding to one level of looping in the elementary function's
+ implementation.
+#. White spaces are ignored.
+
+Here are some examples of signatures:
+
+
+ || add || `"(),()->()"` || ||
+ || inner1d || `"(i),(i)->()"` || ||
+ || sum1d || `"(i)->()"` || ||
+ || dot2d || `"(m,n),(n,p)->(m,p)"` || (matrix multiplication) ||
+ || outer_inner || `"(i,t),(j,t)->(i,j)"` || (inner over the last dimension, outer over the second to last, and loop/broadcast over the rest.) ||
+
+
+
+C-API for implementing Elementary Functions
+-------------------------------------------
+
+The current interface remains unchanged, and ``PyUFunc_FromFuncAndData``
+can still be used to implement (specialized) ufuncs, consisting of
+scalar elementary functions.
+
+One can use ``PyUFunc_FromFuncAndDataAndSignature`` to declare a more
+general ufunc. The argument list is the same as
+``PyUFunc_FromFuncAndData``, with an additional argument specifying the
+signature as C string.
+
+Furthermore, the callback function is of the same type as before,
+``void (*foo)(char **args, intp *dimensions, intp *steps, void *func)``.
+When invoked, ``args`` is a list of length ``nargs`` containing
+the data of all input/output arguments. For a scalar elementary
+function, ``steps`` is also of length ``nargs``, denoting the strides used
+for the arguments. ``dimensions`` is a pointer to a single integer
+defining the size of the axis to be looped over.
+
+For a non-trivial signature, ``dimensions`` will also contain the sizes
+of the core dimensions as well, starting at the second entry. Only
+one size is provided for each unique dimension name and the sizes are
+given according to the first occurrence of a dimension name in the
+signature.
+
+The first ``nargs`` elements of ``steps`` remain the same as for scalar
+ufuncs. The following elements contain the strides of all core
+dimensions for all arguments in order.
+
+For example, consider a ufunc with signature ``"(i,j),(i)->()"``. In
+this case, ``args`` will contain three pointers to the data of the
+input/output arrays ``a``, ``b``, ``c``. Furthermore, ``dimensions`` will be
+``[N, I, J]`` to define the size of ``N`` of the loop and the sizes ``I`` and ``J``
+for the core dimensions ``i`` and ``j``. Finally, ``steps`` will be
+``[a_N, b_N, c_N, a_i, a_j, b_i]``, containing all necessary strides.
More information about the Numpy-svn
mailing list