From pasokan at gmail.com Tue Aug 1 01:43:40 2017 From: pasokan at gmail.com (Asokan Pichai) Date: Tue, 1 Aug 2017 11:13:40 +0530 Subject: [Tutor] Recommended Python Compiler In-Reply-To: References: <1285690201.2134862.1501453378125.ref@mail.yahoo.com> <1285690201.2134862.1501453378125@mail.yahoo.com> <2699BAAD-C396-4547-80D5-7350B9232218@wichmann.us> Message-ID: For a simple beginners editor -- geany is a great choice. It can be used with minimal or no configuration/set up; and once you know your way around you can tweak it as much as you want. It is easily installable on Debian/Ubuntu -- Asokan Pichai *-------------------* We will find a way. Or, make one. (Hannibal) From __peter__ at web.de Tue Aug 1 03:06:55 2017 From: __peter__ at web.de (Peter Otten) Date: Tue, 01 Aug 2017 09:06:55 +0200 Subject: [Tutor] Python isn't working with Apache (Windows) References: Message-ID: Christopher McGrath wrote: > I am trying to run a simple python web script in a browser with apache. I > have apache installed and running perfectly. I installed Ruby and Perl > I had Python 3.6 installed before and tried to test with these > I also tried with #!Q:\LifeForce\Python36-32\python.exe. This one works > worked from Window Command, but didn?t work from web browser like PERL and > RUBY. > I am trying to run directly from Apache htdoc dir. Not from cgi dir. I > think something is wrong with the shebang line. This is the error output > in the web browser: Internal Server Error > The server encountered an internal error or misconfiguration and was > unable to complete your request. Please contact the server administrator > at postmaster at localhost to inform them of the time this error occurred, > and the actions you performed just before this error. More information > about this error may be available in the server error log. Additionally, a > 500 Internal Server Error error was encountered while trying to use an > ErrorDocument to handle the request. This is what is shown in Apache?s > error log: > [Mon Jul 31 01:06:54.266478 2017] [cgi:error] [pid 5156:tid 1688] [client > [98.5.128.152:51723] malformed header from script 'test.py': Bad header: > [Mon Jul 31 01:06:54.270479 2017] [authz_core:error] [pid 5156:tid 1688] > [[client 98.5.128.152:51723] AH01630: client denied by server > [configuration: C:/Apache24 It looks like Apache is already running your script. It just can't make sense of its output. The header has to be separated from the data by an empty line. In your script that line contains an extra space that you must remove. > I also tried with #!Q:\LifeForce\Python36-32\python.exe. This one works > worked from Window Command, but didn?t work from web browser like PERL and > RUBY. > Nothing worked. I don?t have any idea anymore. Please help! > This is the simple code: #!Q:\LifeForce\Python36-32\python.exe > print ("Content-type: text/html") print ("") > print ("") > print ("") > print ("") > print ("Hello Python.") > print ("") Does it work after this small change? From rampappula at gmail.com Tue Aug 1 02:06:18 2017 From: rampappula at gmail.com (ramakrishna reddy) Date: Mon, 31 Jul 2017 23:06:18 -0700 Subject: [Tutor] How sum() works in python Message-ID: Hi All, I know > sum([1,2,3]) returns 6. But sum with [] 'empty list' as second parameter returns as below. > sum([[1,2,3], [3,4,5]], []) returns [1, 2, 3, 3, 4, 5] Can any one please explain this logic ? I searched in google but could not find the suitable answer. Thanks in advance. Thanks, Ram. From alan.gauld at yahoo.co.uk Tue Aug 1 04:33:38 2017 From: alan.gauld at yahoo.co.uk (Alan Gauld) Date: Tue, 1 Aug 2017 09:33:38 +0100 Subject: [Tutor] How sum() works in python In-Reply-To: References: Message-ID: On 01/08/17 07:06, ramakrishna reddy wrote: >> sum([1,2,3]) returns 6. > > But sum with [] 'empty list' as second parameter returns as below. > >> sum([[1,2,3], [3,4,5]], []) returns [1, 2, 3, 3, 4, 5] An interesting question, I wasn't aware that you could add lists with sum. However, the results seem clear enough. Let's start with the help() description: ################# Help on built-in function sum in module builtins: sum(...) sum(iterable[, start]) -> value Return the sum of an iterable of numbers (NOT strings) plus the value of parameter 'start' (which defaults to 0). When the iterable is empty, return start. ################# And lets see how it behaves with integers first: >>> sum([1,2,3]) # use start default of 0 6 >>> sum([1,2,3],0) # use explicit start=0 6 >>> sum([1,2,3],1) # use start=1 7 >>> sum([1,2,3],9) # start = 9 15 So in each case we get the sum of the items in the iterable plus the value of start. sum() is effectively doing result = start for n in iterable: result += n return result Now lets try using a list of lists: >>> sum([ [1,2,3],[3,4,5] ]) Traceback (most recent call last): File "", line 1, in TypeError: unsupported operand type(s) for +: 'int' and 'list' We get a type error because the start uses 0 and we can't add an int and a list. So let's provide a list as the start value: >>> sum([ [1,2,3],[3,4,5] ], []) [1, 2, 3, 3, 4, 5] >>> We now get the behaviour you saw because it adds the three lists together using the same algorithm as above. And if we use a non-empty start it becomes even more clear: >>> sum([ [1,2,3],[3,4,5] ], [42]) [42, 1, 2, 3, 3, 4, 5] We could use tuples instead of lists and get the same result. What is interesting is that if we try the same thing with other iterables, such as a string, it doesn't work, even though string addition is defined. There is obviously some type checking taking place in there. HTH -- Alan G Author of the Learn to Program web site http://www.alan-g.me.uk/ http://www.amazon.com/author/alan_gauld Follow my photo-blog on Flickr at: http://www.flickr.com/photos/alangauldphotos From __peter__ at web.de Tue Aug 1 04:57:22 2017 From: __peter__ at web.de (Peter Otten) Date: Tue, 01 Aug 2017 10:57:22 +0200 Subject: [Tutor] How sum() works in python References: Message-ID: ramakrishna reddy wrote: > Hi All, > > I know > >> sum([1,2,3]) returns 6. > > But sum with [] 'empty list' as second parameter returns as below. > >> sum([[1,2,3], [3,4,5]], []) returns [1, 2, 3, 3, 4, 5] > Can any one please explain this logic ? I searched in google but could not > find the suitable answer. sum() adds up whatever you feed it (unless it's a string). A simplified pure-python implementation is >>> def mysum(iterable, start=0): ... result = start ... for value in iterable: ... result = result + value ... return result ... When you feed it a list of numbers >>> mysum([1, 2, 3, 4]) 10 it calculates the sum, when the list is empty it returns the start value >>> mysum([]) 0 ...whatever it may be: >>> mysum([], mysum) >>> sum([], sum) When you feed it a list of lists it tries to add 0 + first_list and fails >>> mysum([[1,2], [3,4]]) Traceback (most recent call last): File "", line 1, in File "", line 4, in mysum TypeError: unsupported operand type(s) for +: 'int' and 'list' However when you provide a list as the start value that list and the lists in the `iterable` argument are concatenated >>> mysum([[1,2], [3,4]], []) [1, 2, 3, 4] >>> mysum([[1, "a"], [3, 4.0]], [42]) [42, 1, 'a', 3, 4.0] ...because concatenation is what the + operator is written to do >>> ["foo", "bar", "baz"] + ["ham", "spam"] ['foo', 'bar', 'baz', 'ham', 'spam'] for Python's built-in lists. If you feed your own objects to sum() you are completely free how you implement + -- if you have it remove files from your hard drive then that's what sum() will do when you try to calculate the sum: >>> class Remove(list): ... def __radd__(self, other): ... for name in self: ... print("Deleting file", name) ... >>> sum([Remove(["important.txt", "keepsafe.doc"]), Remove(["nice_pic.jpg"])]) Deleting file important.txt Deleting file keepsafe.doc Deleting file nice_pic.jpg From rakeshsharma14 at hotmail.com Tue Aug 1 07:13:25 2017 From: rakeshsharma14 at hotmail.com (rakesh sharma) Date: Tue, 1 Aug 2017 11:13:25 +0000 Subject: [Tutor] Error with sqlalchemy Message-ID: Hi All I am getting an error in python. Its a flask app that I am doing I am getting the error TypeError: utf_8_decode() argument 1 must be string or buffer, not long at this point in the code ship_schedules = ShipSchedule.query.all() The schema definition is like that I gave below, there is no mismatch between the schema and the table definition in the mysql DB. class ShipSchedule(Base): __tablename__ = 'ship_schedule' vessel_imo_no = Column(Integer, primary_key=True, nullable=False) commodity_product_code = Column(String, nullable=False) port_port_code = Column(String, nullable=False) cargo_quantity = Column(String, nullable=False) activity = Column(String, nullable=False) date_from = Column(Date, nullable=False) date_to = Column(Date, nullable=False) """ Ship schedule schema """ class ShipScheduleSchema(Schema): vessel_imo_no = fields.Int(dump_only=True) commodity_product_code = fields.Str() port_port_code = fields.Str() cargo_quantity = fields.Int() activity = fields.Str() date_from = fields.Date() date_to = fields.Date() the mysql table defintion is as follows [cid:e101f2ac-60ca-426a-8e53-01afd9e9414d] please help on this, do not know the whats causing the issue. I dint find any good answers in stackoverflow as all points to schema mismatch thanks rakesh From mats at wichmann.us Tue Aug 1 09:38:56 2017 From: mats at wichmann.us (Mats Wichmann) Date: Tue, 1 Aug 2017 07:38:56 -0600 Subject: [Tutor] Error with sqlalchemy In-Reply-To: References: Message-ID: On 08/01/2017 05:13 AM, rakesh sharma wrote: > Hi All > > > I am getting an error in python. Its a flask app that I am doing > > I am getting the error > > TypeError: utf_8_decode() argument 1 must be string or buffer, not long > > at this point in the code > > ship_schedules = ShipSchedule.query.all() > > The schema definition is like that I gave below, there is no mismatch between the schema and the table definition in the mysql DB. > > class ShipSchedule(Base): > > __tablename__ = 'ship_schedule' > > vessel_imo_no = Column(Integer, primary_key=True, nullable=False) > commodity_product_code = Column(String, nullable=False) > port_port_code = Column(String, nullable=False) > cargo_quantity = Column(String, nullable=False) > activity = Column(String, nullable=False) > date_from = Column(Date, nullable=False) > date_to = Column(Date, nullable=False) > > > """ > Ship schedule schema > """ > > > class ShipScheduleSchema(Schema): > vessel_imo_no = fields.Int(dump_only=True) > commodity_product_code = fields.Str() > port_port_code = fields.Str() > cargo_quantity = fields.Int() > activity = fields.Str() > date_from = fields.Date() > date_to = fields.Date() > > the mysql table defintion is as follows > > > [cid:e101f2ac-60ca-426a-8e53-01afd9e9414d] this is not viewable, at least not here. you've potentially got an issue in your cargo quantity definition in the two classes, possibly take a closer look at that (String vs fields.Int()). this is a pretty specialized sort of query, probably the sqlalchemy community would be more expert in this stuff (given you said you've exhausted stackoverflow already). maybe they have knowledge of some consistency-checking tool that could detect mismatches? From arj.python at gmail.com Tue Aug 1 04:26:24 2017 From: arj.python at gmail.com (Abdur-Rahmaan Janhangeer) Date: Tue, 1 Aug 2017 12:26:24 +0400 Subject: [Tutor] Recommended Python Compiler In-Reply-To: References: <1285690201.2134862.1501453378125.ref@mail.yahoo.com> <1285690201.2134862.1501453378125@mail.yahoo.com> <2699BAAD-C396-4547-80D5-7350B9232218@wichmann.us> Message-ID: Yes indeed geany is a nice editor. I used it when i was beginning and even wrote a post about it, Feel free to check it ! https://abdurrahmaanjanhangeer.wordpress.com/2016/11/02/python-getting-rid-of-identation-errors-quickly-checking-for-errors-and-the-use-of-editors/ On Tue, Aug 1, 2017 at 9:43 AM, Asokan Pichai wrote: > For a simple beginners editor -- geany is a great choice. > > It can be used with minimal or no configuration/set up; and once > you know your way around you can tweak it as much as you want. > > It is easily installable on Debian/Ubuntu > > > -- > Asokan Pichai > *-------------------* > We will find a way. Or, make one. (Hannibal) > _______________________________________________ > Tutor maillist - Tutor at python.org > To unsubscribe or change subscription options: > https://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor > From arj.python at gmail.com Tue Aug 1 04:27:36 2017 From: arj.python at gmail.com (Abdur-Rahmaan Janhangeer) Date: Tue, 1 Aug 2017 12:27:36 +0400 Subject: [Tutor] How sum() works in python In-Reply-To: References: Message-ID: i guess it adds / sort of concatenates the list On Tue, Aug 1, 2017 at 10:06 AM, ramakrishna reddy wrote: > Hi All, > > I know > > > sum([1,2,3]) returns 6. > > But sum with [] 'empty list' as second parameter returns as below. > > > sum([[1,2,3], [3,4,5]], []) returns [1, 2, 3, 3, 4, 5] > Can any one please explain this logic ? I searched in google but could not > find the suitable answer. > > Thanks in advance. > > > Thanks, > Ram. > _______________________________________________ > Tutor maillist - Tutor at python.org > To unsubscribe or change subscription options: > https://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor > From rampappula at gmail.com Tue Aug 1 04:48:36 2017 From: rampappula at gmail.com (ramakrishna reddy) Date: Tue, 01 Aug 2017 08:48:36 +0000 Subject: [Tutor] How sum() works in python In-Reply-To: References: Message-ID: nice explanation .. thanks this cleared my doubt >>> k = [20] >>> for i in [[1,2,3],[3,4,5]]: ... k += i ... >>> k [20, 1, 2, 3, 3, 4, 5] On Tue, Aug 1, 2017 at 1:35 AM, Alan Gauld via Tutor wrote: > On 01/08/17 07:06, ramakrishna reddy wrote: > > >> sum([1,2,3]) returns 6. > > > > But sum with [] 'empty list' as second parameter returns as below. > > > >> sum([[1,2,3], [3,4,5]], []) returns [1, 2, 3, 3, 4, 5] > > An interesting question, I wasn't aware that you could > add lists with sum. > > However, the results seem clear enough. Let's start with the help() > description: > ################# > Help on built-in function sum in module builtins: > > sum(...) > sum(iterable[, start]) -> value > > Return the sum of an iterable of numbers (NOT strings) plus > the value of parameter 'start' (which defaults to 0). > When the iterable is empty, return start. > ################# > > And lets see how it behaves with integers first: > >>> sum([1,2,3]) # use start default of 0 > 6 > >>> sum([1,2,3],0) # use explicit start=0 > 6 > >>> sum([1,2,3],1) # use start=1 > 7 > >>> sum([1,2,3],9) # start = 9 > 15 > > So in each case we get the sum of the items in the iterable > plus the value of start. sum() is effectively doing > > result = start > for n in iterable: result += n > return result > > Now lets try using a list of lists: > > >>> sum([ [1,2,3],[3,4,5] ]) > Traceback (most recent call last): > File "", line 1, in > TypeError: unsupported operand type(s) for +: 'int' and 'list' > > We get a type error because the start uses 0 and we can't > add an int and a list. So let's provide a list as the > start value: > > >>> sum([ [1,2,3],[3,4,5] ], []) > [1, 2, 3, 3, 4, 5] > >>> > > We now get the behaviour you saw because it adds the > three lists together using the same algorithm as above. > > And if we use a non-empty start it becomes even more clear: > > >>> sum([ [1,2,3],[3,4,5] ], [42]) > [42, 1, 2, 3, 3, 4, 5] > > We could use tuples instead of lists and get the same result. > > What is interesting is that if we try the same thing with > other iterables, such as a string, it doesn't work, even > though string addition is defined. There is obviously > some type checking taking place in there. > > HTH > -- > Alan G > Author of the Learn to Program web site > http://www.alan-g.me.uk/ > http://www.amazon.com/author/alan_gauld > Follow my photo-blog on Flickr at: > http://www.flickr.com/photos/alangauldphotos > > > _______________________________________________ > Tutor maillist - Tutor at python.org > To unsubscribe or change subscription options: > https://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor > From alan.gauld at yahoo.co.uk Tue Aug 1 10:44:13 2017 From: alan.gauld at yahoo.co.uk (Alan Gauld) Date: Tue, 1 Aug 2017 15:44:13 +0100 Subject: [Tutor] Error with sqlalchemy In-Reply-To: References: Message-ID: On 01/08/17 12:13, rakesh sharma wrote: > I am getting the error > > TypeError: utf_8_decode() argument 1 must be string or buffer, not long That's not too helpful out of context, can you show us more of the error trace? Can you show us the method that generates it? Do you have any indication about which field is generating the error? > at this point in the code > > ship_schedules = ShipSchedule.query.all() One line out of context doesn't really help. I'm assuming query is a class attribute in the inherited Base class? Do you have to create any overridden methods/attribute values to make it work for your subclass? I can't comment on the schemas because I don't know MySql or Flask's ORM well enough to understand what may be happening. But a bit more detail on the actual code triggering the error and the error message itself would certainly not hurt. -- Alan G Author of the Learn to Program web site http://www.alan-g.me.uk/ http://www.amazon.com/author/alan_gauld Follow my photo-blog on Flickr at: http://www.flickr.com/photos/alangauldphotos From guettliml at thomas-guettler.de Tue Aug 1 10:54:40 2017 From: guettliml at thomas-guettler.de (=?UTF-8?Q?Thomas_G=c3=bcttler?=) Date: Tue, 1 Aug 2017 16:54:40 +0200 Subject: [Tutor] if __name__=='main' vs entry points: What to teach new comers? Message-ID: <2ff30c44-80ff-f17a-f399-596afb981381@thomas-guettler.de> I have a friend who is a talented shell script writer. He is a linux guru since several years. He asked me if "if __name__=='main':" is state of the art if you want to translate a shell script to python. I started to stutter and did not know how to reply. I use Python since several years and I use console_script in entry_points of setup.py. I am very unsure if this is the right way if you want to teach a new comers the joy of python. In the current context we want to translate a bunch of shell scripts to python scripts. What do you think? Regards, Thomas G?ttler -- Thomas Guettler http://www.thomas-guettler.de/ From zachary.ware+pytut at gmail.com Tue Aug 1 13:59:53 2017 From: zachary.ware+pytut at gmail.com (Zachary Ware) Date: Tue, 1 Aug 2017 12:59:53 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] if __name__=='main' vs entry points: What to teach new comers? In-Reply-To: <2ff30c44-80ff-f17a-f399-596afb981381@thomas-guettler.de> References: <2ff30c44-80ff-f17a-f399-596afb981381@thomas-guettler.de> Message-ID: On Tue, Aug 1, 2017 at 9:54 AM, Thomas G?ttler wrote: > I have a friend who is a talented shell script writer. He is a linux guru > since > several years. > > He asked me if "if __name__=='main':" is state of the art if you want > to translate a shell script to python. > > I started to stutter and did not know how to reply. The ~~correct~~ pedantic answer is "No, it's `if __name__ == '__main__':`" :) > I use Python since several years and I use console_script in entry_points of > setup.py. > > I am very unsure if this is the right way if you want to teach a new comers > the joy of python. > > In the current context we want to translate a bunch of shell scripts to > python scripts. > > What do you think? It depends on whether you're packaging them up as real Python packages (sdist, wheel, etc.) to be installed in site-packages or similar, or if they're just going to be standalone scripts (single file with a shebang, possibly not even a `.py` extension). If the former, go for the entry points. If the latter, go for `if __name__ == '__main__':`. And there's no real reason not to do both in the former case anyway; it's very convenient to not have to install your script somehow to be able to run it. -- Zach From kwpolska at gmail.com Tue Aug 1 14:32:01 2017 From: kwpolska at gmail.com (Chris Warrick) Date: Tue, 1 Aug 2017 20:32:01 +0200 Subject: [Tutor] if __name__=='main' vs entry points: What to teach new comers? In-Reply-To: <2ff30c44-80ff-f17a-f399-596afb981381@thomas-guettler.de> References: <2ff30c44-80ff-f17a-f399-596afb981381@thomas-guettler.de> Message-ID: On 1 August 2017 at 16:54, Thomas G?ttler wrote: > I have a friend who is a talented shell script writer. He is a linux guru > since > several years. > > He asked me if "if __name__=='main':" is state of the art if you want > to translate a shell script to python. > > I started to stutter and did not know how to reply. > > I use Python since several years and I use console_script in entry_points of > setup.py. > > I am very unsure if this is the right way if you want to teach a new comers > the joy of python. > > In the current context we want to translate a bunch of shell scripts to > python scripts. > > What do you think? > > Regards, > Thomas G?ttler > > > -- > Thomas Guettler http://www.thomas-guettler.de/ > _______________________________________________ > Tutor maillist - Tutor at python.org > To unsubscribe or change subscription options: > https://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor Do both. If you?re making a package, create a __main__.py file as well so your package is usable with `python -m somepackage`. On the other hand, if you?re making things more akin to shell scripts, using just entry_points makes stuff harder, because you need to install the code (and write a setup.py), as opposed to just putting the script somewhere in $PATH. -- Chris Warrick PGP: 5EAAEA16 From alan.gauld at yahoo.co.uk Tue Aug 1 14:47:42 2017 From: alan.gauld at yahoo.co.uk (Alan Gauld) Date: Tue, 1 Aug 2017 19:47:42 +0100 Subject: [Tutor] if __name__=='main' vs entry points: What to teach new comers? In-Reply-To: <2ff30c44-80ff-f17a-f399-596afb981381@thomas-guettler.de> References: <2ff30c44-80ff-f17a-f399-596afb981381@thomas-guettler.de> Message-ID: On 01/08/17 15:54, Thomas G?ttler wrote: > He asked me if "if __name__=='main':" is state of the art if you want > to translate a shell script to python. It all depends what you plan to do with the script. If you literally just want to translate a shell script such that it will always be executed directly then you don't even need an 'if name' clause, just hard code the script. But if you plan in writing some functions that could be reused by importing the script as a module then you really should use 'if main'... And if you intend to use your script only as a module you should still use 'if name'... but this time call a test function that runs some regression tests and/or demo code. But if you want to write a distributable package that users can install into their Python infrastructure then you should *additionally* create setup scripts with entry points etc. > you want to teach a new comers the joy of python. For a newcomer I'd ignore packaging for now and focus on the benefits of 'if name' over hard coding. One of the great things about Python is how insanely easy it is to create a file that can act as both a module and executable. That can be crazy complex in some other languages by comparison. -- Alan G Author of the Learn to Program web site http://www.alan-g.me.uk/ http://www.amazon.com/author/alan_gauld Follow my photo-blog on Flickr at: http://www.flickr.com/photos/alangauldphotos From dbosah at buffalo.edu Tue Aug 1 14:48:19 2017 From: dbosah at buffalo.edu (Daniel Bosah) Date: Tue, 1 Aug 2017 14:48:19 -0400 Subject: [Tutor] Python Daemons Message-ID: I'm following an online tutorial about threading. This is the code I've used so far: import socket import threading from queue import Queue print_lock = threading.Lock() target = 'pythonprogramming.net' def portscan(port): s = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM) try: con = s.connect((target,port)) # con for connect with print_lock: # if sucessful run with statement print 'port', port, 'is open' con.close() # closes connection except: pass #if it doesn't work pass the method def threader(): while True: worker = q.get() portscan(worker) q.task_done q = Queue() for x in range(30): t = threading.Thread(target = threader() #creates a thread, gets workers from q, set them to work on portscanning t.daemon() = True # want it to be a daemon t.start() #jobs = ports for worker in range(1,101): # port zero invalid port q.put(worker) # puts worker to work q.join() #waits till thread terminiates I don't know what a Daemon is, and I also don't know how to use it in Python 2.7. Apparently its built in Python 3, but I don't know how to use it in Python 2.7. Any help would be appreciated. From steve at pearwood.info Tue Aug 1 20:49:09 2017 From: steve at pearwood.info (Steven D'Aprano) Date: Wed, 2 Aug 2017 10:49:09 +1000 Subject: [Tutor] Python Daemons In-Reply-To: References: Message-ID: <20170802004909.GF3149@ando.pearwood.info> Hi Daniel, My responses below. On Tue, Aug 01, 2017 at 02:48:19PM -0400, Daniel Bosah wrote: > I'm following an online tutorial about threading. This is the code I've > used so far: Can you give us a link to the tutorial? [...] > def portscan(port): > s = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM) > try: > con = s.connect((target,port)) # con for connect > with print_lock: # if sucessful run with statement > print 'port', port, 'is open' > con.close() # closes connection > except: > pass #if it doesn't work pass the method I'm very concerned about that bare "except" line. I'm not absolutely saying that it is wrong, but in general bare excepts are a terrible idea. https://realpython.com/blog/python/the-most-diabolical-python-antipattern/ > def threader(): > while True: > worker = q.get() > portscan(worker) > q.task_done > q = Queue() > for x in range(30): > t = threading.Thread(target = threader() #creates a thread, gets > workers from q, set them to work on portscanning > t.daemon() = True # want it to be a daemon > t.start() > #jobs = ports > for worker in range(1,101): # port zero invalid port > q.put(worker) # puts worker to work > q.join() #waits till thread terminiates > > > I don't know what a Daemon is, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daemon_(computing) > and I also don't know how to use it in > Python 2.7. Apparently its built in Python 3, but I don't know how to use > it in Python 2.7. Any help would be appreciated. What happens when you try? -- Steve From steve at pearwood.info Tue Aug 1 20:56:08 2017 From: steve at pearwood.info (Steven D'Aprano) Date: Wed, 2 Aug 2017 10:56:08 +1000 Subject: [Tutor] How sum() works in python In-Reply-To: References: Message-ID: <20170802005606.GG3149@ando.pearwood.info> On Mon, Jul 31, 2017 at 11:06:18PM -0700, ramakrishna reddy wrote: > > sum([[1,2,3], [3,4,5]], []) returns [1, 2, 3, 3, 4, 5] [] + [1,2,3] + [3,4,5] returns [1, 2, 3, 3, 4, 5]. -- Steve From ben+python at benfinney.id.au Tue Aug 1 21:04:06 2017 From: ben+python at benfinney.id.au (Ben Finney) Date: Wed, 02 Aug 2017 11:04:06 +1000 Subject: [Tutor] Python Daemons References: Message-ID: <85y3r2rda1.fsf@benfinney.id.au> Daniel Bosah writes: > I'm following an online tutorial about threading. Can you point to it so we can understand your specific situation? > I don't know what a Daemon is The package ?python-daemon? is a library to build your program as a daemon . The referenced PEP describes what a daemon process is, and how the library provides what you need to implement a daemon process. > and I also don't know how to use it in Python 2.7. Apparently its > built in Python 3, but I don't know how to use it in Python 2.7. If you are learning Python, you should not use Python 2 unless there is no other option. Python 2 is on the way out ? it will stop receiving all support after 2020, and is already far behind Python 3. There are, of course, tutorials for Python 3 and threading. For example . > Any help would be appreciated. I hope that helps. -- \ ?The supreme vice is shallowness.? ?Oscar Wilde, _De | `\ Profundis_, 1897 | _o__) | Ben Finney From robertvstepp at gmail.com Tue Aug 1 21:06:58 2017 From: robertvstepp at gmail.com (boB Stepp) Date: Tue, 1 Aug 2017 20:06:58 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] What is meaning of "/" in "pow(x, y, z=None, /)"? Message-ID: I had typed help(pow) in the interpreter and got: py3: help(pow) Help on built-in function pow in module builtins: pow(x, y, z=None, /) Equivalent to x**y (with two arguments) or x**y % z (with three arguments) Some types, such as ints, are able to use a more efficient algorithm when invoked using the three argument form. A quick scan of some of my Python books does not turn up the use of "/" as a function argument. I have a nagging feeling I've read about this somewhere previously, but I cannot bring it to mind, and I have yet to stumble on a search that brings up an answer (Yet.). TIA! -- boB From steve at pearwood.info Tue Aug 1 21:10:54 2017 From: steve at pearwood.info (Steven D'Aprano) Date: Wed, 2 Aug 2017 11:10:54 +1000 Subject: [Tutor] if __name__=='main' vs entry points: What to teach new comers? In-Reply-To: <2ff30c44-80ff-f17a-f399-596afb981381@thomas-guettler.de> References: <2ff30c44-80ff-f17a-f399-596afb981381@thomas-guettler.de> Message-ID: <20170802011054.GH3149@ando.pearwood.info> On Tue, Aug 01, 2017 at 04:54:40PM +0200, Thomas G?ttler wrote: [...] > I use Python since several years and I use console_script in entry_points > of setup.py. What's console_script in entry_points of setup.py? In particular, what does that have to do with writing an executable script? setup.py is used for packaging Python code, so it can be distributed and installed easily. > I am very unsure if this is the right way if you want to teach a new comers > the joy of python. I think if you are teaching newcomers about packaging and setup.py, they will probably decide that Python is too complicated and hard to use. For beginners, the best way to write a script is to just put your code in a file with a hashbang line. #!/usr/local/bin/python3 print("Hello world!") chmod the file to executable, and the script is ready. For slightly more advanced use, move the script's executable code into a function, and test whether we're being imported or run as a script before calling the function: #!/usr/local/bin/python3 def main(): print("Hello world!") if __name__ = '__main__': main() This is considered best practice because it allows you to import the script for testing without the main() function automatically running. When Python imports your script, the special variable __name__ will be set to the name of the script. When Python executes the script, __name__ will be set to the literal string '__main__'. -- Steve From ben+python at benfinney.id.au Tue Aug 1 21:14:08 2017 From: ben+python at benfinney.id.au (Ben Finney) Date: Wed, 02 Aug 2017 11:14:08 +1000 Subject: [Tutor] What is meaning of "/" in "pow(x, y, z=None, /)"? References: Message-ID: <85tw1qrctb.fsf@benfinney.id.au> boB Stepp writes: > A quick scan of some of my Python books does not turn up the use of > "/" as a function argument. The appearance of this in Python's documentation and dfunction signature descriptions, without a clear description of what it means, is troubling. The best I can find is this informational draft PEP , which *proposes* it as syntax for some future Python. -- \ ?The process by which banks create money is so simple that the | `\ mind is repelled.? ?John Kenneth Galbraith, _Money: Whence It | _o__) Came, Where It Went_, 1975 | Ben Finney From steve at pearwood.info Tue Aug 1 21:15:35 2017 From: steve at pearwood.info (Steven D'Aprano) Date: Wed, 2 Aug 2017 11:15:35 +1000 Subject: [Tutor] What is meaning of "/" in "pow(x, y, z=None, /)"? In-Reply-To: References: Message-ID: <20170802011534.GI3149@ando.pearwood.info> On Tue, Aug 01, 2017 at 08:06:58PM -0500, boB Stepp wrote: > pow(x, y, z=None, /) > Equivalent to x**y (with two arguments) or x**y % z (with three arguments) It means that the arguments are positional-only, the names "x", "y" and "z" are for documentation purposes only. You cannot write: pow(x=2, y=3) but only pow(2, 3) > A quick scan of some of my Python books does not turn up the use of > "/" as a function argument. Its quite new. Up until recently, the documentation didn't distinguish between function parameters which can take optional keywords and those that can't. -- Steve From ben+python at benfinney.id.au Tue Aug 1 21:22:00 2017 From: ben+python at benfinney.id.au (Ben Finney) Date: Wed, 02 Aug 2017 11:22:00 +1000 Subject: [Tutor] if __name__=='main' vs entry points: What to teach new comers? References: <2ff30c44-80ff-f17a-f399-596afb981381@thomas-guettler.de> <20170802011054.GH3149@ando.pearwood.info> Message-ID: <85pocercg7.fsf@benfinney.id.au> Steven D'Aprano writes: > On Tue, Aug 01, 2017 at 04:54:40PM +0200, Thomas G?ttler wrote: > > [...] > > I use Python since several years and I use console_script in > > entry_points of setup.py. > > What's console_script in entry_points of setup.py? It is an advanced feature in Setuptools, that allows defining a function in the code base as the entry point for external use. The ?console_scripts? entry points tell Setuptools to, at installation time, create a wrapper script that invokes that function as a command-line program. > I think if you are teaching newcomers about packaging and setup.py, > they will probably decide that Python is too complicated and hard to > use. Also, if you are teaching packaging and you introduce Setuptools entry_points, they will probably decide that Setuptools is too complicated and hard to use. So I agree with Steven that teaching *newcomers to Python* how to use Setuptools entry points is far too advanced level. > For slightly more advanced use, move the script's executable code into > a function, and test whether we're being imported or run as a script > before calling the function: > > > #!/usr/local/bin/python3 > def main(): > print("Hello world!") > > if __name__ = '__main__': > main() That's the best, I agree. Teach them early on to put all functionality into functions, and (since the OP informs us these are accustomed to writing command-line programs) the ?if __name__ == '__main__'? idiom will be easy enough. They should definitely learn it from you, along with the admonition to *always* keep that block as small as possible. Better than learning the idiom independently later on, and cramming half their program into that block :-/ -- \ ?But it is permissible to make a judgment after you have | `\ examined the evidence. In some circles it is even encouraged.? | _o__) ?Carl Sagan, _The Burden of Skepticism_, 1987 | Ben Finney From ben+python at benfinney.id.au Tue Aug 1 21:25:34 2017 From: ben+python at benfinney.id.au (Ben Finney) Date: Wed, 02 Aug 2017 11:25:34 +1000 Subject: [Tutor] What is meaning of "/" in "pow(x, y, z=None, /)"? References: <20170802011534.GI3149@ando.pearwood.info> Message-ID: <85lgn2rca9.fsf@benfinney.id.au> Steven D'Aprano writes: > Its quite new. Up until recently, the documentation didn't distinguish > between function parameters which can take optional keywords and those > that can't. Where does the documentation describe this distinction? How is the reader, coming across a link to documentation for a function, expected to know what that symbol means in that context? I am dismayed that the documentation has gone from describing function signatures in Python syntax, to describing function signatures that don't have the expected effect in Python code. Python 3.6.2 (default, Jul 17 2017, 16:44:45) [GCC 4.2.1 Compatible Apple LLVM 8.1.0 (clang-802.0.42)] on darwin Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information. >>> def foo(lorem, /, ipsum): File "", line 1 def foo(lorem, /, ipsum): ^ SyntaxError: invalid syntax -- \ ?Ignorance more frequently begets confidence than does | `\ knowledge.? ?Charles Darwin, _The Descent of Man_, 1871 | _o__) | Ben Finney From robertvstepp at gmail.com Tue Aug 1 22:03:54 2017 From: robertvstepp at gmail.com (boB Stepp) Date: Tue, 1 Aug 2017 21:03:54 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] What is meaning of "/" in "pow(x, y, z=None, /)"? In-Reply-To: <85lgn2rca9.fsf@benfinney.id.au> References: <20170802011534.GI3149@ando.pearwood.info> <85lgn2rca9.fsf@benfinney.id.au> Message-ID: On Tue, Aug 1, 2017 at 8:25 PM, Ben Finney wrote: > Steven D'Aprano writes: > >> Its quite new. Up until recently, the documentation didn't distinguish >> between function parameters which can take optional keywords and those >> that can't. > > Where does the documentation describe this distinction? How is the > reader, coming across a link to documentation for a function, expected > to know what that symbol means in that context? I also would like to know where this is documented. The PEP Ben linked to in his first response (PEP 457) is what I had looked at some time in the past, but could not bring it to mind. I obviously failed the "expected to know ..." test, and I don't count myself a raw beginner in Python anymore. I imagine many would find the "/" puzzling, perhaps even more experienced Python programmers? > I am dismayed that the documentation has gone from describing function > signatures in Python syntax, to describing function signatures that > don't have the expected effect in Python code. > > Python 3.6.2 (default, Jul 17 2017, 16:44:45) > [GCC 4.2.1 Compatible Apple LLVM 8.1.0 (clang-802.0.42)] on darwin > Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information. > >>> def foo(lorem, /, ipsum): > File "", line 1 > def foo(lorem, /, ipsum): > ^ > SyntaxError: invalid syntax I gather from this example that "/" is *not* a syntactical element, but is instead meant to augment natural English explanation. Anyway, thanks very much Steve and Ben! -- boB From steve at pearwood.info Tue Aug 1 23:49:35 2017 From: steve at pearwood.info (Steven D'Aprano) Date: Wed, 2 Aug 2017 13:49:35 +1000 Subject: [Tutor] What is meaning of "/" in "pow(x, y, z=None, /)"? In-Reply-To: <85lgn2rca9.fsf@benfinney.id.au> References: <20170802011534.GI3149@ando.pearwood.info> <85lgn2rca9.fsf@benfinney.id.au> Message-ID: <20170802034935.GJ3149@ando.pearwood.info> On Wed, Aug 02, 2017 at 11:25:34AM +1000, Ben Finney wrote: > Steven D'Aprano writes: > > > Its quite new. Up until recently, the documentation didn't distinguish > > between function parameters which can take optional keywords and those > > that can't. > > Where does the documentation describe this distinction? How is the > reader, coming across a link to documentation for a function, expected > to know what that symbol means in that context? I don't know if it is already documented somewhere. I would have expected it to be listed in the Glossary under "parameter": https://docs.python.org/3/glossary.html#term-parameter but it isn't, even though positional-only parameters are listed. So that's a documentation bug. But in general, there are certain conventions which the reader is just expected to know as background knowledge. Such as "->" meaning the return result, and [...] used for optional arguments: Help on class range in module builtins: class range(object) | range(stop) -> range object | range(start, stop[, step]) -> range object That's from Python 3.5. But to prove this isn't a new issue, here's the start of the output of help(range) from Python 2.4: Help on built-in function range in module __builtin__: range(...) range([start,] stop[, step]) -> list of integers As far as I know, the [...] convention for optional arguments is not documented anywhere. > I am dismayed that the documentation has gone from describing function > signatures in Python syntax, to describing function signatures that > don't have the expected effect in Python code. That's not new. If a naive user writes: range(1, 10[, 2]) they will get a SyntaxError. For that matter, if a naive user writes: range(stop) they will probably get a NameError. A certain amount of domain knowledge has to be assumed. "/" as a parameter is currently reserved for future use, and doesn't work in Python functions created with def or lambda. But it can be added to the signature for functions written in C. -- Steve From steve at pearwood.info Tue Aug 1 23:51:39 2017 From: steve at pearwood.info (Steven D'Aprano) Date: Wed, 2 Aug 2017 13:51:39 +1000 Subject: [Tutor] if __name__=='main' vs entry points: What to teach new comers? In-Reply-To: <85pocercg7.fsf@benfinney.id.au> References: <2ff30c44-80ff-f17a-f399-596afb981381@thomas-guettler.de> <20170802011054.GH3149@ando.pearwood.info> <85pocercg7.fsf@benfinney.id.au> Message-ID: <20170802035138.GK3149@ando.pearwood.info> On Wed, Aug 02, 2017 at 11:22:00AM +1000, Ben Finney wrote: > Steven D'Aprano writes: > > > On Tue, Aug 01, 2017 at 04:54:40PM +0200, Thomas G?ttler wrote: > > > > [...] > > > I use Python since several years and I use console_script in > > > entry_points of setup.py. > > > > What's console_script in entry_points of setup.py? > > It is an advanced feature in Setuptools, that allows defining a function > in the code base as the entry point for external use. > > The ?console_scripts? entry points tell Setuptools to, at installation > time, create a wrapper script that invokes that function as a > command-line program. > > Thanks. Now that I have learned that, I shall do my best to forget it :-) -- Steve From steve at pearwood.info Tue Aug 1 23:58:34 2017 From: steve at pearwood.info (Steven D'Aprano) Date: Wed, 2 Aug 2017 13:58:34 +1000 Subject: [Tutor] Python Daemons In-Reply-To: <20170802010504.9DB6827A8BB8@smtp.buffalo.edu> References: <20170802010504.9DB6827A8BB8@smtp.buffalo.edu> Message-ID: <20170802035834.GL3149@ando.pearwood.info> On Tue, Aug 01, 2017 at 09:05:02PM -0400, dbosah wrote: > Also here's the link to the tutorial > https://youtu.be/WrtebUkUssc That is clearly marked as "Python 3 Programming Tutorial". Why are you using Python 2? When you have a problem, you won't know if the problem is with your code, or a difference between Python 2 and 3. You're just making a rod for your own back by using Python 2.7 with a 3 tutorial. Save yourself a lot of heartache and either stick to Python 2 tutorials or upgrade to Python 3. -- Steve From steve at pearwood.info Wed Aug 2 00:08:43 2017 From: steve at pearwood.info (Steven D'Aprano) Date: Wed, 2 Aug 2017 14:08:43 +1000 Subject: [Tutor] Python Daemons In-Reply-To: <20170802010333.C542A27A8B56@smtp.buffalo.edu> References: <20170802010333.C542A27A8B56@smtp.buffalo.edu> Message-ID: <20170802040842.GM3149@ando.pearwood.info> On Tue, Aug 01, 2017 at 09:03:30PM -0400, dbosah wrote: > It usually says that it's an error. Sorry, my crystal ball is at the shop being repaired and I don't know what "an error" means or how to fix it. Please COPY AND PASTE the full text of the error, starting with the line "Traceback" and ending with the error message. Don't summarise it, or re-type it from memory. The Python interpreter provides a lot of useful debugging information in these tracebacks. If you ignore it, and just say "An error occurred", it is impossible to tell what the error is and why it happened. Your code has over 20 lines in it. Assuming a minimum of ten things could go wrong with each line, that's 200 possible errors. At minimum. It is a waste of my time, and confusing for you, to try to guess which of those is the error, when you have the information right there in front of you. If you post the actual Traceback, we can help. If you don't, we can't. > And I'm still confused by the definition of a Daemon. Is there another > resource you know that I can look at to break it down even further? Have you tried googling for "daemon"? In summary, and Ben will correct me if I'm wrong, a daemon is a computer program that runs as a background task. If you come from Windows, think of your anti-virus scanner which scans every file when you double-click on it, before the file runs. That will probably be a daemon, or the closest equivalent. -- Steve From ben+python at benfinney.id.au Wed Aug 2 00:48:36 2017 From: ben+python at benfinney.id.au (Ben Finney) Date: Wed, 02 Aug 2017 14:48:36 +1000 Subject: [Tutor] Python Daemons References: <20170802010333.C542A27A8B56@smtp.buffalo.edu> <20170802040842.GM3149@ando.pearwood.info> Message-ID: <85wp6mpobf.fsf@benfinney.id.au> Steven D'Aprano writes: > On Tue, Aug 01, 2017 at 09:03:30PM -0400, dbosah wrote: (I am not seeing your replies in this forum, dbosah. Please address your replies to the mailing list ? not to an individual ? if you want the discussion to continue.) > > And I'm still confused by the definition of a Daemon. The term is intended to distinguish a daemon from a typical process. What understanding do you already have of a typical process on the operating system? Does the term ?process? mean anything? How about ?terminal?? If you don't have a solid understanding of that, the definition is unlikely to help because it's making distinctions below the level you're used to thinking about. Did the Wikipedia article help? > In summary, and Ben will correct me if I'm wrong, a daemon is a > computer program that runs as a background task. That's not wrong, but ?background task? is vague. I don't know what to assume about dbosah's understanding of processes to know how to help. I'd say: what characterises a daemon process is that it has no controlling terminal (it is ?detached? from the terminal that initiated it). -- \ ?As soon as we abandon our own reason, and are content to rely | `\ upon authority, there is no end to our troubles.? ?Bertrand | _o__) Russell, _Unpopular Essays_, 1950 | Ben Finney From eryksun at gmail.com Wed Aug 2 02:59:30 2017 From: eryksun at gmail.com (eryk sun) Date: Wed, 2 Aug 2017 06:59:30 +0000 Subject: [Tutor] What is meaning of "/" in "pow(x, y, z=None, /)"? In-Reply-To: References: Message-ID: On Wed, Aug 2, 2017 at 1:06 AM, boB Stepp wrote: > I had typed help(pow) in the interpreter and got: > > > py3: help(pow) > Help on built-in function pow in module builtins: > > pow(x, y, z=None, /) > Equivalent to x**y (with two arguments) or x**y % z (with three arguments) > > Some types, such as ints, are able to use a more efficient algorithm when > invoked using the three argument form. > > > A quick scan of some of my Python books does not turn up the use of > "/" as a function argument. I have a nagging feeling I've read about > this somewhere previously, but I cannot bring it to mind, and I have > yet to stumble on a search that brings up an answer (Yet.). We discussed this syntax several months ago: https://mail.python.org/pipermail/tutor/2017-February/thread.html#110344 From cs at cskk.id.au Tue Aug 1 21:40:20 2017 From: cs at cskk.id.au (Cameron Simpson) Date: Wed, 2 Aug 2017 11:40:20 +1000 Subject: [Tutor] Python Daemons In-Reply-To: References: Message-ID: <20170802014020.GA330@cskk.homeip.net> On 01Aug2017 14:48, Daniel Bosah wrote: >I'm following an online tutorial about threading. This is the code I've >used so far: In addition to the other replies, which mention the general computing "daemon" notion and the "python-daemon" library which aids making such python programs into well behaved daemons, I've got a couple of remarks about your code: [...] >def threader(): > while True: > worker = q.get() > portscan(worker) > q.task_done task_done is a method. So "q.task_done()". Your code will parse and run but the method will not get called; "q.task_done" with no brackets just mentioned the method without running it (sometimes a program wants to talk about a method or function but not call it right now). > t.daemon() = True # want it to be a daemon The Thread.daemon is a property, not a method. So you set it like this: t.daemon = True In the context of a thread, the daemon attribute implies that the daemon is a "worker" process, which does not need special shutdown. When your program ends, the Python runtime does not actually terminate until all _non_ damon Threads have finished. By marking a Thread as a daemon you're saying that its activity is not important after program exit. This is probably not the case for your tutorial task. Like others, I recommend learning Python 3. It is broadly the same language but it is current. Cheers, Cameron Simpson (formerly cs at zip.com.au) From arj.python at gmail.com Tue Aug 1 23:35:14 2017 From: arj.python at gmail.com (Abdur-Rahmaan Janhangeer) Date: Wed, 2 Aug 2017 07:35:14 +0400 Subject: [Tutor] if __name__=='main' vs entry points: What to teach new comers? In-Reply-To: References: <2ff30c44-80ff-f17a-f399-596afb981381@thomas-guettler.de> Message-ID: what difference do you make between python scripts and python code files? are codes relating to file manipulation called scripts? Abdur-Rahmaan Janhangeer, Mauritius abdurrahmaanjanhangeer.wordpress.com On 1 Aug 2017 22:48, "Alan Gauld via Tutor" wrote: > On 01/08/17 15:54, Thomas G?ttler wrote: > > > He asked me if "if __name__=='main':" is state of the art if you want > > to translate a shell script to python. > > It all depends what you plan to do with the script. > If you literally just want to translate a shell script such > that it will always be executed directly then you don't > even need an 'if name' clause, just hard code the script. > > But if you plan in writing some functions that could be > reused by importing the script as a module then you really > should use 'if main'... > > And if you intend to use your script only as a module > you should still use 'if name'... but this time call a > test function that runs some regression tests and/or > demo code. > > But if you want to write a distributable package that > users can install into their Python infrastructure then > you should *additionally* create setup scripts with > entry points etc. > > > you want to teach a new comers the joy of python. > > For a newcomer I'd ignore packaging for now and focus > on the benefits of 'if name' over hard coding. One of the > great things about Python is how insanely easy it is to > create a file that can act as both a module and > executable. That can be crazy complex in some other > languages by comparison. > > > -- > Alan G > Author of the Learn to Program web site > http://www.alan-g.me.uk/ > http://www.amazon.com/author/alan_gauld > Follow my photo-blog on Flickr at: > http://www.flickr.com/photos/alangauldphotos > > > _______________________________________________ > Tutor maillist - Tutor at python.org > To unsubscribe or change subscription options: > https://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor > From dbosah at buffalo.edu Tue Aug 1 21:05:02 2017 From: dbosah at buffalo.edu (dbosah) Date: Tue, 01 Aug 2017 21:05:02 -0400 Subject: [Tutor] Python Daemons Message-ID: <20170802010504.9DB6827A8BB8@smtp.buffalo.edu> Also here's the link to the tutorial https://youtu.be/WrtebUkUssc -------- Original message --------From: Steven D'Aprano Date: 8/1/17 8:49 PM (GMT-05:00) To: tutor at python.org Subject: Re: [Tutor] Python Daemons Hi Daniel, My responses below. On Tue, Aug 01, 2017 at 02:48:19PM -0400, Daniel Bosah wrote: > I'm following an online tutorial about threading. This is the code I've > used so far: Can you give us a link to the tutorial? [...] > def portscan(port): >???? s = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM) >???? try: >??????? con = s.connect((target,port)) # con for connect >??????? with print_lock: # if sucessful run with statement >?????????? print 'port', port, 'is open' >??????? con.close() # closes connection >???? except: >??????????? pass #if it doesn't work pass the method I'm very concerned about that bare "except" line. I'm not absolutely saying that it is wrong, but in general bare excepts are a terrible idea. https://realpython.com/blog/python/the-most-diabolical-python-antipattern/ > def threader(): >???? while True: >???????? worker = q.get() >???????? portscan(worker) >???????? q.task_done > q = Queue() > for x in range(30): >???? t = threading.Thread(target = threader() #creates a thread, gets > workers from q, set them to work on portscanning >???? t.daemon() = True # want it to be a daemon >???? t.start() >???? #jobs = ports > for worker in range(1,101): # port zero invalid port >???? q.put(worker) # puts worker to work > q.join() #waits till thread terminiates > > >???? I don't know what a Daemon is, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daemon_(computing) > and I also don't know how to use it in > Python 2.7. Apparently its built in Python 3, but? I don't know how to use > it in Python 2.7. Any help would be appreciated. What happens when you try? -- Steve _______________________________________________ Tutor maillist? -? Tutor at python.org To unsubscribe or change subscription options: https://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor From alan.gauld at yahoo.co.uk Wed Aug 2 05:14:47 2017 From: alan.gauld at yahoo.co.uk (Alan Gauld) Date: Wed, 2 Aug 2017 10:14:47 +0100 Subject: [Tutor] if __name__=='main' vs entry points: What to teach new comers? In-Reply-To: References: <2ff30c44-80ff-f17a-f399-596afb981381@thomas-guettler.de> Message-ID: On 02/08/17 04:35, Abdur-Rahmaan Janhangeer wrote: > what difference do you make between python scripts and python code files? > Not much. Scripts are a concept more than a defined term, they often refer to executable programs written in a "scripting language" - which is usually an interpreted language, like Python. Scripts traditionally coordinate the actions of other, external programs, but as scripting languages get more powerful they increasingly do all the work themselves. Code files covers any file containing code. Thus a script is a subset of code file since it contains code. But code files are not all executable, some are modules to be imported by other code files (including scripts). > are codes relating to file manipulation called scripts? Not necessarily. Scripts tend to be shorter, comparatively simple programs, similar to OS utilities. So they might manipulate files, or they may tweak environment or network settings etc. But some programs that manipulate files are much more complex than that (think of a web server) and would not normally be called scripts. But it is a very vague area, the naming of scripts, programs, applications, systems, modules, packages, libraries etc. There are no clear definitions of where one stops and the next begins. -- Alan G Author of the Learn to Program web site http://www.alan-g.me.uk/ http://www.amazon.com/author/alan_gauld Follow my photo-blog on Flickr at: http://www.flickr.com/photos/alangauldphotos From guettliml at thomas-guettler.de Wed Aug 2 05:00:48 2017 From: guettliml at thomas-guettler.de (=?UTF-8?Q?Thomas_G=c3=bcttler?=) Date: Wed, 2 Aug 2017 11:00:48 +0200 Subject: [Tutor] __main__.py file Was: if __name__=='main' vs entry points: What to teach new comers? In-Reply-To: References: <2ff30c44-80ff-f17a-f399-596afb981381@thomas-guettler.de> Message-ID: > Do both. If you?re making a package, create a __main__.py file as well > so your package is usable with `python -m somepackage`. On the other > hand, if you?re making things more akin to shell scripts, using just > entry_points makes stuff harder, because you need to install the code > (and write a setup.py), as opposed to just putting the script > somewhere in $PATH. > Up to now I never did this. Maybe I will do this in the future. thank you, Thomas G?ttler -- Thomas Guettler http://www.thomas-guettler.de/ From guettliml at thomas-guettler.de Wed Aug 2 05:03:05 2017 From: guettliml at thomas-guettler.de (=?UTF-8?Q?Thomas_G=c3=bcttler?=) Date: Wed, 2 Aug 2017 11:03:05 +0200 Subject: [Tutor] if __name__=='main' vs entry points: What to teach new comers? In-Reply-To: References: <2ff30c44-80ff-f17a-f399-596afb981381@thomas-guettler.de> Message-ID: Am 02.08.2017 um 05:35 schrieb Abdur-Rahmaan Janhangeer: > what difference do you make between python scripts and python code files? > > are codes relating to file manipulation called scripts? Do you ask this question all people on this list, or only one particular person? I don't know the difference between python scripts and python code files. Regards, thomas -- Thomas Guettler http://www.thomas-guettler.de/ From guettliml at thomas-guettler.de Wed Aug 2 05:06:37 2017 From: guettliml at thomas-guettler.de (=?UTF-8?Q?Thomas_G=c3=bcttler?=) Date: Wed, 2 Aug 2017 11:06:37 +0200 Subject: [Tutor] if __name__=='main' vs entry points: What to teach new comers? In-Reply-To: <20170802035138.GK3149@ando.pearwood.info> References: <2ff30c44-80ff-f17a-f399-596afb981381@thomas-guettler.de> <20170802011054.GH3149@ando.pearwood.info> <85pocercg7.fsf@benfinney.id.au> <20170802035138.GK3149@ando.pearwood.info> Message-ID: <636a8820-e374-7699-56a4-c8bc9a30da4a@thomas-guettler.de> Am 02.08.2017 um 05:51 schrieb Steven D'Aprano: > On Wed, Aug 02, 2017 at 11:22:00AM +1000, Ben Finney wrote: >> Steven D'Aprano writes: >> >>> On Tue, Aug 01, 2017 at 04:54:40PM +0200, Thomas G?ttler wrote: >>> >>> [...] >>>> I use Python since several years and I use console_script in >>>> entry_points of setup.py. >>> >>> What's console_script in entry_points of setup.py? >> >> It is an advanced feature in Setuptools, that allows defining a function >> in the code base as the entry point for external use. >> >> The ?console_scripts? entry points tell Setuptools to, at installation >> time, create a wrapper script that invokes that function as a >> command-line program. >> >> > > Thanks. > > Now that I have learned that, I shall do my best to forget it :-) Maybe I am doing something wrong. I was proud because I did use ?console_scripts? entry points. I thought this is the right way of doing it. Doing things the right way always makes my feel so very good :-) Regards, Thomas -- Thomas Guettler http://www.thomas-guettler.de/ From mats at wichmann.us Wed Aug 2 07:59:25 2017 From: mats at wichmann.us (Mats Wichmann) Date: Wed, 2 Aug 2017 05:59:25 -0600 Subject: [Tutor] What is meaning of "/" in "pow(x, y, z=None, /)"? In-Reply-To: <85tw1qrctb.fsf@benfinney.id.au> References: <85tw1qrctb.fsf@benfinney.id.au> Message-ID: <214f1cdf-9508-8055-6170-c3b27978f2be@wichmann.us> On 08/01/2017 07:14 PM, Ben Finney wrote: > boB Stepp writes: > >> A quick scan of some of my Python books does not turn up the use of >> "/" as a function argument. > > The appearance of this in Python's documentation and dfunction signature > descriptions, without a clear description of what it means, is > troubling. > > The best I can find is this informational draft PEP > , which *proposes* it as > syntax for some future Python. > Yes, this is kind of interesting. So it looks like it has been introduced internally to help with introspection, but has not been introduced in documentation. Old Python did this: >>> help(pow) pow(...) pow(x, y[, z]) -> number new Python does this: >>> pow(x, y, z=None, /) Documentation still says this: pow(x, y[, z]) While the PEP suggested standardizing on not only the end-of-positional-only parameters marker but also on the brackets to show optional positional-only parameters, apparently the implementation has not done the latter and has instead undone the brackets (at least in this example) and gone to a different syntax which looks like a keyword parameter but which you can infer is not because of the presence of the marker somewhere to its right. Fine. So now it looks like the old advice of "if in doubt, ask Python itself" should be tempered with "... although the response may use syntax that is not documented anywhere and might confuse you" Sorry, bad night, I shouldn't be sniping but it's hard to resist. From robertvstepp at gmail.com Wed Aug 2 08:30:26 2017 From: robertvstepp at gmail.com (boB Stepp) Date: Wed, 2 Aug 2017 07:30:26 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] What is meaning of "/" in "pow(x, y, z=None, /)"? In-Reply-To: References: Message-ID: On Wed, Aug 2, 2017 at 1:59 AM, eryk sun wrote: > On Wed, Aug 2, 2017 at 1:06 AM, boB Stepp wrote: >> A quick scan of some of my Python books does not turn up the use of >> "/" as a function argument. I have a nagging feeling I've read about >> this somewhere previously, but I cannot bring it to mind, and I have >> yet to stumble on a search that brings up an answer (Yet.). > > We discussed this syntax several months ago: > > https://mail.python.org/pipermail/tutor/2017-February/thread.html#110344 Heavy sigh. Thus why I felt I "had read about this". I guess this bit of knowledge did not stick very well! Studying Python off and on, then taking days, weeks or even months off before the next bit of studying is not an effective way to retain knowledge. But that's my life currently. Thanks, Eryk. -- boB From ben+python at benfinney.id.au Wed Aug 2 08:48:39 2017 From: ben+python at benfinney.id.au (Ben Finney) Date: Wed, 02 Aug 2017 22:48:39 +1000 Subject: [Tutor] if __name__=='main' vs entry points: What to teach new comers? References: <2ff30c44-80ff-f17a-f399-596afb981381@thomas-guettler.de> <20170802011054.GH3149@ando.pearwood.info> <85pocercg7.fsf@benfinney.id.au> <20170802035138.GK3149@ando.pearwood.info> <636a8820-e374-7699-56a4-c8bc9a30da4a@thomas-guettler.de> Message-ID: <85k22mp23c.fsf@benfinney.id.au> Thomas G?ttler writes: > Maybe I am doing something wrong. I was proud because I did use > ?console_scripts? entry points. Did someone lead you to believe it was wrong? Setuptools console_scripts entry points are a good tool. My point was that it is an *advanced* tool, difficult to use and also difficult to explain because the concepts are advanced. What's wrong is not that someone should learn and use this tool; what's wrong IMO is to introduce newcomers to use this tool as their first way to create command-line programs. > I thought this is the right way of doing it. Doing things the right > way always makes my feel so very good :-) Continue using Setuptools entry points with my blessing. -- \ ?Technology is neither good nor bad; nor is it neutral.? | `\ ?Melvin Kranzberg's First Law of Technology | _o__) | Ben Finney From steve at pearwood.info Wed Aug 2 10:57:41 2017 From: steve at pearwood.info (Steven D'Aprano) Date: Thu, 3 Aug 2017 00:57:41 +1000 Subject: [Tutor] if __name__=='main' vs entry points: What to teach new comers? In-Reply-To: <85k22mp23c.fsf@benfinney.id.au> References: <2ff30c44-80ff-f17a-f399-596afb981381@thomas-guettler.de> <20170802011054.GH3149@ando.pearwood.info> <85pocercg7.fsf@benfinney.id.au> <20170802035138.GK3149@ando.pearwood.info> <636a8820-e374-7699-56a4-c8bc9a30da4a@thomas-guettler.de> <85k22mp23c.fsf@benfinney.id.au> Message-ID: <20170802145741.GN3149@ando.pearwood.info> On Wed, Aug 02, 2017 at 10:48:39PM +1000, Ben Finney wrote: > Thomas G?ttler writes: > > > Maybe I am doing something wrong. I was proud because I did use > > ?console_scripts? entry points. > > Did someone lead you to believe it was wrong? Setuptools console_scripts > entry points are a good tool. > > My point was that it is an *advanced* tool, difficult to use and also > difficult to explain because the concepts are advanced. Can you explain the use-case for when somebody might want to use console_scripts entry points? I have a module with a main() function and an "if __name__ == ..." guard. Under what circumstances is that not sufficient, and I would want console_scripts? -- Steve From wolfgang.maier at biologie.uni-freiburg.de Wed Aug 2 12:06:24 2017 From: wolfgang.maier at biologie.uni-freiburg.de (Wolfgang Maier) Date: Wed, 2 Aug 2017 18:06:24 +0200 Subject: [Tutor] if __name__=='main' vs entry points: What to teach new comers? In-Reply-To: <20170802145741.GN3149@ando.pearwood.info> References: <2ff30c44-80ff-f17a-f399-596afb981381@thomas-guettler.de> <20170802011054.GH3149@ando.pearwood.info> <85pocercg7.fsf@benfinney.id.au> <20170802035138.GK3149@ando.pearwood.info> <636a8820-e374-7699-56a4-c8bc9a30da4a@thomas-guettler.de> <85k22mp23c.fsf@benfinney.id.au> <20170802145741.GN3149@ando.pearwood.info> Message-ID: On 08/02/2017 04:57 PM, Steven D'Aprano wrote: > On Wed, Aug 02, 2017 at 10:48:39PM +1000, Ben Finney wrote: >> Thomas G?ttler writes: >> >>> Maybe I am doing something wrong. I was proud because I did use >>> ?console_scripts? entry points. >> >> Did someone lead you to believe it was wrong? Setuptools console_scripts >> entry points are a good tool. >> >> My point was that it is an *advanced* tool, difficult to use and also >> difficult to explain because the concepts are advanced. > > Can you explain the use-case for when somebody might want to use > console_scripts entry points? > > I have a module with a main() function and an "if __name__ == ..." > guard. Under what circumstances is that not sufficient, and I would want > console_scripts? > If you install things using pip/setuptools and have defined a console_scripts entry point for it, then the corresponding wrapper script will be installed in whatever is considered the scripts directory at install time on that machine. With a bit of luck the entry point will thus be executable directly without any end-user intervention (like adding folders to $PATH and chmodding files). Personally, I always found it straightforward to write the wrapper script myself, then define this as a 'scripts' file in the package layout of my setup.py, but people's MMV. From tmrsg11 at gmail.com Wed Aug 2 15:01:31 2017 From: tmrsg11 at gmail.com (C W) Date: Wed, 2 Aug 2017 15:01:31 -0400 Subject: [Tutor] If tuple cannot be sorted, then why sorted() on a tuple is fine? Message-ID: Dear list, I am a little confused about why Tuple can be sorted. Suppose I have the following, > aTuple = (9, 3, 7, 5) > sorted(aTuple) [3, 5, 7, 9] Why is it ok to sort a the class tuple? If it is invariant by nature, then wouldn't applying a function on it yield an error? Thanks! From mats at wichmann.us Wed Aug 2 15:22:13 2017 From: mats at wichmann.us (Mats Wichmann) Date: Wed, 02 Aug 2017 13:22:13 -0600 Subject: [Tutor] If tuple cannot be sorted, then why sorted() on a tuple is fine? In-Reply-To: References: Message-ID: <86977F27-85E5-4246-8757-96407F3EC9BB@wichmann.us> it generated a new object, did not change the original. hint: notice the output is a list, not a tuple! On August 2, 2017 1:01:31 PM MDT, C W wrote: >Dear list, > >I am a little confused about why Tuple can be sorted. > >Suppose I have the following, > >> aTuple = (9, 3, 7, 5) >> sorted(aTuple) >[3, 5, 7, 9] > >Why is it ok to sort a the class tuple? If it is invariant by nature, >then >wouldn't applying a function on it yield an error? > >Thanks! >_______________________________________________ >Tutor maillist - Tutor at python.org >To unsubscribe or change subscription options: >https://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor -- Sent from my Android device with K-9 Mail. Please excuse my brevity. From boriscobizaro8 at gmail.com Wed Aug 2 15:53:05 2017 From: boriscobizaro8 at gmail.com (Borisco Bizaro) Date: Wed, 2 Aug 2017 12:53:05 -0700 Subject: [Tutor] Tutor Digest, Vol 161, Issue 42 Message-ID: I try this using loop but could not stop by pressing a key and could not give total price please help me On Jul 31, 2017 13:07, boriscobizaro8 at gmail.com wrote: print"\n welcome to progrom that print total price\n" a=int(input("enter the first price: ")) b=int(input ("enter another price: ")) c=int(input ("enter another price: ")) d=int(input ("enter another price: ")) f=int(input ("enter another price: ")) g=int(input ("enter another price: ")) h=int(input ("enter another price: ")) total=a+b+c+d+f+g+h print"\n totol",a+b+c+d+f+g+h print("\n\n press the o key to exit ") This is what I did but could not be able to used while loop On Jul 30, 2017 23:44, wrote: Send Tutor mailing list submissions to tutor at python.org To subscribe or unsubscribe via the World Wide Web, visit https://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor or, via email, send a message with subject or body 'help' to tutor-request at python.org You can reach the person managing the list at tutor-owner at python.org When replying, please edit your Subject line so it is more specific than "Re: Contents of Tutor digest..." Today's Topics: 1. Re: Tutor Digest, Vol 161, Issue 41 (Borisco Bizaro) 2. Re: Tutor Digest, Vol 161, Issue 41 (Alan Gauld) 3. Re: Tutor Digest, Vol 161, Issue 33 (Borisco Bizaro) ---------- Forwarded message ---------- From: Borisco Bizaro To: tutor at python.org Cc: Bcc: Date: Sun, 30 Jul 2017 11:50:22 -0700 Subject: Re: [Tutor] Tutor Digest, Vol 161, Issue 41 Please I have been ask to write python code that ask user to enter a price continuetly until key press to and give the total amount of price I have enter using while loop I don't know how to go about it,please help me On Jul 29, 2017 17:00, wrote: > Send Tutor mailing list submissions to > tutor at python.org > > To subscribe or unsubscribe via the World Wide Web, visit > https://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor > or, via email, send a message with subject or body 'help' to > tutor-request at python.org > > You can reach the person managing the list at > tutor-owner at python.org > > When replying, please edit your Subject line so it is more specific > than "Re: Contents of Tutor digest..." > > Today's Topics: > > 1. Installing NUMPY (David Torres) > > > ---------- Forwarded message ---------- > From: David Torres > To: tutor at python.org > Cc: > Bcc: > Date: Fri, 28 Jul 2017 15:10:53 -0500 > Subject: [Tutor] Installing NUMPY > Hello, > I am having trouble executing a scripty that imports numpy. I have a > feeling its because I had an old version of Numpy when I was using python > 2.7. I am now using Pyhton 3X and I am getting the following error when I > execute the program::: > > > ImportError: > Importing the multiarray numpy extension module failed. Most > likely you are trying to import a failed build of numpy. > If you're working with a numpy git repo, try `git clean -xdf` (removes all > files not under version control). Otherwise reinstall numpy. > > Original error was: DLL load failed: The specified procedure could not be > found. > > > > Please let me know if we can email each other or call. I would appreciate > your help, I am very desperate! Thanks > David A. Torres > GitHub : https://github.com/dav1dt0rres > -Man lives like a robot: mechanically efficient, but with no awareness. > Department of Computer Science > > > > Department of Mathematics > Department of Economics > > > _______________________________________________ > Tutor maillist - Tutor at python.org > https://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor > > ---------- Forwarded message ---------- From: Alan Gauld To: tutor at python.org Cc: Bcc: Date: Sun, 30 Jul 2017 23:40:57 +0100 Subject: Re: [Tutor] Tutor Digest, Vol 161, Issue 41 On 30/07/17 19:50, Borisco Bizaro wrote: > Please I have been ask to write python code that ask user to enter a price > continuetly until key press to and give the total amount of price I have > enter using while loop I don't know how to go about it First of all, please do not send the whole digest to the list - some people pay by the byte and we've all seen it already. Second, we solve programming challenges by breaking them down into small parts and solving each part. Third we don't do homework for you, but we can point you in the right direction. So, looking at your problem... > ...write python code that ask user to enter a price Do you know how to do that bit? get the usr to enter a price and store (or print) the value? > continuetly until key press We'll come back to this. > to and give the total amount of price Do you know how to get the total of a list of prices? For exanmple if I say prices = [12, 13.00, 24.50. 17. 5.30] Can you print the total of prices? > enter using while loop This ties in with the earlier requirement: > enter using while loop > continuously until key press Lets assume the "keypress" is 0. Do you know how to write a while loop that terminates when an input value is 0? Let us know the answers and we can point you a little further towards solving the problem. -- Alan G Author of the Learn to Program web site http://www.alan-g.me.uk/ http://www.amazon.com/author/alan_gauld Follow my photo-blog on Flickr at: http://www.flickr.com/photos/alangauldphotos ---------- Forwarded message ---------- From: Borisco Bizaro To: tutor at python.org Cc: Bcc: Date: Sun, 30 Jul 2017 15:36:07 -0700 Subject: Re: [Tutor] Tutor Digest, Vol 161, Issue 33 Please I have been ask to write python code that ask user to enter a price continuetly until key press to and give the total amount of price I have enter using while loop I don't know how to go about it,please help me This is what I have done, untitled a=1 b=2 while a wrote: > Send Tutor mailing list submissions to > tutor at python.org > > To subscribe or unsubscribe via the World Wide Web, visit > https://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor > or, via email, send a message with subject or body 'help' to > tutor-request at python.org > > You can reach the person managing the list at > tutor-owner at python.org > > When replying, please edit your Subject line so it is more specific > than "Re: Contents of Tutor digest..." > > Today's Topics: > > 1. Fwd: Re: Python Help (Alan Gauld) > 2. Fwd: Re: Python Help (Alan Gauld) > 3. Python3 Help (Brandon Anderson) > 4. class newbie (Michael C) > > > ---------- Forwarded message ---------- > From: Alan Gauld > To: tutor > Cc: > Bcc: > Date: Sun, 23 Jul 2017 21:45:45 +0100 > Subject: [Tutor] Fwd: Re: Python Help > > Forwarding to list, > please use ReplyAll or ReplyList when responding to the list. > > > -------- Forwarded Message -------- > > I also tried the correct command for the mac ox s in terminal shell, > running: > > Jims-MacBook-Pro-2:~ Jim$ > PYTHONPATH="/Users/Jim/Documents/illustris_python:$PYTHONPATH > > > export PYTHONPATH > > > no error messages there but it is still not finding the module through > python. > > Winonah > > > On Sun, Jul 23, 2017 at 1:34 PM, Winonah Ojanen > wrote: > > I did use the pip command and am attempting to add the files to my > python path. I used > import sys > sys.path.append("/Users/Jim/Documents/illustris_python") > > and that worked. I even checked to make sure the files were there > > > import sys > print (sys.path) > > ['', '/Users/Jim/anaconda/lib/python36.zip', > '/Users/Jim/anaconda/lib/python3.6', > '/Users/Jim/anaconda/lib/python3.6/lib-dynload', > '/Users/Jim/anaconda/lib/python3.6/site-packages', > '/Users/Jim/anaconda/lib/python3.6/site-packages/ > Sphinx-1.5.6-py3.6.egg', > '/Users/Jim/anaconda/lib/python3.6/site-packages/aeosa', > '/Users/Jim/anaconda/lib/python3.6/site-packages/ > setuptools-27.2.0-py3.6.egg', > '/Users/Jim/anaconda/lib/python3.6/site-packages/IPython/extensions', > '/Users/Jim/.ipython', 'Users/Jim/Documents/illustris_python'] > > the file is clearly there but when i try to do import > illustris_python as il it still can't find the module. > > > Note that only shows the folder is in the path. > > What does an 'ls' listing reveal as to the contents of the folder? > Is there a file called illustris_python.py? or maybe illustris_python.pyc? > > > > I also figured that I need to manually export to python path so i > tried: > export PYTHONPATH=$PYTHONPATH:/Users/Jim/Documents/illustris_python/ > File "", line 1 > export PYTHONPATH=$PYTHONPATH:/Users/Jim/Documents/illustris_ > python/ > ^ > SyntaxError: invalid syntax > > I got invalid syntax... using a mac os x > > I tried typing in terminal open .bash_profile and telling it to > export the python path in there like some others recommended but in > terminal it is giving me an error message for that... it must not be > the right command for the shell. > > Winonah > > On Sat, Jul 22, 2017 at 9:34 PM, Cameron Simpson > wrote: > > On 23Jul2017 00:20, Alan Gauld > wrote: > > On 22/07/17 19:14, Winonah Ojanen wrote: > > using python with anaconda in jupiter notebook. However, > I am having > > > Usual caveat: The tutor list is targeted at the standard > library > so any help for non standard library modules is best sought > from > the library support fora. In this case that includes the > SciPy forum > and any illustris one. > > > Though arguably the OP's problem is an import issue, not really > module specific. > > That having been said, I'll take a guess... > > $ mkdir Illustris-3 > $ mkdir Illustris-3/groups_135 > > Are these folders in your PYTHONPATH? If not Python will not > find them. > > import illustris_python as il > ------------------------------ > --------------------------------------------- > ModuleNotFoundError Traceback > (most recent call last) > > > The OP cded into the new dir; I'd normally expect things to be > found if the module was a local file/dir. However... > > For some reason the computer is not recognizing this as > a file on my > computer. The CCA folks says this is a coding problem > and not an illustris > problem. any ideas to get me past this? I may also need > help getting > farther into the download process. > > > I just ran the OP's download command: > > wget -nd -nc -nv -e robots=off -l 1 -r -A hdf5 > --content-disposition --header="API-Key: > d522db2e1b33e36d3b365cc9ac1c2c5d" > "http://www.illustris-project.org/api/Illustris-3/files/ > groupcat-135/?format=api > groupcat-135/?format=api>" > > This doesn't seem to download any Python code at all. It does > get a couple of HDF files, presumably with data to work with. > > So the issue is initially that the module isn't present > anywhere. Looking at the instructions cited > >, they > only cover fetching som data and working; they presume the > software is already present. I don't immediately see actual > software installation instructions, and it is not presented in > PyPI. > > Most like the OP will have to install the software directly from: > > https://bitbucket.org/illustris/illustris_python > > > This command: > > hg clone > https://bitbucket.org/illustris/stris_pythonillustris_python > > > should produce an "illustris_python" in the current directory, > and then her import command will find it. > > However, there are other prerequisites. This pip command: > > pip install h5py numpy > > seems to resolve them. The OP will need to use Python 2 because > the module seems to rely on a relative import (for its "util.py" > file). > > Cheers, > Cameron Simpson > > > _______________________________________________ > Tutor maillist - Tutor at python.org > To unsubscribe or change subscription options: > https://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor > > > > > > > > ---------- Forwarded message ---------- > From: Alan Gauld > To: tutor > Cc: > Bcc: > Date: Sun, 23 Jul 2017 21:42:26 +0100 > Subject: [Tutor] Fwd: Re: Python Help > Forwarding to list > > > > -------- Forwarded Message -------- > > I did use the pip command and am attempting to add the files to my > python path. I used > import sys > sys.path.append("/Users/Jim/Documents/illustris_python") > > and that worked. I even checked to make sure the files were there > > > import sys > print (sys.path) > > ['', '/Users/Jim/anaconda/lib/python36.zip', > '/Users/Jim/anaconda/lib/python3.6', > '/Users/Jim/anaconda/lib/python3.6/lib-dynload', > '/Users/Jim/anaconda/lib/python3.6/site-packages', > '/Users/Jim/anaconda/lib/python3.6/site-packages/Sphinx-1.5.6-py3.6.egg', > '/Users/Jim/anaconda/lib/python3.6/site-packages/aeosa', > '/Users/Jim/anaconda/lib/python3.6/site-packages/ > setuptools-27.2.0-py3.6.egg', > '/Users/Jim/anaconda/lib/python3.6/site-packages/IPython/extensions', > '/Users/Jim/.ipython', 'Users/Jim/Documents/illustris_python'] > > the file is clearly there but when i try to do import illustris_python > as il it still can't find the module. > > I also figured that I need to manually export to python path so i tried: > export PYTHONPATH=$PYTHONPATH:/Users/Jim/Documents/illustris_python/ > File "", line 1 > export PYTHONPATH=$PYTHONPATH:/Users/Jim/Documents/illustris_python/ > ^ > SyntaxError: invalid syntax > > I got invalid syntax... using a mac os x > > I tried typing in terminal open .bash_profile and telling it to export > the python path in there like some others recommended but in terminal it > is giving me an error message for that... it must not be the right > command for the shell. > > Winonah > > On Sat, Jul 22, 2017 at 9:34 PM, Cameron Simpson > wrote: > > On 23Jul2017 00:20, Alan Gauld > wrote: > > On 22/07/17 19:14, Winonah Ojanen wrote: > > using python with anaconda in jupiter notebook. However, I > am having > > > Usual caveat: The tutor list is targeted at the standard library > so any help for non standard library modules is best sought from > the library support fora. In this case that includes the SciPy > forum > and any illustris one. > > > Though arguably the OP's problem is an import issue, not really > module specific. > > That having been said, I'll take a guess... > > $ mkdir Illustris-3 > $ mkdir Illustris-3/groups_135 > > Are these folders in your PYTHONPATH? If not Python will not > find them. > > import illustris_python as il > ------------------------------------------------------------ > --------------- > ModuleNotFoundError Traceback (most > recent call last) > > > The OP cded into the new dir; I'd normally expect things to be found > if the module was a local file/dir. However... > > For some reason the computer is not recognizing this as a > file on my > computer. The CCA folks says this is a coding problem and > not an illustris > problem. any ideas to get me past this? I may also need help > getting > farther into the download process. > > > I just ran the OP's download command: > > wget -nd -nc -nv -e robots=off -l 1 -r -A hdf5 > --content-disposition --header="API-Key: > d522db2e1b33e36d3b365cc9ac1c2c5d" > "http://www.illustris-project.org/api/Illustris-3/files/ > groupcat-135/?format=api > groupcat-135/?format=api>" > > This doesn't seem to download any Python code at all. It does get a > couple of HDF files, presumably with data to work with. > > So the issue is initially that the module isn't present anywhere. > Looking at the instructions cited > >, they only > cover fetching som data and working; they presume the software is > already present. I don't immediately see actual software > installation instructions, and it is not presented in PyPI. > > Most like the OP will have to install the software directly from: > > https://bitbucket.org/illustris/illustris_python > > > This command: > > hg clone > https://bitbucket.org/illustris/stris_pythonillustris_python > > > should produce an "illustris_python" in the current directory, and > then her import command will find it. > > However, there are other prerequisites. This pip command: > > pip install h5py numpy > > seems to resolve them. The OP will need to use Python 2 because the > module seems to rely on a relative import (for its "util.py" file). > > Cheers, > Cameron Simpson > > > _______________________________________________ > Tutor maillist - Tutor at python.org > To unsubscribe or change subscription options: > https://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor > > > > > > > ---------- Forwarded message ---------- > From: Brandon Anderson > To: tutor at python.org > Cc: > Bcc: > Date: Sun, 23 Jul 2017 16:19:41 -0700 > Subject: [Tutor] Python3 Help > Hello! > > 1. I have Python3 installed on my 2017 MacBook Pro. I know that it is > successfully installed because, when I enter ?Python3? into my terminal, > I get the following message: > > Python 3.6.2 (v3.6.2:5fd33b5926, Jul 16 2017, 20:11:06) > [GCC 4.2.1 (Apple Inc. build 5666) (dot 3)] on darwin > Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more > information. > > 2. I?m trying to locate the directory path to where Python3 is located on > my system, but when I enter > the following command: > $ type -a python3 > > I get: > -bash: $: command not found > > My understanding is that the command should have provided me with > the path to Python3 is located on my system. > > 3. How do I determine why I?m getting the ?error? command, instead of the > directory location of Python3. > I need the location in order to setup my Text Editor to execute > Python3 commands. > > Thank you in advance. > > Brandon Anderson > (510) 468-0154 > brandonanderson at icloud.com > > > ---------- Forwarded message ---------- > From: Michael C > To: python tutor > Cc: > Bcc: > Date: Sun, 23 Jul 2017 13:24:49 -0700 > Subject: [Tutor] class newbie > class mahschool: > def print(): > print('Say something') > > > a = mahschool() > > a.print() > > > > With this, I get this error: > > Traceback (most recent call last): > File "test.py", line 8, in > a.print() > TypeError: print() takes 0 positional arguments but 1 was given > > > What did I do wrong? > > Thanks! > > > _______________________________________________ > Tutor maillist - Tutor at python.org > https://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor > > _______________________________________________ Tutor maillist - Tutor at python.org https://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor From alan.gauld at yahoo.co.uk Wed Aug 2 16:07:00 2017 From: alan.gauld at yahoo.co.uk (Alan Gauld) Date: Wed, 2 Aug 2017 21:07:00 +0100 Subject: [Tutor] If tuple cannot be sorted, then why sorted() on a tuple is fine? In-Reply-To: References: Message-ID: On 02/08/17 20:01, C W wrote: > I am a little confused about why Tuple can be sorted. > > Suppose I have the following, > >> aTuple = (9, 3, 7, 5) >> sorted(aTuple) > [3, 5, 7, 9] sorted() returns a new object. The original tuple has not been changed - print aTuple to confirm this. HTH -- Alan G Author of the Learn to Program web site http://www.alan-g.me.uk/ http://www.amazon.com/author/alan_gauld Follow my photo-blog on Flickr at: http://www.flickr.com/photos/alangauldphotos From eryksun at gmail.com Wed Aug 2 17:25:20 2017 From: eryksun at gmail.com (eryk sun) Date: Wed, 2 Aug 2017 21:25:20 +0000 Subject: [Tutor] if __name__=='main' vs entry points: What to teach new comers? In-Reply-To: References: <2ff30c44-80ff-f17a-f399-596afb981381@thomas-guettler.de> <20170802011054.GH3149@ando.pearwood.info> <85pocercg7.fsf@benfinney.id.au> <20170802035138.GK3149@ando.pearwood.info> <636a8820-e374-7699-56a4-c8bc9a30da4a@thomas-guettler.de> <85k22mp23c.fsf@benfinney.id.au> <20170802145741.GN3149@ando.pearwood.info> Message-ID: On Wed, Aug 2, 2017 at 4:06 PM, Wolfgang Maier wrote: > On 08/02/2017 04:57 PM, Steven D'Aprano wrote: > >> I have a module with a main() function and an "if __name__ == ..." >> guard. Under what circumstances is that not sufficient, and I would want >> console_scripts? > > If you install things using pip/setuptools and have defined a > console_scripts entry point for it, then the corresponding wrapper > script will be installed in whatever is considered the scripts directory > at install time on that machine. With a bit of luck the entry point will > thus be executable directly without any end-user intervention (like > adding folders to $PATH and chmodding files). > Personally, I always found it straightforward to write the wrapper > script myself, then define this as a 'scripts' file in the package > layout of my setup.py, but people's MMV. For Windows, using frozen executables is preferred because CreateProcess doesn't support shebangs. setuptools freezes entry-point scripts with one of the following stub executables: console_scripts (cli-32.exe, cli-64.exe) and gui_scripts (gui-32.exe, gui-64.exe). Actually, it's better to create and install a wheel package, for which pip uses the newer stubs from distlib: console_scripts (t32.exe, t64.exe) and gui_scripts (w32.exe, w64.exe). Most Python 3 installations on Windows have at least two entry-point scripts: pip.exe and easy_install.exe. From alan.gauld at yahoo.co.uk Wed Aug 2 19:00:25 2017 From: alan.gauld at yahoo.co.uk (Alan Gauld) Date: Thu, 3 Aug 2017 00:00:25 +0100 Subject: [Tutor] Loop problem (was: Re: Tutor Digest, Vol 161, Issue 42) In-Reply-To: References: Message-ID: On 02/08/17 20:53, Borisco Bizaro wrote: > I try this using loop but could not stop by pressing a key and could not > give total price please help me It would help if you showed us the code you wrote with the loop. Its difficult to guess what you did wrong when we can't see it. > print"\n welcome to progrom that print total price\n" > a=int(input("enter the first price: ")) > b=int(input ("enter another price: ")) > c=int(input ("enter another price: ")) > d=int(input ("enter another price: ")) > f=int(input ("enter another price: ")) > g=int(input ("enter another price: ")) > h=int(input ("enter another price: ")) > total=a+b+c+d+f+g+h Here is a hint... You could collect the prices in a list then use sum() to get the total. Then your loop only needs to read a value and append() it to the list. break out of the loop if the user enters 0, or -1, or whatever you want to stop it. > print"\n totol",a+b+c+d+f+g+h > print("\n\n press the o key to exit ") Notice one print uses parentheses, the other doesn't. Which version of Python are you using? Its better if you stick to one form or the other as appropriate to your Python version. > This is what I did but could not be able to used while loop > On Jul 30, 2017 23:44, wrote: > > Send Tutor mailing list submissions to > tutor at python.org > Please delete the digest material (it wastes bandwidth and costs some folks money) and change the subject line to something hewlpful, as suggested here... > When replying, please edit your Subject line so it is more specific > than "Re: Contents of Tutor digest..." > -- Alan G Author of the Learn to Program web site http://www.alan-g.me.uk/ http://www.amazon.com/author/alan_gauld Follow my photo-blog on Flickr at: http://www.flickr.com/photos/alangauldphotos From alan.gauld at alan-g.me.uk Wed Aug 2 19:09:09 2017 From: alan.gauld at alan-g.me.uk (Alan Gauld) Date: Thu, 3 Aug 2017 00:09:09 +0100 Subject: [Tutor] The results of your email commands In-Reply-To: References:

<2ff0f9ac-a379-ad25-8b0d-6dccb0592a17@alan-g.me.uk> Message-ID: I'[ve CCd the list, please use ReplyAll when responding to the list. On 02/08/17 22:13, Borisco Bizaro wrote: > Hi,am try to write a code that take input from user continuently > until key press it stop and give total amount user enter. > while True: > input ("enter another price :") > print"\n\n press 0 key to stop" The last line should probably be before the loop. You need to store the value somewhere, probably in a list of prices. Also you need to convert the input value to a number, probably a float in this case(although for a real system you'd probably use a Decimal or a multiplied integer for money.) You also need to check the value before you store it to see if its the last value (ie "0"). Something like value = input(....) if value == "0": break try: prices.append(float(value)) except ValueError: print "you need a number" -- Alan G Author of the Learn to Program web site http://www.alan-g.me.uk/ http://www.amazon.com/author/alan_gauld Follow my photo-blog on Flickr at: http://www.flickr.com/photos/alangauldphotos From tmrsg11 at gmail.com Wed Aug 2 21:32:43 2017 From: tmrsg11 at gmail.com (C W) Date: Wed, 2 Aug 2017 21:32:43 -0400 Subject: [Tutor] If tuple cannot be sorted, then why sorted() on a tuple is fine? In-Reply-To: References: Message-ID: As pointed out by someone else, ?sorted sorted(iterable, key=None, reverse=False) It seems like the only requirement is iterable. I guess tuple is iterable, so, it doesn't break the assumption that tuple is immutable. That's what I see, am I right in that? Thanks! On Wed, Aug 2, 2017 at 4:07 PM, Alan Gauld via Tutor wrote: > On 02/08/17 20:01, C W wrote: > > > I am a little confused about why Tuple can be sorted. > > > > Suppose I have the following, > > > >> aTuple = (9, 3, 7, 5) > >> sorted(aTuple) > > [3, 5, 7, 9] > > sorted() returns a new object. > The original tuple has not been changed > - print aTuple to confirm this. > > HTH > -- > Alan G > Author of the Learn to Program web site > http://www.alan-g.me.uk/ > http://www.amazon.com/author/alan_gauld > Follow my photo-blog on Flickr at: > http://www.flickr.com/photos/alangauldphotos > > > _______________________________________________ > Tutor maillist - Tutor at python.org > To unsubscribe or change subscription options: > https://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor > From arj.python at gmail.com Thu Aug 3 06:05:05 2017 From: arj.python at gmail.com (Abdur-Rahmaan Janhangeer) Date: Thu, 3 Aug 2017 14:05:05 +0400 Subject: [Tutor] The results of your email commands In-Reply-To: References:

<2ff0f9ac-a379-ad25-8b0d-6dccb0592a17@alan-g.me.uk>

Message-ID: me i cooked up : [warning : see code above better but i did it a bit differently] x = True sum = 0 while (x==True): a = input("input:") if a =="exit": x=False try: sum += float(a) except: pass print("sum :",sum) On Thu, Aug 3, 2017 at 3:09 AM, Alan Gauld wrote: > I'[ve CCd the list, please use ReplyAll when responding to the list. > > > On 02/08/17 22:13, Borisco Bizaro wrote: > > Hi,am try to write a code that take input from user continuently > > until key press it stop and give total amount user enter. > > > while True: > > input ("enter another price :") > > print"\n\n press 0 key to stop" > > The last line should probably be before the loop. > > You need to store the value somewhere, probably in a list > of prices. > > Also you need to convert the input value to a number, probably > a float in this case(although for a real system you'd probably > use a Decimal or a multiplied integer for money.) > > You also need to check the value before you store it to see > if its the last value (ie "0"). Something like > > value = input(....) > if value == "0": break > try: prices.append(float(value)) > except ValueError: print "you need a number" > > > -- > Alan G > Author of the Learn to Program web site > http://www.alan-g.me.uk/ > http://www.amazon.com/author/alan_gauld > Follow my photo-blog on Flickr at: > http://www.flickr.com/photos/alangauldphotos > > _______________________________________________ > Tutor maillist - Tutor at python.org > To unsubscribe or change subscription options: > https://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor > From bandagunda at hotmail.com Thu Aug 3 07:22:20 2017 From: bandagunda at hotmail.com (banda gunda) Date: Thu, 3 Aug 2017 11:22:20 +0000 Subject: [Tutor] file move with wait period Message-ID: Dear tutors, I am interested to move a set of files, periodically, from source_folder to dest_folder. source_folder receives processed files from a ?decompressing program?. The files are deposited from the ?decompressing program? at periodic random intervals. Furthermore some of the files dropped in the source_folder are large, of typical size 800MB. These files take time before it is completely deposited in the source_folder. I could use shutil.move (source_folder, dest_folder). But then how? The frequency of moving files from source_folder to dest_folder is flexible. It could be once in 15 minutes (or even lengthier). Challenge for me: How could the code include the wait statement to make sure that the file in the source_folder is completely formed before attempting to move to dest_folder? Thanks in advance for your comments/guidance. Best, Kumar. + From guettliml at thomas-guettler.de Thu Aug 3 03:52:26 2017 From: guettliml at thomas-guettler.de (=?UTF-8?Q?Thomas_G=c3=bcttler?=) Date: Thu, 3 Aug 2017 09:52:26 +0200 Subject: [Tutor] setup.py "script" vs "console_scripts" Was: if __name__=='main' vs entry points: What to teach new comers? In-Reply-To: References: <2ff30c44-80ff-f17a-f399-596afb981381@thomas-guettler.de> <20170802011054.GH3149@ando.pearwood.info> <85pocercg7.fsf@benfinney.id.au> <20170802035138.GK3149@ando.pearwood.info> <636a8820-e374-7699-56a4-c8bc9a30da4a@thomas-guettler.de> <85k22mp23c.fsf@benfinney.id.au> <20170802145741.GN3149@ando.pearwood.info> Message-ID: <0ebe0137-61ab-04ea-90b2-b9dc34761324@thomas-guettler.de> Am 02.08.2017 um 18:06 schrieb Wolfgang Maier: > On 08/02/2017 04:57 PM, Steven D'Aprano wrote: >> On Wed, Aug 02, 2017 at 10:48:39PM +1000, Ben Finney wrote: >>> Thomas G?ttler writes: >>> >>>> Maybe I am doing something wrong. I was proud because I did use >>>> ?console_scripts? entry points. >>> >>> Did someone lead you to believe it was wrong? Setuptools console_scripts >>> entry points are a good tool. >>> >>> My point was that it is an *advanced* tool, difficult to use and also >>> difficult to explain because the concepts are advanced. >> >> Can you explain the use-case for when somebody might want to use >> console_scripts entry points? >> >> I have a module with a main() function and an "if __name__ == ..." >> guard. Under what circumstances is that not sufficient, and I would want >> console_scripts? >> > > If you install things using pip/setuptools and have defined a > console_scripts entry point for it, then the corresponding wrapper > script will be installed in whatever is considered the scripts directory > at install time on that machine. With a bit of luck the entry point will > thus be executable directly without any end-user intervention (like > adding folders to $PATH and chmodding files). > Personally, I always found it straightforward to write the wrapper > script myself, then define this as a 'scripts' file in the package > layout of my setup.py, but people's MMV. I was not aware of "scripts" in setup.py. But I found docs: http://python-packaging.readthedocs.io/en/latest/command-line-scripts.html Why are there two ways: "script" vs "console_scripts entry-point"? Regards, Thomas -- Thomas Guettler http://www.thomas-guettler.de/ From alan.gauld at yahoo.co.uk Thu Aug 3 12:21:24 2017 From: alan.gauld at yahoo.co.uk (Alan Gauld) Date: Thu, 3 Aug 2017 17:21:24 +0100 Subject: [Tutor] The results of your email commands In-Reply-To: References:

<2ff0f9ac-a379-ad25-8b0d-6dccb0592a17@alan-g.me.uk>

Message-ID: On 03/08/17 11:05, Abdur-Rahmaan Janhangeer wrote: > me i cooked up :... Yes that works too, especially if you don;t need access to the individual prices later. There are a couple of things to make it more Pythonic... > x = True > sum = 0 > > while (x==True): > a = input("input:") > if a =="exit": > x=False You could replace that with sum = 0 while True: a = input("input:") if a =="exit": break # exit the loop and > try: > sum += float(a) > except: > pass That's a risky strategy because if there is any error other than the one you anticipate then you will never know about it and ignore it. You should always try to specify the error(s) if possible: try: sum += float(a) except ValueError, TypeError: pass -- Alan G Author of the Learn to Program web site http://www.alan-g.me.uk/ http://www.amazon.com/author/alan_gauld Follow my photo-blog on Flickr at: http://www.flickr.com/photos/alangauldphotos From kwpolska at gmail.com Thu Aug 3 12:22:58 2017 From: kwpolska at gmail.com (Chris Warrick) Date: Thu, 3 Aug 2017 18:22:58 +0200 Subject: [Tutor] setup.py "script" vs "console_scripts" Was: if __name__=='main' vs entry points: What to teach new comers? In-Reply-To: <0ebe0137-61ab-04ea-90b2-b9dc34761324@thomas-guettler.de> References: <2ff30c44-80ff-f17a-f399-596afb981381@thomas-guettler.de> <20170802011054.GH3149@ando.pearwood.info> <85pocercg7.fsf@benfinney.id.au> <20170802035138.GK3149@ando.pearwood.info> <636a8820-e374-7699-56a4-c8bc9a30da4a@thomas-guettler.de> <85k22mp23c.fsf@benfinney.id.au> <20170802145741.GN3149@ando.pearwood.info> <0ebe0137-61ab-04ea-90b2-b9dc34761324@thomas-guettler.de> Message-ID: On 3 August 2017 at 09:52, Thomas G?ttler wrote: > > > Am 02.08.2017 um 18:06 schrieb Wolfgang Maier: >> >> On 08/02/2017 04:57 PM, Steven D'Aprano wrote: >>> >>> On Wed, Aug 02, 2017 at 10:48:39PM +1000, Ben Finney wrote: >>>> >>>> Thomas G?ttler writes: >>>> >>>>> Maybe I am doing something wrong. I was proud because I did use >>>>> ?console_scripts? entry points. >>>> >>>> >>>> Did someone lead you to believe it was wrong? Setuptools console_scripts >>>> entry points are a good tool. >>>> >>>> My point was that it is an *advanced* tool, difficult to use and also >>>> difficult to explain because the concepts are advanced. >>> >>> >>> Can you explain the use-case for when somebody might want to use >>> console_scripts entry points? >>> >>> I have a module with a main() function and an "if __name__ == ..." >>> guard. Under what circumstances is that not sufficient, and I would want >>> console_scripts? >>> >> >> If you install things using pip/setuptools and have defined a >> console_scripts entry point for it, then the corresponding wrapper >> script will be installed in whatever is considered the scripts directory >> at install time on that machine. With a bit of luck the entry point will >> thus be executable directly without any end-user intervention (like >> adding folders to $PATH and chmodding files). >> Personally, I always found it straightforward to write the wrapper >> script myself, then define this as a 'scripts' file in the package >> layout of my setup.py, but people's MMV. > > > > I was not aware of "scripts" in setup.py. But I found docs: > > http://python-packaging.readthedocs.io/en/latest/command-line-scripts.html > > Why are there two ways: "script" vs "console_scripts entry-point"? Simple: `scripts` are legacy. `entry_points` are the new thing. There?s also a third approach: gui_scripts entry_points, which work the same way on Linux/*nix, but on Windows, it means that running your script by opening the created .exe files does not show a console window. Note that stdout/stderr do not work in that mode under Windows, which can lead to spurious application crashes. (GUI-only processes cannot use stdout/stderr because they don?t have a console attached) I?ll take the liberty to link my (better) blog post about this: https://chriswarrick.com/blog/2014/09/15/python-apps-the-right-way-entry_points-and-scripts/ -- Chris Warrick PGP: 5EAAEA16 From mats at wichmann.us Thu Aug 3 12:54:34 2017 From: mats at wichmann.us (Mats Wichmann) Date: Thu, 3 Aug 2017 10:54:34 -0600 Subject: [Tutor] The results of your email commands In-Reply-To: References:

<2ff0f9ac-a379-ad25-8b0d-6dccb0592a17@alan-g.me.uk>

Message-ID: <06a282a6-caab-2d6d-d878-505063d93eb8@wichmann.us> On 08/03/2017 10:21 AM, Alan Gauld via Tutor wrote: > On 03/08/17 11:05, Abdur-Rahmaan Janhangeer wrote: >> me i cooked up :... > > Yes that works too, especially if you don;t need access > to the individual prices later. > > There are a couple of things to make it more Pythonic... > >> x = True >> sum = 0 >> >> while (x==True): >> a = input("input:") >> if a =="exit": >> x=False > > You could replace that with > > sum = 0 > while True: > a = input("input:") > if a =="exit": > break # exit the loop I'd like to add a thought here... checking for a precise string as a quit marker is fine, but it might be a little friendlier to accept spelling variants (as long as none of them could be confused with valid values... true in this case as you want numbers)... and also to let your user know what you're expecting! thus: a = input("enter number ('exit' when done):) if a in ('x', 'exit', 'Exit'): > > and > >> try: >> sum += float(a) >> except: >> pass > > That's a risky strategy because if there is > any error other than the one you anticipate > then you will never know about it and > ignore it. You should always try to specify > the error(s) if possible: > > try: > sum += float(a) > except ValueError, TypeError: > pass > From steve at pearwood.info Thu Aug 3 20:46:35 2017 From: steve at pearwood.info (Steven D'Aprano) Date: Fri, 4 Aug 2017 10:46:35 +1000 Subject: [Tutor] basic decorator question In-Reply-To: References: <20170724160129.GP3149@ando.pearwood.info> Message-ID: <20170804004634.GR3149@ando.pearwood.info> Sorry for the delay in responding to this thread! On Wed, Jul 26, 2017 at 09:22:59PM -0500, boB Stepp wrote: > I am having a recurring problem with Python: I can work out the > mechanics of how various Python constructs work, such as decorators, > but then I find myself scratching my head as to why would I want to > use them. The idea of replacing a function with its decorated version > sounds cool, but what types of problems would I want to use this > approach on? Any time you have a series of functions (or classes) which include the same subsection of code, repeated (often word-for-word!), a decorator is a possible alternative. Here's a simple example. You have a bunch of functions which all follow the same pattern when called: - print the function name - print their arguments - do some work - print their return result - return it Only the "work" differs. So we could write: def func1(a, b, c): print("func1") print(a, b, c) result = a + b + c print("result", result) return result def func2(a, b, c): print("func1") # Oops, copy-and-paste error! print(a, b, c) result = a - b - c print("result", result) return result and so on, but if you have a dozen such functions, that's pretty tedious, and the chances of copy-and-paste errors approaches certainty. A decorator comes to the rescue! def decorate(func): @functools.wraps(func) def inner(a, b, c): print(func.__name__) print(a, b, c) result = func(a, b, c) print(result) return result return inner @decorate def func1(a, b, c): return a+b+c @decorate def func2(a, b, c): return a-b-c This ensures that all such functions are guaranteed to have the correct wrapper code. If you decide to add printing of the date, or change printing to logging to a file, you only need to change it in one place, not a dozen. Another use for decorators is to transform the functions in some way. That's especially useful for methods, where we have three different kinds of methods: - regular instance methods, which need no transformation because they are the default; - class methods; - static methods. Plus you can create your own, if needed. (A fairly advanced topic, but less mind-blowing than metaclasses.) They are all written the same way, with the difference being that class and static methods are decorated with the built-in - classmethod - staticmethod decorators, which handle transforming the function objects into classmethod or staticmethod descriptors. Don't worry if you don't know the technical details of what descriptors are or how they work. The point is you don't need to! You just need to call the decorator, and it does all the work. class X(object): @classmethod def thingy(cls, arg): ... Another example is to register a function with something else. If you have code where you create functions, then register them, you can simplify the process or at least move the registration to the top of the function where it is more obvious with a decorator: def register(func): MyRegistry.register(func) return func @register def spam(): ... If you need to change the registration details, you change it in one place. This is an example that shows that decorators don't need to transform their input. In this case, we return the function unchanged. A more complex example of this is singledispatch: https://docs.python.org/3/library/functools.html#functools.singledispatch Memoization (adding a cache) to a function is another good example. Instead of re-creating the cache logic in every single function, you write it once, as a decorator, and then just call the decorator. https://docs.python.org/3/library/functools.html#functools.lru_cache > One thing that bothers me, is that once I decorate the function, I no > longer have access to the original, un-decorated function. In the most general case, that is true: the decorator can do anything, including deleting the original and replacing it with a function that always returns "?Qu??" no matter the arguments. Most of the time, this is not a problem. The function is *incomplete* until it has been decorated, so you often don't care about the original. Do you find yourself worrying that you don't have access to the middle one third of your existing functions, without the start and the end? Probably not. All that's happened here is that you've systematically moved the common bits of your functions into a decorator. But for those cases where you might care, and since Python 3.2, if you use the functools.wraps() helper function (itself a decorator!) to create your decorators, it will automatically create a __wrapped__ attribute that holds the original, unwrapped function. > But on the > other hand, if I had a decorator which I wanted to apply to multiple > functions, then I would be DRY-er by taking this approach -- I would > need only one decorator function and could then use it decorate as > many other functions as it made sense to do so. Precisely. -- Steve From ben+python at benfinney.id.au Thu Aug 3 20:50:31 2017 From: ben+python at benfinney.id.au (Ben Finney) Date: Fri, 04 Aug 2017 10:50:31 +1000 Subject: [Tutor] setup.py "script" vs "console_scripts" Was: if __name__=='main' vs entry points: What to teach new comers? References: <2ff30c44-80ff-f17a-f399-596afb981381@thomas-guettler.de> <20170802011054.GH3149@ando.pearwood.info> <85pocercg7.fsf@benfinney.id.au> <20170802035138.GK3149@ando.pearwood.info> <636a8820-e374-7699-56a4-c8bc9a30da4a@thomas-guettler.de> <85k22mp23c.fsf@benfinney.id.au> <20170802145741.GN3149@ando.pearwood.info> <0ebe0137-61ab-04ea-90b2-b9dc34761324@thomas-guettler.de> Message-ID: <85a83gp354.fsf@benfinney.id.au> Thomas G?ttler writes: > Why are there two ways: "script" vs "console_scripts entry-point"? Because Distutils implements only ?scripts?, and that's not capable enough for what people need so Setuptools implements entry points. In other words: One of them is in the standard library and does something; the other is third-party and can do more. That answers why there are two. But maybe you wanted to ask some underlying question? -- \ ?It ain't so much the things we don't know that get us in | `\ trouble. It's the things we know that ain't so.? ?Artemus Ward | _o__) (1834?1867), U.S. journalist | Ben Finney From 1019shaun at gmail.com Thu Aug 3 16:27:12 2017 From: 1019shaun at gmail.com (Howard Lawrence) Date: Thu, 3 Aug 2017 13:27:12 -0700 Subject: [Tutor] (no subject) In-Reply-To: References:

Message-ID: hi ! i am newbie to coding love it but need help with problems which i searched but poor results this is the error: typeError unorderable types: int() References: Message-ID: <20170804031858.GA23376@cskk.homeip.net> On 03Aug2017 11:22, banda gunda wrote: >Dear tutors, > >I am interested to move a set of files, periodically, from source_folder to dest_folder. >source_folder receives processed files from a ?decompressing program?. The files are deposited from the ?decompressing program? at periodic random intervals. Furthermore some of the files dropped in the source_folder are large, of typical size 800MB. These files take time before it is completely deposited in the source_folder. > >I could use shutil.move (source_folder, dest_folder). But then how? You'd normally use shutil.move(source_file, dest_file) i.e. move individual files. Or os.rename, but that requires that the source and dest are the same filesystem. >The frequency of moving files from source_folder to dest_folder is flexible. It could be once in 15 minutes (or even lengthier). >Challenge for me: How could the code include the wait statement to make sure that the file in the source_folder is completely formed before attempting to move to dest_folder? >Thanks in advance for your comments/guidance. That is the tricky thing; this shows up a lot, also with FTP upload locations and so forth. The problem, as you state, is knowing when the file is complete. There are 2 basic approaches: do not put a fil into the transfer directory before it is complete, or to monitor the files for changes. On the premise that the file will be being actively written until it is complete you could keep a list if the files in the directory. For each name, record the file's size and modification time. Wait for that to be unchanged "long enough"; you might then decide it is ready to move. Cheers, Cameron Simpson (formerly cs at zip.com.au) From robertvstepp at gmail.com Thu Aug 3 23:47:19 2017 From: robertvstepp at gmail.com (boB Stepp) Date: Thu, 3 Aug 2017 22:47:19 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] (no subject) In-Reply-To: References:

Message-ID: Greetings Howard! On Thu, Aug 3, 2017 at 3:27 PM, Howard Lawrence <1019shaun at gmail.com> wrote: > hi ! i am newbie to coding love it but need help with problems which i > searched but poor results this is the error: typeError unorderable types: > int() the code in short, number=random.randint(1,20) > guess=input() > guess=int(guess) > but when reach the line that says > if guess > i get the error ! help With the code snippets you've shown in the order you have shown them, I would not expect you to get this error as it appears that you have converted the string values from your input statements into integers. But I suspect that you have not shown the part of the code that is generating the error. When posting to this list (Or any other coding list for that matter.) you should always *copy and paste* into your plain text email the actual code giving the error. And then *copy and paste* the FULL error traceback you receive. And it does not hurt to give the python version you are using and the operating system on your machine, too. At this point I can only guess at things. Since apparently this is a number guessing game, you probably have a while loop. Did you use your variable "guess" in the while statement's condition *before* converting it to an integer? Somewhere in your code you are checking that an integer is less than a string, which is not doable. The error traceback should tell you what line number to start looking. If this does not help then you need to resend your message with your full code and full traceback unless someone else has better oracle abilities... ~(:>)) -- boB From eryksun at gmail.com Fri Aug 4 00:12:22 2017 From: eryksun at gmail.com (eryk sun) Date: Fri, 4 Aug 2017 04:12:22 +0000 Subject: [Tutor] setup.py "script" vs "console_scripts" Was: if __name__=='main' vs entry points: What to teach new comers? In-Reply-To: References: <2ff30c44-80ff-f17a-f399-596afb981381@thomas-guettler.de> <20170802011054.GH3149@ando.pearwood.info> <85pocercg7.fsf@benfinney.id.au> <20170802035138.GK3149@ando.pearwood.info> <636a8820-e374-7699-56a4-c8bc9a30da4a@thomas-guettler.de> <85k22mp23c.fsf@benfinney.id.au> <20170802145741.GN3149@ando.pearwood.info> <0ebe0137-61ab-04ea-90b2-b9dc34761324@thomas-guettler.de> Message-ID: On Thu, Aug 3, 2017 at 4:22 PM, Chris Warrick wrote: > > Simple: `scripts` are legacy. `entry_points` are the new thing. > There?s also a third approach: gui_scripts entry_points, which work > the same way on Linux/*nix, but on Windows, it means that running your > script by opening the created .exe files does not show a console > window. Note that stdout/stderr do not work in that mode under > Windows, which can lead to spurious application crashes. (GUI-only > processes cannot use stdout/stderr because they don?t have a console > attached) A Windows GUI executable doesn't automatically inherit or create a console for standard I/O. (It has to manually call AttachConsole or AllocConsole.) But it does automatically inherit the standard handle values from the parent process (just the integer values, not the handles themselves). If these handles are inheritable and the child is created with handle inheritance, then standard I/O will work. For example: C:\Temp>echo spam | pythonw -c print(input()) >out.txt 2>&1 C:\Temp>type out.txt spam In the above example pythonw.exe is a GUI executable. The example reads "spam" from stdin and prints it to stdout, which is redirected to a file named "out.txt". For those who don't know, `>out.txt` is shell syntax to redirect stdout to "out.txt", and `2>&1` redirects stderr (2) to stdout (1). From mats at wichmann.us Fri Aug 4 00:23:28 2017 From: mats at wichmann.us (Mats Wichmann) Date: Thu, 3 Aug 2017 22:23:28 -0600 Subject: [Tutor] file move with wait period In-Reply-To: References: Message-ID: <15e777d7-a32f-cc3a-3012-625a29225434@wichmann.us> On 08/03/2017 05:22 AM, banda gunda wrote: > Dear tutors, > > I am interested to move a set of files, periodically, from source_folder to dest_folder. > source_folder receives processed files from a ?decompressing program?. The files are deposited from the ?decompressing program? at periodic random intervals. Furthermore some of the files dropped in the source_folder are large, of typical size 800MB. These files take time before it is completely deposited in the source_folder. > > I could use shutil.move (source_folder, dest_folder). But then how? > > The frequency of moving files from source_folder to dest_folder is flexible. It could be once in 15 minutes (or even lengthier). > Challenge for me: How could the code include the wait statement to make sure that the file in the source_folder is completely formed before attempting to move to dest_folder? Well, we cannot answer that question with the information you have given. "How can you know" is actually the key question to explore. You need to answer it before you worry about any Pythonic implementation details of solving your problem. - is the decompressor initiated by your program? In that case there will be techniques to maintain communication with it to find out when it is done (perhaps as simple as waiting for it to quit-with-success). - if it launches completely independently, how do you find out that it has deposited files? Do you intend to just can periodically? Or is there a way that the system causing the files to be generated can trigger something that your program could be asked to be notified about when a file is available? - is it possible to convice the compressor to give files a certain suffix or other recognizable pattern, but only when they are complete? (downloader systems often work like this... while they're writing the file, it has some temporary name, then when it finishes it is renamed to the intended target name). and so on. From cs at cskk.id.au Thu Aug 3 21:57:07 2017 From: cs at cskk.id.au (Cameron Simpson) Date: Fri, 4 Aug 2017 11:57:07 +1000 Subject: [Tutor] if __name__=='main' vs entry points: What to teach new comers? In-Reply-To: <20170802145741.GN3149@ando.pearwood.info> References: <20170802145741.GN3149@ando.pearwood.info> Message-ID: <20170804015707.GA62002@cskk.homeip.net> On 03Aug2017 00:57, Steven D'Aprano wrote: >Can you explain the use-case for when somebody might want to use >console_scripts entry points? > >I have a module with a main() function and an "if __name__ == ..." >guard. Under what circumstances is that not sufficient, and I would want >console_scripts? I have a bunch of "one liner" scripts in my personal "bin" directory like this one: #!/bin/sh # # Run the named port forwards indefinitely. # - Cameron Simpson 08jul2008 # # Convert to Python module cs.app.portfwd. - cameron, may2017 # exec python3 -m cs.app.portfwd ${1+"$@"} It relies on the __main__ thing in the cs.app.portfwd module, and many of my modules have a main, as I gather do yours. For a lot of modules that main just runs the selftests, but for some the main is a perfectly reasonable command, such as "portfwd" above. So an install implies having an invocation script. By hand, I can do the above script. But if I'm distributing the module via PyPI, how do I install the invocable script in the $PATH eg the virtualenv's bin? The installer knows where the "bin" is, but on windows the script install is not the same as on UNIX. So the console_scripts dict provides a mapping from script names to module.function callables, and setup installs the right thing. It also separates the script name from the module/function names. Also, modules are groups by function topic. A module may have more than one function within it which are suitable command line implementations. The console_scripts mapping lets one bind multiple script to suitable entry points. Cheers, Cameron Simpson (formerly cs at zip.com.au) From cs at cskk.id.au Thu Aug 3 22:03:16 2017 From: cs at cskk.id.au (Cameron Simpson) Date: Fri, 4 Aug 2017 12:03:16 +1000 Subject: [Tutor] (no subject) In-Reply-To: References: Message-ID: <20170804020316.GA35092@cskk.homeip.net> Hi, and welcome to the tutor list. Please try to provide a useful subject line in future posts (not "help", perhaps something like "I don't understand this TypeError message"). Anyway, to your question: On 03Aug2017 13:27, Howard Lawrence <1019shaun at gmail.com> wrote: >hi ! i am newbie to coding love it but need help with problems which i >searched but poor results this is the error: typeError unorderable types: >int()the code in short Please always incode the full code, ideally something stripped down to the smallest program you can run which still produces the error. Often problems come from something which is omitted in a "from memory" description of the code, rather than the raw code itself. >number=random.randint(1,20) >guess=input() >guess=int(guess) >but when reach the line that says >if guess >i get the error ! help As remarked, you can't compare an int and a str; it is not meaningful. Your code above _should_ have an int in the value of "guess". However, I suspect your code actually may look like this: number=random.randint(1,20) guess=input() guess_value=int(guess) if guess (formerly cs at zip.com.au) From 1019shaun at gmail.com Fri Aug 4 07:11:06 2017 From: 1019shaun at gmail.com (Howard Lawrence) Date: Fri, 4 Aug 2017 04:11:06 -0700 Subject: [Tutor] (regarding unorderable types In-Reply-To: References: Message-ID: Thank you for the clarification. as a newbie at mailing list and coding I try to be more specific,their is more to come On Aug 3, 2017 10:09 PM, "Cameron Simpson" wrote: Hi, and welcome to the tutor list. Please try to provide a useful subject line in future posts (not "help", perhaps something like "I don't understand this TypeError message"). Anyway, to your question: On 03Aug2017 13:27, Howard Lawrence <1019shaun at gmail.com> wrote: > hi ! i am newbie to coding love it but need help with problems which i > searched but poor results this is the error: typeError unorderable types: > int() Please always include the entire error message with a text cut/paste; it usually contains lots of useful information. The error above means that you have a "int" and a "str", and are trying to compare them. That is not supported. the code in short > Please always incode the full code, ideally something stripped down to the smallest program you can run which still produces the error. Often problems come from something which is omitted in a "from memory" description of the code, rather than the raw code itself. number=random.randint(1,20) > guess=input() > guess=int(guess) > but when reach the line that says > if guess > i get the error ! help > As remarked, you can't compare an int and a str; it is not meaningful. Your code above _should_ have an int in the value of "guess". However, I suspect your code actually may look like this: number=random.randint(1,20) guess=input() guess_value=int(guess) if guess (formerly cs at zip.com.au) From guettliml at thomas-guettler.de Fri Aug 4 06:15:21 2017 From: guettliml at thomas-guettler.de (=?UTF-8?Q?Thomas_G=c3=bcttler?=) Date: Fri, 4 Aug 2017 12:15:21 +0200 Subject: [Tutor] setup.py "script" vs "console_scripts" Was: if __name__=='main' vs entry points: What to teach new comers? In-Reply-To: <85a83gp354.fsf@benfinney.id.au> References: <2ff30c44-80ff-f17a-f399-596afb981381@thomas-guettler.de> <20170802011054.GH3149@ando.pearwood.info> <85pocercg7.fsf@benfinney.id.au> <20170802035138.GK3149@ando.pearwood.info> <636a8820-e374-7699-56a4-c8bc9a30da4a@thomas-guettler.de> <85k22mp23c.fsf@benfinney.id.au> <20170802145741.GN3149@ando.pearwood.info> <0ebe0137-61ab-04ea-90b2-b9dc34761324@thomas-guettler.de> <85a83gp354.fsf@benfinney.id.au> Message-ID: Am 04.08.2017 um 02:50 schrieb Ben Finney: > Thomas G?ttler writes: > >> Why are there two ways: "script" vs "console_scripts entry-point"? > > Because Distutils implements only ?scripts?, and that's not capable > enough for what people need so Setuptools implements entry points. > > In other words: One of them is in the standard library and does > something; the other is third-party and can do more. > > That answers why there are two. But maybe you wanted to ask some > underlying question? The underlaying question is: Imangine you are a newcomer. And there are two more choices. You need a guide like 'if unsure do x'. With other words: What is the sane default choice? Chris wrote "Simple: `scripts` are legacy." You say it is the standard, and console_scripts is from a third party. For me "legacy" sound like "don't go this old way". For me "third party" sounds like "don't go this way, stick to the standard". I feel stupid since I have no clue. Regards, Thomas G?ttler -- Thomas Guettler http://www.thomas-guettler.de/ From eryksun at gmail.com Fri Aug 4 13:26:43 2017 From: eryksun at gmail.com (eryk sun) Date: Fri, 4 Aug 2017 17:26:43 +0000 Subject: [Tutor] setup.py "script" vs "console_scripts" Was: if __name__=='main' vs entry points: What to teach new comers? In-Reply-To: References: <2ff30c44-80ff-f17a-f399-596afb981381@thomas-guettler.de> <20170802011054.GH3149@ando.pearwood.info> <85pocercg7.fsf@benfinney.id.au> <20170802035138.GK3149@ando.pearwood.info> <636a8820-e374-7699-56a4-c8bc9a30da4a@thomas-guettler.de> <85k22mp23c.fsf@benfinney.id.au> <20170802145741.GN3149@ando.pearwood.info> <0ebe0137-61ab-04ea-90b2-b9dc34761324@thomas-guettler.de> <85a83gp354.fsf@benfinney.id.au> Message-ID: On Fri, Aug 4, 2017 at 10:15 AM, Thomas G?ttler wrote: > Am 04.08.2017 um 02:50 schrieb Ben Finney: > >> Because Distutils implements only ?scripts?, and that's not capable >> enough for what people need so Setuptools implements entry points. >> >> In other words: One of them is in the standard library and does >> something; the other is third-party and can do more. >> >> That answers why there are two. But maybe you wanted to ask some >> underlying question? > > The underlaying question is: Imangine you are a newcomer. And there > are two more choices. You need a guide like 'if unsure do x'. With > other words: What is the sane default choice? A newcomer should simply check for __name__ == "__main__". Learning about packaging comes later. > Chris wrote "Simple: `scripts` are legacy." > > You say it is the standard, and console_scripts is from a third party. console_scripts and gui_scripts are installed by setuptools and pip, which are developed under the umbrella of the Python Packaging Authority [1]. The standard library also has the ensurepip [2] module to install pip and setuptools. As third-party packages go, they're as close to being 'standard' as you can get. > For me "legacy" sound like "don't go this old way". Legacy scripts aren't automatically created as console or GUI executables when installed on Windows. Often Windows users associate .py scripts with an editor, in which case legacy scripts aren't executable from PATH, i.e. they have to be run as `python legacy_script.py`, for example. [1]: https://www.pypa.io [2]: https://docs.python.org/3/library/ensurepip From kwpolska at gmail.com Fri Aug 4 14:51:15 2017 From: kwpolska at gmail.com (Chris Warrick) Date: Fri, 4 Aug 2017 20:51:15 +0200 Subject: [Tutor] setup.py "script" vs "console_scripts" Was: if __name__=='main' vs entry points: What to teach new comers? In-Reply-To: References: <2ff30c44-80ff-f17a-f399-596afb981381@thomas-guettler.de> <20170802011054.GH3149@ando.pearwood.info> <85pocercg7.fsf@benfinney.id.au> <20170802035138.GK3149@ando.pearwood.info> <636a8820-e374-7699-56a4-c8bc9a30da4a@thomas-guettler.de> <85k22mp23c.fsf@benfinney.id.au> <20170802145741.GN3149@ando.pearwood.info> <0ebe0137-61ab-04ea-90b2-b9dc34761324@thomas-guettler.de> <85a83gp354.fsf@benfinney.id.au> Message-ID: On 4 August 2017 at 12:15, Thomas G?ttler wrote: > Chris wrote "Simple: `scripts` are legacy." > > You say it is the standard, and console_scripts is from a third party. > > For me "legacy" sound like "don't go this old way". > > For me "third party" sounds like "don't go this way, stick to the standard". > > I feel stupid since I have no clue. The official docs recommend distutils: https://docs.python.org/2/library/distutils.html > Most Python users will not want to use this module directly, but instead use the cross-version tools maintained by the Python Packaging Authority. In particular, setuptools is an enhanced alternative to distutils that provides: > [snip] > * the ability to declare project ?entry points?, which can be used as the basis for application plugin systems > * the ability to automatically generate Windows command line executables at installation time rather than needing to prebuild them And, as eryk sun mentioned, recent Python 2.7 and 3.4 versions ship setuptools and pip, via the ensurepip module. -- Chris Warrick PGP: 5EAAEA16 From cs at cskk.id.au Fri Aug 4 21:44:35 2017 From: cs at cskk.id.au (Cameron Simpson) Date: Sat, 5 Aug 2017 11:44:35 +1000 Subject: [Tutor] Unorderable types In-Reply-To: References: Message-ID: <20170805014435.GA3776@cskk.homeip.net> [ Back onto the tutor list. - Cameron ] On 04Aug2017 09:12, Howard Lawrence <1019shaun at gmail.com> wrote: >This is the code from tutorial Thank you. >import random >guessesTaken =0 > >print ('hello what is your name') >myName =input () > >number = random.randint(1,20) >print ('well, ' + myName + ', I am thinking of a number between 1 and 20') > >while guessesTaken < 6: > print ('take a guess') > guess=input () > guess_value =int (guess) Spooky :-) So you have "guess" containing the string from input(), and "guess_value" has the int. > guessesTaken = guessesTaken +1 > > If guess_value < number: # this is it > print('your guess is too low') Strange, this should work. Btw, "If" should be lower case "if". [...snip...] ># I changed all the "guess" to "guess_value" got the same result! > >This is it: traceback ( most recent call last): >File "C:/User/Shaun/guessGame.py", line 19, in >If guess_value < number: >typeError: unorderable types:int() < str () Interesting. Can you put this: print("type(guess_value) =", type(guess_value)) print("type(number) =", type(number)) above that line and run it again? Because I just ran your code here and it worked for me. >Hope this can help you and mostly me >I don't wanna give up but help is scarce from my location That's fine. The list is for help. Cheers, Cameron Simpson From robertvstepp at gmail.com Fri Aug 4 23:00:36 2017 From: robertvstepp at gmail.com (boB Stepp) Date: Fri, 4 Aug 2017 22:00:36 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] Unorderable types In-Reply-To: <20170805014435.GA3776@cskk.homeip.net> References: <20170805014435.GA3776@cskk.homeip.net> Message-ID: On Fri, Aug 4, 2017 at 8:44 PM, Cameron Simpson wrote: > [ Back onto the tutor list. - Cameron ] > > On 04Aug2017 09:12, Howard Lawrence <1019shaun at gmail.com> wrote: >> >> This is the code from tutorial > > > Thank you. > >> import random >> guessesTaken =0 >> >> print ('hello what is your name') >> myName =input () >> >> number = random.randint(1,20) >> print ('well, ' + myName + ', I am thinking of a number between 1 and 20') >> >> while guessesTaken < 6: >> print ('take a guess') >> guess=input () >> guess_value =int (guess) > > > Spooky :-) So you have "guess" containing the string from input(), and > "guess_value" has the int. > >> guessesTaken = guessesTaken +1 >> >> If guess_value < number: # this is it >> print('your guess is too low') > > > Strange, this should work. Btw, "If" should be lower case "if". > > [...snip...] >> >> # I changed all the "guess" to "guess_value" got the same result! >> >> This is it: traceback ( most recent call last): >> File "C:/User/Shaun/guessGame.py", line 19, in >> If guess_value < number: >> typeError: unorderable types:int() < str () When I attempted to recreate his error message with the original code snippets he sent, I got something a bit different: ================================================================================ py3: guess = input() 2 py3: guess < number Traceback (most recent call last): File "", line 1, in TypeError: '<' not supported between instances of 'str' and 'int' ================================================================================ I am running Python 3.6.1 on Windows 7 64-bit. Off-list Howard told me that he is running Python 3.5 on Windows 7, using PyCharm as his editor. Did the text of this error message change between Python 3.5 and 3.6? Could how he is using PyCharm -- a full-fledged Python IDE -- be causing this problem? I once tried out PyCharm a few years back, but cannot recall if one has to save first before re-running the code from within PyCharm in order for it to see the most recent version or not. -- boB From ben+python at benfinney.id.au Sat Aug 5 00:14:01 2017 From: ben+python at benfinney.id.au (Ben Finney) Date: Sat, 05 Aug 2017 14:14:01 +1000 Subject: [Tutor] setup.py "script" vs "console_scripts" Was: if __name__=='main' vs entry points: What to teach new comers? References: <2ff30c44-80ff-f17a-f399-596afb981381@thomas-guettler.de> <20170802011054.GH3149@ando.pearwood.info> <85pocercg7.fsf@benfinney.id.au> <20170802035138.GK3149@ando.pearwood.info> <636a8820-e374-7699-56a4-c8bc9a30da4a@thomas-guettler.de> <85k22mp23c.fsf@benfinney.id.au> <20170802145741.GN3149@ando.pearwood.info> <0ebe0137-61ab-04ea-90b2-b9dc34761324@thomas-guettler.de> <85a83gp354.fsf@benfinney.id.au> Message-ID: <85tw1modme.fsf@benfinney.id.au> Thomas G?ttler writes: > The underlaying question is: Imangine you are a newcomer. A newcomer is in a tough position when it comes to packaging and distributing Python code, especially the command-line programs. There has been significant progress on this in recent years. The Setuptools third-party library is a lot saner, the inclusion of ?pip? in standard installs makes it much broader in scope. But *not* in the standard library today, it's true. > You need a guide like 'if unsure do x'. With other words: What is the > sane default choice? There isn't a good answer to that question, today. The best answer today is: Read the guides from the Python Packaging Authority, and stay abreast of developments because this continues to change. Maybe eventually the ongoing work of the PyPA will be settled enough that it can update the standard library Distutils. But not today. -- \ ?Nothing is more sacred than the facts.? ?Sam Harris, _The End | `\ of Faith_, 2004 | _o__) | Ben Finney From cs at cskk.id.au Sat Aug 5 02:09:44 2017 From: cs at cskk.id.au (Cameron Simpson) Date: Sat, 5 Aug 2017 16:09:44 +1000 Subject: [Tutor] Unorderable types In-Reply-To: References: Message-ID: <20170805060944.GA21476@cskk.homeip.net> On 04Aug2017 22:00, boB Stepp wrote: >When I attempted to recreate his error message with the original code >snippets he sent, I got something a bit different: > >================================================================================ >py3: guess = input() >2 >py3: guess < number >Traceback (most recent call last): > File "", line 1, in >TypeError: '<' not supported between instances of 'str' and 'int' >================================================================================ I don't know about the text of the message, but his original snippets included a: guess = int(guess) between those 2 lines. Anyway, we have his current code, which i can't made produce the error. Cheers, Cameron Simpson (formerly cs at zip.com.au) From __peter__ at web.de Sat Aug 5 03:01:36 2017 From: __peter__ at web.de (Peter Otten) Date: Sat, 05 Aug 2017 09:01:36 +0200 Subject: [Tutor] Unorderable types References: <20170805014435.GA3776@cskk.homeip.net> Message-ID: boB Stepp wrote: > Did the text of this error message change between Python 3.5 and 3.6? Yes: $ python3.5 -c '1 < ""' Traceback (most recent call last): File "", line 1, in TypeError: unorderable types: int() < str() $ python3.6 -c '1 < ""' Traceback (most recent call last): File "", line 1, in TypeError: '<' not supported between instances of 'int' and 'str' From bandagunda at hotmail.com Fri Aug 4 16:03:35 2017 From: bandagunda at hotmail.com (banda gunda) Date: Fri, 4 Aug 2017 20:03:35 +0000 Subject: [Tutor] file move with wait period In-Reply-To: <20170804031858.GA23376@cskk.homeip.net> References: , <20170804031858.GA23376@cskk.homeip.net> Message-ID: Thanks Cameron (I hope I address your first name correctly). Get Outlook for iOS ________________________________ From: Cameron Simpson Sent: Friday, August 4, 2017 5:18:58 AM To: banda gunda Cc: tutor at python.org Subject: Re: [Tutor] file move with wait period On 03Aug2017 11:22, banda gunda wrote: >Dear tutors, > >I am interested to move a set of files, periodically, from source_folder to dest_folder. >source_folder receives processed files from a ?decompressing program?. The files are deposited from the ?decompressing program? at periodic random intervals. Furthermore some of the files dropped in the source_folder are large, of typical size 800MB. These files take time before it is completely deposited in the source_folder. > >I could use shutil.move (source_folder, dest_folder). But then how? You'd normally use shutil.move(source_file, dest_file) i.e. move individual files. Or os.rename, but that requires that the source and dest are the same filesystem. >The frequency of moving files from source_folder to dest_folder is flexible. It could be once in 15 minutes (or even lengthier). >Challenge for me: How could the code include the wait statement to make sure that the file in the source_folder is completely formed before attempting to move to dest_folder? >Thanks in advance for your comments/guidance. That is the tricky thing; this shows up a lot, also with FTP upload locations and so forth. The problem, as you state, is knowing when the file is complete. There are 2 basic approaches: do not put a fil into the transfer directory before it is complete, or to monitor the files for changes. On the premise that the file will be being actively written until it is complete you could keep a list if the files in the directory. For each name, record the file's size and modification time. Wait for that to be unchanged "long enough"; you might then decide it is ready to move. Cheers, Cameron Simpson (formerly cs at zip.com.au) From gsconyer at yahoo.com Fri Aug 4 19:22:20 2017 From: gsconyer at yahoo.com (George Sconyers) Date: Fri, 4 Aug 2017 23:22:20 +0000 (UTC) Subject: [Tutor] Recommended Python Compiler In-Reply-To: References: <1285690201.2134862.1501453378125.ref@mail.yahoo.com> <1285690201.2134862.1501453378125@mail.yahoo.com> <2699BAAD-C396-4547-80D5-7350B9232218@wichmann.us>

Message-ID: <710983727.118233.1501888940020@mail.yahoo.com> Thank you all for the feedback. As most of you pointed out I meant "IDE" instead of "compiler." ?There are a lot of options for me to check out this weekend. Looking forward to cracking a case of Mountain Dew and digging in.? George Sent from Yahoo Mail for iPhone On Tuesday, August 1, 2017, 03:26, Abdur-Rahmaan Janhangeer wrote: Yes indeed geany is a nice editor. I used it when i was beginning and even wrote a post about it, Feel free to check it ! https://abdurrahmaanjanhangeer.wordpress.com/2016/11/02/python-getting-rid-of-identation-errors-quickly-checking-for-errors-and-the-use-of-editors/ On Tue, Aug 1, 2017 at 9:43 AM, Asokan Pichai wrote: > For a simple beginners editor -- geany is a great choice. > > It can be used with minimal or no configuration/set up; and once > you know your way around? you can tweak it as much as you want. > > It is easily installable on Debian/Ubuntu > > > -- > Asokan Pichai > *-------------------* > We will find a way. Or, make one. (Hannibal) > _______________________________________________ > Tutor maillist? -? Tutor at python.org > To unsubscribe or change subscription options: > https://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor > _______________________________________________ Tutor maillist? -? Tutor at python.org To unsubscribe or change subscription options: https://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor From xiaosong0911 at gmail.com Sat Aug 5 03:23:57 2017 From: xiaosong0911 at gmail.com (Xiaosong Chen) Date: Sat, 5 Aug 2017 15:23:57 +0800 Subject: [Tutor] how to make an lexical scope block? Message-ID: In C, it's a common pattern to use temporary variables in an lexical scope to prevent the global scope from getting dirty. For example, ```C int a[N]; for (int i = 0; i < N; i++) { int temp = ... a[i] = ... // something got from temp } // temp do not exists here ``` But in python, such a pattern seems impossible. An straightforward translation should be like this: ```python a = [] for i in range(N): temp = ... a.append(...)# something got from temp # temp DO EXISTS here, will be the value of the last iteration ``` As in the comment, the temporary variable remains existing after the block. How do you usually deal with this? From __peter__ at web.de Sat Aug 5 05:28:14 2017 From: __peter__ at web.de (Peter Otten) Date: Sat, 05 Aug 2017 11:28:14 +0200 Subject: [Tutor] how to make an lexical scope block? References: Message-ID: Xiaosong Chen wrote: > In C, it's a common pattern to use temporary variables in an lexical > scope to prevent the global scope from getting dirty. > For example, > > ```C > int a[N]; > for (int i = 0; i < N; i++) { > int temp = ... > a[i] = ... // something got from temp > } > // temp do not exists here > ``` > > But in python, such a pattern seems impossible. An straightforward > translation should be like this: > > ```python > a = [] > for i in range(N): > temp = ... > a.append(...)# something got from temp > # temp DO EXISTS here, will be the value of the last iteration > ``` > > As in the comment, the temporary variable remains existing after the > block. How do you usually deal with this? I put the code into a function def create_a(n): result = [] for i in range(n): temp = ... result.append(...) return result a = create_a(N) At this point you could delete the function del create_a but in practice I never do that. If you want to go fancy you can rewrite the above as def replace_with_result(*args, **kw): def call(f): return f(*args, **kw) return call @replace_with_result(N) def a(n): result = [] for i in range(n): temp = ... result.append(...) return result which will immediately overwrite the function a() with the result of the a(N) call -- but I prefer to keep the function around. The extra memory is usually negligible, and writing unit tests to detect blunders in create_a() is always a good idea, as trivial as it might appear on first sight... From steve at pearwood.info Sat Aug 5 05:38:56 2017 From: steve at pearwood.info (Steven D'Aprano) Date: Sat, 5 Aug 2017 19:38:56 +1000 Subject: [Tutor] how to make an lexical scope block? In-Reply-To: References: Message-ID: <20170805093855.GX3149@ando.pearwood.info> On Sat, Aug 05, 2017 at 03:23:57PM +0800, Xiaosong Chen wrote: > In C, it's a common pattern to use temporary variables in an lexical > scope to prevent the global scope from getting dirty. [...] > But in python, such a pattern seems impossible. An straightforward > translation should be like this: > > ```python > a = [] > for i in range(N): > temp = ... > a.append(...)# something got from temp > # temp DO EXISTS here, will be the value of the last iteration > ``` > > As in the comment, the temporary variable remains existing after the > block. How do you usually deal with this? If you use functions (or methods), as you should, then temp will be a local variable of the function, and it doesn't matter if it still exists after the for loop. It is hidden inside the function scope, and cannot affect the global scope. If you are using global scope, as sometimes is needed, then it depends. If this is a script that you run, then it really doesn't matter. A few temporary variables more or less doesn't make the script any better or worse. Don't worry about it. If it is a library, where a nice clean global namespace is important, you can either refactor the code to make the problem go away, or delete the name when you are done: del temp deletes the name "temp" from the current namespace. -- Steve From alan.gauld at yahoo.co.uk Sat Aug 5 08:22:48 2017 From: alan.gauld at yahoo.co.uk (Alan Gauld) Date: Sat, 5 Aug 2017 13:22:48 +0100 Subject: [Tutor] how to make an lexical scope block? In-Reply-To: References: Message-ID: On 05/08/17 08:23, Xiaosong Chen wrote: > In C, it's a common pattern to use temporary variables in an lexical > scope to prevent the global scope from getting dirty. This was very common in the early days of C - around 1979-1985 - when compilers often only considered the first 4 (or 6) characters of a variable name - even though the name itself could be 16 or 32 characters long. Thus 'index' and 'indeterminate' and 'indent' were all seen as the same name. This required careful limiting of the lexical scope of variables. Nowadays I don't see that as an issue and most of the C code I work with doesn't limit scope beyond a function definition. Maybe some old school C programmers still worry about tight scoping but not the ones I work with! As for Python it limits names to global (actually module) and function scope. If you are creating well structured code based on short clear functions there should not be much of a problem. So, to answer the question, 1) we don't tend to need such scoping because the language permits many names, and it provides module and function scopes. 2) Also we avoid importing with the from foo import * style which increases risks of name pollution. 3) We need fewer temporary variables because we can use tuple unpacking and generator expressions to replace many scenarios where C would use a temporary variable. In practice I've never found it to be an issue. HTH -- Alan G Author of the Learn to Program web site http://www.alan-g.me.uk/ http://www.amazon.com/author/alan_gauld Follow my photo-blog on Flickr at: http://www.flickr.com/photos/alangauldphotos From badouglas at gmail.com Sat Aug 5 11:44:03 2017 From: badouglas at gmail.com (bruce) Date: Sat, 5 Aug 2017 11:44:03 -0400 Subject: [Tutor] really basic question.. Message-ID: Hey guys. A really basic question. I have the following: try: element = WebDriverWait(driver, 100).until(EC.presence_of_element_located((By.ID, "remarketingStoreId"))) except TimeoutException: driver.close() I was wondering can I do something like the following to handle "multiple" exceptions? Ie, have an "except" block that catches all issues other than the specific TimeoutException. try: element = WebDriverWait(driver, 100).until(EC.presence_of_element_located((By.ID, "remarketingStoreId"))) except TimeoutException: driver.close() except : driver.close() I've looked all over SO, as well as the net in general. I might have ust missed what I was looking for though. Comments?? Thanks much. From badouglas at gmail.com Sat Aug 5 11:48:58 2017 From: badouglas at gmail.com (bruce) Date: Sat, 5 Aug 2017 11:48:58 -0400 Subject: [Tutor] really basic question.. In-Reply-To: References: Message-ID: Lord... redid a search just now. found a bunch of sites that said it's doable.. embarrased Not sure what I was looking for earlier.. need r u m! On Sat, Aug 5, 2017 at 11:44 AM, bruce wrote: > Hey guys. > > A really basic question. I have the following: > try: > element = WebDriverWait(driver, > 100).until(EC.presence_of_element_located((By.ID, > "remarketingStoreId"))) > except TimeoutException: > driver.close() > > > I was wondering can I do something like the following to handle > "multiple" exceptions? Ie, have an "except" block that catches all > issues other than the specific TimeoutException. > > try: > element = WebDriverWait(driver, > 100).until(EC.presence_of_element_located((By.ID, > "remarketingStoreId"))) > except TimeoutException: > driver.close() > except : > driver.close() > > > I've looked all over SO, as well as the net in general. I might have > ust missed what I was looking for though. > > Comments?? Thanks much. From alan.gauld at yahoo.co.uk Sat Aug 5 12:43:36 2017 From: alan.gauld at yahoo.co.uk (Alan Gauld) Date: Sat, 5 Aug 2017 17:43:36 +0100 Subject: [Tutor] really basic question.. In-Reply-To: References: Message-ID: On 05/08/17 16:48, bruce wrote: > redid a search just now. found a bunch of sites that said it's > doable.. embarrased Just because its doable doesn't mean you should though... Bare except clauses can hide a multitude of sins. Unless its at the top level of your program and you use it to log any errors that occur its probably a bad idea. Much better to be as specific as possible and catch only anticipated errors. Anything else will then cause a crash and you can investigate the (unanticipated) cause. Note, you can link multiple error types in a single except clause try:... except Error1:... except (Error2, Error3, Error4):.... HTH -- Alan G Author of the Learn to Program web site http://www.alan-g.me.uk/ http://www.amazon.com/author/alan_gauld Follow my photo-blog on Flickr at: http://www.flickr.com/photos/alangauldphotos From 1019shaun at gmail.com Sat Aug 5 13:35:54 2017 From: 1019shaun at gmail.com (Howard Lawrence) Date: Sat, 5 Aug 2017 10:35:54 -0700 Subject: [Tutor] unorderable types In-Reply-To: References: