From urnerk@qwest.net Sat Dec 1 00:35:43 2001 From: urnerk@qwest.net (Kirby Urner) Date: Fri, 30 Nov 2001 16:35:43 -0800 Subject: [Tutor] the class struggle In-Reply-To: <20011130150431.D27400@hal> References: <4.2.0.58.20011129160411.019fcce0@pop3.norton.antivirus> <20011129170901.B27400@hal> <4.2.0.58.20011129160411.019fcce0@pop3.norton.antivirus> Message-ID: <4.2.0.58.20011130161852.00c5d400@pop3.norton.antivirus> Hi Rob -- It occurred to me later that maybe what you were trying to do was write a factory class that'd spawn instances which had different behaviors depending on the name used to instance them (as an arg to __init__). It'd be like a computer game, where your factory produces game characters, and if you pass it 'King' (as a name), then the instantiated character should do something different when you go myking.says(), then if you instantiate using the name 'Peasant' and go myguy.says(). Anyway, even if that's not what you meant, the code below might provide useful grist for the mill anyway. I stick possible behaviors in a Behaviors class, and then use the Factory class (which inherits from Behavior) to assign different Behavior methods to self.behavior: class Behaviors: "Ways we might define children's behavior()" def namer(self): return self.name def rand(self): return randint(1,10) def deter(self): return "Go away!" class Factory(Behaviors): """ Spawn instances with different ideas about behavior() depending on arg name """ def __init__(self,name): self.name = name if name == "Boring": self.behavior = self.namer elif name == "Randomizer": self.behavior = self.rand else: self.behavior = self.deter >>> obj1 = Factory("Boring") >>> obj2 = Factory("Randomizer") >>> obj3 = Factory("Anybody") >>> obj1.behavior() 'Boring' >>> obj2.behavior() 10 >>> obj3.behavior() 'Go away!' Kirby From i812@iname.com Sat Dec 1 01:19:39 2001 From: i812@iname.com (Rob McGee) Date: Fri, 30 Nov 2001 19:19:39 -0600 Subject: [Tutor] the class struggle In-Reply-To: ; from dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu on Fri, Nov 30, 2001 at 02:22:32PM -0800 References: <20011130150431.D27400@hal> Message-ID: <20011130191939.C5837@hal> On Fri, Nov 30, 2001 at 02:22:32PM -0800, Danny Yoo wrote: > > How, in a class __init__ function, can you get the name of the > > instance? > > > This depends on what you mean by "name". An example might clarify: > > ### > >>> class Person: > ... def __init__(self, name): > ... self.name = name > ... def sayHello(self): > ... print "Hello, my name is", self.name > [snip] > Is this what you mean? What's tricky about your question is the ambiguity > of the word "name", so if you can give an example, that will help a lot. > Hope this helps! That is exactly what I mean. I simply pass the "name" variable to the class instantiation. I don't really even need to set a "self.name" variable -- for my purposes all I need is to evaluate that "name" parameter inside the __init__ function: {code} soviet = ['Lenin', 'Trotsky', 'Stalin'] class Struggle: def __init__(self, list, name): self.Communist = 1 if name in list: self.Soviet = 1 else: self.Soviet = 0 myList = ['Marx', 'Engels', 'Lenin', 'Mao'] for x in myList: execString = x + ' = Struggle(soviet, "' + x + '")' exec(execString) evalCommunist = x + '.Communist' evalSoviet = x + '.Soviet' if eval(evalCommunist): print x, 'was a known Communist.' if eval(evalSoviet): print x, 'was a Soviet leader.' print "rob0 is winning the struggle to understand Python classes." {/code} That did it!! Thank you all for turning the light on. :) Rob - /dev/rob0 From arazak@kansai.com.my Sat Dec 1 02:44:09 2001 From: arazak@kansai.com.my (Mr. Abd Razak) Date: Sat, 1 Dec 2001 10:44:09 +0800 Subject: [Tutor] Setting path for module Message-ID: <003701c17a12$11293dc0$6a01a8c0@com.my> This is a multi-part message in MIME format. ------=_NextPart_000_0034_01C17A55.1CBDE3A0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset="iso-8859-1" Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Hi to all, I need some here, Until now i still don't know how to set path for my = own module. I put my module in the c:\python21\ownmodule. But every time i call the module i get the answer, python cannot locate = for the module. I know i have to set the environmment, can anyone help me. Thanks. Razak. ------=_NextPart_000_0034_01C17A55.1CBDE3A0 Content-Type: text/html; charset="iso-8859-1" Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable
Hi to all,
 
I need some here, Until now i still don't know = how to set=20 path for my own module.
I put my module in the = c:\python21\ownmodule.
But every time i call the module i get the = answer, python=20 cannot locate for the module.
 
I know i have to set the environmment, can = anyone help=20 me.
 
Thanks.
 
Razak.
------=_NextPart_000_0034_01C17A55.1CBDE3A0-- From i812@iname.com Sat Dec 1 02:42:53 2001 From: i812@iname.com (Rob McGee) Date: Fri, 30 Nov 2001 20:42:53 -0600 Subject: [Tutor] Newbie Question: IDLE, is there a HOWTO use... In-Reply-To: <5.1.0.14.0.20011130140831.02dda470@mail45566.popserver.pop.net>; from fpeavy@pop.net on Fri, Nov 30, 2001 at 02:10:22PM -0800 References: <5.1.0.14.0.20011130140831.02dda470@mail45566.popserver.pop.net> Message-ID: <20011130204253.E27400@hal> On Fri, Nov 30, 2001 at 02:10:22PM -0800, Frank Peavy wrote: > So far, I have used the IDLE to edit py's but it seems that there is more > to it than that. > Is there a HOWTO for the use of IDLE? http://www.python.org/idle/doc/ Rob - /dev/rob0 From dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu Sat Dec 1 02:32:05 2001 From: dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu (Danny Yoo) Date: Fri, 30 Nov 2001 18:32:05 -0800 (PST) Subject: [Tutor] the class struggle In-Reply-To: <20011130191939.C5837@hal> Message-ID: On Fri, 30 Nov 2001, Rob McGee wrote: > That is exactly what I mean. I simply pass the "name" variable to the > class instantiation. I don't really even need to set a "self.name" > variable -- for my purposes all I need is to evaluate that "name" > parameter inside the __init__ function: > > {code} > soviet = ['Lenin', 'Trotsky', 'Stalin'] > > class Struggle: > def __init__(self, list, name): > self.Communist = 1 > if name in list: > self.Soviet = 1 > else: > self.Soviet = 0 > > myList = ['Marx', 'Engels', 'Lenin', 'Mao'] > > for x in myList: > execString = x + ' = Struggle(soviet, "' + x + '")' > exec(execString) > evalCommunist = x + '.Communist' > evalSoviet = x + '.Soviet' > if eval(evalCommunist): > print x, 'was a known Communist.' > if eval(evalSoviet): > print x, 'was a Soviet leader.' By the way, you don't need to use eval() so much. Instead of: eval('x' + ".Soviet") you can just use: x.Soviet with the same effect. Have a good weekend! From urnerk@qwest.net Sat Dec 1 02:40:37 2001 From: urnerk@qwest.net (Kirby Urner) Date: Fri, 30 Nov 2001 18:40:37 -0800 Subject: [Tutor] the class struggle In-Reply-To: <20011130191939.C5837@hal> References: <20011130150431.D27400@hal> Message-ID: <4.2.0.58.20011130182547.00c66d70@pop3.norton.antivirus> > >myList = ['Marx', 'Engels', 'Lenin', 'Mao'] > >for x in myList: > execString = x + ' = Struggle(soviet, "' + x + '")' > exec(execString) > evalCommunist = x + '.Communist' > evalSoviet = x + '.Soviet' > if eval(evalCommunist): > print x, 'was a known Communist.' > if eval(evalSoviet): > print x, 'was a Soviet leader.' > >print "rob0 is winning the struggle to understand Python classes." >{/code} Although these exec-intensive code segments are fun to write, I think they obscure your demonstration. If the point is to show what your Struggle class is doing, it'd be best to not automate all the keystrokes here (lots of extraneous overhead), and simply quote some straightforward shell, e.g. >>> Marx = Struggle(['Lenin', 'Trotsky', 'Stalin'],'Marx') >>> if Marx.Communist: print 'Marx', 'was a known Communist' "Marx was a known Communist" Queuing up a bunch of variable names in a list and looping through an exec to assign them, and then evaluate their properties, might make sense in some bigger program (might), but for sharing purposes (i.e. making your meanings clear), all this exec stuff seems unnecessarily obfuscatory. Just for future reference, in case you're trying to present another case study. >That did it!! Thank you all for turning the light on. :) In any case, you've achieved your goal, and that's the important thing. Kirby From cow@esweeet.com Sat Dec 1 03:44:01 2001 From: cow@esweeet.com (Cow) Date: Fri, 30 Nov 2001 19:44:01 -0800 (PST) Subject: [Tutor] Programming Networking Software with Python Message-ID: <20011201034401.C4BC23ECD@sitemail.everyone.net> Does anyone know of any good sites or tutorials that explain how to program internet/networking programs in Python. Is there something similiar to Winsock (what you use in VB to program networking software) in Python that i can use to program networking software in Python? i want to be able to connect to servers, send information, recieve information, and other stuff like that... Thanks a lot! -Ryan _____________________________________________________________ Free eSweeet Mail - http://www.esweeet.com From ak@silmarill.org Sat Dec 1 03:52:13 2001 From: ak@silmarill.org (Andrei Kulakov) Date: Fri, 30 Nov 2001 22:52:13 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] Programming Networking Software with Python In-Reply-To: <20011201034401.C4BC23ECD@sitemail.everyone.net> References: <20011201034401.C4BC23ECD@sitemail.everyone.net> Message-ID: <20011130225213.A9931@sill.silmarill.org> On Fri, Nov 30, 2001 at 07:44:01PM -0800, Cow wrote: > Does anyone know of any good sites or tutorials that explain how to program internet/networking programs in Python. Is there something similiar to Winsock (what you use in VB to program networking software) in Python that i can use to program networking software in Python? i want to be able to connect to servers, send information, recieve information, and other stuff like that... > > Thanks a lot! > -Ryan Take a look at socket module in library reference. > > _____________________________________________________________ > Free eSweeet Mail - http://www.esweeet.com > > _______________________________________________ > Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org > http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor -- Cymbaline: intelligent learning mp3 player - python, linux, console. get it at: cy.silmarill.org From urnerk@qwest.net Sat Dec 1 04:04:04 2001 From: urnerk@qwest.net (Kirby Urner) Date: Fri, 30 Nov 2001 20:04:04 -0800 Subject: [Tutor] Programming Networking Software with Python In-Reply-To: <20011201034401.C4BC23ECD@sitemail.everyone.net> Message-ID: <4.2.0.58.20011130195329.019fd440@pop3.norton.antivirus> At 07:44 PM 11/30/2001 -0800, you wrote: >Does anyone know of any good sites or tutorials that explain >how to program internet/networking programs in Python. Certain Python comes with batteries included. The Standard Library will do all that. In addition to 'The Standard Python Library' by Fredrik Lundh (latest version) I also think 'Python 2.1 Bible' by Dave Brueck and Stephen Tanner (Hungry Minds, 2001) is one of the better ones, and not cited nearly enough. It has lots about doing internet stuff, plus multi- threading, GUI widgets (both Tk and wxPython), XML, pickling, extension modules and more. It's friendly in style and starts with the basics. Like, a few times I've tried to get whoever maintains http://www.amk.ca/bookstore/python.html to list it, but to no avail. Oh well. Kirby From karthikg@aztec.soft.net Sat Dec 1 07:28:03 2001 From: karthikg@aztec.soft.net (karthik Guru) Date: Sat, 1 Dec 2001 12:58:03 +0530 Subject: [Tutor] Setting path for module In-Reply-To: <003701c17a12$11293dc0$6a01a8c0@com.my> Message-ID: This is a multi-part message in MIME format. ------=_NextPart_000_0016_01C17A67.D00986F0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset="iso-8859-1" Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit can be done in the code itself.. import sys sys.path.append("c:\\python21\\ownmodule") karthik. -----Original Message----- From: tutor-admin@python.org [mailto:tutor-admin@python.org]On Behalf Of Mr. Abd Razak Sent: Saturday, December 01, 2001 8:14 AM To: tutor@python.org Subject: [Tutor] Setting path for module Hi to all, I need some here, Until now i still don't know how to set path for my own module. I put my module in the c:\python21\ownmodule. But every time i call the module i get the answer, python cannot locate for the module. I know i have to set the environmment, can anyone help me. Thanks. Razak. ------=_NextPart_000_0016_01C17A67.D00986F0 Content-Type: text/html; charset="iso-8859-1" Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable
can be=20 done in the code itself..
 
import=20 sys
sys.path.append("c:\\python21\\ownmodule")
 
karthik.
-----Original Message-----
From: = tutor-admin@python.org=20 [mailto:tutor-admin@python.org]On Behalf Of Mr. Abd=20 Razak
Sent: Saturday, December 01, 2001 8:14 = AM
To:=20 tutor@python.org
Subject: [Tutor] Setting path for=20 module

Hi to all,
 
I need some here, Until now i still don't know = how to=20 set path for my own module.
I put my module in the=20 c:\python21\ownmodule.
But every time i call the module i get the = answer,=20 python cannot locate for the module.
 
I know i have to set the environmment, can = anyone help=20 me.
 
Thanks.
 
Razak.
------=_NextPart_000_0016_01C17A67.D00986F0-- From deliberatus@my995internet.com Sat Dec 1 17:23:27 2001 From: deliberatus@my995internet.com (Kirk Bailey) Date: Sat, 01 Dec 2001 12:23:27 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] Tutorials Message-ID: <3C09120F.91E1F54E@my995internet.com> The severral tutorials at the python site seem to cover basics, jump to select parts of intermediate materials, and stop. I ned a good solid read (webwise) on the language, filling in some blank spots, and gradually building up to the advanced material. I have been pointed at the total language reference in reply to questions about advanced material- but I am not ready to fully understand this yet. Alas, many holes in my knowledge still exist, but the totorials also seem to have considerable gaps. Any advice? I have GOT to hammer this thing into my concrete skull, or I am going to bloody EXPLODE from fustration. I KNOW what I want to do,. I can FLOWCHART it. But I can't CODE it. ARG. -- Respectfully, -Kirk D Bailey (C)2001 Addme! icq #27840081 end Within the sweep of his sword, Each man is an Ubar. http://www.howlermonkey.net/ http://www.sacredelectron.org/ From ak@silmarill.org Sat Dec 1 17:35:53 2001 From: ak@silmarill.org (Andrei Kulakov) Date: Sat, 01 Dec 2001 12:35:53 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] Tutorials In-Reply-To: <3C09120F.91E1F54E@my995internet.com> References: <3C09120F.91E1F54E@my995internet.com> Message-ID: <20011201123553.A16290@sill.silmarill.org> On Sat, Dec 01, 2001 at 12:23:27PM -0500, Kirk Bailey wrote: > The severral tutorials at the python site seem to cover basics, jump to > select parts of intermediate materials, and stop. > > I ned a good solid read (webwise) on the language, filling in some blank > spots, and gradually building up to the advanced material. I have been > pointed at the total language reference in reply to questions about > advanced material- but I am not ready to fully understand this yet. > Alas, many holes in my knowledge still exist, but the totorials also > seem to have considerable gaps. Any advice? > > I have GOT to hammer this thing into my concrete skull, or I am going to > bloody EXPLODE from fustration. I KNOW what I want to do,. I can > FLOWCHART it. > > But I can't CODE it. ARG. What's so horrible about buying a book? I mean, if you read all the dozen or so web tutorials, and that's not enough, you ought to go for dead trees. You did read Alan Gauld's tutorial and How to think like a computer scientist one? > > -- > Respectfully, > -Kirk D Bailey (C)2001 > Addme! icq #27840081 > end > > > Within the sweep of his sword, Each man is an Ubar. > > http://www.howlermonkey.net/ > http://www.sacredelectron.org/ > > _______________________________________________ > Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org > http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor -- Cymbaline: intelligent learning mp3 player - python, linux, console. get it at: cy.silmarill.org From mennosimons@gmx.net Sat Dec 1 18:02:49 2001 From: mennosimons@gmx.net (Willi Richert) Date: Sat, 1 Dec 2001 19:02:49 +0100 Subject: [Tutor] 1,5 hours of Python lecture Message-ID: <200112011802.fB1I2oc01235@wr.richert> Hi, in one lecture "Scripting languages" I escaped from doing a Perl/Javascript project as a lecture project in favor of giving the class a lecture in Python. Hehe... I want to do some "Perl vs. Python" for about 30 minutes and then present a project in Python which grows incrementally. I.e. that I start from "Hello World" and end up in some program that shows the most important advantages/possibilities in Python. It is not that everybody can program Python afterwards, but that everybody wants to learn it ;-) I will not type in front of the class, but copy/paste preprogrammed code blocks. I would like to ask you now, which topics I should cover in the online tutorial? Some topics I figured out, which should be covered: Language Basics: ---------------------- OOP, Functional Programming, Multithreading Libs: ----- Web Clients: Email, FTP, etc Web Server: TCPServer, Regexp Any help is appreciated, willi From myuen@ucalgary.ca Sat Dec 1 19:28:31 2001 From: myuen@ucalgary.ca (Mike Yuen) Date: Sat, 1 Dec 2001 12:28:31 -0700 (MST) Subject: [Tutor] Help with lists Message-ID: I've got a bit of a problem with lists that I need some help with. What I have is a pair of sub-elements (20 and A4) within each element such as: [20, A4] <-- We'll call this pair "big element" There are over 20000 such big elements. Not all of them are going to have a unique 1st sub-element (ie: the above big element has 20 as it's 1st sub element) What i'm trying to do is group them all the big elements with the same 1st subelements together. For example: [20, A4] [20, A2] [20, E] Will make the following big element: [20, A4, A2, E] Can someone help me out? I have to stick with lists as the structure meaning I can't use tuples or dictionaries. Thanks, M From myuen@ucalgary.ca Sat Dec 1 20:22:35 2001 From: myuen@ucalgary.ca (Mike Yuen) Date: Sat, 1 Dec 2001 13:22:35 -0700 (MST) Subject: [Tutor] Need more precise digits Message-ID: I've trying to calculate an average and it looks like i'm losing some precision in digits. For example: i've got the following formula avgsize = float(totalsize/groups) both totalsize and groups are integers I've got 10 groups sizes are: 2+3+2+2+3+2+2+2+2+2 = 22 I should get 22/10 = 2.2. What I get is 2.0. How do I get this missing 2 tenths? As you can see from the above, I already casted to a float. Thanks, M From pythontutor@venix.com Sat Dec 1 21:00:20 2001 From: pythontutor@venix.com (Lloyd Kvam) Date: Sat, 01 Dec 2001 16:00:20 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] Need more precise digits References: Message-ID: <3C0944E4.1000209@venix.com> You really want something like: avgsize = float(totalsize)/float(groups) In older Python's: 22/10 = 2 float(22/10) = float(2) = 2.0 You need to convert to float BEFORE doing the division. Mike Yuen wrote: > I've trying to calculate an average and it looks like i'm losing some > precision in digits. > > For example: i've got the following formula > avgsize = float(totalsize/groups) > > both totalsize and groups are integers > I've got 10 groups > sizes are: > 2+3+2+2+3+2+2+2+2+2 = 22 > > I should get 22/10 = 2.2. > > What I get is 2.0. How do I get this missing 2 tenths? As you can see > from the above, I already casted to a float. > > Thanks, > M > > > > _______________________________________________ > Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org > http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor > > -- Lloyd Kvam Venix Corp. 1 Court Street, Suite 378 Lebanon, NH 03766-1358 voice: 603-443-6155 fax: 801-459-9582 From pythontutor@venix.com Sat Dec 1 22:00:13 2001 From: pythontutor@venix.com (Lloyd Kvam) Date: Sat, 01 Dec 2001 17:00:13 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] Help with lists References: Message-ID: <3C0952ED.30503@venix.com> My understanding: You have a list of pairs. You wish to combine those pairs where the first element is the same into a longer list without duplicating the first element. One approach is to sort the list based upon the first pair value. Then step through the list appending each pair to a new list. If the last element in the new list matches our current pair, combine them rather than appending. In Python: def combine(listlist,list_a): if listlist == []: listlist.append(list_a) elif listlist[-1][0] == list_a[0]: listlist[-1].extend(list_a[1:]) else: listlist.append(list_a) return listlist l1 = [ [1,'a'],[2,'a'],[3,'a'],[2,'b'],[4,'b'],[2,'c']]+[[20, 'A4'],[20, 'A2'],[20, 'E']] l1.sort() l2 = reduce(combine, l1, []) print l2 >>> [[1, 'a'], [2, 'a', 'b', 'c'], [3, 'a'], [4, 'b'], [20, 'A2', 'A4', 'E']] reduce is one of the "functional" functions in Python. The first argument is a function that will be applied to each element in a list along with the functions prior return value. The second argument is the list to be processed. The optional third argument represents the initial function return value. reduce is most commonly used to turn a list into a single value such as by adding up the list elements. It is also handy for this kind of list transformation. Mike Yuen wrote: > I've got a bit of a problem with lists that I need some help with. > > What I have is a pair of sub-elements (20 and A4) within each element such > as: > [20, A4] <-- We'll call this pair "big element" > > There are over 20000 such big elements. Not all of them are going to have > a unique 1st sub-element (ie: the above big element has 20 as it's 1st > sub element) > > What i'm trying to do is group them all the big elements with > the same 1st subelements together. > For example: > [20, A4] > [20, A2] > [20, E] > > Will make the following big element: > [20, A4, A2, E] > > Can someone help me out? I have to stick with lists as the structure > meaning I can't use tuples or dictionaries. > > Thanks, > M > > > _______________________________________________ > Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org > http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor > > -- Lloyd Kvam Venix Corp. 1 Court Street, Suite 378 Lebanon, NH 03766-1358 voice: 603-443-6155 fax: 801-459-9582 From urnerk@qwest.net Sat Dec 1 22:37:53 2001 From: urnerk@qwest.net (Kirby Urner) Date: Sat, 01 Dec 2001 14:37:53 -0800 Subject: [Tutor] 1,5 hours of Python lecture In-Reply-To: <200112011802.fB1I2oc01235@wr.richert> Message-ID: <4.2.0.58.20011201143504.019ccad0@pop3.norton.antivirus> At 07:02 PM 12/1/2001 +0100, Willi Richert wrote: >I want to do some "Perl vs. Python" for about 30 minutes Does 'Perl vs. Python' really have to be the focus? In my circles, people who do language war schticks immediately lose propaganda points -- kinda like doing 'English vs. Spanish' or 'Hindi vs. Tibetan'. The more credible approach (in my neck of the woods) is to simply show Python jumping through hoops, to please and amaze people, but to not spend a lot of time on a negative campaign against Perl (or any other language). After all, some of the best Python programmers also use Perl sometimes, and vice versa. That being said, a few wise cracks are OK. Kirby From lha2@columbia.edu Sat Dec 1 21:03:04 2001 From: lha2@columbia.edu (Lloyd Hugh Allen) Date: Sat, 01 Dec 2001 16:03:04 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] Need more precise digits References: Message-ID: <3C094588.79737ACE@mail.verizon.net> It's enough to cast either of the arguments to division as a float (in Python <= 2.1--haven't tried 2.2 yet, and can't remember whether integer division was canned yet by then, or if that's 2.3). So avgsize = float(totalsize)/groups will work (you don't have to float both) Mike Yuen wrote: > > I've trying to calculate an average and it looks like i'm losing some > precision in digits. > > For example: i've got the following formula > avgsize = float(totalsize/groups) > > both totalsize and groups are integers > I've got 10 groups > sizes are: > 2+3+2+2+3+2+2+2+2+2 = 22 > > I should get 22/10 = 2.2. > > What I get is 2.0. How do I get this missing 2 tenths? As you can see > from the above, I already casted to a float. > > Thanks, > M > > _______________________________________________ > Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org > http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor From dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu Sat Dec 1 23:49:13 2001 From: dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu (Danny Yoo) Date: Sat, 1 Dec 2001 15:49:13 -0800 (PST) Subject: [Tutor] Tutorials In-Reply-To: <3C09120F.91E1F54E@my995internet.com> Message-ID: On Sat, 1 Dec 2001, Kirk Bailey wrote: > The severral tutorials at the python site seem to cover basics, jump > to select parts of intermediate materials, and stop. > > I ned a good solid read (webwise) on the language, filling in some > blank spots, and gradually building up to the advanced material. I > have been pointed at the total language reference in reply to > questions about advanced material- but I am not ready to fully > understand this yet. Alas, many holes in my knowledge still exist, but > the totorials also seem to have considerable gaps. Any advice? You might be interested in the "Programming Python" book by Mark Lutz; it's a comprehensive walk through the language. Personally I think it's way too large; I like books that I can hold in one hand. *grin* Still, it might be worth browsing. But don't forget; we're here too! What in particular are you trying to do? We might be able to find some resources that might help you write your program. From urnerk@qwest.net Sat Dec 1 23:56:17 2001 From: urnerk@qwest.net (Kirby Urner) Date: Sat, 01 Dec 2001 15:56:17 -0800 Subject: [Tutor] Need more precise digits In-Reply-To: <3C094588.79737ACE@mail.verizon.net> References: Message-ID: <4.2.0.58.20011201155341.019dbdb0@pop3.norton.antivirus> At 04:03 PM 12/1/2001 -0500, Lloyd Hugh Allen wrote: >It's enough to cast either of the arguments to division as a float (in >Python <= 2.1--haven't tried 2.2 yet, and can't remember whether integer >division was canned yet by then, or if that's 2.3). In 2.2 you have to go: from __future__ import division if you want division to default to floating point "true division" i.e. >>> 3/2 # 3 and 2 are both type int 1.5 That'll be phased out over time, meaning this type of division will be the default. Without importing anything, you can use the new // operator any time, which forces an integer result e.g. >>> 3.0//2.0 1.0 Kirby Kirby From dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu Sun Dec 2 00:05:46 2001 From: dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu (Danny Yoo) Date: Sat, 1 Dec 2001 16:05:46 -0800 (PST) Subject: [Tutor] Help with lists In-Reply-To: Message-ID: On Sat, 1 Dec 2001, Mike Yuen wrote: > I've got a bit of a problem with lists that I need some help with. > > What I have is a pair of sub-elements (20 and A4) within each element such > as: > [20, A4] <-- We'll call this pair "big element" > > There are over 20000 such big elements. Not all of them are going to have > a unique 1st sub-element (ie: the above big element has 20 as it's 1st > sub element) > > What i'm trying to do is group them all the big elements with > the same 1st subelements together. > For example: > [20, A4] > [20, A2] > [20, E] > > Will make the following big element: > [20, A4, A2, E] > > Can someone help me out? I have to stick with lists as the structure > meaning I can't use tuples or dictionaries. Can we use dictionaries to help us construct the big elements? If so, then your problem isn't too bad. Here's one idea: we can use a dictionary to help group our lists by the first element: ### def cluster(elements): holder = {} for e in elements: first, second = e holder[first] = holder.get(first, []) + [second] return holder.items() ### Let's see how this works: ### >>> cluster(l) [(17, ['seventeen']), (20, ['A4', 'A2', 'E'])] ### It's not perfect yet, but you can bend cluster() a bit to make it solve your problem. From dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu Sun Dec 2 00:10:17 2001 From: dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu (Danny Yoo) Date: Sat, 1 Dec 2001 16:10:17 -0800 (PST) Subject: [Tutor] Need more precise digits In-Reply-To: Message-ID: On Sat, 1 Dec 2001, Mike Yuen wrote: > I've trying to calculate an average and it looks like i'm losing some > precision in digits. > > For example: i've got the following formula > avgsize = float(totalsize/groups) The problem is one of timing: by the time float() works on its argument, we've already lost precision. In Python, ### >>> float(1/2) 0.0 ### is evaluated in steps: first, Python needs to figure out what '1/2' looks like: ### >>> 1/2 0 ### and then Python can call float() on '0'. ### >>> float(0) 0.0 ### When we call functions, Python needs to figure out first what the arguments will look like. This is the bug that you're running into. Hope this helps! From sarnold@earthling.net Sun Dec 2 00:23:13 2001 From: sarnold@earthling.net (Steve Arnold) Date: 01 Dec 2001 16:23:13 -0800 Subject: [Tutor] Need more precise digits In-Reply-To: References: Message-ID: <1007252593.8525.0.camel@rama> On Sat, 2001-12-01 at 16:10, Danny Yoo wrote: > On Sat, 1 Dec 2001, Mike Yuen wrote: > > > I've trying to calculate an average and it looks like i'm losing some > > precision in digits. > > > > For example: i've got the following formula > > avgsize = float(totalsize/groups) > > The problem is one of timing: by the time float() works on its argument, > we've already lost precision. In Python, > > ### > >>> float(1/2) > 0.0 > ### [snip] So either 1 or 2 needs to be a float; but what's with the 1 in the following (python2 on redhat 7.2): >>> float(1./2) 0.5 >>> float(1./3) 0.33333333333333331 >>> float(.1/3) 0.033333333333333333 Isn't the last one correct? Steve From dsh8290@rit.edu Sun Dec 2 01:16:24 2001 From: dsh8290@rit.edu (dman) Date: Sat, 1 Dec 2001 20:16:24 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] Tutorials In-Reply-To: <3C09120F.91E1F54E@my995internet.com>; from deliberatus@my995internet.com on Sat, Dec 01, 2001 at 12:23:27PM -0500 References: <3C09120F.91E1F54E@my995internet.com> Message-ID: <20011201201624.A16707@harmony.cs.rit.edu> On Sat, Dec 01, 2001 at 12:23:27PM -0500, Kirk Bailey wrote: ... | I have GOT to hammer this thing into my concrete skull, or I am going to | bloody EXPLODE from fustration. I KNOW what I want to do,. I can | FLOWCHART it. | | But I can't CODE it. ARG. So why not draw the flowchart and post it somewhere so people can help you? If you can iterate enough times the flowchart can become detailed enough to be an abstract syntax tree, and then you're all set :-). -D -- "...the word HACK is used as a verb to indicate a massive amount of nerd-like effort." -Harley Hahn, A Student's Guide to Unix From urnerk@qwest.net Sun Dec 2 01:17:40 2001 From: urnerk@qwest.net (Kirby Urner) Date: Sat, 01 Dec 2001 17:17:40 -0800 Subject: [Tutor] Need more precise digits In-Reply-To: <1007252593.8525.0.camel@rama> References: < Message-ID: <4.2.0.58.20011201170919.00c1aec0@pop3.norton.antivirus> > > >>> float(1./2) >0.5 > >>> float(1./3) >0.33333333333333331 > >>> float(.1/3) >0.033333333333333333 > >Isn't the last one correct? > >Steve Note: it's reduntant to go float(1./2) as the decimal point alone, after the numerator or the denominator, is sufficient to make this a floating point operation. >>> .1/3 0.033333333333333333 pushes the answer to the right by one decimal place, so the trailing 1 drops off, but 0.33333333333333331 is what binary math (vs. decimally based arithemetic) really gives us -- i.e. this is all according to floating point specifications. Floating point numbers are not the same as real numbers. They're actually "more real" in the sense of actually being a part of the physical number crunching experience. No one has ever multiplied pi x pi using a whole number based positional representation without converting it from an irrational to a rational number first. Kirby From dsh8290@rit.edu Sun Dec 2 01:45:36 2001 From: dsh8290@rit.edu (dman) Date: Sat, 1 Dec 2001 20:45:36 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] Need more precise digits In-Reply-To: <1007252593.8525.0.camel@rama>; from sarnold@earthling.net on Sat, Dec 01, 2001 at 04:23:13PM -0800 References: <1007252593.8525.0.camel@rama> Message-ID: <20011201204536.B16707@harmony.cs.rit.edu> On Sat, Dec 01, 2001 at 04:23:13PM -0800, Steve Arnold wrote: | So either 1 or 2 needs to be a float; but what's with the 1 in the | following (python2 on redhat 7.2): | | >>> float(1./2) | 0.5 | >>> float(1./3) | 0.33333333333333331 | >>> float(.1/3) | 0.033333333333333333 | | Isn't the last one correct? They're all correct, to the given precision. >>> print "%.40f" % (1.0/3) 0.3333333333333333148296162562473909929395 >>> print "%.40f" % ( .1/3 ) 0.0333333333333333328707404064061847748235 >>> floating point is completely accurate, but is limited (as any representation is) to representing only certain numbers. Any time it is asked to represent a number that it can't, it uses the closes approximation. Be aware, though, that repetitive arithmatic compounds the approximation and increases the "uncertainty" in the result. (uncertainty is also created any time you measure something -- you can never measure something 100% perfectly accurately and precisely). For example : >>> print "%.40f" % .1 0.1000000000000000055511151231257827021182 >>> >>> i = 0 >>> for blah in xrange( 1000000 ) : i += .1 ... >>> print "%.40f" % i 100000.0000013328826753422617912292480468750000 >>> >>> print "%.40f" % ( .1 * 1000000 ) 100000.0000000000000000000000000000000000000000 >>> this is one reason that range() doesn't allow float values for start, stop, or increment. -D -- It took the computational power of three Commodore 64s to fly to the moon. It takes at least a 486 to run Windows 95. Something is wrong here. From deliberatus@my995internet.com Sun Dec 2 02:20:40 2001 From: deliberatus@my995internet.com (Kirk Bailey) Date: Sat, 01 Dec 2001 21:20:40 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] further ignorant babbling Message-ID: <3C098FF8.C030F4E7@my995internet.com> OK, newest and latest shot at looking like an idiot in front of my betters. ---------------stubbling code attempt--------------- #!/usr/sbin/python # preceeeding line must point to the python executable! import strings import mail # # define path information and domain name in the lines below domainname = 'howlermonkey.net' pathtosubscribers = '/www/www.howlermonkey.net/cgi-bin/lists' # # receive the incoming letter from incoming=raw_input() # # parse the letter into a dictionary letter{}=Mail.parse(incoming) # # clip off preceeding and trailing whitespace chars if any to=string.string(to) # # this next gives us the part after 'To:' and before '@' to = string.string( letter, string.pos("@",3, 'to:')) # # ok, we now know the name of the list to referr to. in.open(pathtosubscribers+to,'r') # Dig, this tupple is the total subscriber file loaded, # and is referred to with a index number! subscribers = in close in # the subscriber list is now in the tupple 'in' # # note the 'from' field is LISTNAME.DOMAINNAME! letter{'From:') = to + domainname # # append [listname] in FRONT of the existing subject. X = '['+ to + ']' + letter{Subject:} letter{subject:} = X # # open the footer file and read it into the variable footer # then close it. c = b.open(pathtostuff+footer,'r') footer= raw_input(c) close b # # append footer to the end of 'Body:' in dictionary 'letter'. letter{'Body:'} = letter{'Body:'}+footer # #now send a seperate envlope and letter to each person in that subscriber file for i in subscribers(): letter{'To:'}=subscribers[i] # This feeds a copy of the complete letter to sendmail # with To: coming from the tupple subscribers mail.send(letter{}) --------end of fumbling about-------------- ok, I know, it won't work, but it's improving. General scheme of operation: *It's a real list. This is because it came here from the alias file, so it must be a list you created, so we assume it exists and there is a subscriber file for it. *We want FROM to point at the listname@domainname so they can reply to it easily. *The footer rile provides useful information for people using the list, such as how to unsubscribe Oh, and the library called, and said the interlibrary loan about python just arrived, I will pick it up monday. -- Respectfully, -Kirk D Bailey (C)2001 Addme! icq #27840081 end Within the sweep of his sword, Each man is an Ubar. http://www.howlermonkey.net/ http://www.sacredelectron.org/ From urnerk@qwest.net Sun Dec 2 03:51:01 2001 From: urnerk@qwest.net (Kirby Urner) Date: Sat, 01 Dec 2001 19:51:01 -0800 Subject: [Tutor] Need more precise digits In-Reply-To: <20011201204536.B16707@harmony.cs.rit.edu> References: <1007252593.8525.0.camel@rama> <1007252593.8525.0.camel@rama> Message-ID: <4.2.0.58.20011201195017.00c3f5c0@pop3.norton.antivirus> At 08:45 PM 12/1/2001 -0500, dman wrote: >this is one reason that range() doesn't allow float values for start, >stop, or increment. > >-D ... a trap I feel into very recently, with my lazyrange() alternative (illustrating the generator feature). Kirby From dsh8290@rit.edu Sun Dec 2 03:57:23 2001 From: dsh8290@rit.edu (dman) Date: Sat, 1 Dec 2001 22:57:23 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] Need more precise digits In-Reply-To: <4.2.0.58.20011201195017.00c3f5c0@pop3.norton.antivirus>; from urnerk@qwest.net on Sat, Dec 01, 2001 at 07:51:01PM -0800 References: <1007252593.8525.0.camel@rama> <1007252593.8525.0.camel@rama> <20011201204536.B16707@harmony.cs.rit.edu> <4.2.0.58.20011201195017.00c3f5c0@pop3.norton.antivirus> Message-ID: <20011201225723.B16876@harmony.cs.rit.edu> On Sat, Dec 01, 2001 at 07:51:01PM -0800, Kirby Urner wrote: | At 08:45 PM 12/1/2001 -0500, dman wrote: | | >this is one reason that range() doesn't allow float values for start, | >stop, or increment. | > | >-D | | ... a trap I fell into very recently, with my lazyrange() | alternative (illustrating the generator feature). Yep, but you noticed it in time. BTW, did you check the range's terminating condition with == or >=? Checking equality with floats is bad because of the approximations that happen. It is unlikely that, after some arithmatic, a float will exactly equal what you want. It is better to check if it is equal with some epsilon (that is, close enough to consider equal). This applies in general, not just to your lazyrange(). -D -- Microsoft: "Windows NT 4.0 now has the same user-interface as Windows 95" Windows 95: "Press CTRL-ALT-DEL to reboot" Windows NT 4.0: "Press CTRL-ALT-DEL to login" From urnerk@qwest.net Sun Dec 2 04:32:20 2001 From: urnerk@qwest.net (Kirby Urner) Date: Sat, 01 Dec 2001 20:32:20 -0800 Subject: [Tutor] further ignorant babbling In-Reply-To: <3C098FF8.C030F4E7@my995internet.com> Message-ID: <4.2.0.58.20011201195204.00c3fc80@pop3.norton.antivirus> At 09:20 PM 12/1/2001 -0500, Kirk Bailey wrote: >OK, newest and latest shot at looking like an idiot in >front of my betters. We're all idiots of one kind or another, not to worry. ># parse the letter into a dictionary >letter{}=Mail.parse(incoming) ^^^^^^^ I'm not able to do a comprehensive debug of your pseudocode, but want to point out that you're not quite getting dictionary syntax. Curly braces are never used in this subscript position. ># clip off preceeding and trailing whitespace chars if any >to=string.string(to) ># string doesn't have a 'string' method. If 'to' is already a string and you want to clip off any whitespace, the function to use is string.strip(). Also, in recent Pythons, most string functions may be invoked as methods against primitive string objects, without importing the string module; in other words: >>> ' baaaa '.strip() 'baaaa' ># this next gives us the part after 'To:' and before '@' >to = string.string( letter, string.pos("@",3, 'to:')) If you're *sure* that "To:" and "@" will be in 'to', then you can do it in one line with string methods: >>> to = "To: joeblow@smallworld.com" >>> to 'To: joeblow@smallworld.com' >>> to[to.index("To:")+3:to.index("@")].strip() 'joeblow' (in this case, we're basically getting to[3:12] and stripping off the leading spaces). to.index("To:") returns where "To:" begins in to (position 0). ># ># ok, we now know the name of the list to referr to. >in.open(pathtosubscribers+to,'r') open(filename,'r') returns a file object to a variable. This file object now has methods applied to it, such as readlines(). So you probably want to go: in = open(whatever,'r') 'to' just contains the name of one email person, as per your above example. Does that person have his own file? ># Dig, this tupple is the total subscriber file loaded, ># and is referred to with a index number! >subscribers = in You might be wanting subscribers = in.readlines() which will make a list containing every line in whatever (the file opened above) as an element in the list. >close in in.close() ># the subscriber list is now in the tupple 'in' ># No, 'in' is now closed and done with. We read the subscriber list into 'subscribers' using in.readlines() -- I think is what you're getting at. ># note the 'from' field is LISTNAME.DOMAINNAME! >letter{'From:') = to + domainname Again, illegal syntax. If letter is a dictionary, you key into it using square brackets. Example: >>> mydict = {} # empty dictionary >>> mydict['to'] = 'joeblow@mydomain.com' >>> mydict['subject'] = 'The end of the world' ... like that (showing it in shell mode, interactively -- the best place to experiment with Python syntax even as you write longer code in another window, to test out whether you're getting it right). ># ># append [listname] in FRONT of the existing subject. >X = '['+ to + ']' + letter{Subject:} Yeah, you can do something like this. Remember to insert '\n' strings where you want to code a line break (newline). >letter{subject:} = X Confusing. letter['subject'] should just be the subject, no? We don't want to stick the 'to' stuff in there too. Can't we keep letter['to'], letter['subject'], letter['body'] and letter['footer'] all as separate entries until later? # append footer to the end of 'Body:' in dictionary 'letter'. >letter{'Body:'} = letter{'Body:'}+footer ># body = open(somepath/file,'r') letter['body'] = body.readlines() body.close() Except now letter['body'] keys to a list, not one long text string. If you need to convert a list of text lines into one long string, with newlines between each line, you can do something like this: >>> linelist = ['this is a line', 'this is another line'] >>> letter = {} >>> letter['body'] = '\n'.join(linelist) >>> letter['body'] 'this is a line\nthis is another line' >>> print letter['body'] this is a line this is another line And: footer = raw_input('Enter footer: ') letter['footer'] = footer >#now send a seperate envlope and letter to each person in that >subscriber file >for i in subscribers(): > letter{'To:'}=subscribers[i] > # This feeds a copy of the complete letter to sendmail > # with To: coming from the tupple subscribers > mail.send(letter{}) 'subscribers' is a list, so you don't want to put () after it, as if it were a function. Your indexing i will become each subscriber in turn, so just go letter('to') = i -- and when you pass your letter to mail.send, just send 'letter' -- no need for the {} tacked on (Python knows it's a dictionary). This presumes mail.send is something *you* write. If its part of a Standard Library module named mail, then mail.send(letter) will only work if send() expects a dictionary with those specific entries. Is that what's happening, or was the idea of formatting a letter as a dictionary your idea (not a bad one, by the way -- certainly workable)? > Oh, and the library called, and said the interlibrary > loan about python just arrived, I will pick it up monday. You're doin' great. The kind of program you're writing is quite ambitious and wouldn't normally be tackled by a beginner to *any* language (except maybe rebol). That you are willing to tackle such a thing is testament both to Python's power, and your bravery as would-be snake charmer. Kirby From urnerk@qwest.net Sun Dec 2 05:03:31 2001 From: urnerk@qwest.net (Kirby Urner) Date: Sat, 01 Dec 2001 21:03:31 -0800 Subject: [Tutor] Need more precise digits In-Reply-To: <20011201225723.B16876@harmony.cs.rit.edu> References: <4.2.0.58.20011201195017.00c3f5c0@pop3.norton.antivirus> <1007252593.8525.0.camel@rama> <1007252593.8525.0.camel@rama> <20011201204536.B16707@harmony.cs.rit.edu> <4.2.0.58.20011201195017.00c3f5c0@pop3.norton.antivirus> Message-ID: <4.2.0.58.20011201203547.00c3e660@pop3.norton.antivirus> In tutor@python.org, "dman" wrote: >Checking equality with floats is bad because of the >approximations that happen. Oh so true. def lazyrange(start,stop,inc): if (startstop and inc>0): raise ValueError,"Illegal parameters" while start>> genphi = conv([1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1]) >>> for fraction in genphi: print fraction 0/1 1/0 1/1 2/1 3/2 5/3 8/5 13/8 21/13 34/21 55/34 89/55 144/89 Of course a 'print' statement in place of yield would accomplish the same thing in this context (that's what a yield is like, a print). But I can imagine an application where I'd want to return the partial fraction, then maybe ask for more precision later on, and conv() would be there, ready to pick up right where it left off. I've written class definitions like this for square roots -- you ask for 30 digits of precision, then come back later and ask for 100 digits, and it doesn't have to start over from the beginning, just goes out from 30, and so on. BTW, as some might already know, the constant we're approaching with this simplest of continued fractions is phi = (sqrt(5)+1)/2 = golden ratio = approx. 1.6180339887498949 >>> 144/89. 1.6179775280898876 Not so close yet. But let's go out to 50 iterations: >>> genphi = conv([1 for i in range(50)]) >>> for fraction in genphi: result = fraction >>> result '7778742049/4807526976' >>> 7778742049/4807526976. 1.6180339887498949 Better. This is where we could write a loop that continues until the difference between the fraction and the floating point goes below some very small value, like 1E-12. Just modify conv() to never stop on its own, and keep looping until you hit the break condition, which should *not* involve an ==, for the reason you mention. Kirby From deliberatus@my995internet.com Sun Dec 2 07:25:26 2001 From: deliberatus@my995internet.com (Kirk Bailey) Date: Sun, 02 Dec 2001 02:25:26 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] other languages Message-ID: <3C09D766.85959103@my995internet.com> I like the extensibility of python. I see you can evern write your own modules and have them available as optional extensions for use at need, which I like. Reminds me of a fun thing, a strange state of mind, or state of computer, called FORTH. Ah, forth. A top down bottom up compiling interpeting language, stack oriented, and using reverse polish notation, infinately exensible, with all possible and not yet existing asembly language as a subset of the language. Sheesh. Helloworld in forth: :helloworld ."Hello world!" ; By the time your mind registered the movement of the cursor, it was finished. IT IS NOW PART OF *YOUR* FORTH. now add to it: :better CLR 3 do[helloworld]; $better Helloworld! Helloworld! Helloworld! OK _ OK means it finished executing with no problems, and is waiting for a command. _ is the cursor. That 'program' is A WORD, and is used in the definition of other words. It has to exist before it can be used in other words, so this is bottom up. But we conceive and write top down, from most general to most specific, so we use the editor to write the source file FROM THE BOTTOM OF THE FILE, with the most general definitions, and above them sucessively define more and more detailed specific functions. Then we compile. Doint it interactive mode is a little hairyier. Leo Brodie wrote (Thinking Forth? [He wrote severalbooks on it, is one of the prime suspects responsible for the language]) in one of his books that it is so different that beginners pick it up much easier than experienced programmers. Experienced programmers tend to go a little banannas trying to grok forth. It is agglutinative, like Hawaiian or German. As an example, the German word for glove is translated in it's parts as 'hand & shoe'. Hawaiian is much easier to pronounce, and has a very useful body of metaphors in it in their system of mysticism- HUNA. As all programs are in fact new WORDS, and are defined in terms of primitives and other existing WORDS, there are words of power. Primitives are written in assembler- elements or 'spirits'. Were I to write forth in hawaiian I would call it HUNA (after the Hawaiian system of mysticism) and a master of it a Kahuna. As could then have fun with all the bits about places of power, elements and spirits, words of power, kahunas, the great kahuna, etc. But I digresss from the subject of PYTHON. A search at yahoo would prove fruitful for those wishing to read about or play with forth. there is a compiler versionout there with integrated devlopment environment. Turns out NICE TIGHT code- I used it to write a hello world, free standing. 453 bytes. Microsoft C took 47K. Someone slap bill gates around with a largemouth Bass. Will slack off for sunday and do errands, get book from library monday. Expect more rom me monday night. -- Respectfully, -Kirk D Bailey (C)2001 Addme! icq #27840081 end Within the sweep of his sword, Each man is an Ubar. http://www.howlermonkey.net/ http://www.sacredelectron.org/ From cow@esweeet.com Sun Dec 2 07:47:32 2001 From: cow@esweeet.com (Cow) Date: Sat, 1 Dec 2001 23:47:32 -0800 (PST) Subject: [Tutor] Bookmarks Message-ID: <20011202074732.EEC4E36F9@sitemail.everyone.net> I know in VB, you can make bookmarks such as: goto Cat msgbox "bla bla" Cat: msgbox "You are at Cat" and it will go to the "Cat" bookmark and perform the commands... how can you do that in Python? thanks a lot! -Ryan _____________________________________________________________ Free eSweeet Mail - http://www.esweeet.com From scarblac@pino.selwerd.nl Sun Dec 2 08:53:43 2001 From: scarblac@pino.selwerd.nl (Remco Gerlich) Date: Sun, 2 Dec 2001 09:53:43 +0100 Subject: [Tutor] Bookmarks In-Reply-To: <20011202074732.EEC4E36F9@sitemail.everyone.net>; from cow@esweeet.com on Sat, Dec 01, 2001 at 11:47:32PM -0800 References: <20011202074732.EEC4E36F9@sitemail.everyone.net> Message-ID: <20011202095343.A23786@pino.selwerd.nl> On 0, Cow wrote: > I know in VB, you can make bookmarks such as: > > goto Cat > > msgbox "bla bla" > > Cat: > msgbox "You are at Cat" > > and it will go to the "Cat" bookmark and perform the commands... There is a problem with this construct. What will VB do *after* the commands at the label Cat? It doesnn't go back to the command after the goto statement. So the programs "jumps around" in a way that's hard to read - you can't see at one glance that now it does that, then it does that, then it does that. This sort of thing is why the goto statement is usually frowned upon in programming languages - the classical text is from Edsger Dijkstra, called "Go To statement considered harmful", from 1968 (!). Nothing is new in programming :). Although it has been argued that there are situations in which goto can be the right way to program something, Python is much too clean to have the command. > how can you do that in Python? You put the commands in a function. Like: def cat_messagebox(): # There is no function 'message_box' without some preparation, # this is just an example. message_box("This is the function cat_messagebox.") Now you can call cat_messagebox() from other places in your program - and after doing it's thing, the program will always return to the command after the function. This gives your program more structure. (The paper is at ) -- Remco Gerlich From tim.one@home.com Sun Dec 2 09:57:49 2001 From: tim.one@home.com (Tim Peters) Date: Sun, 2 Dec 2001 04:57:49 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] Need more precise digits In-Reply-To: <4.2.0.58.20011201203547.00c3e660@pop3.norton.antivirus> Message-ID: [Kirby Urner] > ... > By the way, another application of the generator feature > came up for me on another list recently. I was chatting > with a community college prof about continued fractions, > which have the standard form: > > q0 + 1 > -------- > q1 + 1 > ---- > q2 + .... > > Where q0, q1... are positive integers. I had this recursive > way of doing it which amounted to a right to left evaluation, > but he showed me a way of going left to right. That was cool, > because one thing I wanted to see was how some continued > fractions gradually converge to a key constant. For example, > the simplest of all continued fractions is just: > > 1 + 1 > -------- > 1 + 1 > ---- > 1 + .... > > and so on. Note that the numerators and denominators of the convergents to this are the Fibonacci numbers; that is, this: > ... > 1/1 > 2/1 > 3/2 > 5/3 > 8/5 > 13/8 > 21/13 > ... should look familiar . > The professor had written his algorithm for the TI calculator, > but I adapted with hardly any modifications to Python, and > now it looks like this: > > from __future__ import generators > > def conv(cf): > """ > Generate partial fractions from partial quotients > of a continued fraction, with thanks to: > RWW Taylor > National Technical Institute for the Deaf > Rochester Institute of Technology > Rochester NY 14623 > """ > cfsize = len(cf) > n = [0 for i in range(cfsize+2)] # all 0s Simpler as n = [0] * (cfsize + 2) but, as shown later, you don't need a list here at all. > d = n[:] # copy of n > n[1] = d[0] = 1 > for i in range(cfsize): > n[i+2] = n[i] + cf[i] * n[i + 1] > d[i+2] = d[i] + cf[i] * d[i + 1] > yield str(n[i])+"/"+str(d[i]) # interim result Consider the last iteration of the loop: the n[i+2]/d[i+2] and n[i+1]/d[i+1] convergents are computed but never returned (when i==len(cfsize)-1). > return Not needed -- "falling off the end" of a generator is the same as a "return". > So if I feed this a list like [1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1], Easier written as [1]*13 (see the similar trick with [0] above). > it'll yield an approximation with each iteration, because > I wrote it as a generator. However, because you compute len(cf) at the start, cf can't *itself* be a generator. It's more flexible (and the code gets simpler!) if you let cf be any iterable object. For example, then you could feed it this: def ones(): while 1: yield 1 That is, an unbounded sequence of ones. > For example: > > >>> genphi = conv([1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1]) > >>> for fraction in genphi: print fraction > > 0/1 > 1/0 > 1/1 > 2/1 > 3/2 > 5/3 > 8/5 > 13/8 > 21/13 > 34/21 > 55/34 > 89/55 > 144/89 > > Of course a 'print' statement in place of yield would accomplish > the same thing in this context (that's what a yield is like, > a print). But I can imagine an application where I'd want > to return the partial fraction, then maybe ask for more > precision later on, and conv() would be there, ready to pick > up right where it left off. Yes indeed! There are many applications for this, although it's hard to give an obvious example . Here's an alternative that accepts any iterable object (incl. a generator, if you like) as argument, generates all the convergents (including the last two), and doesn't use any internal lists: from __future__ import generators, division # Generate continued-fraction pairs (num, den) from a sequence of # partial quotients. def conv(pqs): x0, y0 = 0, 1 # zero x1, y1 = 1, 0 # infinity yield x0, y0 yield x1, y1 for q in pqs: x0, y0, x1, y1 = x1, y1, x0 + q*x1, y0 + q*y1 yield x1, y1 import math x = (1 + math.sqrt(5))/2 for n, d in conv([1] * 50): approx = n/(d or 1e-300) print "%d/%d ~= %.17g %.17g" % (n, d, approx, x - approx) > ... > This is where we could write a loop that continues until the > difference between the fraction and the floating point goes > below some very small value, like 1E-12. Just modify conv() > to never stop on its own, and keep looping until you hit the > break condition, which should *not* involve an ==, for the > reason you mention. Continued fractions are lovely. One of the things you can prove is that successive convergents are alternately larger and smaller than the true value (e.g., 0/1 < phi, 1/0 > phi, 1/1 < phi, 2/1 > phi, <, >, <, >, ...). Another is that if p/q and r/s are successive convergents, then abs(p/q - r/s) == 1/(q*s) (e.g., 13/8-21/13 == (13*13-21*8)/(8*13) == 1/(8*13)). Together, those imply that the true value is within 1/(q*s) of both convergents. A weaker but more useful relation is that, since the denominators increase once the sequence gets going, the convergent following p/q has a denominator at least as large as q, so the "1/(q*s)" is no larger than 1/q**2. IOW, once you get beyond the trivial convergents at the start, any particular convergent p/q is within 1/q**2 of the true value. This can be used to determine a stopping point good to a given level of accuracy even when you don't know the true value in advance. One other factoid of use: if p/q is a convergent to a real number x, p/q is the best rational approximation to x among all rationals with denominator no greater than q -- although, as usual with continued fraction, that really needs some weasle words to exempt the trivial 0/1 and 1/0 convergents at the start. more-fun-than-apple-pi-ly y'rs - tim From glingl@aon.at Sun Dec 2 16:59:24 2001 From: glingl@aon.at (Gregor Lingl) Date: Sun, 2 Dec 2001 17:59:24 +0100 Subject: [Tutor] Division Message-ID: <00aa01c17b52$b1da1a00$1664a8c0@mega> This is a multi-part message in MIME format. ------=_NextPart_000_00A7_01C17B5B.13645F30 Content-Type: text/plain; charset="iso-8859-1" Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Hi! As I'm starting to give a new course 'Introduction to programming' in Jan 2002. It's for young students in the age of 15/16. (Of course) I shall use Python. I'd consider it an advantage not to confuse my students in the beginning with the specialities the overlaoding of=20 the division-operator (although I had to do so for several times until now). But neither with the import from future statement. So my question is: Is there a way to start the Python-Interpreter with new division enabled, so one needs not to write=20 'from __future__ import division' at the beginning of every program file which uses division (using some switch, editing some startup=20 file or similar)? Although this is not an issue of major importance, I'm curious about it. Thanks in advance Gregor =20 ------=_NextPart_000_00A7_01C17B5B.13645F30 Content-Type: text/html; charset="iso-8859-1" Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable
Hi!
 
As I'm starting to give a new = course=20 'Introduction to
programming' in Jan 2002. It's = for young=20 students in the
age of 15/16. (Of course) I = shall=20 use Python.
I'd consider it an advantage = not to confuse=20 my students
in the beginning with the = specialities the=20 overlaoding of
the division-operator (although = I had to do=20 so for several times
until now). But neither with = the import=20 from future
statement.
 
So my question is: Is there a = way to start=20 the Python-Interpreter
with new division enabled, so = one needs not=20 to write
'from __future__ import = division' at the=20 beginning of every program
file which uses division (using = some=20 switch, editing some startup
file or similar)?
 
Although this is not an issue = of major=20 importance, I'm curious about
it.
 
Thanks in advance
Gregor
 
 
------=_NextPart_000_00A7_01C17B5B.13645F30-- From tim.one@home.com Sun Dec 2 19:10:16 2001 From: tim.one@home.com (Tim Peters) Date: Sun, 2 Dec 2001 14:10:16 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] Division In-Reply-To: <00aa01c17b52$b1da1a00$1664a8c0@mega> Message-ID: [Gregor Lingl] > As I'm starting to give a new course 'Introduction to > programming' in Jan 2002. It's for young students in the > age of 15/16. (Of course) I shall use Python. > I'd consider it an advantage not to confuse my students > in the beginning with the specialities the overlaoding of > the division-operator (although I had to do so for several times > until now). But neither with the import from future > statement. > > So my question is: Is there a way to start the Python-Interpreter > with new division enabled, so one needs not to write > 'from __future__ import division' at the beginning of every program > file which uses division (using some switch, editing some startup > file or similar)? Skip down to the "Command Line Option" section of PEP 238: http://python.sf.net/peps/pep-0238.html As it says, The "new" option is only intended for use in certain educational environments, where true division is required, but asking the students to include the future division statement in all their code would be a problem. C:\Code\python\PCbuild>python -Qnew Python 2.2b2+ (#26, Nov 28 2001, 19:17:11) [MSC 32 bit (Intel)] on win32 Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information. >>> 1/2 0.5 >>> 1//2 0 >>> From fleet@teachout.org Sun Dec 2 20:15:16 2001 From: fleet@teachout.org (fleet@teachout.org) Date: Sun, 2 Dec 2001 15:15:16 -0500 (EST) Subject: [Tutor] class again Message-ID: I have followed the example in Core Python Programming (pg 403) re; AddrBookEntry class. If I type it in at the interactive Python prompt everything works fine. When I try to put the class in a file (addrbook.py) and 'import addrbook' I get no complaints; but I can't instantiate the class. (Ie, john = AddrBookEntry('John Doe', '405-555-1212'). I get NameError: AddrBookEntry. Where did I fall off the track? Thanks, - fleet - So you don't have to look it up, here's the class: class AddrBookEntry: 'address book entry class' def __init__(self, nm, ph): self.name = nm self.phone = ph print 'Created instance for:', self.name def updatePhone(self, newph): self.phone = newph print 'Updated phone# for:', self.name From scarblac@pino.selwerd.nl Sun Dec 2 20:19:34 2001 From: scarblac@pino.selwerd.nl (Remco Gerlich) Date: Sun, 2 Dec 2001 21:19:34 +0100 Subject: [Tutor] class again In-Reply-To: ; from fleet@teachout.org on Sun, Dec 02, 2001 at 03:15:16PM -0500 References: Message-ID: <20011202211934.A24869@pino.selwerd.nl> On 0, fleet@teachout.org wrote: > I have followed the example in Core Python Programming (pg 403) re; > AddrBookEntry class. If I type it in at the interactive Python prompt > everything works fine. When I try to put the class in a file > (addrbook.py) and 'import addrbook' I get no complaints; but I can't > instantiate the class. (Ie, john = AddrBookEntry('John Doe', > '405-555-1212'). I get NameError: AddrBookEntry. > > Where did I fall off the track? After you do 'import addrbook', you can access the module addrbook. AddBookEntry is a class inside that module, so you have to instantiate it like john = addrbook.AddrBookEntry(.....) -- Remco Gerlich From fleet@teachout.org Sun Dec 2 20:45:07 2001 From: fleet@teachout.org (fleet@teachout.org) Date: Sun, 2 Dec 2001 15:45:07 -0500 (EST) Subject: [Tutor] RE: class again Message-ID: Why can't these blinding flashes of instant knowledge occur *BEFORE* one hits the send button. I had simply failed to precede the class name with the module name. john = addrbook.AddrBookEntry('John Doe', '405-555-1212') works just fine. However, I do have a class question: Somewhere (in Core Python Programming) I recall seeing something that implied data in a class was not preserved in lists or dictionaries. I don't think I understand this. In the address book example; where would the information about "john" be stored for later retrieval if not in a dictionary (or at least a flat file database).? (I can't seem to find this reference now; but then, I haven't hit the send key yet!) - fleet - From dsh8290@rit.edu Sun Dec 2 21:04:41 2001 From: dsh8290@rit.edu (dman) Date: Sun, 2 Dec 2001 16:04:41 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] Need more precise digits In-Reply-To: ; from tim.one@home.com on Sun, Dec 02, 2001 at 04:57:49AM -0500 References: <4.2.0.58.20011201203547.00c3e660@pop3.norton.antivirus> Message-ID: <20011202160441.A17536@harmony.cs.rit.edu> On Sun, Dec 02, 2001 at 04:57:49AM -0500, Tim Peters wrote: | [Kirby Urner] | > ... | > By the way, another application of the generator feature | > came up for me on another list recently. I was chatting | > with a community college prof about continued fractions, | > which have the standard form: ... | Note that the numerators and denominators of the convergents to this are the | Fibonacci numbers; that is, this: Interesting stuff here :-). I've never seen continued fractions before (SE majors don't need any math beyond Calc 3, Discrete 2, Prob & Stat 1, and Diff. Eq.). I've also never seen the Fibonacci numbers except in CS examples. This is the first time I've seen them applied somewhere. -D -- Failure is not an option. It is bundled with the software. From dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu Sun Dec 2 21:18:10 2001 From: dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu (Danny Yoo) Date: Sun, 2 Dec 2001 13:18:10 -0800 (PST) Subject: [Tutor] RE: class again In-Reply-To: Message-ID: On Sun, 2 Dec 2001 fleet@teachout.org wrote: > Why can't these blinding flashes of instant knowledge occur *BEFORE* one > hits the send button. I had simply failed to precede the class name with > the module name. john = addrbook.AddrBookEntry('John Doe', > '405-555-1212') works just fine. No problem. This happens to me all the time. *grin* I think it's the same sort of effect that Gregor noticed: the act of asking a question usually jogs the mental gears enough to start rolling again. > Somewhere (in Core Python Programming) I recall seeing something that > implied data in a class was not preserved in lists or dictionaries. I > don't think I understand this. In the address book example; where > would the information about "john" be stored for later retrieval if > not in a dictionary (or at least a flat file database).? Hmmm... if you can give a page number, we can check up on that. I finally have a copy of Wesley's Core Python Programming book. (Thanks Wes!) I'm not familiar with the term "implied data" though; can someone clarify? Good luck to you! From tim.one@home.com Sun Dec 2 21:35:13 2001 From: tim.one@home.com (Tim Peters) Date: Sun, 2 Dec 2001 16:35:13 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] Need more precise digits In-Reply-To: <20011202160441.A17536@harmony.cs.rit.edu> Message-ID: [dman] > Interesting stuff here :-). I've never seen continued fractions > before (SE majors don't need any math beyond Calc 3, Discrete 2, > Prob & Stat 1, and Diff. Eq.). I've also never seen the Fibonacci > numbers except in CS examples. This is the first time I've seen them > applied somewhere. Whether you're required to or not , you should pick up "Concrete Mathematics", by Knuth, Graham and Patashnik. It's a wonderful intro to the particular areas of discrete math of most use in Comp Sci. Some of it is hard going, but you'll quickly learn to skim over those parts ... The Fibonacci numbers have a surprising connection to Euclid's GCD (greatest common divisor) algorithm: it turns out that pairs of successive Fibonacci numbers are the worst cases for that algorithm, and, in fact, that in turn "is because" every partial quotient in the continued fraction expansion of phi is 1. How is all this connected? Read the book . From fleet@teachout.org Sun Dec 2 21:33:43 2001 From: fleet@teachout.org (fleet@teachout.org) Date: Sun, 2 Dec 2001 16:33:43 -0500 (EST) Subject: [Tutor] RE: class again In-Reply-To: Message-ID: On Sun, 2 Dec 2001, Danny Yoo wrote: > > Somewhere (in Core Python Programming) I recall seeing something that > > implied data in a class was not preserved in lists or dictionaries. I > > don't think I understand this. In the address book example; where > > would the information about "john" be stored for later retrieval if > > not in a dictionary (or at least a flat file database).? > > Hmmm... if you can give a page number, we can check up on that. I finally > have a copy of Wesley's Core Python Programming book. (Thanks Wes!) > > I'm not familiar with the term "implied data" though; can someone clarify? Replace "implied" with "hinted" - it's a verb not an adjective. :) (And I'm still looking!) - fleet - From lha2@columbia.edu Sun Dec 2 21:55:48 2001 From: lha2@columbia.edu (Lloyd Hugh Allen) Date: Sun, 02 Dec 2001 16:55:48 -0500 Subject: [Fwd: Re: [Tutor] Need more precise digits] Message-ID: <3C0AA364.2769774C@mail.verizon.net> I'll get a hang of this replying thing one of these days. -------- Original Message -------- From: Lloyd Hugh Allen Subject: Re: [Tutor] Need more precise digits To: dman dman wrote: > > On Sun, Dec 02, 2001 at 04:57:49AM -0500, Tim Peters wrote: > | [Kirby Urner] > | > ... > | > By the way, another application of the generator feature > | > came up for me on another list recently. I was chatting > | > with a community college prof about continued fractions, > | > which have the standard form: > ... > | Note that the numerators and denominators of the convergents to this are the > | Fibonacci numbers; that is, this: > > Interesting stuff here :-). I've never seen continued fractions > before (SE majors don't need any math beyond Calc 3, Discrete 2, > Prob & Stat 1, and Diff. Eq.). I've also never seen the Fibonacci > numbers except in CS examples. This is the first time I've seen them > applied somewhere. That's ironic, that you hadn't seen continued fractions: as a mathie, I had them in "Combinatorial Number Theory", which was described as Computer Science without Computers (except that by the time that I took it, comfort with Mathematica, and weekly meditation with Mathematica, were requisite). (I still remember when the Academic Computing people got really mad at our section the weekend that we were supposed to sieve for all of the primes <= 10**6, and brought one of the servers to a screeching halt with our poor algorithms--I think mine did a bunch of comparisons of two or three lists with 10**5 or 10**6 elements to start with, but then got more efficient). From jrm@videotron.ca Sun Dec 2 15:01:43 2001 From: jrm@videotron.ca (Jean Montambeault) Date: Sun, 2 Dec 2001 17:01:43 +0200 Subject: [Tutor] "from this import *" or "import this" Message-ID: <000d01c17b42$41855680$0100c0a8@videotron.ca> Be ready for a whole lot of very newbie questions. I've never programmed before and do not intend to make a career out of what I am learning : pure amateurism here which does not necessarily implies triviality but that shouldn't be a surprise. So : is there a real use for the form "from this_module import * " since (a) there seems to be a real danger to get some functions or variables which would have the same name if more than one module are open that way (b) nothing shows the relation to the module which is to some extent documenting the program (c) it imports the whole module (I guess) just as "import this_module" seems to be doing ? Or is it much safer and wiser to avoid using it ? Thanks Jean M. From dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu Sun Dec 2 21:58:14 2001 From: dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu (Danny Yoo) Date: Sun, 2 Dec 2001 13:58:14 -0800 (PST) Subject: [Tutor] further ignorant babbling In-Reply-To: <3C098FF8.C030F4E7@my995internet.com> Message-ID: On Sat, 1 Dec 2001, Kirk Bailey wrote: > import strings This might be a typo: you probably mean "import string" instead. > import mail > # > # define path information and domain name in the lines below > domainname = 'howlermonkey.net' > pathtosubscribers = '/www/www.howlermonkey.net/cgi-bin/lists' > # > # receive the incoming letter from > incoming=raw_input() > # > # parse the letter into a dictionary > letter{}=Mail.parse(incoming) Python is "dynamically typed", so you don't need to tell Python that "letter" will be a dictionary. If 'Mail.parse(incoming)' returns a dictionary, then: letter = Mail.parse(incoming) should be enough. Be careful! 'Mail' is uppercased here, but your import uses a lowercased 'mail'. I'm not sure which one is right, but you'll need to check this. > # clip off preceeding and trailing whitespace chars if any > to=string.string(to) You probably mean: to = string.strip(to) There's some documentation on the 'string' module here: http://www.python.org/doc/lib/module-string.html > # this next gives us the part after 'To:' and before '@' > to = string.string( letter, string.pos("@",3, 'to:')) Hmmm... You might want to write this as a separate function, because it does seem like a useful thing to have. Here's an example function that knows how to strip the domain out of an email address: ### def stripDomain(email): end = string.find(email, '@') return email[:end] ### Once we have a function like this, we can use it as if it were part of Python itself: ### >>> stripDomain("deliberatus@my995internet.com") 'deliberatus' ### Functions are often fun to write: by writing functions, we can expand the number of "verbs" we can use in our programs. From fleet@teachout.org Sun Dec 2 22:04:00 2001 From: fleet@teachout.org (fleet@teachout.org) Date: Sun, 2 Dec 2001 17:04:00 -0500 (EST) Subject: [Tutor] class data Message-ID: Ok. I found the reference I was talking about (that implies the data contained in classes are not stored in dictionaries or "standard" type containers). Python Core Programming, pg 412, about half way down (under the "def" and "class" examples) and continuing through the first paragraph on the next page. For those that don't have the book, here's the excerpt: "The fact that such a declaration is "larger" than a standard type declaration should be proof that classes in Python are much more than standard types. (Note: I don't understand this statement at all.) A class is like a Python container type on steroids. Not only can it hold multiple data items but it can also support its own set of functions, which we have seen before, called methods. You may be asking what other advantages classes have over standard container types such as lists and dictionaries. Standard types are fixed, cannot be customized, and come with a hard-coded set of attributes. Data types also do not provide individual namespaces for objects nor can they be used to derive "sub-types." Objects contained in lists are unrelated except for the name of their container. Its members are accessed only via an index offset into an array-like data structure. All lists have a common set of methods and provide key access to their members (who are also unrelated except for their container name). In this section, we will take a close look at classes and what types of attributes they have. Just remember to keep in mind that even though classes are objects (everything in Python is an object), they are not realizations of the objects they are defining. We will look at instances in the next chapter, so stay tuned for that. For now, the limelight is strictly beamed on class objects. When you create a class, you are practically creating your own kind of data entity. All instances of that class are similar, but classes differ from each other (and so will instances of different classes by nature). Rather than playing with toys that come from the manufacturer and were bestowed upon you as gifts, why not design and build your own toys to play with?" So if class data is not stored in standard containers, where is it stored (and how)? (I'm talking about the names, phone numbers, e-mail addresses, etc. in the AddrBookEntry class example.) - fleet - From pobrien@orbtech.com Sun Dec 2 22:13:24 2001 From: pobrien@orbtech.com (Patrick K. O'Brien) Date: Sun, 2 Dec 2001 16:13:24 -0600 Subject: [Tutor] "from this import *" or "import this" In-Reply-To: <000d01c17b42$41855680$0100c0a8@videotron.ca> Message-ID: You have a perfectly good grasp on the situation. Avoid import * for all the reasons you cite, unless you don't really have a choice. For example, the wxPython gui toolkit pretty much requires you to do "from wxPython.wx import *". The good thing is that the wxPython folks are fully aware of the issues and do what they can to minimize problems. One example is that all wx-related things are prefixed with "wx" to avoid naming conflicts. --- Patrick K. O'Brien Orbtech.com - Your Source For Python Development Services > -----Original Message----- > From: tutor-admin@python.org [mailto:tutor-admin@python.org]On Behalf Of > Jean Montambeault > Sent: Sunday, December 02, 2001 9:02 AM > To: tutor@python.org > Subject: [Tutor] "from this import *" or "import this" > > > Be ready for a whole lot of very newbie questions. I've never > programmed > before and do not intend to make a career out of what I am learning : pure > amateurism here which does not necessarily implies triviality but that > shouldn't be a surprise. > > So : > is there a real use for the form "from this_module import > * " since > (a) there seems to be a real danger to get some > functions or > variables which would have the same name if more than one module are open > that way > (b) nothing shows the relation to the module which is to > some extent documenting the program > (c) it imports the whole module (I guess) just as "import > this_module" seems to be doing > ? > Or is it much safer and wiser to avoid using it ? > > Thanks > > Jean M. > > > > > > _______________________________________________ > Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org > http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor From dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu Sun Dec 2 22:06:54 2001 From: dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu (Danny Yoo) Date: Sun, 2 Dec 2001 14:06:54 -0800 (PST) Subject: [Tutor] "from this import *" or "import this" In-Reply-To: <000d01c17b42$41855680$0100c0a8@videotron.ca> Message-ID: On Sun, 2 Dec 2001, Jean Montambeault wrote: > Be ready for a whole lot of very newbie questions. I've never > programmed before and do not intend to make a career out of what I am > learning : pure amateurism here which does not necessarily implies > triviality but that shouldn't be a surprise. Very true. Welcome aboard! > is there a real use for the form "from this_module import * " > since > (a) there seems to be a real danger to get some functions or > variables which would have the same name if more than one module are > open that way > (b) nothing shows the relation to the module which is to > some extent documenting the program > (c) it imports the whole module (I guess) just as "import > this_module" seems to be doing Yes; you've just listed all the reasons why 'from this_module import *' is heavily frowned upon. *grin* Good observations. > Or is it much safer and wiser to avoid using it ? It's usually safer to avoid it. It's convenient because one doesn't need to type in the module name, so there's less typing. On the other hand, there are all those disadvantages that you've listed. There are special situations where it's useful, particularly in Tkinter GUI programming. In that case, the designers of Tkinter kept as a design goal that 'from Tkinter import *" should be safe. In general, though, 'from this_module import *' is not a good idea. From i812@iname.com Sun Dec 2 22:18:27 2001 From: i812@iname.com (Rob McGee) Date: Sun, 2 Dec 2001 16:18:27 -0600 Subject: [Tutor] destroying classes Message-ID: <20011202161827.G27400@hal> First some amusement: {fun} On Sat, Dec 01, 2001 at 08:32:20PM -0800, Kirby Urner wrote about "Re: [Tutor] further ignorant babbling": > At 09:20 PM 12/1/2001 -0500, Kirk Bailey wrote: > >OK, newest and latest shot at looking like an idiot in > >front of my betters. > > We're all idiots of one kind or another, not to worry. Kirk wasn't saying we're "better" than him. It was just a typo. He meant to say "bettors". See, a bunch of us were making some wagers on the side about when Kirk would finish his program. :) So okay everybody, listen up: the bets are off. Somebody must have told Kirk about the pool. All bets will be returned to bettors -- of course the house will retain its 10% cut. :) {/fun} But I don't want to waste bandwidth on a list this busy with pure silliness, so I have some questions. You may recall my "class struggle" thread from a couple of days ago. All is going quite well in that project, and class namespaces are making the result much better than its classless predecessor. Anyway, one of my classes has a method which should result in the destruction of the class instance. But the method also wants to return a value. If I put a "del self" command in there, would the method end at that point, or would it continue to completion? {code} class InSession: def __init__(self, name): self.name = name def dismissal(self, grade): reportCard = 'You get a grade of ' + grade del self return reportCard algebra = InSession('algebra') reportCard = algebra.dismissal('D') print reportCard {/code} The code above works, but the "algebra" instance of InSession still exists. I changed the "del self" to "exec('del ' + self.name)", and sure enough it kills the instance, but it doesn't return the value (something like a NameError exception because "algebra" doesn't exist.) Would I be able to do this all in the __del__() method instead? If so I don't have to do anything other than "del algebra"? Can I give my method values like "def __del__(self, grade):"? How would I pass the grade variable? And to assign a value to a variable, would it be like this: reportCard = algebra.__del__('F') Would that delete the instance? Anyway, I've tried it, and I can't figure out how to delete the instance and return a value at the same time. Using that last example of __del__(), there seems to be nothing special about the __del__ name. The string is returned, but "algebra" still exists. I guess I'm going to have to do this from outside the function ... reportCard = algebra.dismissal("C") del algebra Now moving on, I will have saved pointers to this instance in instances of another class. Suppose I have a School instance called "highSchool", and one attribute of that class instance is "highSchool.subject = algebra". And another might be "highSchool.algebra = 'math'". What will happen to those highSchool attributes when algebra is dismissed? Thanks again -- this list (and Python itself) is great. Rob - /dev/rob0 From dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu Sun Dec 2 22:17:35 2001 From: dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu (Danny Yoo) Date: Sun, 2 Dec 2001 14:17:35 -0800 (PST) Subject: [Tutor] class data In-Reply-To: Message-ID: On Sun, 2 Dec 2001 fleet@teachout.org wrote: > "In this section, we will take a close look at classes and what types > of attributes they have. Just remember to keep in mind that even > though classes are objects (everything in Python is an object), they > are not realizations of the objects they are defining. We will look at > instances in the next chapter, so stay tuned for that. For now, the > limelight is strictly beamed on class objects." I think the author is making the distinction between the class 'AddrBookEntry': ## >>> AddrBookEntry ## and an instance of that class: ### >>> a = AddrBookEntry('John Doe', '405-555-1212') >>> a <__main__.AddrBookEntry instance at 0x8110e5c> ### > "When you create a class, you are practically creating your own kind > of data entity. All instances of that class are similar, but classes > differ from each other (and so will instances of different classes by > nature). Rather than playing with toys that come from the manufacturer > and were bestowed upon you as gifts, why not design and build your own > toys to play with?" > So if class data is not stored in standard containers, where is it > stored (and how)? (I'm talking about the names, phone numbers, e-mail > addresses, etc. in the AddrBookEntry class example.) >From what I remember, instance data actually is stored in a standard dictionary container: ### >>> a = AddrBookEntry('John Doe', '405-555-1212') Created instance for: John Doe >>> a.__dict__ {'phone': '405-555-1212', 'name': 'John Doe'} ### Python usually hides this dictionary so that, in casual use, we never really need to worry about it --- we can just access the 'properties' of our class with the special Python notation: ### >>> a.phone, a.name ('405-555-1212', 'John Doe') ### Still, nothing stops us from saying: ## >>> a.__dict__['phone'], a.__dict__['name'] ('405-555-1212', 'John Doe') ### It's just uglier that way. Hope this helps! From dsh8290@rit.edu Sun Dec 2 22:25:30 2001 From: dsh8290@rit.edu (dman) Date: Sun, 2 Dec 2001 17:25:30 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] destroying classes In-Reply-To: <20011202161827.G27400@hal>; from i812@iname.com on Sun, Dec 02, 2001 at 04:18:27PM -0600 References: <20011202161827.G27400@hal> Message-ID: <20011202172530.D17679@harmony.cs.rit.edu> On Sun, Dec 02, 2001 at 04:18:27PM -0600, Rob McGee wrote: | Anyway, one of my classes has a method which should result in the | destruction of the class instance. You can't do this. | But the method also wants to return a value. If I put a "del self" | command in there, would the method end at that point, or would it | continue to completion? The only effect 'del self' would have is to remove the name "self" from the local scope (now you have no way to access the instance any more) and decrement its ref count by 1. Everything else continues as usual, and the client still has a reference to the instance so it doesn't go away. If you were using C++ you could do this ("delete this ;") but then the client would have a dangling pointer that would at best give a segmentation fault later, or at worst just cause weird data corruption and behavior. The reason you can't destroy an object is an object should only be destroyed when it is impossible to use it anymore (that is, there are no more references to it). As hinted above, C++ makes you, the prorgrammer, keep track and decide when the object should go away. Python is the opposite - it keeps track for you and destroys the object when you no longer have any references to it. HTH, -D -- Contrary to popular belief, Unix is user friendly. It just happens to be selective about who it makes friends with. -- Dave Parnas From i812@iname.com Sun Dec 2 22:25:13 2001 From: i812@iname.com (Rob McGee) Date: Sun, 2 Dec 2001 16:25:13 -0600 Subject: [Tutor] destroying classes In-Reply-To: <20011202161827.G27400@hal>; from i812@iname.com on Sun, Dec 02, 2001 at 04:18:27PM -0600 References: <20011202161827.G27400@hal> Message-ID: <20011202162513.H27400@hal> On Sun, Dec 02, 2001 at 04:18:27PM -0600, Rob McGee wrote: > The string is returned, but "algebra" still exists. I guess I'm going to > have to do this from outside the function ... ^^^^^^^^ > reportCard = algebra.dismissal("C") > del algebra I meant to say outside the "class", not function. Rob - /dev/rob0 From pobrien@orbtech.com Sun Dec 2 22:49:17 2001 From: pobrien@orbtech.com (Patrick K. O'Brien) Date: Sun, 2 Dec 2001 16:49:17 -0600 Subject: [Tutor] "from this import *" or "import this" In-Reply-To: <003101c17b47$248b7be0$0100c0a8@videotron.ca> Message-ID: You're welcome. I think wxPython is quite nice and prefer it for myself. There is a new version due out in about a week or two, which has made quite a number of improvements and is very stable. I would look for that one. Good luck. --- Patrick K. O'Brien Orbtech.com - Your Source For Python Development Services > -----Original Message----- > From: Jean Montambeault [mailto:jrm@videotron.ca] > Sent: Sunday, December 02, 2001 9:37 AM > To: pobrien@orbtech.com > Subject: Re: [Tutor] "from this import *" or "import this" > > > > ----- Original Message ----- > From: "Patrick K. O'Brien" > To: "Jean Montambeault" ; > Sent: Monday, December 03, 2001 12:13 AM > Subject: RE: [Tutor] "from this import *" or "import this" > > > > You have a perfectly good grasp on the situation. Avoid import * for all > the > > reasons you cite, unless you don't really have a choice. For > example, the > > wxPython gui toolkit pretty much requires you to do "from wxPython.wx > import > > *". > > Thanks for the precision over what had been already said for the case of > Tkinter. > I've had no more than a look at GUI programming till now but I'm getting > there. WmPython seems to me to be more attractive than Tkinter > todate and I > intend to avoid any system linked to one platform more than another. > > Ciao. > > Jean M. > From dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu Sun Dec 2 23:20:53 2001 From: dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu (Danny Yoo) Date: Sun, 2 Dec 2001 15:20:53 -0800 (PST) Subject: [Tutor] "from this import *" or "import this" In-Reply-To: <002801c17b46$63ea2120$0100c0a8@videotron.ca> Message-ID: On Sun, 2 Dec 2001, Jean Montambeault wrote: > > ----- Original Message ----- > From: "Danny Yoo" > > > It's convenient because one doesn't need > > to type in the module name, so there's less typing. > > I'm a fan of "Alt+/" so I hardly notice. I regret that it doesn't > search in all of the opened buffers in IDLE though. By the way, the Emacs text editor actually does search through files when you use the "M-/" expansion command, which is very very cool. *grin* Talk to you later! From dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu Sun Dec 2 23:39:38 2001 From: dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu (Danny Yoo) Date: Sun, 2 Dec 2001 15:39:38 -0800 (PST) Subject: [Tutor] destroying classes [reference counting] In-Reply-To: <20011202172530.D17679@harmony.cs.rit.edu> Message-ID: On Sun, 2 Dec 2001, dman wrote: > The reason you can't destroy an object is an object should only be > destroyed when it is impossible to use it anymore (that is, there are > no more references to it). As hinted above, C++ makes you, the > prorgrammer, keep track and decide when the object should go away. > Python is the opposite - it keeps track for you and destroys the > object when you no longer have any references to it. As a side note: Python even allows us to see the reference count of an object in Python if we use the sys.getrefcount() function: ### from sys import getrefcount def test(): ref = getrefcount ## I just want to make it easier to type. x = "some object" print ref(x) y = x print ref(x) z = x print ref(x) del y print ref(x) ### When we run test(), we can see that the reference count of an object increments every time we assign a new variable name for it: ### >>> test() 3 4 5 4 ### Note that test() doesn't start at 1 because the very act of calling getrefcount() on an object adds a few more references to that object! Hope this helps! From fleet@teachout.org Sun Dec 2 23:53:17 2001 From: fleet@teachout.org (fleet@teachout.org) Date: Sun, 2 Dec 2001 18:53:17 -0500 (EST) Subject: [Tutor] class data In-Reply-To: Message-ID: On Sun, 2 Dec 2001, Danny Yoo wrote: > > "When you create a class, you are practically creating your own kind > > of data entity. All instances of that class are similar, but classes > > differ from each other (and so will instances of different classes by > > nature). Rather than playing with toys that come from the manufacturer > > and were bestowed upon you as gifts, why not design and build your own > > toys to play with?" > > > > So if class data is not stored in standard containers, where is it > > stored (and how)? (I'm talking about the names, phone numbers, e-mail > > addresses, etc. in the AddrBookEntry class example.) > > >From what I remember, instance data actually is stored in a standard > dictionary container: > > ### > >>> a = AddrBookEntry('John Doe', '405-555-1212') > Created instance for: John Doe > >>> a.__dict__ > {'phone': '405-555-1212', 'name': 'John Doe'} > ### > > Python usually hides this dictionary so that, in casual use, we never > really need to worry about it --- we can just access the 'properties' of > our class with the special Python notation: > I load the module, add a name and phone number, exit python, turn off the computer, come back in two days, turn on computer, load the module. Data is gone. Do I (or should I) use a dictionary to store the data? Long term. And if I do need to use the dictionary, what advantage do I gain by funneling everything through a class structure? - fleet - From urnerk@qwest.net Mon Dec 3 03:11:59 2001 From: urnerk@qwest.net (Kirby Urner) Date: Sun, 02 Dec 2001 19:11:59 -0800 Subject: [Tutor] Need more precise digits In-Reply-To: References: <4.2.0.58.20011201203547.00c3e660@pop3.norton.antivirus> Message-ID: <4.2.0.58.20011202184351.00c5c100@pop3.norton.antivirus> > >more-fun-than-apple-pi-ly y'rs - tim Excellent stuff on continued fractions from our resident math-through-Python (and Python-thru-math) guru Tim Peters. Going the other direction, you might want to take some ordinary fraction p/q, and convert it into a continued fraction, expressed as a list of partial quotients [q0,q1,q2...]. Here's an algorithm for doing that from my algebra.py, based on stuff I'm pretty sure I learned from another good math book: 'Number' by Midhat Gazale. def cfract(a,b): """ Return partial quotients of a regular continued fraction equivalent to a/b""" rcf = [] while b<>0: p = a//b rcf.append(p) b, a = a - p*b, b return rcf It's sort of a modification of the EEA (Euclid's Extended Algorithm). So suppose we want the continued fraction expression of phi, starting from x = (1 + sqrt(5)/2. You can just put the floating point decimal over a big power of 10, and run it through: >>> import algebra, math >>> phi = (1 + math.sqrt(5))/2 >>> phi 1.6180339887498949 >>> 16180339887498949/10000000000000000. 1.6180339887498949 >>> algebra.cfract(16180339887498949,10000000000000000) [1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 2L, 10L, 8L, 5L, 37L, 1L, 10L, 1L, 2L, 3L, 3L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 2L] OK, so it goes off the rails there after awhile, or actually, it doesn't, because this is an exact translation of the above fraction, which isn't phi, but an approximation of phi. Another interesting true fact about continued fractions, is the square root of any natural number will generate a *repeating pattern* of partial quotients. Taking this as a given, we can use the same trick as above to get a handle on what this pattern might be: >>> math.sqrt(3) 1.7320508075688772 >>> algebra.cfract(17320508075688772,10000000000000000)[:15] [1L, 1L, 2L, 1L, 2L, 1L, 2L, 1L, 2L, 1L, 2L, 1L, 2L, 1L, 2L] I truncated the list to 15 elements, knowing it'll diverge from the pattern later, given I'm feeding it an approximation. This is enough to give me the idea. OK, so it looks like I've got a repeating 1,2 pattern, with a 1 up front. I could yield that with a generator, as we've seen: def root3pqs(): yield 1 flipper = 1 while 1: if flipper: yield 1 flipper = 0 else: yield 2 flipper = 1 (that could be made more streamlined I'm sure). Testing: >>> genpqs = root3pqs() >>> [genpqs.next() for i in range(10)] [1, 1, 2, 1, 2, 1, 2, 1, 2, 1] Lookin' good. So now I can use Tim's cf() generator with this generator as input, to get successively more accurate fractional representations of the square root of 3: def conv(pqs): x0, y0 = 0, 1 # zero x1, y1 = 1, 0 # infinity yield x0, y0 yield x1, y1 for q in pqs: x0, y0, x1, y1 = x1, y1, x0 + q*x1, y0 + q*y1 yield x1, y1 >>> genpqs = root3pqs() >>> root3gen = conv(genpqs) >>> root3gen.next() (0, 1) >>> root3gen.next() (1, 0) >>> root3gen.next() (1, 1) >>> root3gen.next() (2, 1) >>> root3gen.next() (5, 3) >>> root3gen.next() (7, 4) >>> for i in range(30): # skip ahead in a hurry val = root3gen.next() >>> val (2642885282L, 1525870529) >>> 2642885282L/1525870529. 1.7320508075688772 >>> math.sqrt(3) 1.7320508075688772 Our fraction is already quite accurate. BTW, I second Tim's recommendation of 'Concrete Mathematics' -- bought it awhile ago on his recommendation and never regretted it, even though I'm not a CS major (philosophy over here). Kirby From dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu Mon Dec 3 04:26:28 2001 From: dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu (Danny Yoo) Date: Sun, 2 Dec 2001 20:26:28 -0800 (PST) Subject: [Tutor] class data In-Reply-To: Message-ID: On Sun, 2 Dec 2001 fleet@teachout.org wrote: > On Sun, 2 Dec 2001, Danny Yoo wrote: > > > So if class data is not stored in standard containers, where is it > > > stored (and how)? (I'm talking about the names, phone numbers, e-mail > > > addresses, etc. in the AddrBookEntry class example.) > > > > >From what I remember, instance data actually is stored in a standard > > dictionary container: > > > > ### > > >>> a = AddrBookEntry('John Doe', '405-555-1212') > > Created instance for: John Doe > > >>> a.__dict__ > > {'phone': '405-555-1212', 'name': 'John Doe'} > > ### > > > > Python usually hides this dictionary so that, in casual use, we never > > really need to worry about it --- we can just access the 'properties' of > > our class with the special Python notation: > > > > I load the module, add a name and phone number, exit python, turn off the > computer, come back in two days, turn on computer, load the module. Data > is gone. > > Do I (or should I) use a dictionary to store the data? Long term. And if > I do need to use the dictionary, what advantage do I gain by funneling > everything through a class structure? Ah! Take a look at the 'pickle' module: http://python.org/doc/lib/module-pickle.html 'pickle' knows how to deal with instances, and will properly allow you to save data structures as a byte stream. It doesn't work on pathological cases (like C extension modules or files), at least, not without a bit of hacking with the 'copy_reg' module. Try it out, and if you have problems with it, please email the list, and we can ferment an example. From ak@silmarill.org Mon Dec 3 05:03:42 2001 From: ak@silmarill.org (Andrei Kulakov) Date: Mon, 03 Dec 2001 00:03:42 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] "from this import *" or "import this" In-Reply-To: <000d01c17b42$41855680$0100c0a8@videotron.ca> References: <000d01c17b42$41855680$0100c0a8@videotron.ca> Message-ID: <20011203000342.A23411@sill.silmarill.org> On Sun, Dec 02, 2001 at 05:01:43PM +0200, Jean Montambeault wrote: > Be ready for a whole lot of very newbie questions. I've never programmed > before and do not intend to make a career out of what I am learning : pure > amateurism here which does not necessarily implies triviality but that > shouldn't be a surprise. > > So : > is there a real use for the form "from this_module import * " since > (a) there seems to be a real danger to get some functions or > variables which would have the same name if more than one module are open > that way > (b) nothing shows the relation to the module which is to > some extent documenting the program > (c) it imports the whole module (I guess) just as "import > this_module" seems to be doing > ? > Or is it much safer and wiser to avoid using it ? Aside from all other things mentioned, from mod import * is useful in the interactive interpreter. If you just started it up to check something in 10 seconds, it'll save you time and isn't dangerous cause you (hopefully) can remember what module you imported from for 10 seconds :-). If not, don't use it at all! > > Thanks > > Jean M. > > > > > > _______________________________________________ > Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org > http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor -- Cymbaline: intelligent learning mp3 player - python, linux, console. get it at: cy.silmarill.org From glingl@aon.at Mon Dec 3 06:48:40 2001 From: glingl@aon.at (Gregor Lingl) Date: Mon, 3 Dec 2001 07:48:40 +0100 Subject: [Tutor] Division References: Message-ID: <001001c17bc6$8adf0fe0$1664a8c0@mega> Dear Tim! Thanks! This works fine. But unfortunataly there remains the problem of starting IDLE - which I use to use with my students - in this new mode: C:\python22\tools\idle -Qnew idle.py starts IDLE without problems, but doesn't have the desired result: Python 2.2b2 (#26, Nov 16 2001, 11:44:11) [MSC 32 bit (Intel)] on win32 Type "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information. IDLE 0.8 -- press F1 for help >>> 3/2 1 >>> So the interpreter working in the REP-loop inside IDLE seems not to be aware of the -Qnew option. How can this also be changed? Gregor ----- Original Message ----- From: "Tim Peters" To: "Gregor Lingl" ; Sent: Sunday, December 02, 2001 8:10 PM Subject: RE: [Tutor] Division > [Gregor Lingl] > > As I'm starting to give a new course 'Introduction to > > programming' in Jan 2002. ..... > > > > So my question is: Is there a way to start the Python-Interpreter > > with new division enabled, ..... > Skip down to the "Command Line Option" section of PEP 238: > > http://python.sf.net/peps/pep-0238.html > > As it says, > > The "new" option is only intended for use in certain educational > environments, where true division is required, but asking the > students to include the future division statement in all their > code would be a problem. > > C:\Code\python\PCbuild>python -Qnew > Python 2.2b2+ (#26, Nov 28 2001, 19:17:11) [MSC 32 bit (Intel)] on win32 > Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information. > >>> 1/2 > 0.5 > >>> 1//2 > 0 > >>> > > _______________________________________________ > Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org > http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor > From cow@esweeet.com Mon Dec 3 07:23:32 2001 From: cow@esweeet.com (Cow) Date: Sun, 2 Dec 2001 23:23:32 -0800 (PST) Subject: [Tutor] FTPlib Module Message-ID: <20011203072332.83E0D2757@sitemail.everyone.net> I am currently learning to use the ftplib module, and i am getting most of it but i am running into a problem when i try to send a file. Here is my code: from ftplib import FTP cow= FTP("127.0.0.1") #Pretend that that address is the address of a FTP cow.login() cow.cwd("/") cow.set_pasv(0) cow.transfercmd("STOR test1.txt") cow.close() when i run the code, it sends the file to the sever, but there is nothing in the file (it is blank). i am learning from this explanation: transfercmd(cmd[, rest]) Initiate a transfer over the data connection. If the transfer is active, send a "EPRT" or "PORT" command and the transfer command specified by cmd, and accept the connection. If the server is passive, send a "EPSV" or "PASV" command, connect to it, and start the transfer command. Either way, return the socket for the connection. i get most of it, but when i actually use code, it only sends a blank file. can someone please clear up how i can get my code to send the file with its data in it? Thanks -Ryan _____________________________________________________________ Free eSweeet Mail - http://www.esweeet.com From karthikg@aztec.soft.net Mon Dec 3 05:49:03 2001 From: karthikg@aztec.soft.net (karthik Guru) Date: Mon, 3 Dec 2001 11:19:03 +0530 Subject: [Tutor] integers are also objects? In-Reply-To: Message-ID: hi all!, I'm having a very basic python doubt. Are integers objects in python? d:\>python Python 2.1 (#15, Apr 16 2001, 18:25:49) [MSC 32 bit (Intel)] on win32 Type "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information. >>> i = 10 >>> a = 5+5 >>> id(a) 8136016 >>> id(i) 8136016 In both cases, i and a, the id of the objects happened to be same though i created 2 different integer objects. so (i == a) obviously works. So my question is that does "==" work on contents in case of integers or it works only on references and python makes sure that integer references with same content point to the same location, the way it works for strings. thanks in advance, karthik. From ak@silmarill.org Mon Dec 3 07:48:02 2001 From: ak@silmarill.org (Andrei Kulakov) Date: Mon, 03 Dec 2001 02:48:02 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] integers are also objects? In-Reply-To: References: Message-ID: <20011203024802.A24176@sill.silmarill.org> On Mon, Dec 03, 2001 at 11:19:03AM +0530, karthik Guru wrote: > hi all!, > > I'm having a very basic python doubt. > > Are integers objects in python? > > d:\>python > Python 2.1 (#15, Apr 16 2001, 18:25:49) [MSC 32 bit (Intel)] on win32 > Type "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information. > >>> i = 10 > >>> a = 5+5 > >>> id(a) > 8136016 > >>> id(i) > 8136016 > > In both cases, i and a, the id of the objects happened to be same though i > created 2 different integer objects. > so (i == a) obviously works. > > So my question is that does "==" work on contents in case of integers or it > works only on > references and python makes sure that integer references with same content > point to the > same location, the way it works for strings. > > thanks in advance, > karthik. 0 to 99 are pre-created integer objects, for speed. whenever you have a variable that is 0 to 99, one of these objects gets assigned to it.. > > > > > > > > _______________________________________________ > Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org > http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor -- Cymbaline: intelligent learning mp3 player - python, linux, console. get it at: cy.silmarill.org From scarblac@pino.selwerd.nl Mon Dec 3 07:57:37 2001 From: scarblac@pino.selwerd.nl (Remco Gerlich) Date: Mon, 3 Dec 2001 08:57:37 +0100 Subject: [Tutor] integers are also objects? In-Reply-To: ; from karthikg@aztec.soft.net on Mon, Dec 03, 2001 at 11:19:03AM +0530 References: Message-ID: <20011203085737.A25849@pino.selwerd.nl> On 0, karthik Guru wrote: > hi all!, > > I'm having a very basic python doubt. > > Are integers objects in python? Everything is an object. > d:\>python > Python 2.1 (#15, Apr 16 2001, 18:25:49) [MSC 32 bit (Intel)] on win32 > Type "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information. > >>> i = 10 > >>> a = 5+5 > >>> id(a) > 8136016 > >>> id(i) > 8136016 > > In both cases, i and a, the id of the objects happened to be same though i > created 2 different integer objects. In the case of literals of immutable objects, Python sometimes caches some of them and re-uses the same object. Since they're immutable anyway, this is no problem. Python caches for instance all integers between -1 and 100, or some such. Those numbers may be wrong and may change. Try: i = 106 a = 106 id(i) id(a) > so (i == a) obviously works. > > So my question is that does "==" work on contents in case of integers or it > works only on > references and python makes sure that integer references with same content > point to the > same location, the way it works for strings. Not all strings with the same content point to the same location; some of them are cached, but not all of them. Typically only strings that you use as literals (the ones you "spell out" in program code) are cached, not strings that are the result of a computation. Any == check on any two objects first compares the two references, if they're the same then the objects are equal (since they're the same object). Only if they're not the same, are the objects then compared for value. -- Remco Gerlich From karthikg@aztec.soft.net Mon Dec 3 06:43:38 2001 From: karthikg@aztec.soft.net (karthik Guru) Date: Mon, 3 Dec 2001 12:13:38 +0530 Subject: [Tutor] integers are also objects? In-Reply-To: Message-ID: hi all!, I'm having a very basic python doubt. Are integers objects in python? d:\>python Python 2.1 (#15, Apr 16 2001, 18:25:49) [MSC 32 bit (Intel)] on win32 Type "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information. >>> i = 10 >>> a = 5+5 >>> id(a) 8136016 >>> id(i) 8136016 In both cases, i and a, the id of the objects happened to be same though i created 2 different integer objects. so (i == a) obviously works. So my question is that does "==" work on contents in case of integers or it works only on references and python makes sure that integer references with same content point to the same location, the way it works for strings. thanks in advance, karthik. From dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu Mon Dec 3 08:20:59 2001 From: dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu (Danny Yoo) Date: Mon, 3 Dec 2001 00:20:59 -0800 (PST) Subject: [Tutor] integers are also objects? In-Reply-To: <20011203085737.A25849@pino.selwerd.nl> Message-ID: On Mon, 3 Dec 2001, Remco Gerlich wrote: > > So my question is that does "==" work on contents in case of > integers or it works only on references and python makes sure that > integer references with same content point to the same location, the > way it works for strings. > > Not all strings with the same content point to the same location; some of > them are cached, but not all of them. Typically only strings that you use as > literals (the ones you "spell out" in program code) are cached, not strings > that are the result of a computation. And if we do want computed string to be cached, we can use the intern() function: ### >>> s = "hello world" >>> s2 = "hello" + " world" >>> id(s) 135314088 >>> id(s2) 135166088 >>> s = intern(s) >>> s2 = intern(s2) >>> id(s) 135314088 >>> id(s2) 135314088 ### > Any == check on any two objects first compares the two references, if > they're the same then the objects are equal (since they're the same > object). Only if they're not the same, are the objects then compared > for value. If we do want to check to see if two things refer to the same object, we can use ths 'is' operator: ### >>> 1 + 1 is 2 1 ## ... but this works just because of the ## caching behavior of small integers. >>> 1 + 1 == 2 1 >>> 101 + 1 is 102 ## Let's try this on larger numbers 0 >>> 101 + 1 == 102 1 ### From karthikg@aztec.soft.net Mon Dec 3 09:09:42 2001 From: karthikg@aztec.soft.net (karthik Guru) Date: Mon, 3 Dec 2001 14:39:42 +0530 Subject: [Tutor] integers are also objects? In-Reply-To: Message-ID: thanks a lot for the information. since integer are objects, do integers also inherit from some class?? rather are integers instance of some class? Has the __eq__() been overridden for that class to return 1 if the content happens to be the same. what is that class? thanks for your patience, karthik. -----Original Message----- From: tutor-admin@python.org [mailto:tutor-admin@python.org]On Behalf Of Andrei Kulakov Sent: Monday, December 03, 2001 1:18 PM To: tutor@python.org Subject: Re: [Tutor] integers are also objects? On Mon, Dec 03, 2001 at 11:19:03AM +0530, karthik Guru wrote: > hi all!, > > I'm having a very basic python doubt. > > Are integers objects in python? > > d:\>python > Python 2.1 (#15, Apr 16 2001, 18:25:49) [MSC 32 bit (Intel)] on win32 > Type "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information. > >>> i = 10 > >>> a = 5+5 > >>> id(a) > 8136016 > >>> id(i) > 8136016 > > In both cases, i and a, the id of the objects happened to be same though i > created 2 different integer objects. > so (i == a) obviously works. > > So my question is that does "==" work on contents in case of integers or it > works only on > references and python makes sure that integer references with same content > point to the > same location, the way it works for strings. > > thanks in advance, > karthik. 0 to 99 are pre-created integer objects, for speed. whenever you have a variable that is 0 to 99, one of these objects gets assigned to it.. > > > > > > > > _______________________________________________ > Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org > http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor -- Cymbaline: intelligent learning mp3 player - python, linux, console. get it at: cy.silmarill.org _______________________________________________ Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor From scarblac@pino.selwerd.nl Mon Dec 3 08:57:37 2001 From: scarblac@pino.selwerd.nl (Remco Gerlich) Date: Mon, 3 Dec 2001 09:57:37 +0100 Subject: [Tutor] integers are also objects? In-Reply-To: ; from karthikg@aztec.soft.net on Mon, Dec 03, 2001 at 02:39:42PM +0530 References: Message-ID: <20011203095737.A26077@pino.selwerd.nl> On 0, karthik Guru wrote: > thanks a lot for the information. > since integer are objects, do integers also inherit from some class?? rather > are integers instance of some class? No. They're objects, but not class instances. They're types. This sort of thing is being changed in the very latest Pythons, and I haven't followed the recent development, but as far as I know it's still true. Soon there may be an Integer class that does this, but I don't know the details. -- Remco Gerlich From dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu Mon Dec 3 09:40:23 2001 From: dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu (Danny Yoo) Date: Mon, 3 Dec 2001 01:40:23 -0800 (PST) Subject: [Tutor] integers are also objects? In-Reply-To: <20011203095737.A26077@pino.selwerd.nl> Message-ID: On Mon, 3 Dec 2001, Remco Gerlich wrote: > On 0, karthik Guru wrote: > > thanks a lot for the information. > > since integer are objects, do integers also inherit from some > > class?? rather are integers instance of some class? > > No. They're objects, but not class instances. They're types. > > This sort of thing is being changed in the very latest Pythons, and I > haven't followed the recent development, but as far as I know it's > still true. Soon there may be an Integer class that does this, but I > don't know the details. There are details online about the type/class unification that's part of the upcoming 2.2 release: http://www.python.org/2.2/descrintro.html The __future__ looks quite exciting (and frightening) indeed. *grin* From m_konermann@gmx.de Mon Dec 3 10:02:37 2001 From: m_konermann@gmx.de (Marcus Konermann) Date: Mon, 03 Dec 2001 11:02:37 +0100 Subject: [Tutor] Installation problems Message-ID: <3C0B4DBD.37617612@gmx.de> Hi @ All ! I want to generate a python shadow class from an excisting c++ file by using SWIG and VC++ 6.0 under Windows 2000 and i think that something went wrong with the installation of SWIG under VC++. Can anyone give me an advise where i can find detailed information of the installation process ? It seems that there are some binding problems of SWIG with VC++. P.s: i also looked in the Installation section on www.swig.org Greetings Marcus From dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu Mon Dec 3 10:00:37 2001 From: dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu (Danny Yoo) Date: Mon, 3 Dec 2001 02:00:37 -0800 (PST) Subject: [Tutor] FTPlib Module In-Reply-To: <20011203072332.83E0D2757@sitemail.everyone.net> Message-ID: On Sun, 2 Dec 2001, Cow wrote: > I am currently learning to use the ftplib module, and i am getting most of it but i am running into a problem when i try to send a file. Here is my code: > > from ftplib import FTP > > cow= FTP("127.0.0.1") #Pretend that that address is the address of a FTP > cow.login() > cow.cwd("/") > cow.set_pasv(0) > cow.transfercmd("STOR test1.txt") > cow.close() > > when i run the code, it sends the file to the sever, but there is nothing in the file (it is blank). i am learning from this explanation: > > transfercmd(cmd[, rest]) > > Initiate a transfer over the data connection. If the transfer is active, send a "EPRT" or "PORT" command and the transfer command specified by cmd, and accept the connection. If the server is passive, send a "EPSV" or "PASV" command, connect to it, and start the transfer command. Either way, return the socket for the connection. > > i get most of it, but when i actually use code, it only sends a blank file. can someone please clear up how i can get my code to send the file with its data in it? I took a closer look at: http://www.python.org/doc/current/lib/ftp-objects.html You might want to use storbinary() or storlines() instead of transfercmd(); I think that transfercmd() is meant for something else. See if: ### cow.storlines("STOR test1.txt", open("test1.txt")) ### works better for you. From printers@sendme.cz Mon Dec 3 10:06:04 2001 From: printers@sendme.cz (A) Date: Mon, 3 Dec 2001 11:06:04 +0100 Subject: [Tutor] How to compare text? Message-ID: <3C0B5C9C.10969.755101@localhost> Hello, How can I compare of one parragraph of text with another paragraph?Each paragraph can have about 100 words. For example I have the first paragraph I want to be very good at Python programming. Better than in Perl. THe second paragraph might look loke this: She works all day long to master Perl. All that I need is to find out if any of word from the second is in the first paragraph. For the example above I should find out word Perl What is the best and quickest way? Thank you for help. Ladislav From ak@silmarill.org Mon Dec 3 10:14:25 2001 From: ak@silmarill.org (Andrei Kulakov) Date: Mon, 03 Dec 2001 05:14:25 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] How to compare text? In-Reply-To: <3C0B5C9C.10969.755101@localhost> References: <3C0B5C9C.10969.755101@localhost> Message-ID: <20011203051425.A25049@sill.silmarill.org> On Mon, Dec 03, 2001 at 11:06:04AM +0100, A wrote: > > Hello, > How can I compare of one parragraph of text with another > paragraph?Each paragraph can have about 100 words. > For example I have the first paragraph > > I want to be very good at Python programming. Better than in Perl. > > THe second paragraph might look loke this: > > She works all day long to master Perl. > > All that I need is to find out if any of word from the second is in the > first paragraph. For the example above I should find out word > > Perl > > > What is the best and quickest way? Something along these lines: paragraph1words = paragraph1.split() paragraph2words = paragraph2.split() common_words = [] for word in paragraph1words: if word in paragraph2words: common_words.append(word) print "These words are in both paragraphs:", for word in common_words: print word, > Thank you for help. > Ladislav > > > > _______________________________________________ > Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org > http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor -- Cymbaline: intelligent learning mp3 player - python, linux, console. get it at: cy.silmarill.org From lha2@columbia.edu Mon Dec 3 10:21:11 2001 From: lha2@columbia.edu (Lloyd Hugh Allen) Date: Mon, 03 Dec 2001 05:21:11 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] integers are also objects? References: Message-ID: <3C0B5217.4C7738A8@mail.verizon.net> My understanding is that integers are objects in python. Small integers (less than 100), though, always have the same id in order to increase speed, or something. >>> a=99 >>> a is 99 1 >>> a == 99 1 >>> b=100 >>> b==100 1 >>> b is 100 0 (is compares the id of two objects) karthik Guru wrote: > > hi all!, > > I'm having a very basic python doubt. > > Are integers objects in python? > > d:\>python > Python 2.1 (#15, Apr 16 2001, 18:25:49) [MSC 32 bit (Intel)] on win32 > Type "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information. > >>> i = 10 > >>> a = 5+5 > >>> id(a) > 8136016 > >>> id(i) > 8136016 > > In both cases, i and a, the id of the objects happened to be same though i > created 2 different integer objects. > so (i == a) obviously works. > > So my question is that does "==" work on contents in case of integers or it > works only on > references and python makes sure that integer references with same content > point to the > same location, the way it works for strings. > > thanks in advance, > karthik. > > _______________________________________________ > Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org > http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor From alan.gauld@bt.com Mon Dec 3 13:01:20 2001 From: alan.gauld@bt.com (alan.gauld@bt.com) Date: Mon, 3 Dec 2001 13:01:20 -0000 Subject: [Tutor] Newbie Question: IDLE, is there a HOWTO use... Message-ID: <5104D4DBC598D211B5FE0000F8FE7EB20E66C148@mbtlipnt02.btlabs.bt.co.uk> > So far, I have used the IDLE to edit py's but it seems that > there is more to it than that. IDLE also has debugging tools and class browsing tools. But the vast majority of use is just to create and run .py files. > Is there a HOWTO for the use of IDLE? There is a tutorial on the IDLE section of the python.org web site. Danny was doing a tutor too I think? But I don't have his url. Alan G From alan.gauld@bt.com Mon Dec 3 13:14:57 2001 From: alan.gauld@bt.com (alan.gauld@bt.com) Date: Mon, 3 Dec 2001 13:14:57 -0000 Subject: [Tutor] the class struggle Message-ID: <5104D4DBC598D211B5FE0000F8FE7EB20E66C149@mbtlipnt02.btlabs.bt.co.uk> > soviet = ['Lenin', 'Trotsky', 'Stalin'] > > class Struggle: > def __init__(self, list, name): > self.Communist = 1 > if name in list: > self.Soviet = 1 > else: > self.Soviet = 0 > > myList = ['Marx', 'Engels', 'Lenin', 'Mao'] > > for x in myList: > execString = x + ' = Struggle(soviet, "' + x + '")' > exec(execString) > evalCommunist = x + '.Communist' > evalSoviet = x + '.Soviet' > if eval(evalCommunist): > print x, 'was a known Communist.' > if eval(evalSoviet): > print x, 'was a Soviet leader.' Can I suggest that a dictionary would simplfy this? people = {} for x in myList: people[x] = Struggle(soviet,x) wasCommunist = people[x].Communist wasSoviet = people[x].Soviet if wasCommunist: print x, ' was a communist' if wasSoviet: print x, ' was a soviet leader' You can either hold onto people for long term reference or just delete the entries as you go. Maybe it's just me but all those evals hurt my head! Alan G. From alan.gauld@bt.com Mon Dec 3 13:23:20 2001 From: alan.gauld@bt.com (alan.gauld@bt.com) Date: Mon, 3 Dec 2001 13:23:20 -0000 Subject: [Tutor] Division Message-ID: <5104D4DBC598D211B5FE0000F8FE7EB20E66C14A@mbtlipnt02.btlabs.bt.co.uk> > > As I'm starting to give a new course 'Introduction to > > programming' in Jan 2002. It's for young students in the > > age of 15/16. (Of course) I shall use Python. > > I'd consider it an advantage not to confuse my students > > in the beginning with the specialities the overlaoding of > > the division-operator (although I had to do so for several times > > until now). But neither with the import from future > > statement. Just one point is that maybe for an education in programming they should use the old style division behaviour - its how the vast majority of programming languages work and is a great way to seehow the computer is working under the covers. If you want to use programming as part of another topic then use new division but if you want to teach programming principles stick to old style - its much more univesally applicable and infornative IMHO. Alan G From alan.gauld@bt.com Mon Dec 3 13:31:44 2001 From: alan.gauld@bt.com (alan.gauld@bt.com) Date: Mon, 3 Dec 2001 13:31:44 -0000 Subject: [Tutor] "from this import *" or "import this" Message-ID: <5104D4DBC598D211B5FE0000F8FE7EB20E66C14B@mbtlipnt02.btlabs.bt.co.uk> > never programmed before and do not intend to make a career > out of what I am learning > is there a real use for the form "from this_module > import * " since Its shorter to type but has several dangers attached, most of which you have correctly identified. For a beginner thats a great start :-) Stick with import foo and save much grief. Use 'from foo import x,y' etc when you are absolutely SURE its OK and you know you'll use the functions a lot. (Tkinter etc are the classic examples of sensible use) Alan G From alan.gauld@bt.com Mon Dec 3 13:45:08 2001 From: alan.gauld@bt.com (alan.gauld@bt.com) Date: Mon, 3 Dec 2001 13:45:08 -0000 Subject: [Tutor] destroying classes Message-ID: <5104D4DBC598D211B5FE0000F8FE7EB20E66C14C@mbtlipnt02.btlabs.bt.co.uk> > class InSession: > def __init__(self, name): > self.name = name > def dismissal(self, grade): > reportCard = 'You get a grade of ' + grade > del self > return reportCard Getting objects to kill themselves in mid stream is not a good idea! Its a bit like asking your manservant to kill himself and then serve you dinner - tricky... Better to send the kill from outside: > reportCard = algebra.dismissal('D') del(algebra) > print reportCard > I changed the "del self" to "exec('del ' + self.name)", Boy, you really dig those exec statements :-) > enough it kills the instance, but it doesn't return the value Coz its dead and gone before it hits the return... > I'm going to have to do this from outside the function ... > reportCard = algebra.dismissal("C") > del algebra Yes thats much nicer. You tell the object what to do and it does it - including killing itself. Alan G. From alan.gauld@bt.com Mon Dec 3 13:55:48 2001 From: alan.gauld@bt.com (alan.gauld@bt.com) Date: Mon, 3 Dec 2001 13:55:48 -0000 Subject: [Tutor] class data Message-ID: <5104D4DBC598D211B5FE0000F8FE7EB20E66C14D@mbtlipnt02.btlabs.bt.co.uk> I'll have a go at what I think is confusing you... > A class is like a Python container type on steroids. > Not only can it hold multiple data items but it can > also support its own set of functions, > ... > Objects contained in lists are unrelated except for the name of their > container. Its members are accessed only via an index offset into an > array-like data structure. All lists have a common set of methods and > provide key access to their members (who are also unrelated except for > their container name). > ... > classes are objects (everything in Python is an object), they are not > realizations of the objects they are defining. We will look > at instances in the next chapter, so stay tuned for that. > So if class data is not stored in standard containers, where > is it stored In the class. The class is a type of container in its own right. You can however save instances of the class(ie objects) in standard containers. > I'm talking about the names, phone numbers, > e-mail addresses, etc. in the AddrBookEntry class example.) class Entry: def __init__(s, nm,ph,em): s.name = nm s.phone = ph s.email = em def saveme(s,flnm): f = open(flnm,'a') f.write(`s.name`,'\t',`s.phone`,'\t',s.email`) # We now have a class container which holds two methods book = [] for i in range(10): book.append(Entry('al','1234','ag.co.com') # we now have 10 instances stored in a standard list container for e in book: e.saveme('book.txt') # we now save the instance data from all 10 instances Does that help? Alan g. From fleet@teachout.org Mon Dec 3 14:37:52 2001 From: fleet@teachout.org (fleet@teachout.org) Date: Mon, 3 Dec 2001 09:37:52 -0500 (EST) Subject: [Tutor] class data In-Reply-To: <5104D4DBC598D211B5FE0000F8FE7EB20E66C14D@mbtlipnt02.btlabs.bt.co.uk> Message-ID: Everything went fine until - >>> for e in book: ... e.saveme('book.txt') ... Traceback (innermost last): File "", line 2, in ? File "", line 8, in saveme TypeError: read-only buffer, tuple - fleet - On Mon, 3 Dec 2001 alan.gauld@bt.com wrote: > I'll have a go at what I think is confusing you... > > class Entry: > def __init__(s, nm,ph,em): > s.name = nm > s.phone = ph > s.email = em > def saveme(s,flnm): > f = open(flnm,'a') > f.write(`s.name`,'\t',`s.phone`,'\t',s.email`) > > # We now have a class container which holds two methods > > book = [] > for i in range(10): > book.append(Entry('al','1234','ag.co.com') > > # we now have 10 instances stored in a standard list container > > for e in book: > e.saveme('book.txt') > > # we now save the instance data from all 10 instances > > Does that help? > > Alan g. > > From fleet@teachout.org Mon Dec 3 15:35:53 2001 From: fleet@teachout.org (fleet@teachout.org) Date: Mon, 3 Dec 2001 10:35:53 -0500 (EST) Subject: [Tutor] class data In-Reply-To: Message-ID: OK. Using pickle and the associated example, I was able to save the class and restore it. Either none of the data was saved or I don't know how to access it when the class is restored. I don't see the utility in 'pickling' a class. It's already saved in a module (addrbook.py). I haven't tried it; but I suspect if I pickled the class, then deleted the addrbook.py module, I would no longer be able to unpickle the class. Or did I miss something? - fleet - On Sun, 2 Dec 2001, Danny Yoo wrote: > Ah! Take a look at the 'pickle' module: > > http://python.org/doc/lib/module-pickle.html > > 'pickle' knows how to deal with instances, and will properly allow you to > save data structures as a byte stream. > > It doesn't work on pathological cases (like C extension modules or files), > at least, not without a bit of hacking with the 'copy_reg' module. > > Try it out, and if you have problems with it, please email the list, and > we can ferment an example. > From dsh8290@rit.edu Mon Dec 3 15:49:11 2001 From: dsh8290@rit.edu (dman) Date: Mon, 3 Dec 2001 10:49:11 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] integers are also objects? In-Reply-To: ; from dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu on Mon, Dec 03, 2001 at 01:40:23AM -0800 References: <20011203095737.A26077@pino.selwerd.nl> Message-ID: <20011203104911.B18525@harmony.cs.rit.edu> On Mon, Dec 03, 2001 at 01:40:23AM -0800, Danny Yoo wrote: | On Mon, 3 Dec 2001, Remco Gerlich wrote: | | > On 0, karthik Guru wrote: | > > thanks a lot for the information. | > > since integer are objects, do integers also inherit from some | > > class?? rather are integers instance of some class? | > | > No. They're objects, but not class instances. They're types. | > | > This sort of thing is being changed in the very latest Pythons, and I | > haven't followed the recent development, but as far as I know it's | > still true. Soon there may be an Integer class that does this, but I | > don't know the details. | | There are details online about the type/class unification that's part of | the upcoming 2.2 release: | | http://www.python.org/2.2/descrintro.html | | The __future__ looks quite exciting (and frightening) indeed. *grin* I think it looks cool. Some of the new things are neat and I think will work very naturally. As far as integers go, in 2.2b2 they are instances of the "int" class (or is it a metaclass, anyways it's the new-style classes) which inherits from the "object" class. You can create a subclass of it : class MyInt( int ) : # override something here, # or add something here, # or both pass Due to the potential for backwards-compatibility issues, old style classes are the default, eg : class AClass : pass and new-style classes are used if the class inherits from a new-style class, eg : class AnotherClass( object ) : pass the difference is irrelevant if you don't make use of any of the advanced features. The difference can be significant if you get into dynamic attribute access (__getattribute__ and __setattribute__) and the lookup order for inherited members/methods. -D -- If we confess our sins, He is faithful and just and will forgive us our sins and purify us from all unrighteousness. I John 1:9 From dsh8290@rit.edu Mon Dec 3 15:51:24 2001 From: dsh8290@rit.edu (dman) Date: Mon, 3 Dec 2001 10:51:24 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] Division In-Reply-To: <001001c17bc6$8adf0fe0$1664a8c0@mega>; from glingl@aon.at on Mon, Dec 03, 2001 at 07:48:40AM +0100 References: <001001c17bc6$8adf0fe0$1664a8c0@mega> Message-ID: <20011203105124.C18525@harmony.cs.rit.edu> On Mon, Dec 03, 2001 at 07:48:40AM +0100, Gregor Lingl wrote: | Dear Tim! | | Thanks! This works fine. | | But unfortunataly there remains the problem of starting | IDLE - which I use to use with my students - in this new mode: | | C:\python22\tools\idle -Qnew idle.py Open up the file C:\python22\tools\idle and see what it is. I would guess (but I don't have windows or idle installed) that it is a batch script or something. You need to put the -Qnew option in there such that _python_, not idle, gets the option. Right now I think you are giving idle the -Qnew option, and it really doesn't care. -D -- He who finds a wife finds what is good and receives favor from the Lord. Proverbs 18:22 From dsh8290@rit.edu Mon Dec 3 15:53:55 2001 From: dsh8290@rit.edu (dman) Date: Mon, 3 Dec 2001 10:53:55 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] class data In-Reply-To: ; from fleet@teachout.org on Mon, Dec 03, 2001 at 10:35:53AM -0500 References: Message-ID: <20011203105355.D18525@harmony.cs.rit.edu> On Mon, Dec 03, 2001 at 10:35:53AM -0500, fleet@teachout.org wrote: | OK. Using pickle and the associated example, I was able to save the class | and restore it. Either none of the data was saved or I don't know how to | access it when the class is restored. | | I don't see the utility in 'pickling' a class. It's already saved in a | module (addrbook.py). I haven't tried it; but I suspect if I pickled the | class, then deleted the addrbook.py module, I would no longer be able to | unpickle the class. Or did I miss something? You want to (un)pickle the instance of the class. That is where the usefulness is. And, yes, you do need to keep the source around in order to successfully unpickle the objects. Alternatively you could practice file IO and devise your own format for persistantly storing the data. -D -- For society, it's probably a good thing that engineers value function over appearance. For example, you wouldn't want engineers to build nuclear power plants that only _look_ like they would keep all the radiation inside. (Scott Adams - The Dilbert principle) From pythontutor@venix.com Mon Dec 3 15:53:47 2001 From: pythontutor@venix.com (Lloyd Kvam) Date: Mon, 03 Dec 2001 10:53:47 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] class data References: Message-ID: <3C0BA00B.4010709@venix.com> addrbook.py contains the python instructions to implement the addressbook. It does NOT contain the data that makes up the addressbook. pickling is used to save the data that was entered using the addrbook module. If you give someone your addrbook.py module, you are giving them a computer program. You are NOT giving them your addressbook. fleet@teachout.org wrote: > OK. Using pickle and the associated example, I was able to save the class > and restore it. Either none of the data was saved or I don't know how to > access it when the class is restored. > > I don't see the utility in 'pickling' a class. It's already saved in a > module (addrbook.py). I haven't tried it; but I suspect if I pickled the > class, then deleted the addrbook.py module, I would no longer be able to > unpickle the class. Or did I miss something? > > - fleet - > > On Sun, 2 Dec 2001, Danny Yoo wrote: > > >>Ah! Take a look at the 'pickle' module: >> >> http://python.org/doc/lib/module-pickle.html >> >>'pickle' knows how to deal with instances, and will properly allow you to >>save data structures as a byte stream. >> >>It doesn't work on pathological cases (like C extension modules or files), >>at least, not without a bit of hacking with the 'copy_reg' module. >> >>Try it out, and if you have problems with it, please email the list, and >>we can ferment an example. >> >> > > > _______________________________________________ > Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org > http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor > > -- Lloyd Kvam Venix Corp. 1 Court Street, Suite 378 Lebanon, NH 03766-1358 voice: 603-443-6155 fax: 801-459-9582 From alan.gauld@bt.com Mon Dec 3 16:14:38 2001 From: alan.gauld@bt.com (alan.gauld@bt.com) Date: Mon, 3 Dec 2001 16:14:38 -0000 Subject: [Tutor] class data Message-ID: <5104D4DBC598D211B5FE0000F8FE7EB20E66C150@mbtlipnt02.btlabs.bt.co.uk> > Everything went fine until - Hmm, I wasn't really meaning that to be real code! However since Python is executable pseudo code... > > class Entry: > > def __init__(s, nm,ph,em): > > s.name = nm > > s.phone = ph > > s.email = em > > def saveme(s,flnm): > > f = open(flnm,'a') > > f.write(`s.name`,'\t',`s.phone`,'\t',s.email`) Oops, try f.write(`s.name` + '\t' + `s.phone` + '\t' + s.email`) Alan G From tjenkins@devis.com Mon Dec 3 16:44:53 2001 From: tjenkins@devis.com (Tom Jenkins) Date: 03 Dec 2001 11:44:53 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] class data In-Reply-To: <5104D4DBC598D211B5FE0000F8FE7EB20E66C150@mbtlipnt02.btlabs.bt.co.uk> References: <5104D4DBC598D211B5FE0000F8FE7EB20E66C150@mbtlipnt02.btlabs.bt.co.uk> Message-ID: <1007397902.2916.33.camel@asimov> On Mon, 2001-12-03 at 11:14, alan.gauld@bt.com wrote: > > Everything went fine until - > > Hmm, I wasn't really meaning that to be real code! > However since Python is executable pseudo code... > > > > class Entry: > > > def __init__(s, nm,ph,em): > > > s.name = nm > > > s.phone = ph > > > s.email = em > > > def saveme(s,flnm): > > > f = open(flnm,'a') > > > f.write(`s.name`,'\t',`s.phone`,'\t',s.email`) > > Oops, try > f.write(`s.name` + '\t' + `s.phone` + '\t' + s.email`) > I like using variable substitution; so my version would be: f.write('%s\t%s\t%s' % (s.name, s.phone, s.email)) or f.write('%(nm)s\t%(ph)s\t%(em)s' % ({'nm':s.name, 'ph':s.phone, 'em':s.email})) i prefer this as its hard to see that Alan is using backticks ( ` ) for s.name, s.phone -- Tom Jenkins Development InfoStructure http://www.devis.com From alan.gauld@bt.com Mon Dec 3 16:47:06 2001 From: alan.gauld@bt.com (alan.gauld@bt.com) Date: Mon, 3 Dec 2001 16:47:06 -0000 Subject: [Tutor] class data Message-ID: <5104D4DBC598D211B5FE0000F8FE7EB20E66C153@mbtlipnt02.btlabs.bt.co.uk> > > > f.write(`s.name`,'\t',`s.phone`,'\t',s.email`) > > Oops, try > f.write(`s.name` + '\t' + `s.phone` + '\t' + s.email`) Or even: f.write(`s.name` + '\t' + `s.phone` + '\t' + `s.email`) ^missing Alan G From fleet@teachout.org Mon Dec 3 17:21:01 2001 From: fleet@teachout.org (fleet@teachout.org) Date: Mon, 3 Dec 2001 12:21:01 -0500 (EST) Subject: [Tutor] class data In-Reply-To: <5104D4DBC598D211B5FE0000F8FE7EB20E66C153@mbtlipnt02.btlabs.bt.co.uk> Message-ID: On Mon, 3 Dec 2001 alan.gauld@bt.com wrote: > > > > f.write(`s.name`,'\t',`s.phone`,'\t',s.email`) > > > > Oops, try > > f.write(`s.name` + '\t' + `s.phone` + '\t' + s.email`) > Or even: > f.write(`s.name` + '\t' + `s.phone` + '\t' + `s.email`) > ^missing Ok. I figured *THAT* out on my own!!! :) - fleet - From dsh8290@rit.edu Mon Dec 3 17:39:38 2001 From: dsh8290@rit.edu (dman) Date: Mon, 3 Dec 2001 12:39:38 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] class data In-Reply-To: <1007397902.2916.33.camel@asimov>; from tjenkins@devis.com on Mon, Dec 03, 2001 at 11:44:53AM -0500 References: <5104D4DBC598D211B5FE0000F8FE7EB20E66C150@mbtlipnt02.btlabs.bt.co.uk> <1007397902.2916.33.camel@asimov> Message-ID: <20011203123938.B19147@harmony.cs.rit.edu> On Mon, Dec 03, 2001 at 11:44:53AM -0500, Tom Jenkins wrote: | On Mon, 2001-12-03 at 11:14, alan.gauld@bt.com wrote: ... | > > > class Entry: | > > > def __init__(s, nm,ph,em): | > > > s.name = nm | > > > s.phone = ph | > > > s.email = em | > > > def saveme(s,flnm): | > > > f = open(flnm,'a') | > > > f.write(`s.name`,'\t',`s.phone`,'\t',s.email`) | > | > Oops, try | > f.write(`s.name` + '\t' + `s.phone` + '\t' + s.email`) | > | | I like using variable substitution; so my version would be: | f.write('%s\t%s\t%s' % (s.name, s.phone, s.email)) | | or | | f.write('%(nm)s\t%(ph)s\t%(em)s' % ({'nm':s.name, 'ph':s.phone, | 'em':s.email})) | | i prefer this as its hard to see that Alan is using backticks ( ` ) for | s.name, s.phone I pick whichever style is clearest for the data I have at that time. In this case the data should already be a string, so f.write( s.name + "\t" + s.phone + "\t" + s.email ) would work, and has the least amount of noise (in this case). There is also the alternative of using the str() function/factory instead of backticks. (Oh, but I don't remember if backticks call str() or repr(), but you can use repr() if you want to be explicit) I like string interpolation especially if I want some (stati) text around the data, or if I want to format numbers. The named interpolation tends to just add noise for simple lines (like above), but is great if the same data is to be output multiple times, or if it comes as a dictionary already. -D -- How great is the love the Father has lavished on us, that we should be called children of God! 1 John 3:1 From dsh8290@rit.edu Mon Dec 3 17:51:39 2001 From: dsh8290@rit.edu (dman) Date: Mon, 3 Dec 2001 12:51:39 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] performance considerations Message-ID: <20011203125139.C19147@harmony.cs.rit.edu> I'm working on a script/program to do some processing (munging) on text files in a directory tree. In addition, for convenience, all non-interesting files are copied without munging. My script, as it stands, is quite CPU intensive so I would like to optimize it some. In the case of copying non-interesting files, what is (generally) the most efficient way? It seems there is no system-level "copy" command. Is there a better way than read each byte of the file and write it out to the new file? I suppose I could just create a hard link, if I am willing to tie it down to Unix-only. Does anyone have recommendations on how many bytes I should read at a time? A portion of the script generates strings by starting with 'a' and "adding" to it. Ie "a", "b", ..., "z", "aa", "ab", ..., "zz", "aaa". Would it be better to use a list of one-char-strings than to modify a single string? Here's the code I have now (BTW, that funny-looking "isinstance" stuff requires 2.2) (also I am certain that this is not where most of the time is spent anyways) : def increment( s ) : """ Increment the string. Recursively "carries" if needed. """ assert isinstance( s , str ) , "'s' must be a string" # a special case, for terminating recursion if s == "" : return "a" # the ordinal of the next character in succession next_ord = ord( s[-1] ) + 1 # check for overflow if ord( 'a' ) <= next_ord <= ord( 'z' ) : s = s[:-1] + chr( next_ord ) else : s = increment( s[:-1] ) + "a" return s # end increment() One last question for now : I traverse the interesting files line-by-line and check them for a regex match, then modify the line if it matches properly. Would it be better (faster) to read in the whole file and treat it as a single string? Memory is not a problem. TIA, -D -- It took the computational power of three Commodore 64s to fly to the moon. It takes at least a 486 to run Windows 95. Something is wrong here. From glingl@aon.at Mon Dec 3 17:51:20 2001 From: glingl@aon.at (Gregor Lingl) Date: Mon, 3 Dec 2001 18:51:20 +0100 Subject: [Tutor] Division References: <001001c17bc6$8adf0fe0$1664a8c0@mega> <20011203105124.C18525@harmony.cs.rit.edu> Message-ID: <001701c17c23$1e3a6e90$1664a8c0@mega> Oh! (*flush!* (red)) What a mistake! I wanted to say: C:\python22\tools\python -Qnew idle.py ^^^^^^^^ doesn't work (And it doesn't!) Gregor ----- Original Message ----- From: "dman" To: Sent: Monday, December 03, 2001 4:51 PM Subject: Re: [Tutor] Division > On Mon, Dec 03, 2001 at 07:48:40AM +0100, Gregor Lingl wrote: > | Dear Tim! > | > | Thanks! This works fine. > | > | But unfortunataly there remains the problem of starting > | IDLE - which I use to use with my students - in this new mode: > | > | C:\python22\tools\idle -Qnew idle.py ************ > > Open up the file C:\python22\tools\idle and see what it is. I would > guess (but I don't have windows or idle installed) that it is a batch > script or something. You need to put the -Qnew option in there such > that _python_, not idle, gets the option. Right now I think you are > giving idle the -Qnew option, and it really doesn't care. > > -D > > -- > > He who finds a wife finds what is good > and receives favor from the Lord. > Proverbs 18:22 > > > _______________________________________________ > Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org > http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor > From fleet@teachout.org Mon Dec 3 17:44:59 2001 From: fleet@teachout.org (fleet@teachout.org) Date: Mon, 3 Dec 2001 12:44:59 -0500 (EST) Subject: [Tutor] Follow up to 'class data' Message-ID: I think I'm stuck in the "just don't get it" class (pun intentional). "Everything is an object" includes, I guess classes. So to me, the address book is an object and can be a class? But the example seems to ignore "address book" and describes the means of adding, modifying, deleting data as classes. ?? I would have thought "address book" would be the class and the means of adding, modifying, deleting data would be "methods." Since the actual data (names, addresses, phone numbers, e-mail addresses, etc.) will need to be stored in dictionaries, lists, text files, etc., what is the advantage of using classes as opposed to functions. Or are we just talking about 'another way to do it?' The structure as I see it would be something like: class AddressBook: def input: def modify: def delete: def search: def sort: def output: Should I be looking at something like: class AddressBook: class Input(AddressBook): def inputName: def inputAddress: def inputPhone: etc. - fleet - From fleet@teachout.org Mon Dec 3 17:52:15 2001 From: fleet@teachout.org (fleet@teachout.org) Date: Mon, 3 Dec 2001 12:52:15 -0500 (EST) Subject: [Tutor] class data In-Reply-To: <3C0BA00B.4010709@venix.com> Message-ID: This was my understanding of it also; but classes apparently contain their own __dict__. I was kind of hoping it would get pickled along with the rest. If it did, I have no clue how to access the data. - fleet - On Mon, 3 Dec 2001, Lloyd Kvam wrote: > addrbook.py contains the python instructions to implement the addressbook. It does NOT contain > the data that makes up the addressbook. pickling is used to save the data that was entered > using the addrbook module. > > If you give someone your addrbook.py module, you are giving them a computer program. > You are NOT giving them your addressbook. From tim.one@home.com Mon Dec 3 18:03:41 2001 From: tim.one@home.com (Tim Peters) Date: Mon, 3 Dec 2001 13:03:41 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] Division In-Reply-To: <001701c17c23$1e3a6e90$1664a8c0@mega> Message-ID: [Gregor Lingl] > Oh! (*flush!* (red)) > > What a mistake! > I wanted to say: > > C:\python22\tools\python -Qnew idle.py > ^^^^^^^ > doesn't work > > (And it doesn't!) You're right, it doesn't work -- Guido and I are looking into why (it's a mystery so far!). When that's fixed, note that you should never run a Tkinter app on Windows with python.exe: a Tk bug can cause unpredictable system hangs on Win9x when the app shuts down. You'll want to use pythonw.exe and idle.pyw instead. From ak@silmarill.org Mon Dec 3 18:07:13 2001 From: ak@silmarill.org (Andrei Kulakov) Date: Mon, 03 Dec 2001 13:07:13 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] Follow up to 'class data' In-Reply-To: References: Message-ID: <20011203130713.A26805@sill.silmarill.org> On Mon, Dec 03, 2001 at 12:44:59PM -0500, fleet@teachout.org wrote: > I think I'm stuck in the "just don't get it" class (pun intentional). > > "Everything is an object" includes, I guess classes. > > So to me, the address book is an object and can be a class? > > But the example seems to ignore "address book" and describes the means of > adding, modifying, deleting data as classes. ?? > > I would have thought "address book" would be the class and the means of > adding, modifying, deleting data would be "methods." > > Since the actual data (names, addresses, phone numbers, e-mail addresses, > etc.) will need to be stored in dictionaries, lists, text files, etc., > what is the advantage of using classes as opposed to functions. Or are we > just talking about 'another way to do it?' Well, classes "hide" data so that it's harder to mess it up by mistake. The fancy name for this is data incapsulation, I think. You could also subclass address book. Read some thick book on OOP, if you really want to.. I also find that it makes for more readable code if you use classes. For instance, in my pybook (e-books reader) app, I at first had a bunch of global vars and functions, so local_books list, and read_last() method, and so on.. now, I have books.local list, and books.read_last() method, so I can think in terms of having this big blob "books" that I can apply actions to. In addition, if you have some data you want to change in your function and you aren't using classes, you'll either have to use it as global or pass it in functions and return it back. Either option adds unnecessary clutter to the program, and globals just feel wrong.. Now OO gurus will have a heart attack because I like classes for all the wrong reasons ;-P. > > The structure as I see it would be something like: > > class AddressBook: > def input: > def modify: > def delete: > def search: > def sort: > def output: > > Should I be looking at something like: > > class AddressBook: > class Input(AddressBook): > def inputName: > def inputAddress: > def inputPhone: > > etc. > > - fleet - > > > _______________________________________________ > Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org > http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor -- Cymbaline: intelligent learning mp3 player - python, linux, console. get it at: cy.silmarill.org From ak@silmarill.org Mon Dec 3 18:10:41 2001 From: ak@silmarill.org (Andrei Kulakov) Date: Mon, 03 Dec 2001 13:10:41 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] performance considerations In-Reply-To: <20011203125139.C19147@harmony.cs.rit.edu> References: <20011203125139.C19147@harmony.cs.rit.edu> Message-ID: <20011203131041.B26805@sill.silmarill.org> On Mon, Dec 03, 2001 at 12:51:39PM -0500, dman wrote: > > I'm working on a script/program to do some processing (munging) on > text files in a directory tree. In addition, for convenience, all > non-interesting files are copied without munging. My script, as it > stands, is quite CPU intensive so I would like to optimize it some. > > In the case of copying non-interesting files, what is (generally) the > most efficient way? It seems there is no system-level "copy" command. shutil.copy() > Is there a better way than read each byte of the file and write it out > to the new file? I suppose I could just create a hard link, if I am > willing to tie it down to Unix-only. Does anyone have recommendations > on how many bytes I should read at a time? > > A portion of the script generates strings by starting with 'a' and > "adding" to it. Ie "a", "b", ..., "z", "aa", "ab", ..., "zz", "aaa". > Would it be better to use a list of one-char-strings than to modify a > single string? Here's the code I have now (BTW, that funny-looking I believe so.. profile! > "isinstance" stuff requires 2.2) (also I am certain that this is not > where most of the time is spent anyways) : > > def increment( s ) : > """ > Increment the string. Recursively "carries" if needed. > """ > > assert isinstance( s , str ) , "'s' must be a string" > > # a special case, for terminating recursion > if s == "" : > return "a" > > # the ordinal of the next character in succession > next_ord = ord( s[-1] ) + 1 > > # check for overflow > if ord( 'a' ) <= next_ord <= ord( 'z' ) : > s = s[:-1] + chr( next_ord ) > else : > s = increment( s[:-1] ) + "a" > return s > # end increment() > > > One last question for now : > I traverse the interesting files line-by-line and check them for a > regex match, then modify the line if it matches properly. Would it be > better (faster) to read in the whole file and treat it as a single > string? Memory is not a problem. Yeah, probably.. profile! > > TIA, > -D > > -- > > It took the computational power of three Commodore 64s to fly to the moon. > It takes at least a 486 to run Windows 95. > Something is wrong here. > > > _______________________________________________ > Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org > http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor -- Cymbaline: intelligent learning mp3 player - python, linux, console. get it at: cy.silmarill.org From dsh8290@rit.edu Mon Dec 3 18:13:26 2001 From: dsh8290@rit.edu (dman) Date: Mon, 3 Dec 2001 13:13:26 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] class data In-Reply-To: ; from fleet@teachout.org on Mon, Dec 03, 2001 at 12:52:15PM -0500 References: <3C0BA00B.4010709@venix.com> Message-ID: <20011203131326.A19344@harmony.cs.rit.edu> On Mon, Dec 03, 2001 at 12:52:15PM -0500, fleet@teachout.org wrote: | This was my understanding of it also; but classes apparently contain their | own __dict__. Classes have a dictionary that only contains the methods and class members. Class _instances_ have a __dict__ that contains the data stored by the instance. | I was kind of hoping it would get pickled along with the rest. It does -- it is part of the data. | If it did, I have no clue how to access the data. The same way you always do. Here's an example (that skips the file read/write step) : import pickle class C : pass o = C() o.foo = "bar" o.spam = "eggs" pickled_string = pickle.dumps( o ) # normally you would write this string to a file, or a socket, or something del o # just to make sure the old one is gone and I can't make a typo # normally you would read the string from a file, or a socket, or something obj = pickle.loads( pickled_string ) print obj.foo , obj.spam -D -- (E)very (M)inor (A)ttention (C)osts (S)anity From tim.one@home.com Mon Dec 3 18:16:59 2001 From: tim.one@home.com (Tim Peters) Date: Mon, 3 Dec 2001 13:16:59 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] Division In-Reply-To: <5104D4DBC598D211B5FE0000F8FE7EB20E66C14A@mbtlipnt02.btlabs.bt.co.uk> Message-ID: [alan.gauld@bt.com] > Just one point is that maybe for an education in programming > they should use the old style division behaviour - its how > the vast majority of programming languages work and is a > great way to see how the computer is working under the covers. Actually, truncating integer division is largely confined to C and Fortran and their derivatives. The list of languages that don't truncate starts with Algol 60 and Lisp, and includes JavaScript, Visual Basic, Perl, PHP, Smalltalk, AWK, Prolog, Pascal, COBOL, ABC, and Python with -Qnew . From dsh8290@rit.edu Mon Dec 3 18:24:58 2001 From: dsh8290@rit.edu (dman) Date: Mon, 3 Dec 2001 13:24:58 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] Division In-Reply-To: ; from tim.one@home.com on Mon, Dec 03, 2001 at 01:03:41PM -0500 References: <001701c17c23$1e3a6e90$1664a8c0@mega> Message-ID: <20011203132458.B19344@harmony.cs.rit.edu> On Mon, Dec 03, 2001 at 01:03:41PM -0500, Tim Peters wrote: | [Gregor Lingl] | > Oh! (*flush!* (red)) | > | > What a mistake! | > I wanted to say: | > | > C:\python22\tools\python -Qnew idle.py | > ^^^^^^^ | > doesn't work | > | > (And it doesn't!) I installed IDLE for you (though I'm on a debian box, not windows) and traced through how it executes stuff. | You're right, it doesn't work -- Guido and I are looking into why (it's a | mystery so far!). It uses an instance of code.InteractiveInterpreter (built-in stuff) which uses codeop.CommandCompiler. The __future__ statement stuff works, as the comment says it does. It seems that the bug is somewhere down in the built-in compile() function. Anyways, put self.interp.runsource( "from __future__ import division" ) on line 353 of PyShell.py for a quick "fix". It should be the last statement of the __init__ method. -D -- Q: What is the difference betwee open-source and commercial software? A: If you have a problem with commercial software you can call a phone number and they will tell you it might be solved in a future version. For open-source sofware there isn't a phone number to call, but you get the solution within a day. From dsh8290@rit.edu Mon Dec 3 18:31:13 2001 From: dsh8290@rit.edu (dman) Date: Mon, 3 Dec 2001 13:31:13 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] performance considerations In-Reply-To: <20011203131041.B26805@sill.silmarill.org>; from sill@optonline.net on Mon, Dec 03, 2001 at 01:10:41PM -0500 References: <20011203125139.C19147@harmony.cs.rit.edu> <20011203131041.B26805@sill.silmarill.org> Message-ID: <20011203133113.C19344@harmony.cs.rit.edu> On Mon, Dec 03, 2001 at 01:10:41PM -0500, Andrei Kulakov wrote: | On Mon, Dec 03, 2001 at 12:51:39PM -0500, dman wrote: | > | > I'm working on a script/program to do some processing (munging) on | > text files in a directory tree. In addition, for convenience, all | > non-interesting files are copied without munging. My script, as it | > stands, is quite CPU intensive so I would like to optimize it some. | > | > In the case of copying non-interesting files, what is (generally) the | > most efficient way? It seems there is no system-level "copy" command. | | shutil.copy() Cool, thanks. | > A portion of the script generates strings by starting with 'a' and | > "adding" to it. Ie "a", "b", ..., "z", "aa", "ab", ..., "zz", "aaa". | > Would it be better to use a list of one-char-strings than to modify a | > single string? Here's the code I have now (BTW, that funny-looking I forgot to mention, if a list of strings is used, each yield will yield "".join( the_list ), so the comparison is the multiple modifications (creation) of strings versus join. | I believe so.. profile! I should. | > One last question for now : | > I traverse the interesting files line-by-line and check them for a | > regex match, then modify the line if it matches properly. Would it be | > better (faster) to read in the whole file and treat it as a single | > string? Memory is not a problem. | | Yeah, probably.. profile! I want to speculate before I rewrite it :-). Maybe Tim will tell me something (since he is so familiar with the inner workings)? -D -- How to shoot yourself in the foot with Java: You find that Microsoft and Sun have released imcompatible class libraries both implementing Gun objects. You then find that although there are plenty of feet objects implemented in the past in many other languages, you cannot get access to one. But seeing as Java is so cool, you dont care and go around shooting anything else you can find. (written by Mark Hammond) From ak@silmarill.org Mon Dec 3 18:37:50 2001 From: ak@silmarill.org (Andrei Kulakov) Date: Mon, 03 Dec 2001 13:37:50 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] performance considerations In-Reply-To: <20011203133113.C19344@harmony.cs.rit.edu> References: <20011203125139.C19147@harmony.cs.rit.edu> <20011203131041.B26805@sill.silmarill.org> <20011203133113.C19344@harmony.cs.rit.edu> Message-ID: <20011203133750.A27060@sill.silmarill.org> On Mon, Dec 03, 2001 at 01:31:13PM -0500, dman wrote: > On Mon, Dec 03, 2001 at 01:10:41PM -0500, Andrei Kulakov wrote: > | On Mon, Dec 03, 2001 at 12:51:39PM -0500, dman wrote: > | > > | > I'm working on a script/program to do some processing (munging) on > | > text files in a directory tree. In addition, for convenience, all > | > non-interesting files are copied without munging. My script, as it > | > stands, is quite CPU intensive so I would like to optimize it some. > | > > | > In the case of copying non-interesting files, what is (generally) the > | > most efficient way? It seems there is no system-level "copy" command. > | > | shutil.copy() > > Cool, thanks. > > | > A portion of the script generates strings by starting with 'a' and > | > "adding" to it. Ie "a", "b", ..., "z", "aa", "ab", ..., "zz", "aaa". > | > Would it be better to use a list of one-char-strings than to modify a > | > single string? Here's the code I have now (BTW, that funny-looking > > I forgot to mention, if a list of strings is used, each yield will > yield "".join( the_list ), so the comparison is the multiple > modifications (creation) of strings versus join. Yeah, that's what I thought.. I think I remember someone saying that one join would be much faster. > > | I believe so.. profile! > > I should. > > | > One last question for now : > | > I traverse the interesting files line-by-line and check them for a > | > regex match, then modify the line if it matches properly. Would it be > | > better (faster) to read in the whole file and treat it as a single > | > string? Memory is not a problem. > | > | Yeah, probably.. profile! > > I want to speculate before I rewrite it :-). Maybe Tim will tell me > something (since he is so familiar with the inner workings)? > > -D > > -- > > How to shoot yourself in the foot with Java: > > You find that Microsoft and Sun have released imcompatible class > libraries both implementing Gun objects. You then find that although > there are plenty of feet objects implemented in the past in many other > languages, you cannot get access to one. But seeing as Java is so cool, > you dont care and go around shooting anything else you can find. > (written by Mark Hammond) > > > _______________________________________________ > Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org > http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor -- Cymbaline: intelligent learning mp3 player - python, linux, console. get it at: cy.silmarill.org From jeff@ccvcorp.com Mon Dec 3 18:43:54 2001 From: jeff@ccvcorp.com (Jeff Shannon) Date: Mon, 03 Dec 2001 10:43:54 -0800 Subject: [Tutor] Re: Tutor digest, Vol 1 #1239 - 11 msgs References: Message-ID: <3C0BC7EA.93FAC9D@ccvcorp.com> > > > Message: 3 > Date: Mon, 3 Dec 2001 09:37:52 -0500 (EST) > From: > Reply-To: > To: > cc: python tutor list > Subject: RE: [Tutor] class data > > Everything went fine until - > > >>> for e in book: > ... e.saveme('book.txt') > ... > Traceback (innermost last): > File "", line 2, in ? > File "", line 8, in saveme > TypeError: read-only buffer, tuple > > - fleet - > > On Mon, 3 Dec 2001 alan.gauld@bt.com wrote: > > book = [] > > for i in range(10): > > book.append(Entry('al','1234','ag.co.com') The problem is that this line is short a paren--- ... book.append( Entry('al','1234','ag.co.com') ) # <-- two of each paren Without that closing paren, the interpreter was trying to read *everything* after that as part of a tuple... with obvious problems. :) (I don't know if IDLE does this, but PythonWin will automatically highlight matching parens--this is a *very* handy little feature.) Jeff Shannon Technician/Programmer Credit International From jeff@ccvcorp.com Mon Dec 3 20:22:28 2001 From: jeff@ccvcorp.com (Jeff Shannon) Date: Mon, 03 Dec 2001 12:22:28 -0800 Subject: [Tutor] Follow up to 'class data' References: Message-ID: <3C0BDF04.7410989@ccvcorp.com> > On Mon, 3 Dec 2001 12:44:59 -0500 (EST), > wrote: > > I think I'm stuck in the "just don't get it" class (pun intentional). > > "Everything is an object" includes, I guess classes. > > So to me, the address book is an object and can be a class? > > But the example seems to ignore "address book" and describes the means of adding, modifying, > deleting data as classes. ?? > > I would have thought "address book" would be the class and the means of > adding, modifying, deleting data would be "methods." I think that what's confusing you here (in part), is that there is a difference between a "class object" and a "class instance" (also known as an instance object). A class definition is an object, just as a function is an object, and you can pass class definitions around just like you can pass function references. You probably will rarely (if ever) need to do this, though. When you go to *use* a class, you typically create one or more *instances* from that class. Each of those instances, has its own store of data. As an example, I can create a Person class, and list all sorts of things that a Person can do. I can even, if I really want, let someone else modify the list of things that a Person can do. But when I want to actually *use* a Person, I don't use Person itself, I create instances of Person, such as "John", "Terry", "Michael", etc, and then have each of those instances do something. Each instance may well have different attributes (probably self.name is different for each, among other things). When you pickled your class, if you were pickling the *class object*, then you're right, that serves little purpose beyond what having the .py file does. You really want to pickle each of the *instance* objects, which combine the standard actions (methods) defined in the class, with the specific data (attributes) that belong with that particular instance. Jeff Shannon Technician/Programmer Credit International From dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu Mon Dec 3 20:17:34 2001 From: dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu (Danny Yoo) Date: Mon, 3 Dec 2001 12:17:34 -0800 (PST) Subject: [Tutor] Newbie Question: IDLE, is there a HOWTO use... In-Reply-To: <5104D4DBC598D211B5FE0000F8FE7EB20E66C148@mbtlipnt02.btlabs.bt.co.uk> Message-ID: On Mon, 3 Dec 2001 alan.gauld@bt.com wrote: > > So far, I have used the IDLE to edit py's but it seems that > > there is more to it than that. > > IDLE also has debugging tools and class browsing tools. > But the vast majority of use is just to create and run .py files. > > > Is there a HOWTO for the use of IDLE? > > There is a tutorial on the IDLE section of the python.org web site. > > Danny was doing a tutor too I think? But I don't have his url. Here's the URL: http://hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu/~dyoo/python/idle_intro/index.html From G.Kruschina@gmx.de Mon Dec 3 20:27:02 2001 From: G.Kruschina@gmx.de (Guenter Kruschina) Date: Mon, 3 Dec 2001 21:27:02 +0100 Subject: [Tutor] Re: How to compare text? In-Reply-To: <3C0B5C9C.10969.755101@localhost> Message-ID: <3C0BEE26.5908.1B94372@localhost> --Message-Boundary-26703 Content-type: text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 Content-transfer-encoding: Quoted-printable Content-description: Mail message body From: "A" To: tutor@python.org, activepython@listserv.ActiveState.com, python-list@python.org Subject: How to compare text? Send reply to: printers@sendme.cz Priority: normal Date sent: Mon, 3 Dec 2001 11:06:04 +0100 > > Hello, > How can I compare of one parragraph of text with another > paragraph?Each paragraph can have about 100 words. > For example I have the first paragraph > > I want to be very good at Python programming. Better than in Perl. > > THe second paragraph might look loke this: > > She works all day long to master Perl. > > All that I need is to find out if any of word from the second is in the > first paragraph. For the example above I should find out word > > Perl > > > What is the best and quickest way? > Thank you for help. > Ladislav > > > _______________________________________________ > ActivePython mailing list > ActivePython@listserv.ActiveState.com > http://listserv.ActiveState.com/mailman/listinfo/activepython > Hallo Ladislav, I have written a small progam, which will work as you expe= ct. I hope so. I think this is a fast way to compare two paragraphs. wbg G=FCnter --Message-Boundary-26703 Content-type: text/plain; charset=US-ASCII Content-transfer-encoding: 7BIT Content-description: Text from file 'diff.py' def CreateDict(par): #Remove some chars for char in ('.',';',','): par = par.replace(char,"") words = par.split(' ') dPar = {} for word in words: dPar[word] = 1 return dPar def Diff(par1,par2): dPar1 = CreateDict(par1) dPar2 = CreateDict(par2) lCommon = [] for word in dPar2.keys(): if dPar1.has_key(word): lCommon.append(word) return lCommon def main(): lCommonWords = Diff("I want to be very good at Python programming. Better than in Perl.", "She works all day long to master Perl.") print "Common Words: ", lCommonWords main() --Message-Boundary-26703-- From fleet@teachout.org Mon Dec 3 20:51:31 2001 From: fleet@teachout.org (fleet@teachout.org) Date: Mon, 3 Dec 2001 15:51:31 -0500 (EST) Subject: [Tutor] (no subject) Message-ID: Your example below works; but when I try something like: john = class('john doe','123-456-6789') jane = class('jane doe','123-456-9876') I can pickle john, or I can pickle jane; but I don't seem to be able to pickle both. I'm assuming to do this I need to store the data in a dictionary (or something) and pickle the dictionary (or something). Actually, having pondered this through three screensaver activations (or so) it appears I would have to store the *instance* in a dictionary - not the name or phone number; but just "john." >>> john But would this be valid for different sessions of Python? - fleet - dman Classes have a dictionary that only contains the methods and class >members. Class _instances_ have a __dict__ that contains the data >stored by the instance. > >| I was kind of hoping it would get pickled along with the rest. > >It does -- it is part of the data. > >| If it did, I have no clue how to access the data. > >The same way you always do. Here's an example (that skips the file >read/write step) : > > >import pickle > >class C : > pass > >o = C() >o.foo = "bar" >o.spam = "eggs" > >pickled_string = pickle.dumps( o ) > ># normally you would write this string to a file, or a socket, or >something From sburch@ordway.org Mon Dec 3 21:30:08 2001 From: sburch@ordway.org (Burchill, Scott B.) Date: Mon, 3 Dec 2001 15:30:08 -0600 Subject: [Tutor] Too many open files Message-ID: I have a small program which uses recursion while dealing with a flat file database. I am opening and closing a number of files repeatedly during this recursion and I feel like I have done the closing needed but I am still being faced with a "too many files open" error. My questions: Is there a variable I can reference which holds the number of open files? How can I find out what the maximum number of open files is for my system? I am running as follows: Python 2.1.1 (#1, Sep 4 2001, 12:16:58) [GCC 3.0] on sunos5 Thanks loads in advance for any help! sbb -- Scott B. Burchill Ordway Center for the Performing Arts 345 Washington Street St. Paul, MN 55102-1495 voice +1 (651) 282-3023 cell +1 (651) 248-2713 fax +1 (651) 224-5319 efax +1 (508) 519-6133 http://www.ordway.org \:)> /:(> From Bruce.Lee-Shanok@cognos.com Mon Dec 3 21:29:15 2001 From: Bruce.Lee-Shanok@cognos.com (Lee-Shanok, Bruce) Date: Mon, 3 Dec 2001 16:29:15 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] Setting Python version for IDLE Message-ID: I have multiple versions of Python sitting on my machine at the moment. I'm wondering how to specify which one my installed version of IDLE points to by default... Anyone know where I should be looking? This message may contain privileged and/or confidential information. If you have received this e-mail in error or are not the intended recipient, you may not use, copy, disseminate, or distribute it; do not open any attachments, delete it immediately from your system and notify the sender by e-mail promptly that you have done so. Thank You. From glingl@aon.at Mon Dec 3 22:28:26 2001 From: glingl@aon.at (Gregor Lingl) Date: Mon, 3 Dec 2001 23:28:26 +0100 Subject: [Tutor] Division References: <5104D4DBC598D211B5FE0000F8FE7EB20E66C14A@mbtlipnt02.btlabs.bt.co.uk> Message-ID: <003d01c17c49$d3eb13e0$1664a8c0@mega> Thanks for this argument. I did some considerations on this topic for myself. My experience is, that my students understand well this overloading of /, but they tend to forget it when writing some useful programs doing some maths. Especially when using the input-statement one often arrives at integers unintentionally. So should we type-cast every input with float or resort only to use raw_input? On the other hand the main point here is the difference between two kinds of division, which of course must be taught - and perhaps can be taught more easily - also in the python -Qnew interpreter. If those two are accomplished by two different operators or by a single overloaded one is - IMHO ;-) - secondary to that. Thanks another time for the discussion Gregor ----- Original Message ----- From: To: ; ; Sent: Monday, December 03, 2001 2:23 PM Subject: RE: [Tutor] Division > > > As I'm starting to give a new course 'Introduction to > > > programming' in Jan 2002. It's for young students in the > > > age of 15/16. (Of course) I shall use Python. > > > I'd consider it an advantage not to confuse my students > > > in the beginning with the specialities the overlaoding of > > > the division-operator (although I had to do so for several times > > > until now). But neither with the import from future > > > statement. > > Just one point is that maybe for an education in programming > they should use the old style division behaviour - its how > the vast majority of programming languages work and is a > great way to seehow the computer is working under the covers. > > If you want to use programming as part of another topic then > use new division but if you want to teach programming > principles stick to old style - its much more univesally > applicable and infornative IMHO. > > Alan G > From rick@niof.net Mon Dec 3 21:39:38 2001 From: rick@niof.net (Rick Pasotto) Date: Mon, 3 Dec 2001 16:39:38 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] thread locks Message-ID: <20011203163938.B1113@tc.niof.net> If the first thing I do in a long running function is to acquire a lock, can I be guaranteed that the first statement after lauching that function as a thread can accurately check for the existence of the lock? include thread,time mutex = thread.allocate_lock() def func(): mutex.acquire() # do lots of stuff mutex.release() thread.start_new(func,()) while 1: if mutex.locked(): time.sleep(1) else: break # thread has finished so I can do other things I know this seems to defeat the purpose of using a thread but this is in a Tkinter program and if I don't do this the main window will not get redrawn if the user covers it up, etc. Or is there a better way to solve my problem? -- To tamper with man's freedom is not only to injure him, to degrade him; it is to change his nature, to render him, in so far as such oppression is exercised, incapable of improvement; it is to strip him of his resemblance to the Creator, to stifle within him the noble breath of life with which he was endowed at his creation. -- Frédéric Bastiat (1801-1850) Rick Pasotto rickp@telocity.com http://www.niof.net From wsf@fultondesigns.co.uk Mon Dec 3 22:30:05 2001 From: wsf@fultondesigns.co.uk (William S Fulton) Date: Mon, 3 Dec 2001 22:30:05 -0000 Subject: [Tutor] Re: [Swig] Installation problems References: <3C0B4DBD.37617612@gmx.de> Message-ID: <009301c17c4e$ea6fe6e0$0b00a8c0@leopard> > I want to generate a python shadow class from an excisting c++ file by > using SWIG and VC++ 6.0 under Windows 2000 and i think that something > went wrong with the installation of SWIG under VC++. Can anyone give me > an advise where i can find detailed information of the installation > process ? It seems that there are some binding problems of SWIG with > VC++. Download swigwin-1.3.9 by selecting 'All Releases' at http://www.swig.org/download.html. Read the ReadmeWindows.txt file with the download, it tells you everything you need to know - you will also have to download the main swig-1.3.9 package as per instructions in the readme file. Cheers William From dsh8290@rit.edu Tue Dec 4 00:33:11 2001 From: dsh8290@rit.edu (dman) Date: Mon, 3 Dec 2001 19:33:11 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] Division In-Reply-To: <003d01c17c49$d3eb13e0$1664a8c0@mega>; from glingl@aon.at on Mon, Dec 03, 2001 at 11:28:26PM +0100 References: <5104D4DBC598D211B5FE0000F8FE7EB20E66C14A@mbtlipnt02.btlabs.bt.co.uk> <003d01c17c49$d3eb13e0$1664a8c0@mega> Message-ID: <20011203193311.D19633@harmony.cs.rit.edu> On Mon, Dec 03, 2001 at 11:28:26PM +0100, Gregor Lingl wrote: | Thanks for this argument. I did some considerations | on this topic for myself. | | My experience is, that my students understand well this | overloading of /, but they tend to forget it when writing | some useful programs doing some maths. Especially when | using the input-statement one often arrives at integers | unintentionally. So should we type-cast every input with More of a technicality, but there is no type-casting in python. The sole purpose of a type cast is to inform the compiler of a statically typed language (eg C, C++, Java) that you think/want to have something of a different type that the compiler thinks you have. In python what you have are conversion functions that actually do a conversion of the object. | float or resort only to use raw_input? For simple programs or where input is assumed to be valid, input() is functional. In any other situation, use raw_input(). Once you have the data via raw_input() you can convert it to whatever internal types you want (eg floats) and also perform proper error checking. A common example of the pitfalls of using input() is if the user entered open( "some_file_you_dont_want_to_delete" , "w" ) This would give you back a file object, not a number, and also have the effect of truncating the file to size 0 if it already existed. -D -- (E)scape (M)eta (A)lt (C)ontrol (S)hift From urnerk@qwest.net Tue Dec 4 00:42:22 2001 From: urnerk@qwest.net (Kirby Urner) Date: Mon, 03 Dec 2001 16:42:22 -0800 Subject: [Tutor] Division In-Reply-To: <5104D4DBC598D211B5FE0000F8FE7EB20E66C14A@mbtlipnt02.btlabs .bt.co.uk> Message-ID: <4.2.0.58.20011203164100.00c49b10@pop3.norton.antivirus> > >If you want to use programming as part of another topic then >use new division but if you want to teach programming >principles stick to old style - its much more univesally >applicable and infornative IMHO. > >Alan G Not so sure about this in light of Tim's recent remark: Actually, truncating integer division is largely confined to C and Fortran and their derivatives. The list of languages that don't truncate starts with Algol 60 and Lisp, and includes JavaScript, Visual Basic, Perl, PHP, Smalltalk, AWK, Prolog, Pascal, COBOL, ABC, and Python with -Qnew . Seems one can justify going either way, even if "programming principles" is the yardstick. Kirby From dsh8290@rit.edu Tue Dec 4 00:52:21 2001 From: dsh8290@rit.edu (dman) Date: Mon, 3 Dec 2001 19:52:21 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] additional persistence questions In-Reply-To: ; from fleet@teachout.org on Mon, Dec 03, 2001 at 03:51:31PM -0500 References: Message-ID: <20011203195221.E19633@harmony.cs.rit.edu> On Mon, Dec 03, 2001 at 03:51:31PM -0500, fleet@teachout.org wrote: | | | Your example below works; but when I try something like: | | john = class('john doe','123-456-6789') | jane = class('jane doe','123-456-9876') | | I can pickle john, or I can pickle jane; but I don't seem to be able to | pickle both. Care to share your code? (btw, that can't be your real code, 'class' is a keyword ;-)) --- demo.py --- import pickle from cStringIO import StringIO class ABookEntry : def __init__( self , name , phone ) : self.name = name self.phone = phone def __str__( self ) : return "%s %s" % ( self.name , self.phone ) john = ABookEntry( "john" , "123-4567" ) jane = ABookEntry( "jane" , "765-4321" ) print john , jane f = StringIO() # this is a file-like object, but in memory only pickle.dump( john , f ) pickle.dump( jane , f ) del john , jane f.seek( 0 ) # go back to the beginning, as if it was just opened jo = pickle.load( f ) ja = pickle.load( f ) print jo , ja --------------- $ python demo.py john 123-4567 jane 765-4321 john 123-4567 jane 765-4321 Looking closer at the docs, the 'loads()' function only unpickles the first object in the string and ignores the rest. | I'm assuming to do this I need to store the data in a | dictionary (or something) and pickle the dictionary (or something). | | Actually, having pondered this through three screensaver activations (or | so) it appears I would have to store the *instance* in a dictionary - not | the name or phone number; but just "john." | | >>> john | You don't need to create a dictionary for this, just dumping the instances is sufficient. | But would this be valid for different sessions of Python? Dictionaries, lists, classes, class instances, strings, etc are all in-memory data. When you quit python (or turn off your computer) the memory where those data were stored is released and used by other processes. What you are looking for is persistant storage of some kind. You want your data to persist beyond the lifetime of a given python process. The only way to achieve this is to serialize the data to disk (or, conceivably to memory on a different machine that will continue running, but that is not so feasible). To serialize the data do disk means either creating files or using a full-blown database system that will handle files for you. The simplest thing for you is to create a file yourself and to use the 'pickle' module to convert the in-memory data to a string that can be stored in the file, and (very important!) read back in later. See the example above for how to do this. However, don't use the StringIO or cStringIO modules -- they provide file-like objects that exist in memory. They go away when you quit python. I used them just so I didn't need to create files on my disk for the example. -D -- Contrary to popular belief, Unix is user friendly. It just happens to be selective about who it makes friends with. -- Dave Parnas From dsh8290@rit.edu Tue Dec 4 01:07:29 2001 From: dsh8290@rit.edu (dman) Date: Mon, 3 Dec 2001 20:07:29 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] Too many open files In-Reply-To: ; from sburch@ordway.org on Mon, Dec 03, 2001 at 03:30:08PM -0600 References: Message-ID: <20011203200729.F19633@harmony.cs.rit.edu> On Mon, Dec 03, 2001 at 03:30:08PM -0600, Burchill, Scott B. wrote: | I have a small program which uses recursion while dealing with a flat file | database. I am opening and closing a number of files repeatedly during this | recursion and I feel like I have done the closing needed but I am still | being faced with a "too many files open" error. To debug this (you probably are forgetting to close some files, or closing it too late) you could make a dict and store a reference to all the files you open in it (as keys, the value doesn't matter). When you close a file, remove it from the dict (you can increment a counter if you want to report how many you closed). Then, when you get the exception, iterate over the keys of the dict and print out the name (and length) to see what files you do have open. For example : debug_files = {} debug_closed = 0 import random def recurse() : i = random.random() try : f = open( "/tmp/" + str(i) , "w" ) except OSError , err : print err files = debug_files.keys() print "Open files : %d" % len( files ) print "Closed files : %d" % debug_closed for file in files : print file.name # now close it just to be nice before we exit file.close() import sys sys.exit( 1 ) debug_files[ f ] = None # just a little magic to simulate program logic if i % 2 : f.close() debug_closed += 1 del debug_files[ f ] recurse() | My questions: Is there a variable I can reference which holds the number of | open files? How can I find out what the maximum number of open | files is for my system? Read the kernel source? (heh, not for Solaris) The bash manpage shows that 'ulimit' doesn't display this. Here's an idea though : >>> l = [ ] >>> i = 0 >>> while 1 : ... l.append( open( "/tmp/" + str(i) , "w" ) ) ... i += 1 ... Traceback (most recent call last): File "", line 2, in ? IOError: [Errno 24] Too many open files: '/tmp/1021' >>> print len( l ) 1021 >>> Looks like it is 1021 for Linux 2.4.10, x86. Actually, I bet it is 1024 (nice round number), but python already has stdin, stdout, and stderr open that I didn't account for. | I am running as follows: | Python 2.1.1 (#1, Sep 4 2001, 12:16:58) | [GCC 3.0] on sunos5 How's gcc 3.0 holding up for you? -D -- "GUIs normally make it simple to accomplish simple actions and impossible to accomplish complex actions." --Doug Gwyn (22/Jun/91 in comp.unix.wizards) From dsh8290@rit.edu Tue Dec 4 01:19:24 2001 From: dsh8290@rit.edu (dman) Date: Mon, 3 Dec 2001 20:19:24 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] performance considerations In-Reply-To: <20011203133750.A27060@sill.silmarill.org>; from sill@optonline.net on Mon, Dec 03, 2001 at 01:37:50PM -0500 References: <20011203125139.C19147@harmony.cs.rit.edu> <20011203131041.B26805@sill.silmarill.org> <20011203133113.C19344@harmony.cs.rit.edu> <20011203133750.A27060@sill.silmarill.org> Message-ID: <20011203201924.G19633@harmony.cs.rit.edu> On Mon, Dec 03, 2001 at 01:37:50PM -0500, Andrei Kulakov wrote: | On Mon, Dec 03, 2001 at 01:31:13PM -0500, dman wrote: | > On Mon, Dec 03, 2001 at 01:10:41PM -0500, Andrei Kulakov wrote: | > | On Mon, Dec 03, 2001 at 12:51:39PM -0500, dman wrote: | > | > | > | > I'm working on a script/program to do some processing (munging) on | > | > text files in a directory tree. In addition, for convenience, all | > | > non-interesting files are copied without munging. My script, as it | > | > stands, is quite CPU intensive so I would like to optimize it some. | > | > | > | > A portion of the script generates strings by starting with 'a' and | > | > "adding" to it. Ie "a", "b", ..., "z", "aa", "ab", ..., "zz", "aaa". | > | > Would it be better to use a list of one-char-strings than to modify a | > | > single string? Here's the code I have now (BTW, that funny-looking | > | > I forgot to mention, if a list of strings is used, each yield will | > yield "".join( the_list ), so the comparison is the multiple | > modifications (creation) of strings versus join. | | Yeah, that's what I thought.. I think I remember someone saying that one | join would be much faster. I did check out the 'profile' module before I left work, and it is really easy to profile the code! I'll test this tomorrow. | > | > One last question for now : | > | > I traverse the interesting files line-by-line and check them for a | > | > regex match, then modify the line if it matches properly. Would it be | > | > better (faster) to read in the whole file and treat it as a single | > | > string? Memory is not a problem. | > | | > | Yeah, probably.. profile! | > | > I want to speculate before I rewrite it :-). Maybe Tim will tell me | > something (since he is so familiar with the inner workings)? About half the time was spent in the function that iterates over the lines checking it against the regex and modifying it appropriately. The other half was spent checking lines for adjacent duplicates and eliminating them. The biggest problem with my regex, was it was inherently line-based. It looked something like : (.*)(interesting stuff)(.*) then I would take "interesting stuff" and break it down to the part I'm really interested in, change it and put it all back together. Then I had a "duh" moment : all I need to do is find "interesting stuff", play with it, then use string.replace to put the new stuff in the string. Now I'm wondering if the overhead of string creation with replace() is better, and if it would be faster to just iterate over all the strings I want to replace and try replacing them whether or not they exist in the current file. Is there any mutable strings in python? I imagine that could improve performance. In any event, the thing only takes 28s to run. It seems much longer, due to various settings in my environment. -D -- Failure is not an option. It is bundled with the software. From dsh8290@rit.edu Tue Dec 4 01:28:28 2001 From: dsh8290@rit.edu (dman) Date: Mon, 3 Dec 2001 20:28:28 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] thread locks In-Reply-To: <20011203163938.B1113@tc.niof.net>; from rick@niof.net on Mon, Dec 03, 2001 at 04:39:38PM -0500 References: <20011203163938.B1113@tc.niof.net> Message-ID: <20011203202828.H19633@harmony.cs.rit.edu> On Mon, Dec 03, 2001 at 04:39:38PM -0500, Rick Pasotto wrote: | If the first thing I do in a long running function is to acquire a | lock, can I be guaranteed that the first statement after lauching | that function as a thread can accurately check for the existence | of the lock? You are not guaranteed that the thread will actually run as soon as it is started. | include thread,time | mutex = thread.allocate_lock() | def func(): | mutex.acquire() | # do lots of stuff | mutex.release() | | thread.start_new(func,()) | while 1: | if mutex.locked(): | time.sleep(1) | else: | break | # thread has finished so I can do other things | Or is there a better way to solve my problem? import threading , time def func() : while 1 : pass # do something that takes a while t = threading.Thread( target=func ) t.start() while t.isAlive() : time.sleep( 1 ) | I know this seems to defeat the purpose of using a thread but this is | in a Tkinter program and if I don't do this the main window will not | get redrawn if the user covers it up, etc. Depending on how this is used and what it affects, you could just start the thread and let it go. Sometimes there is no need to make the user wait until it is done. BTW, you are aware that Tk is not thread-safe, right? It is only safe to modify any widgets in the Tk main thread. If you aren't careful with this, you can have spurious lockups and other bad things happen. I don't know about Tk, but Swing has a method that takes a Runnable object and queues it at the end of the event queue so that it is run in the Swing main thread. The runnable object would only contain the code to update the GUI, not the labor stuff. -D -- Come to me, all you who are weary and burdened, and I will give you rest. Take my yoke upon you and learn from me, for I am gentle and humble in heart, and you will find rest for your souls. For my yoke is easy and my burden is light. Matthew 11:28-30 From deliberatus@my995internet.com Tue Dec 4 05:50:46 2001 From: deliberatus@my995internet.com (Kirk Bailey) Date: Tue, 04 Dec 2001 00:50:46 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] rf1 Message-ID: <3C0C6436.A55CCA68@my995internet.com> ok, got a copy of a letter zi sent to myself. capturex it in my server, emailed it to meself from in there, here it is below. also wrote this script. ----rf1 # = ReadFile program #1--------- import string f = open("letter2.TXT",r') in1=f.readlines() f.close() print in1 --------------EOF--------------- ok, now for giggles, here is that letter. ------------The VERY next line is it's first.----------------- >From deliberatus@my995internet.com Tue Dec 4 00:13:16 2001 Return-Path: Received: from my995internet.com ([64.78.133.184]) by ns.howlermonkey.net (8.11.1/8.11.0) with ESMTP id fB45DAS59756 for ; Tue, 4 Dec 2001 00:13:16 -0500 (EST) (envelope-from deliberatus@my995internet.com) Received: from my995internet.com [63.17.249.117] by my995internet.com with ESMTP (SMTPD32-6.06) id A5533CA000F6; Mon, 03 Dec 2001 21:47:15 -0700 Message-ID: <3C0C5B40.6466E49B@my995internet.com> Date: Tue, 04 Dec 2001 00:12:32 -0500 From: Kirk Bailey Organization: Silas Dent Memorial Cabal of ERIS Esoteric and hot dog boiling society so there. X-Mailer: Mozilla 4.74 [en] (Win98; U) X-Accept-Language: en MIME-Version: 1.0 To: testcode@howlermonkey.net Subject: test Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit test-first body line -- Respectfully, -Kirk D Bailey (C)2001 Addme! icq #27840081 end Within the sweep of his sword, Each man is an Ubar. http://www.howlermonkey.net/ http://www.sacredelectron.org/ last body line ---------------------previous line was the last line of the file-------------- ok, this earned me some intresting output: print in1 C:\Python21>python rf1 ['From deliberatus@my995internet.com Tue Dec 4 00:13:16 2001\n', 'Return-Path: \n', 'Received: from my995internet.com ([64.78.13 3.184])\n', ' by ns.howlermonkey.net (8.11.1/8.11.0) with ESMTP id fB45DA S59756\n', ' for ; Tue, 4 Dec 2001 00:13:16 -0 500 (EST)\n', ' (envelope-from deliberatus@my995internet.com)\n', 'Receiv ed: from my995internet.com [63.17.249.117] by my995internet.com with ESMTP\n', ' (SMTPD32-6.06) id A5533CA000F6; Mon, 03 Dec 2001 21:47:15 -0700\n', '\n', 'Mes sage-ID: <3C0C5B40.6466E49B@my995internet.com>\n', 'Date: Tue, 04 Dec 2001 00:12 :32 -0500\n', '\n', 'From: Kirk Bailey \n', 'Orga nization: Silas Dent Memorial Cabal of ERIS Esoteric and hot dog boiling society \n', ' so there.\n', 'X-Mailer: Mozilla 4.74 [en] (Win98; U)\n', 'X-Accept-Lang uage: en\n', 'MIME-Version: 1.0\n', 'To: testcode@howlermonkey.net\n', 'Subject: test\n', 'Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii\n', 'Content-Transfer-Enco ding: 7bit\n', '\n', 'test-first body line\n', '-- \n', 'Respectfully,\n', ' -Kirk D Bailey (C)2001\n', ' Addme! icq #27840081\n', 'end \n', '\n', '\n', 'Within the sweep of his sword, Each man is an Ubar.\n', '\n', 'http://www.howlermonkey.net/\n', 'http://www.sacredelectron.org/\n', '\n', '\n' , 'last body line\n'] C:\Python21> Looks like it formed a tupple if I grok this right. But I wanted a dictionary! They are SO much easier to search! -- Respectfully, -Kirk D Bailey (C)2001 Addme! icq #27840081 end Within the sweep of his sword, Each man is an Ubar. http://www.howlermonkey.net/ http://www.sacredelectron.org/ From rick@niof.net Tue Dec 4 04:41:02 2001 From: rick@niof.net (Rick Pasotto) Date: Mon, 3 Dec 2001 23:41:02 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] thread locks In-Reply-To: <20011203202828.H19633@harmony.cs.rit.edu> References: <20011203163938.B1113@tc.niof.net> <20011203202828.H19633@harmony.cs.rit.edu> Message-ID: <20011203234102.B19025@tc.niof.net> On Mon, Dec 03, 2001 at 08:28:28PM -0500, dman wrote: > On Mon, Dec 03, 2001 at 04:39:38PM -0500, Rick Pasotto wrote: > > | Or is there a better way to solve my problem? > > import threading , time > def func() : > while 1 : pass # do something that takes a while > > t = threading.Thread( target=func ) > t.start() > while t.isAlive() : time.sleep( 1 ) This works with one addition: while t.isAlive() : self.win.update() time.sleep( 1 ) > | I know this seems to defeat the purpose of using a thread but this is > | in a Tkinter program and if I don't do this the main window will not > | get redrawn if the user covers it up, etc. > > Depending on how this is used and what it affects, you could just > start the thread and let it go. Sometimes there is no need to make > the user wait until it is done. Until the process is done (the info is retrieved) there is nothing for the user to do. > BTW, you are aware that Tk is not thread-safe, right? It is only safe > to modify any widgets in the Tk main thread. Which is why I asked the question. The long running process is in a class that has no need to know that it's being run from a gui so I don't want to put any gui stuff in it yet I need to update the gui while it's running. By putting it in a thread I can stay in the main program to update the gui and then proceed when the thread finishes. This is working fine for me. I've got a widget with an after() method that continuously checks a global variable that is written to (within a lock) by the thread. The thread itself doesn't make any actual gui calls, it just appends to the global list variable. BTW, I'm calling my program PyNewzBin - The Multi-Part Binary Usenet File Retriever. It's purpose is to more easily deal with newsgroups like alt.binaries.mp3.audiobooks than a regular newsreader does. It's most useful on a broadband connection since you can use it for the long downloads and read news with your regular newsreader at the same time. If anyone on this list thinks such a program would be useful to them and would like to offer suggestions for improving it, I'd be glad to send them the program. -- Each of us certainly gets from Nature, from God, the right to defend his person, his liberty, and his property, since they are the three elements constituting or sustaining life, elements which are mutually complementary and which cannot be understood without one another. For what are our faculties, if not an extension of our personality, and what is property, if not an extension of our faculties? -- Frédéric Bastiat (1801-1850) Rick Pasotto rickp@telocity.com http://www.niof.net From dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu Tue Dec 4 06:25:02 2001 From: dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu (Danny Yoo) Date: Mon, 3 Dec 2001 22:25:02 -0800 (PST) Subject: [Tutor] rf1 In-Reply-To: <3C0C6436.A55CCA68@my995internet.com> Message-ID: On Tue, 4 Dec 2001, Kirk Bailey wrote: > import string > > f = open("letter2.TXT",r') Be careful --- you need to make sure to balance the quotes, or else Python will think that the string is spilling over. Strings that spill over will be flagged as SyntaxErrors in Python, to make sure that you're aware of this. open(), by the way, will open things with "r"ead permission by default, so the following code does the same thing: f = open("letter2.TXT") Less typing, and less prone to mistakes. > in1=f.readlines() > f.close() > > print in1 > > Looks like it formed a tupple if I grok this right. Gotta be nitpicky about this. *grin* To clarify, the command: > in1=f.readlines() is giving you back a list of the lines in your file. There's a difference between a tuple and a list. Tuples use round parentheses: (1, 2, 3) and lists use boxy braces: [1, 2, 3] They're visually similar, and pretty much serve the same role as a holder of possibly many values. The big difference between tuples and lists, though, is that lists are like balloons. They're inflatable if we use append() on them. > But I wanted a dictionary! Those are SO much easier to search! True: dictionaries are easy to search. However, we need to tell Python how exactly you want to search them. Can you give a small example on what you expect the dictionary to look like? From dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu Tue Dec 4 07:02:47 2001 From: dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu (Danny Yoo) Date: Mon, 3 Dec 2001 23:02:47 -0800 (PST) Subject: [Tutor] rf1 (fwd) Message-ID: Hi Kirk, I'm forwarding your letter to Tutor, so that the others there can give their input on this. It sounds like you're looking for the 'rfc822' module, which knows how to recognize the forms of most mail messages: http://www.python.org/doc/lib/module-rfc822.html rfc822 builds something a bit more complicated than a simple dictionary. By the way, there's a reason why the admins here won't configure Reply-To on Tutor... uh... I just can't remember it at the moment. But thank goodness for Google. *grin* Let's see... ah, there it is! I do remember that Deirdre was adamantly against it, and we had a discussion on it way way back in June: http://aspn.activestate.com/ASPN/Mail/Message/python-Tutor/552073 Sorry I didn't respond to your question about reply-to sooner. But for the reasons listed on that thread, we won't be munging up messages with the reply-to header here. Talk to you later! ---------- Forwarded message ---------- Date: Tue, 04 Dec 2001 01:45:20 -0500 From: Kirk Bailey To: Danny Yoo Subject: Re: [Tutor] rf1 Each field in a email has a name at the beginning of it, and that field ends with the CRLF charpair. Regretfully, every line in the body also ends with a CRLF, and the body field does NOT start with a Body: tag. There is simply a blank line immediately before it- that is, CRLFCRLF(stuff in the body). I submitted a ciouple of samples of letters Icaptured in the server with an alias which appends incoming email to an identity to a file, and that was included. The idea is to come up with something that wil digest an incoming letter and be able to pop out data fields on command, such as To, From, subject, and the all important BODY- which has no name, it just comes after all the existing headers. Danny Yoo wrote: > > On Tue, 4 Dec 2001, Kirk Bailey wrote: > > > import string > > > > f = open("letter2.TXT",r') > > Be careful --- you need to make sure to balance the quotes, or else Python > will think that the string is spilling over. Strings that spill over will > be flagged as SyntaxErrors in Python, to make sure that you're aware of > this. > > open(), by the way, will open things with "r"ead permission by default, so > the following code does the same thing: > > f = open("letter2.TXT") > > Less typing, and less prone to mistakes. > > > in1=f.readlines() > > f.close() > > > > print in1 > > > > Looks like it formed a tupple if I grok this right. > > Gotta be nitpicky about this. *grin* To clarify, the command: > > > in1=f.readlines() > > is giving you back a list of the lines in your file. There's a difference > between a tuple and a list. Tuples use round parentheses: > > (1, 2, 3) > > and lists use boxy braces: > > [1, 2, 3] > > They're visually similar, and pretty much serve the same role as a holder > of possibly many values. The big difference between tuples and lists, > though, is that lists are like balloons. They're inflatable if we use > append() on them. > > > But I wanted a dictionary! Those are SO much easier to search! > > True: dictionaries are easy to search. However, we need to tell Python > how exactly you want to search them. Can you give a small example on what > you expect the dictionary to look like? -- Respectfully, -Kirk D Bailey (C)2001 Addme! icq #27840081 end Within the sweep of his sword, Each man is an Ubar. http://www.howlermonkey.net/ http://www.sacredelectron.org/ From dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu Tue Dec 4 09:39:18 2001 From: dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu (Danny Yoo) Date: Tue, 4 Dec 2001 01:39:18 -0800 (PST) Subject: [Tutor] "One Day of IDLE Toying" web guide available Message-ID: Hi everyone, Ok, I've felt sufficiently embarassed about the little FIXME's here and there in my IDLE tutorial, so I've removed them. *grin* I've made minor changes to some words, but not a major revision. I've also added pictures that were missing from the guide, so things should be less obscure now. Most importantly, I've finally given the darn thing a real title: "One Day of IDLE Toying": http://hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu/~dyoo/python/idle_intro/index.html This tutorial is limited to showing one day's worth of showing the ropes of IDLE, just enough to be able to pick up and play through one of the introductions on the main Python.org site. If anyone wants to link to it, please feel free to do so. I won't move this page anywhere. *grin* I'd welcome any comments on this; I've sorta ignored updating this page for... what... 6 months now? *grin* Anyway, apologies for my laxness, and I hope that this is helpful for someone. From m_mariappanX@trillium.com Tue Dec 4 10:30:22 2001 From: m_mariappanX@trillium.com (Mariappan, MaharajanX) Date: Tue, 4 Dec 2001 02:30:22 -0800 Subject: [Tutor] FW: Having list in dict type Message-ID: <53A7943A5BD8D411B6930002A5073155013F60EA@bgsmsx90.iind.intel.com> > -----Original Message----- > From: Mariappan, MaharajanX > Sent: Tuesday, December 04, 2001 3:26 PM > To: 'tutor@python.org' > Subject: Having list in dict type > > Hi Folks! > > Is it posible for dictionary type's value part to be a list like below, > > { "key1", ["name", "value"] > "key2", ["name", "value"] > > If yes, > > 1) how can I gennerate this data dynamically[ Asuume that I have all the > sting values] > 2) Hiw can I traverse and print all the strings from this data. > > TIA, > Maharajan > From alan.gauld@bt.com Tue Dec 4 10:40:23 2001 From: alan.gauld@bt.com (alan.gauld@bt.com) Date: Tue, 4 Dec 2001 10:40:23 -0000 Subject: [Tutor] Follow up to 'class data' Message-ID: <5104D4DBC598D211B5FE0000F8FE7EB20E66C155@mbtlipnt02.btlabs.bt.co.uk> > "Everything is an object" includes, I guess classes. This is confusing things I agree. Its true that in Python everything is an object, including classes. But for now forget that! In OO terms classes define templates from which we create objects - a better term is instances, it it disambiguates from pythons more general idea of objects. > So to me, the address book is an object and can be a class? So you could create an AddressBook class which would be a template from which you could create multiple instances, each of which would be an address book. Each address book would have the attributes you define in your AddressBook class(the methods and fields) but have their own values stored in those fields. Thus your father's address book may hold different names to yours. > I would have thought "address book" would be the class and > the means of adding, modifying, deleting data would be "methods." Could be, and the data itself could be defined as classes - Entries for example. Thus: > The structure as I see it would be something like: > > class AddressBook: > def input: > def modify: > def delete: > def search: > def sort: > def output: Is fine, and the entries could look like: class Entry def input def edit def compare(Entry) Now we can have an address book that contains different types of entry by subclassing Entry: class Building(Entry) def input etc... class Person(Entry) def input etc... The AddressBoook class writes its methods to use the Entry methods(eg compare(Entry) would be used both in searching and sorting...) But we can have both types of Entry (Building or Person) stored and AddressBook doesn't care, it just sees Entries! > class AddressBook: > class Input(AddressBook): > def inputName: > def inputAddress: > def inputPhone: Categorically NO. Classes are not functions! Occasionally, very occasionally, we write classes that look like functions but its not normal practice. Similarly its not usually a good idea to provide set/get methods for every internal attribute - a common beginners mistake. Only expose those attributes that the outside world needs to see. Classes are 'living breathing things' that know stuff and how to deal with that stuff. When thinking about classes ask "What does Foo know? And what can Foo do with what it knows?" This is known as Responsibility Driven Design and is fundamental to designing with objects. Each object has its own set of responsibilities, no more and no less. If you can't figure which existing object is responsible it probably means its time for a new class... As Peter Coad says: "Objects do it to themselves" Alan G. From alan.gauld@bt.com Tue Dec 4 10:47:36 2001 From: alan.gauld@bt.com (alan.gauld@bt.com) Date: Tue, 4 Dec 2001 10:47:36 -0000 Subject: [Tutor] class data Message-ID: <5104D4DBC598D211B5FE0000F8FE7EB20E66C156@mbtlipnt02.btlabs.bt.co.uk> > This was my understanding of it also; but classes apparently > contain their own __dict__. Yes but mostly you don't need to know that :-) You create instances of your classes ad thise instances get a copy of the dictionary internally. They then populate their copy with data and when you pickle the object(instance) it saves the internal dictionary. When you restore from a pickle the new object(instance) knows what the dictionary should look like because it is defined in the class(template). > If it did, I have no clue how to access the data. You don't pickle classes you pickle instances. You restore those instances and access the internal data as if you had never pickled it! foo = MyClass() foo.bar = 42 # pickle foo here foo = 7 # temporarily make foo something else if you like... # now restore foo from the pickle print foo.bar # viola! foo has its object properties restored Its as if foo had never been away. You just access the fields as you would have done before pickling. Alan G. From alan.gauld@bt.com Tue Dec 4 10:55:03 2001 From: alan.gauld@bt.com (alan.gauld@bt.com) Date: Tue, 4 Dec 2001 10:55:03 -0000 Subject: [Tutor] Follow up to 'class data' Message-ID: <5104D4DBC598D211B5FE0000F8FE7EB20E66C157@mbtlipnt02.btlabs.bt.co.uk> > Well, classes "hide" data so that it's harder to mess it up > The fancy name for this is data incapsulation, I think. Actually its 'data hiding'. Encapsulation is the process of combining data and function into a single blob - an object. There are many OO languages which implement encapsulation without data hiding - early Python being one!(and still does by default). Unfortunately even many modern books have gotten these terms mixed up which is an unfortunate side effect of the industry's confusion between OOP and C++! > Now OO gurus will have a heart attack because I like classes > for all the wrong reasons ;-P. Sounds like exactly the right reasons to me! Of course those advantages pave the way for other exciting features like asbstract classes etc too, but they are a consequence of the fundamental features you describe. Alan G From alan.gauld@bt.com Tue Dec 4 11:07:22 2001 From: alan.gauld@bt.com (alan.gauld@bt.com) Date: Tue, 4 Dec 2001 11:07:22 -0000 Subject: [Tutor] Division Message-ID: <5104D4DBC598D211B5FE0000F8FE7EB20E66C158@mbtlipnt02.btlabs.bt.co.uk> > > they should use the old style division behaviour - its how > > the vast majority of programming languages work and is a > Actually, truncating integer division is largely confined to > C and Fortran and their derivatives. Guess that gives away where my programming career started then :-) > Basic, Smalltalk, AWK, Prolog, Pascal, COBOL, Hmm, I've used all of these but thinking about it you're right they have a separate integer division operator that truncates but by default convert to float for division results. OK, I withdraw the objection :-) Alan G. From ak@silmarill.org Tue Dec 4 11:13:38 2001 From: ak@silmarill.org (Andrei Kulakov) Date: Tue, 04 Dec 2001 06:13:38 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] Follow up to 'class data' In-Reply-To: <5104D4DBC598D211B5FE0000F8FE7EB20E66C157@mbtlipnt02.btlabs.bt.co.uk> References: <5104D4DBC598D211B5FE0000F8FE7EB20E66C157@mbtlipnt02.btlabs.bt.co.uk> Message-ID: <20011204061338.A29787@sill.silmarill.org> On Tue, Dec 04, 2001 at 10:55:03AM -0000, alan.gauld@bt.com wrote: > > Well, classes "hide" data so that it's harder to mess it up > > The fancy name for this is data incapsulation, I think. > > Actually its 'data hiding'. > Encapsulation is the process of combining data and function into > a single blob - an object. There are many OO languages which > implement encapsulation without data hiding - early Python > being one!(and still does by default). > > Unfortunately even many modern books have gotten these > terms mixed up which is an unfortunate side effect of > the industry's confusion between OOP and C++! > > > Now OO gurus will have a heart attack because I like classes > > for all the wrong reasons ;-P. > > Sounds like exactly the right reasons to me! > Of course those advantages pave the way for other exciting > features like asbstract classes etc too, but they are a > consequence of the fundamental features you describe. I mentioned data hiding because I've heard about it, but I didn't find it helpful myself (yet). I guess the things I described - easier way to change data without globals or passing arguments back and forth - can be filed under data encapsulation? Umm.. now that I thought about it for a bit, I guess I only use one of classes "niceties": 1. Encapsulation - makes it easier to make a mental picture of your program, you can create objects and associate both actions and data with it. Otherwise you'd have them all over the place and that's confusing. That's all I'm using classes for. 2. Polymorphism - I totally have no idea what does it mean in practice. I read in some java book that it allows you to handle different types of data easily, or somesuch. 3. Data hiding - I guess it's useful in very large projects where many people are working on the code and you want to protect your data from the silly intern in the next cubicle? 4. Inheritance - I used it a little bit but I could do without it just as well. It pretty much saves typing and maintainance time, right? > > Alan G -- Cymbaline: intelligent learning mp3 player - python, linux, console. get it at: cy.silmarill.org From alan.gauld@bt.com Tue Dec 4 17:33:28 2001 From: alan.gauld@bt.com (alan.gauld@bt.com) Date: Tue, 4 Dec 2001 17:33:28 -0000 Subject: [Tutor] Follow up to 'class data' Message-ID: <5104D4DBC598D211B5FE0000F8FE7EB20E66C15C@mbtlipnt02.btlabs.bt.co.uk> > 1. Encapsulation - makes it easier to make a mental picture of your > program, you can create objects and associate both actions > and data Absolutely correct, the foundation of OOP. > 2. Polymorphism - I totally have no idea what does it mean in > practice. You probably use it without realising. Its where a group of different classes have the same interface - ie set of methods - but implement them differently. The HTML/XML/SGML parsers in te standard library are good examples. You create a parser and use it. Which parser depends on the file type. The parsers are polymorphic instances of the general parser interface. Another example is the AddressBook example earlier today. AddressBook can contain entries. The Entries can either be buildings or people but provide they have the same set of methods the AddressBook doesn't know or care, it just uses the basic interface. In fact we could go on to define a Network entry too and the AddressBook need be none the wiser it just calls the same set of methods. See my OOP topic on my web tutor for much more with examples: http://www.freenetpages.co.uk/hp/alan.gauld > 3. Data hiding - I guess it's useful in very large projects where many > people are working on the code and you want to protect your data from > the silly intern in the next cubicle? Sort of, its also useful when you are prototyping and the internal data starts off as a hard coded list, then gets moved to a flat file and finally to an RDBMS. The method calls don't change but the internals of how they work change drastically. The other area that it helps in is where there are data rules such as valid ranges or that you an only set one value if you also delete another etc. By forcing access via a method you can enforce those rules(inside the method) and thus avoid bugs. > 4. Inheritance - I used it a little bit but I could do without it just > as well. It pretty much saves typing and maintainance time, right? This is usually the means of providing polymorphism(see above) but as I show on my web tutor the two are not necessarily linked (except in strictly typed languages). Inheritance does provide some code saving convenience features in its own right and in particular allows programming by specialisation - where you add new methods and attributes to existing ones or override existing methods to do new things (this is subtly different to pure polymorphism which requires identical interfaces! Something called the Liskov(sp?) Substitution Principle) Interestingly there are some objective data to suggest that inheritance can actually be detrimental to maintenance since it is much harder to ensure that a code fix in one place won't cause damage some place else that inherits the changed code. Also the lack of local visibility of the functions can make code comprehension more difficult. This is one area where python and its explicit use of self and the imported module names actually helps a lot. Alan g From ak@silmarill.org Tue Dec 4 18:02:45 2001 From: ak@silmarill.org (Andrei Kulakov) Date: Tue, 04 Dec 2001 13:02:45 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] Follow up to 'class data' In-Reply-To: <5104D4DBC598D211B5FE0000F8FE7EB20E66C15C@mbtlipnt02.btlabs.bt.co.uk> References: <5104D4DBC598D211B5FE0000F8FE7EB20E66C15C@mbtlipnt02.btlabs.bt.co.uk> Message-ID: <20011204130245.A31878@sill.silmarill.org> On Tue, Dec 04, 2001 at 05:33:28PM -0000, alan.gauld@bt.com wrote: [snip] > > Interestingly there are some objective data to suggest that > inheritance can actually be detrimental to maintenance since > it is much harder to ensure that a code fix in one place won't > cause damage some place else that inherits the changed code. Let's say you inherit B from class A. If you change A and it messes up B, the way I see it, could mean 2 things: either B isn't really a subset of A and shouldn't have been inherited from it, or the change was too broad, and you should've instead derived another child class C from A and changed C.. That's theory, I don't know how it pans out in practice.. and you know what they say about the difference between theory and practice: in theory, there is no difference, but in practice, there is :P Thanks a lot - your post was very helpful. I had some general idea about this stuff but it was very disorganized and I wasn't sure about the terminology.. > > Also the lack of local visibility of the functions can make > code comprehension more difficult. This is one area where > python and its explicit use of self and the imported module > names actually helps a lot. > > Alan g -- Cymbaline: intelligent learning mp3 player - python, linux, console. get it at: cy.silmarill.org From rcyahnke@doit.wisc.edu Tue Dec 4 19:04:59 2001 From: rcyahnke@doit.wisc.edu (Ross Yahnke) Date: Tue, 4 Dec 2001 13:04:59 -0600 (CST) Subject: [Tutor] Python - html tables - cgi question Message-ID: Hi All - Strictly speaking this is more of a html/cgi question but I really want to use Python to do it! I have a text file with tab delimited data in it. I want to present it as an html table that's in sorted order. Each column heading I'd like to be a clickable link so that when I click on it, the table regenerates resorted under the column clicked on. I can get Python cgi to display a static list with no links only sorted by a pre-chosen column. How do I go do the next step to let the viewer decide how the table is to be sorted? For what it's worth I'm using Apache 1.3.14 under Linux 2.2.16 using Python 1.5.2. The python code I'm using so far is really basic so I'm up to learning something new to get this to work as I'd like to generalize it more... Thanks all! - Ross From deliberatus@my995internet.com Tue Dec 4 20:09:57 2001 From: deliberatus@my995internet.com (Kirk Bailey) Date: Tue, 04 Dec 2001 15:09:57 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] rf1 (fwd) References: Message-ID: <3C0D2D95.C881E52A@my995internet.com> Sure does look like it from a quick look, gotta grok the isness before I can dsay more. This list has got itself set so if one clicks reply, it goes to the sender- no replyto field! I was clicking reply, and therefore smaling Danny in th mail box with a large trout, instead of sticking in the list's mailbox. Shame on me. But I alsways set up liss with a reply-to field, so clicking reply assuredly takes the reply to the list. Some think this is good, some preferr not to use a reply-to field. Danny Yoo wrote: > > Hi Kirk, > > I'm forwarding your letter to Tutor, so that the others there can give > their input on this. > > It sounds like you're looking for the 'rfc822' module, which knows how to > recognize the forms of most mail messages: > > http://www.python.org/doc/lib/module-rfc822.html > > rfc822 builds something a bit more complicated than a simple dictionary. > > By the way, there's a reason why the admins here won't configure Reply-To > on Tutor... uh... I just can't remember it at the moment. But thank > goodness for Google. *grin* > > Let's see... ah, there it is! I do remember that Deirdre was adamantly > against it, and we had a discussion on it way way back in June: > > http://aspn.activestate.com/ASPN/Mail/Message/python-Tutor/552073 > > Sorry I didn't respond to your question about reply-to sooner. But for > the reasons listed on that thread, we won't be munging up messages with > the reply-to header here. > > Talk to you later! > > ---------- Forwarded message ---------- > Date: Tue, 04 Dec 2001 01:45:20 -0500 > From: Kirk Bailey > To: Danny Yoo > Subject: Re: [Tutor] rf1 > > Each field in a email has a name at the beginning of it, and that field > ends with the CRLF charpair. > > Regretfully, every line in the body also ends with a CRLF, and the body > field does NOT start with a Body: tag. There is simply a blank line > immediately before it- that is, CRLFCRLF(stuff in the body). > > I submitted a ciouple of samples of letters Icaptured in the server with > an alias which appends incoming email to an identity to a file, and that > was included. > > The idea is to come up with something that wil digest an incoming letter > and be able to pop out data fields on command, such as To, From, > subject, and the all important BODY- which has no name, it just comes > after all the existing headers. > > Danny Yoo wrote: > > > > On Tue, 4 Dec 2001, Kirk Bailey wrote: > > > > > import string > > > > > > f = open("letter2.TXT",r') > > > > Be careful --- you need to make sure to balance the quotes, or else Python > > will think that the string is spilling over. Strings that spill over will > > be flagged as SyntaxErrors in Python, to make sure that you're aware of > > this. > > > > open(), by the way, will open things with "r"ead permission by default, so > > the following code does the same thing: > > > > f = open("letter2.TXT") > > > > Less typing, and less prone to mistakes. > > > > > in1=f.readlines() > > > f.close() > > > > > > print in1 > > > > > > Looks like it formed a tupple if I grok this right. > > > > Gotta be nitpicky about this. *grin* To clarify, the command: > > > > > in1=f.readlines() > > > > is giving you back a list of the lines in your file. There's a difference > > between a tuple and a list. Tuples use round parentheses: > > > > (1, 2, 3) > > > > and lists use boxy braces: > > > > [1, 2, 3] > > > > They're visually similar, and pretty much serve the same role as a holder > > of possibly many values. The big difference between tuples and lists, > > though, is that lists are like balloons. They're inflatable if we use > > append() on them. > > > > > But I wanted a dictionary! Those are SO much easier to search! > > > > True: dictionaries are easy to search. However, we need to tell Python > > how exactly you want to search them. Can you give a small example on what > > you expect the dictionary to look like? > > -- > Respectfully, > -Kirk D Bailey (C)2001 > Addme! icq #27840081 > end > > Within the sweep of his sword, Each man is an Ubar. > > http://www.howlermonkey.net/ > http://www.sacredelectron.org/ -- Respectfully, -Kirk D Bailey (C)2001 Addme! icq #27840081 end Within the sweep of his sword, Each man is an Ubar. http://www.howlermonkey.net/ http://www.sacredelectron.org/ From pythontutor@venix.com Tue Dec 4 20:34:57 2001 From: pythontutor@venix.com (Lloyd Kvam) Date: Tue, 04 Dec 2001 15:34:57 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] rf1 (fwd) References: <3C0D2D95.C881E52A@my995internet.com> Message-ID: <3C0D3371.9080606@venix.com> Is reply-to-all an option in your email client??? Kirk Bailey wrote: > Sure does look like it from a quick look, gotta grok the isness before I > can dsay more. > > This list has got itself set so if one clicks reply, it goes to the > sender- no replyto field! I was clicking reply, and therefore smaling > Danny in th mail box with a large trout, instead of sticking in the > list's mailbox. Shame on me. > > But I alsways set up liss with a reply-to field, so clicking reply > assuredly takes the reply to the list. Some think this is good, some > preferr not to use a reply-to field. > > Danny Yoo wrote: > >>Hi Kirk, >> >>I'm forwarding your letter to Tutor, so that the others there can give >>their input on this. >> ... >>By the way, there's a reason why the admins here won't configure Reply-To >>on Tutor... uh... I just can't remember it at the moment. But thank >>goodness for Google. *grin* >> >>Let's see... ah, there it is! I do remember that Deirdre was adamantly >>against it, and we had a discussion on it way way back in June: >> >> http://aspn.activestate.com/ASPN/Mail/Message/python-Tutor/552073 >> >>Sorry I didn't respond to your question about reply-to sooner. But for >>the reasons listed on that thread, we won't be munging up messages with >>the reply-to header here. >> >>Talk to you later! >> -- Lloyd Kvam Venix Corp. 1 Court Street, Suite 378 Lebanon, NH 03766-1358 voice: 603-443-6155 fax: 801-459-9582 From dsh8290@rit.edu Tue Dec 4 20:49:00 2001 From: dsh8290@rit.edu (dman) Date: Tue, 4 Dec 2001 15:49:00 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] Follow up to 'class data' In-Reply-To: <20011204130245.A31878@sill.silmarill.org>; from sill@optonline.net on Tue, Dec 04, 2001 at 01:02:45PM -0500 References: <5104D4DBC598D211B5FE0000F8FE7EB20E66C15C@mbtlipnt02.btlabs.bt.co.uk> <20011204130245.A31878@sill.silmarill.org> Message-ID: <20011204154900.A23384@harmony.cs.rit.edu> On Tue, Dec 04, 2001 at 01:02:45PM -0500, Andrei Kulakov wrote: | On Tue, Dec 04, 2001 at 05:33:28PM -0000, alan.gauld@bt.com wrote: | | [snip] | | > Interestingly there are some objective data to suggest that | > inheritance can actually be detrimental to maintenance since | > it is much harder to ensure that a code fix in one place won't | > cause damage some place else that inherits the changed code. | | Let's say you inherit B from class A. If you change A and it | messes up B, the way I see it, could mean 2 things: either | B isn't really a subset of A and shouldn't have been inherited | from it, or the change was too broad, and you should've instead | derived another child class C from A and changed C.. That's | theory, I don't know how it pans out in practice.. and you know | what they say about the difference between theory and practice: | in theory, there is no difference, but in practice, there is :P My profs prefer "composition" over "inheritance". The truth of the matter is that inheritance can be a convenient way to automatically get a bunch of implementation or to specialize something (like, maybe subclass 'int' so that you can add some special operation). However inheritance also creates tight coupling and can make maintenance difficult if the classes and inheritance tree were not ideal from the start. Object composition is a technique where instead of inheriting from a class, instead an instance of that class is stored in the object and operations are delegated to it. If you do enough Java programming you will see how inheritance is not flexible enough. Composition can be a pain to code (especially for large sets of operations) in static languages like C++ and Java, but with Python you can use __getattr__ to automatically delegate all operations that aren't implemented in the current class. -D -- But As for me and my household, we will serve the Lord. Joshua 24:15 From dsh8290@rit.edu Tue Dec 4 20:55:25 2001 From: dsh8290@rit.edu (dman) Date: Tue, 4 Dec 2001 15:55:25 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] thread locks In-Reply-To: <20011203234102.B19025@tc.niof.net>; from rick@niof.net on Mon, Dec 03, 2001 at 11:41:02PM -0500 References: <20011203163938.B1113@tc.niof.net> <20011203202828.H19633@harmony.cs.rit.edu> <20011203234102.B19025@tc.niof.net> Message-ID: <20011204155525.B23384@harmony.cs.rit.edu> On Mon, Dec 03, 2001 at 11:41:02PM -0500, Rick Pasotto wrote: | On Mon, Dec 03, 2001 at 08:28:28PM -0500, dman wrote: | > On Mon, Dec 03, 2001 at 04:39:38PM -0500, Rick Pasotto wrote: | > | > | Or is there a better way to solve my problem? | > | > import threading , time | > def func() : | > while 1 : pass # do something that takes a while | > | > t = threading.Thread( target=func ) | > t.start() | > while t.isAlive() : time.sleep( 1 ) | | This works with one addition: | | while t.isAlive() : | self.win.update() | time.sleep( 1 ) | | > | I know this seems to defeat the purpose of using a thread but this is | > | in a Tkinter program and if I don't do this the main window will not | > | get redrawn if the user covers it up, etc. | > | > Depending on how this is used and what it affects, you could just | > start the thread and let it go. Sometimes there is no need to make | > the user wait until it is done. | | Until the process is done (the info is retrieved) there is nothing for | the user to do. They can look at the window :-). Ideally you would have some sort of animation to show that the program is still working. This is more important on a windows system where things have a greater tendency to stop working. | > BTW, you are aware that Tk is not thread-safe, right? It is only safe | > to modify any widgets in the Tk main thread. | | Which is why I asked the question. The long running process is in a | class that has no need to know that it's being run from a gui so I don't | want to put any gui stuff in it yet I need to update the gui while it's | running. By putting it in a thread I can stay in the main program to | update the gui and then proceed when the thread finishes. So just start the thread and forget about it. Your event handler can return (in the even thread) and allow Tk's mainloop to continue. The worker thread will keep working independently of that. | This is working fine for me. I've got a widget with an after() method | that continuously checks a global variable that is written to (within | a lock) by the thread. The thread itself doesn't make any actual gui | calls, it just appends to the global list variable. This isn't ideal -- polling and a global variable. It might help to look at the 'threading' module -- it has some higher level concurrency support than the 'thread' module. In particular, the Event class would be of interest to you. You create an event. The worker thread will set() the event when it is done preparing the data. In the mean time that other widget wait()'s for the event to be set. It is a blocking call, which means that you don't do any polling. It would be better to redesign the system so that the data is a local variable that is passed around as necessary, but if it functions then don't bother redesigning until you really need to redesign the system (like when the current design can no longer meet the (ever changing) needs of users). HTH, -D -- (E)ighteen (M)egs (A)nd (C)onstantly (S)wapping From dsh8290@rit.edu Tue Dec 4 21:02:05 2001 From: dsh8290@rit.edu (dman) Date: Tue, 4 Dec 2001 16:02:05 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] FW: Having list in dict type In-Reply-To: <53A7943A5BD8D411B6930002A5073155013F60EA@bgsmsx90.iind.intel.com>; from m_mariappanX@trillium.com on Tue, Dec 04, 2001 at 02:30:22AM -0800 References: <53A7943A5BD8D411B6930002A5073155013F60EA@bgsmsx90.iind.intel.com> Message-ID: <20011204160205.C23384@harmony.cs.rit.edu> On Tue, Dec 04, 2001 at 02:30:22AM -0800, Mariappan, MaharajanX wrote: | Hi Folks! | | Is it posible for dictionary type's value part to be a list like below, | | { "key1", ["name", "value"] | "key2", ["name", "value"] | | If yes, Yes. The keys must be hashable, but the values can be anything. | 1) how can I gennerate this data dynamically[ Asuume that I have all | the string values] It is not enough to know that you have the data, but _how_ you have it is important. If they are already in the lists, then the question is meaningless. If it is in a file that you need to parse, then (also knowing the format!) we can give suggestions. It is also necessary to know what determines what a key is and what the related values should be, otherwise we're just making up random data with random rules for creating it. | 2) Hiw can I traverse and print all the strings from this data. # python 2.2 for key in dict : print key , dict[ key ] # all versions for keys in dict.keys() : print key , dict[ key] HTH, -D -- "GUIs normally make it simple to accomplish simple actions and impossible to accomplish complex actions." --Doug Gwyn (22/Jun/91 in comp.unix.wizards) From m_mariappanX@trillium.com Tue Dec 4 09:55:40 2001 From: m_mariappanX@trillium.com (Mariappan, MaharajanX) Date: Tue, 4 Dec 2001 01:55:40 -0800 Subject: [Tutor] Having list in dict type Message-ID: <53A7943A5BD8D411B6930002A5073155013F60E8@bgsmsx90.iind.intel.com> Hi Folks! Is it posible for dictionary type's value part to be a list like below, { "key1", ["name", "value"] "key2", ["name", "value"] If yes, 1) how can I gennerate this data dynamically[ Asuume that I have all the sting values] 2) Hiw can I traverse and print all the strings from this data. TIA, Maharajan From dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu Tue Dec 4 21:42:36 2001 From: dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu (Danny Yoo) Date: Tue, 4 Dec 2001 13:42:36 -0800 (PST) Subject: [Tutor] Having list in dict type In-Reply-To: <53A7943A5BD8D411B6930002A5073155013F60E8@bgsmsx90.iind.intel.com> Message-ID: On Tue, 4 Dec 2001, Mariappan, MaharajanX wrote: > Hi Folks! > > Is it posible for dictionary type's value part to be a list like below, > > { "key1", ["name", "value"] > "key2", ["name", "value"] Sure: if we try this in the interpreter: ### >>> mydict = {} >>> mydict = { "key" : ['name', 'value'], ... 'key2' : ['name', 'value'] } >>> mydict {'key': ['name', 'value'], 'key2': ['name', 'value']} ### we can see that this works well. Python's data structures can be nested arbitrarily deep, so we can even do something very silly like this with lists: ### >>> def cover(thing, depth): ... while depth > 0: ... thing = [thing] ... depth = depth - 1 ... return thing ... >>> buried_treasure = cover('gold coin', 10) >>> buried_treasure [[[[[[[[[['gold coin']]]]]]]]]] ### and this flexibility extends to dictionaries too: ### >>> treasures_of_the_deep = { 'gold coin' : cover('gold coin', 10), ... 'mythril' : cover('mythril', 7), ... 'masamune' : cover('masamune', 14) } >>> treasures_of_the_deep { 'mythril': [[[[[[['mythril']]]]]]], 'masamune': [[[[[[[[[[[[[['masamune']]]]]]]]]]]]]], 'gold coin': [[[[[[[[[['gold coin']]]]]]]]]] } ### > 1) how can I gennerate this data dynamically[ Asuume that I have all > the sting values] This depends on how your data is organized. If it looks like you're traversing, one by one, through your string values, then using a 'for' loop might work well. Can you give us some sample data, and your expectation of what the dictionary should look like? We can always add new entries into a dictionary like this: ### >>> treasures_of_the_deep['pearl'] = cover('pearl', 99) ### so if we combine something like this with a loop, we should be able to insert elements dynamically into a dictionary. > 2) Hiw can I traverse and print all the strings from this data. We can 'walk' down dictionaries with the items() method. For example, with that dictionary above: ### >>> mydict = { "key" : ['name', 'value'], ... 'key2' : ['name', 'value'] } >>> for key, value in mydict.items(): ... print "The key %s unlocks the value %s" % (key, value) ... The key key unlocks the value ['name', 'value'] The key key2 unlocks the value ['name', 'value'] ### You might want to look at the dictionary documentation here: http://www.python.org/doc/lib/typesmapping.html which covers what we can do with dictionaries in excruciating detail. It's not thrilling reading, but it might come in handy. Hope this helps! From apython101@yahoo.com Tue Dec 4 22:09:33 2001 From: apython101@yahoo.com (john public) Date: Tue, 4 Dec 2001 14:09:33 -0800 (PST) Subject: [Tutor] membership Message-ID: <20011204220934.47129.qmail@web21103.mail.yahoo.com> does the membership (in) function work for lists and strings like it does for Tuples? is the there a got line X function in Python for creating loops? How do I unsubscribe from the daily digest? TIA John __________________________________________________ Do You Yahoo!? Buy the perfect holiday gifts at Yahoo! Shopping. http://shopping.yahoo.com From dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu Tue Dec 4 22:12:09 2001 From: dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu (Danny Yoo) Date: Tue, 4 Dec 2001 14:12:09 -0800 (PST) Subject: [Tutor] Python - html tables - cgi question In-Reply-To: Message-ID: On Tue, 4 Dec 2001, Ross Yahnke wrote: > Hi All - Strictly speaking this is more of a html/cgi question but I > really want to use Python to do it! > > I have a text file with tab delimited data in it. I want to present it as an > html table that's in sorted order. Each column heading I'd like to be a > clickable link so that when I click on it, the table regenerates resorted > under the column clicked on. > > I can get Python cgi to display a static list with no links only sorted by a > pre-chosen column. How do I go do the next step to let the viewer decide how > the table is to be sorted? Hmmm... You might be able to do this by allowing the column titles itself to be clickable, and adding an optional "sort_by" parameter to your CGI program. This way, you can allow users the option to choose the sorting order in a way that's somewhat consistant with a spreadsheet user interface. Grabbing parameters from a CGI involves using the 'cgi' module: http://www.python.org/doc/lib/module-cgi.html If you have questions, please feel free to ask them on Tutor. We'll be happy to help you get your program going! Good luck! From kalle@gnupung.net Tue Dec 4 22:20:59 2001 From: kalle@gnupung.net (Kalle Svensson) Date: Tue, 4 Dec 2001 23:20:59 +0100 Subject: [Tutor] membership In-Reply-To: <20011204220934.47129.qmail@web21103.mail.yahoo.com> References: <20011204220934.47129.qmail@web21103.mail.yahoo.com> Message-ID: <20011204232059.A24444@proton.lysator.liu.se> [john public] > does the membership (in) function work for lists and > strings like it does for Tuples? Yes, it does: "1" in ["1", "2"] is true, as is "1" in "12" and "1" in ("1", "2") > is the there a got line X function in Python for > creating loops? I'm not sure what you're asking about here. The canonical loop in Python is the for loop over a sequence: for x in [1, "foo", 3]: print x will print 1 foo 3 A while loop is also available: x = 0 while x < 3: print x x = x + 1 will print 0 1 2 > How do I unsubscribe from the daily digest? TIA Go to the URI http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor and enter your email address in the form at the bottom of the page and submit. >From the following page you can edit your membership information and unsubscribe. Peace, Kalle -- [ Laziness, impatience, hubris: Pick two! ] [ International: http://www.gnupung.net/ ] [ Svenska: http://www.lysator.liu.se/~kalle/ ] From jrm@videotron.ca Tue Dec 4 15:34:58 2001 From: jrm@videotron.ca (Jean Montambeault) Date: Tue, 4 Dec 2001 17:34:58 +0200 Subject: [Tutor] Do Tkinter's windows always default to a certain size ? Message-ID: <000d01c17cd9$3b75ae00$0100c0a8@videotron.ca> When running a Tkinter based program I just did from IDLE, commenting out this_window.mainloop() of course, the window appears just the size I would expect. But when running the same program (with this_window.mainloop() active this time) from Explorer or a DOS prompt the window always default to the same size and it goes for IDLE itself : looks like 640x400 best guess. Can this behavior be changed ? I can't be the only one experiencing this and it has to be a FAQ but I didn't find it. :( Jean M. From apython101@yahoo.com Tue Dec 4 23:23:16 2001 From: apython101@yahoo.com (john public) Date: Tue, 4 Dec 2001 15:23:16 -0800 (PST) Subject: [Tutor] (no subject) Message-ID: <20011204232316.58414.qmail@web21102.mail.yahoo.com> I am a beginning programmer. Here is my my first program for tic tac toe. It works BUT, a simple loop would shorten this code considerably. Is there a way to tell the program to go to the line: n = input("which sqaure") once it gets to the end of the first cycle? Thanks!! a,b,c,d,e,f,g,h,i =1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 square = ['a','b','c','d','e','f','g','h','i'] print square[0],square[1],square[2] print square[3],square[4],square[5] print square[6],square[7],square[8] n = input("which square?") s = raw_input("who gets the square?") square[n-1] = s print square[0],square[1],square[2] print square[3],square[4],square[5] print square[6],square[7],square[8] # end of first part, can we loop here? # can we create functions and modules to shorten the code? n = input("which square?") s = raw_input("who gets the square?") square[n-1] = s print square[0],square[1],square[2] print square[3],square[4],square[5] print square[6],square[7],square[8] n = input("which square?") s = raw_input("who gets the square?") square[n-1] = s print square[0],square[1],square[2] print square[3],square[4],square[5] print square[6],square[7],square[8] n = input("which square?") s = raw_input("who gets the square?") square[n-1] = s print square[0],square[1],square[2] print square[3],square[4],square[5] print square[6],square[7],square[8] n = input("which square?") s = raw_input("who gets the square?") square[n-1] = s print square[0],square[1],square[2] print square[3],square[4],square[5] print square[6],square[7],square[8] n = input("which square?") s = raw_input("who gets the square?") square[n-1] = s print square[0],square[1],square[2] print square[3],square[4],square[5] print square[6],square[7],square[8] n = input("which square?") s = raw_input("who gets the square?") square[n-1] = s print square[0],square[1],square[2] print square[3],square[4],square[5] print square[6],square[7],square[8] n = input("which square?") s = raw_input("who gets the square?") square[n-1] = s print square[0],square[1],square[2] print square[3],square[4],square[5] print square[6],square[7],square[8] n = input("which square?") s = raw_input("who gets the square?") square[n-1] = s print square[0],square[1],square[2] print square[3],square[4],square[5] print square[6],square[7],square[8] __________________________________________________ Do You Yahoo!? Buy the perfect holiday gifts at Yahoo! Shopping. http://shopping.yahoo.com From apython101@yahoo.com Tue Dec 4 23:25:02 2001 From: apython101@yahoo.com (john public) Date: Tue, 4 Dec 2001 15:25:02 -0800 (PST) Subject: [Tutor] loops Message-ID: <20011204232502.50455.qmail@web21106.mail.yahoo.com> I am a beginning programmer. Here is my my first program for tic tac toe. It works BUT, a simple loop would shorten this code considerably. Is there a way to tell the program to go to the line: n = input("which sqaure") once it gets to the end of the first cycle? Thanks!! a,b,c,d,e,f,g,h,i =1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 square = ['a','b','c','d','e','f','g','h','i'] print square[0],square[1],square[2] print square[3],square[4],square[5] print square[6],square[7],square[8] n = input("which square?") s = raw_input("who gets the square?") square[n-1] = s print square[0],square[1],square[2] print square[3],square[4],square[5] print square[6],square[7],square[8] # end of first part, can we loop here? # can we create functions and modules to shorten the code? n = input("which square?") s = raw_input("who gets the square?") square[n-1] = s print square[0],square[1],square[2] print square[3],square[4],square[5] print square[6],square[7],square[8] n = input("which square?") s = raw_input("who gets the square?") square[n-1] = s print square[0],square[1],square[2] print square[3],square[4],square[5] print square[6],square[7],square[8] n = input("which square?") s = raw_input("who gets the square?") square[n-1] = s print square[0],square[1],square[2] print square[3],square[4],square[5] print square[6],square[7],square[8] n = input("which square?") s = raw_input("who gets the square?") square[n-1] = s print square[0],square[1],square[2] print square[3],square[4],square[5] print square[6],square[7],square[8] n = input("which square?") s = raw_input("who gets the square?") square[n-1] = s print square[0],square[1],square[2] print square[3],square[4],square[5] print square[6],square[7],square[8] n = input("which square?") s = raw_input("who gets the square?") square[n-1] = s print square[0],square[1],square[2] print square[3],square[4],square[5] print square[6],square[7],square[8] n = input("which square?") s = raw_input("who gets the square?") square[n-1] = s print square[0],square[1],square[2] print square[3],square[4],square[5] print square[6],square[7],square[8] n = input("which square?") s = raw_input("who gets the square?") square[n-1] = s print square[0],square[1],square[2] print square[3],square[4],square[5] print square[6],square[7],square[8] __________________________________________________ Do You Yahoo!? Buy the perfect holiday gifts at Yahoo! Shopping. http://shopping.yahoo.com From apython101@yahoo.com Wed Dec 5 00:52:49 2001 From: apython101@yahoo.com (john public) Date: Tue, 4 Dec 2001 16:52:49 -0800 (PST) Subject: [Tutor] membership Message-ID: <20011205005249.34964.qmail@web21104.mail.yahoo.com> t1 = "a little red moon" t2 = t1 t3 = "redmond washington" if ("r" in t2): print "t2" print t2 this short piece of code works using the membership function. However adding what is below: t1 = "a little red moon" t2 = t1 t3 = "redmond washington" if ("r" in t2): print "t2" print t2 if ("re" in t2): print "t2" print t2 if ("re" in t3): print "t3" print t3 results in this error message: t2 a little red moon Traceback (most recent call last): File "C:\Python21\Tools\idle\amembership.py", line 10, in ? if ("re" in t2): TypeError: 'in ' requires character as left operand Can someone tell me why this happens? I am a beginning programmer. I started in C++ three weeks ago. I switched to python two weeks ago when I realized it was user friendly. My first program was a tic tac toe game. I am now trying to write a program that stores notes in lists,tuples or strings. The information is written word. Such as "little red moon" "redmond washington", "cute redhead I met at the bar". I want to be able to search the lists, tuple's or strings succesively for the letter "r", which would bring up all three notes. Then "re" which would bring up all three. Then "red" which would still bring up all three. Then redm, which would bring up only the list [redmond washington], and redh which would bring up only the list [cute redhead I met at the bar]. Is the membership function what I should be using to do this? I am only a begginer and most of what is said on this thread is way over my head. I seem to be able to read and understand code directly better than read and understand what is said about code. Once I can see code I can run it. Then make substitutions and changes. So far this seems to be the best way for me to learn from others. I will be posting the tic tac toe program after this. Thanks for all the help everbawdy! John Public ( really my real name ;)really! __________________________________________________ Do You Yahoo!? Buy the perfect holiday gifts at Yahoo! Shopping. http://shopping.yahoo.com From virketis@fas.harvard.edu Wed Dec 5 01:05:32 2001 From: virketis@fas.harvard.edu (Pijus Virketis) Date: Tue, 04 Dec 2001 20:05:32 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] membership In-Reply-To: <20011205005249.34964.qmail@web21104.mail.yahoo.com> Message-ID: <200112050105.fB5158l30204@smtp2.fas.harvard.edu> John, >t2 >a little red moon >Traceback (most recent call last): > File "C:\Python21\Tools\idle\amembership.py", line >10, in ? > if ("re" in t2): >TypeError: 'in ' requires character as left >operand As the error message states, the thing for which you are asking "in" to look for in some string must be a character, or equivalently a string of lenght one. So, you can ask: "is letter 'r' in this string?" but not "is word 're' in this string?" Of course, Python has ways to look for words in strings as well. Check out the string module here: http://www.python.org/doc/current/lib/module-string.html and in particular look at string.find() and (perhaps) string.count(). Cheers, -P ------------------------------------------------------------ PGP PUBLIC KEY: www.fas.harvard.edu/~virketis/links My weblog: www.fas.harvard.edu/~virketis From glingl@aon.at Wed Dec 5 01:08:29 2001 From: glingl@aon.at (Gregor Lingl) Date: Wed, 5 Dec 2001 02:08:29 +0100 Subject: [Tutor] loops References: <20011204232502.50455.qmail@web21106.mail.yahoo.com> Message-ID: <00cb01c17d29$59fe3e50$1664a8c0@mega> ----- Original Message ----- From: "john public" To: Sent: Wednesday, December 05, 2001 12:25 AM Subject: [Tutor] loops > I am a beginning programmer. Here is my my first > program for tic tac toe. It works BUT, a simple loop > would shorten this code considerably. Is there a way > to tell the program to go to the line: > > n = input("which sqaure") > > once it gets to the end of the first cycle? > > Thanks!! > > a,b,c,d,e,f,g,h,i =1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 > > square = ['a','b','c','d','e','f','g','h','i'] > > print square[0],square[1],square[2] > print square[3],square[4],square[5] > print square[6],square[7],square[8] > > n = input("which square?") > > > > s = raw_input("who gets the square?") > square[n-1] = s > > print square[0],square[1],square[2] > print square[3],square[4],square[5] > print square[6],square[7],square[8] > # end of first part, can we loop here? Certainly: a,b,c,d,e,f,g,h,i =1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 square = ['a','b','c','d','e','f','g','h','i'] print square[0],square[1],square[2] print square[3],square[4],square[5] print square[6],square[7],square[8] for i in range(9): n = input("which square?") s = raw_input("who gets the square?") square[n-1] = s print square[0],square[1],square[2] print square[3],square[4],square[5] print square[6],square[7],square[8] And the next problem would be: how to find out, if the game is over before the ninth draw? Gregor P.S.: Hav a look at http://www.python.org/doc/Newbies.html From apython101@yahoo.com Wed Dec 5 02:09:18 2001 From: apython101@yahoo.com (john public) Date: Tue, 4 Dec 2001 18:09:18 -0800 (PST) Subject: [Tutor] find Message-ID: <20011205020918.48033.qmail@web21104.mail.yahoo.com> --0-1855971381-1007518158=:47978 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii John, >t2 >a little red moon >Traceback (most recent call last): > File "C:\Python21\Tools\idle\amembership.py", line >10, in ? > if ("re" in t2): >TypeError: 'in ' requires character as left >operand As the error message states, the thing for which you are asking "in" to look for in some string must be a character, or equivalently a string of lenght one. So, you can ask: "is letter 'r' in this string?" but not "is word 're' in this string?" Of course, Python has ways to look for words in strings as well. Check out the string module here: http://www.python.org/doc/current/lib/module-string.html and in particular look at string.find() and (perhaps) string.count(). ok so the membership function only looks for single charectors. So I was using the wrong tool for the job. after looking at the Python library reference 4.1 I took a newbie guess and thought that: find(s, sub[, start[,end]]) Return the lowest index in s where the substring sub is found such that sub is wholly contained in s[start:end]. Return -1 on failure. Defaults for start and end and interpretation of negative values is the same as for slices. was the right tool for the job. I interpreted and applied as below: t1 = "a little red moon" t2 = "cute redhead" t3 = "redmond washington" if ("r" in t2): print "t2" print t2 find(t2,red[0[1]]) and got: Python 2.1.1 (#20, Jul 20 2001, 01:19:29) [MSC 32 bit (Intel)] on win32 Type "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information. IDLE 0.8 -- press F1 for help >>> t2 cute redhead Traceback (most recent call last): File "C:\Python21\Tools\idle\amembership.py", line 10, in ? find(t2,red[0[1]]) NameError: name 'find' is not defined am I barking up the right tree? thanks --------------------------------- Do You Yahoo!? Buy the perfect holiday gifts at Yahoo! Shopping. --0-1855971381-1007518158=:47978 Content-Type: text/html; charset=us-ascii



John,

>t2
>a little red moon
>Traceback (most recent call last):
> File "C:\Python21\Tools\idle\amembership.py", line
>10, in ?
> if ("re" in t2):
>TypeError: 'in <string>' requires character as left
>operand

As the error message states, the thing for which you are asking "in" to
look for in some string must be a character, or equivalently a string
of
lenght one. So, you can ask: "is letter 'r' in this string?" but not
"is
word 're' in this string?" Of course, Python has ways to look for words
in
strings as well. Check out the string module here:
http://www.python.org/doc/current/lib/module-string.html and in
particular
look at string.find() and (perhaps) string.count().


ok so the membership function only looks for single charectors. So I was using the wrong tool for the job.

after looking at the Python library reference 4.1 I took a newbie guess and thought that:

find(s, sub[, start[,end]])
Return the lowest index in s where the substring sub is found such that sub is wholly contained in s[start:end]. Return -1 on failure. Defaults for start and end and interpretation of negative values is the same as for slices.

was the right tool for the job.

I interpreted and applied as below:


t1 = "a little red moon"
t2 = "cute redhead"
t3 = "redmond washington"

if ("r" in t2):
    print "t2"
    print t2

find(t2,red[0[1]]) 

and got:

Python 2.1.1 (#20, Jul 20 2001, 01:19:29) [MSC 32 bit (Intel)] on win32
Type "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
IDLE 0.8 -- press F1 for help
>>>
t2
cute redhead
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "C:\Python21\Tools\idle\amembership.py", line 10, in ?
    find(t2,red[0[1]])
NameError: name 'find' is not defined

am I barking up the right tree?

thanks


Do You Yahoo!?
Buy the perfect holiday gifts at Yahoo! Shopping. --0-1855971381-1007518158=:47978-- From virketis@fas.harvard.edu Wed Dec 5 02:43:27 2001 From: virketis@fas.harvard.edu (Pijus Virketis) Date: Tue, 04 Dec 2001 21:43:27 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] find In-Reply-To: <20011205020918.48033.qmail@web21104.mail.yahoo.com> Message-ID: <200112050243.fB52h6r05965@smtp1.fas.harvard.edu> --=====================_172160196==_.ALT Content-Type: text/plain; charset="us-ascii" > > cute redhead > Traceback (most recent call last): > File "C:\Python21\Tools\idle\amembership.py", line 10, in ? > find(t2,red[0[1]]) > NameError: name 'find' is not defined > > am I barking up the right tree? Well, if I were you, I'd be barking up that very same tree as well, John. :) However, your barking would be much more fruitful, if you imported the string module before using find(). So, at the beginning of your code, add the following: import string Then, you can say something like this: string.find("tree", "re") #checks if "re" is in "tree" Do not forget the module name and the dot before find()! You need it, because find() is in the string module namespace, so if you were omit string.*, Python would look in the global namespace for "find" and it (probably) would not be there. Hence the error message: "name 'find' is not defined." This comes in particularly handy when you DO actually define some "find" object of your own, and then import the string module. Python keeps your find and the string.find() completely separate. The term for it is namespace separation. There's definitely more to it, but I think this should get you started. Cheers, -P ------------------------------------------------------------ PGP PUBLIC KEY: www.fas.harvard.edu/~virketis/links My weblog: www.fas.harvard.edu/~virketis --=====================_172160196==_.ALT Content-Type: text/html; charset="us-ascii"
cute redhead
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "C:\Python21\Tools\idle\amembership.py", line 10, in ?
    find(t2,red[0[1]])
NameError: name 'find' is not defined

am I barking up the right tree?

Well, if I were you, I'd be barking up that very same tree as well, John. :) However, your barking would be much more fruitful, if you imported the string module before using find(). So, at the beginning of your code, add the following:

import string

Then, you can say something like this:

string.find("tree", "re")               #checks if "re" is in "tree"

Do not forget the module name and the dot before find()! You need it, because find() is in the string module namespace, so if you were omit string.*, Python would look in the global namespace for "find" and it (probably) would not be there. Hence the error message: "name 'find' is not defined." This comes in particularly handy when you DO actually define some "find" object of your own, and then import the string module. Python keeps your find and the string.find() completely separate. The term for it is namespace separation. There's definitely more to it, but I think this should get you started.

Cheers,

-P
------------------------------------------------------------
--=====================_172160196==_.ALT-- From dsh8290@rit.edu Wed Dec 5 03:14:58 2001 From: dsh8290@rit.edu (dman) Date: Tue, 4 Dec 2001 22:14:58 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] find In-Reply-To: <20011205020918.48033.qmail@web21104.mail.yahoo.com>; from apython101@yahoo.com on Tue, Dec 04, 2001 at 06:09:18PM -0800 References: <20011205020918.48033.qmail@web21104.mail.yahoo.com> Message-ID: <20011204221458.A28531@harmony.cs.rit.edu> On Tue, Dec 04, 2001 at 06:09:18PM -0800, john public wrote: ... | find(t2,red[0[1]]) import string string.find( t2 , red[0][1] ) would be what you meant. As of python 2.0 (or was it 2.1? I think 2.0) you can use the method directly on the string object : t2.find( red[0][1] ) HTH, -D -- If any of you lacks wisdom, he should ask God, who gives generously to all without finding fault, and it will be given to him. But when he asks he must believe and not doubt, because he who doubts is like a wave of the sea, blown and tossed by the wind. James 1:5-6 From jrm@videotron.ca Tue Dec 4 22:03:31 2001 From: jrm@videotron.ca (Jean Montambeault) Date: Wed, 5 Dec 2001 00:03:31 +0200 Subject: [Tutor] Ok, I understand you... Message-ID: <001b01c17d0f$83342a60$0100c0a8@videotron.ca> My question must have seemed like a foreing language to you : "when running the same program (with this_window.mainloop() active this time) from Explorer or a DOS prompt the window always default to the same size and it goes for IDLE itself : looks like 640x400 " since that beahvior is not present on my notebook equipped with Windows '98 too. Boy, am I going to enjoy that one ! (beurk!) Thanks for your bandwidth anyway ;) Jean M. From dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu Wed Dec 5 05:28:49 2001 From: dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu (Danny Yoo) Date: Tue, 4 Dec 2001 21:28:49 -0800 (PST) Subject: [Tutor] find In-Reply-To: <20011204221458.A28531@harmony.cs.rit.edu> Message-ID: Oh, one other thing about string.find(): it will return the position of where it finds a match, but if there isn't a match, it'll return '-1': ### >>> string.find("james and the giant peach", "james") 0 >>> string.find("james and the giant peach", "peach") 20 >>> string.find("hat", "rabbit") -1 ### so be careful when you use string.find() in an 'if' condition. Here's an example of a common bug: ## >>> if string.find("rosebud", "rosebud"): ## This should have been ... print "What happen?" ## if string.find("rosebud", ... else: ## "rosebud") == -1: ... print "Someone set us up." ... Someone set us up. ### Hope this helps! From jrm@videotron.ca Tue Dec 4 22:44:31 2001 From: jrm@videotron.ca (Jean Montambeault) Date: Wed, 5 Dec 2001 00:44:31 +0200 Subject: [Tutor] Finally : Message-ID: <000b01c17d15$3cf41960$0100c0a8@videotron.ca> Sure it's not keeping you from sleeping but, just in case you'd fall in the same trap : my new video card (ATI 8500) is using a manager called Hydravision, mostly for dual display. I got rid of it and everything is normal again. Goodnight ! :) Jean M. From cow@esweeet.com Wed Dec 5 06:30:21 2001 From: cow@esweeet.com (Cow) Date: Tue, 4 Dec 2001 22:30:21 -0800 (PST) Subject: [Tutor] Converting Python Script into Executable Files... Message-ID: <20011205063022.1725B36F9@sitemail.everyone.net> I am new to Python and i was wondering if you can convert your Python script into an executable file (*.exe) instead of leaving it as a .py file? Also, in order to run a Python script, is it nessesary that your computer has all of those Python files (like if i wanted to send my friend one of my programs, but he didn't have the files, could he still run my program?)? Thanks -Ryan _____________________________________________________________ Free eSweeet Mail - http://www.esweeet.com From ak@silmarill.org Wed Dec 5 06:38:07 2001 From: ak@silmarill.org (Andrei Kulakov) Date: Wed, 05 Dec 2001 01:38:07 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] Converting Python Script into Executable Files... In-Reply-To: <20011205063022.1725B36F9@sitemail.everyone.net> References: <20011205063022.1725B36F9@sitemail.everyone.net> Message-ID: <20011205013807.A1806@sill.silmarill.org> On Tue, Dec 04, 2001 at 10:30:21PM -0800, Cow wrote: > I am new to Python and i was wondering if you can convert your Python script into an executable file (*.exe) instead of leaving it as a .py file? > Also, in order to run a Python script, is it nessesary that your computer has all of those Python files (like if i wanted to send my friend one of my programs, but he didn't have the files, could he still run my program?)? > > > Thanks > -Ryan There's a number of programs that do that, the most popular iirc is py2exe. The resulting .exe is quite big though 'cause it has to package python interpreter with it, so you may want to tell your friend to just install python. > > _____________________________________________________________ > Free eSweeet Mail - http://www.esweeet.com > > _______________________________________________ > Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org > http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor -- Cymbaline: intelligent learning mp3 player - python, linux, console. get it at: cy.silmarill.org From toodles@yifan.net Wed Dec 5 06:44:07 2001 From: toodles@yifan.net (Andrew Wilkins) Date: Wed, 5 Dec 2001 14:44:07 +0800 Subject: [Tutor] Converting Python Script into Executable Files... References: <20011205063022.1725B36F9@sitemail.everyone.net> Message-ID: <004701c17d58$3e928bb0$0300a8c0@sun> > I am new to Python and i was wondering if you can convert your Python script into an executable file (*.exe) instead of leaving it as a .py file? > Also, in order to run a Python script, is it nessesary that your computer has all of those Python files (like if i wanted to send my friend one of my programs, but he didn't have the files, could he still run my program?)? Check Gordon McMillan's package. http://www.mcmillan-inc.com/install1.html Andrew W. > > > Thanks > -Ryan > > _____________________________________________________________ > Free eSweeet Mail - http://www.esweeet.com > > _______________________________________________ > Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org > http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor > From cow@esweeet.com Wed Dec 5 08:24:27 2001 From: cow@esweeet.com (Cow) Date: Wed, 5 Dec 2001 00:24:27 -0800 (PST) Subject: [Tutor] Py2exe Help Message-ID: <20011205082427.CC45A3ECC@sitemail.everyone.net> I just downloaded Py2exe and have been playing with it for a long time now, but it doesn't seem to be working for me. I have read the explaination on how to use it over and over, but i still keep on getting errors. Can someone here please explain to me how to use it in their own words, because i don't understand the ones that were provided to me in the Py2exe file? Thanks -Ryan _____________________________________________________________ Free eSweeet Mail - http://www.esweeet.com From phelimkelly@hotmail.com Wed Dec 5 09:54:17 2001 From: phelimkelly@hotmail.com (Phelim Kelly) Date: Wed, 05 Dec 2001 09:54:17 +0000 Subject: [Tutor] Blank line added when reading in from file???? Message-ID:
Hello,
            I have a small probelm, hope you can help. I'm reading text from an external file into a python program as follows:
 
filename  = raw_input("Enter the filename to read from: ");
p=0
in_file = open(filename,"r")
while p < 4:
   text = in_file.readline()
   list[p]=text                    #list is an array which stores the content of each line read in.
   p = p + 1
in_file.close()

The problem I have is that the text that is stored in variable 'text' isn't simply the contents of one line of the file, another blank line is appended onto the end, which causes problems for the rest of the program, so instead of this,
 
---------------------
line read in from file
--------------------
 
I get this,
 
-------------------
line read in from file
 
-------------------
 
Can anyone tell me the command used to get rid of the extra blank line added on?
Thanks in advance,
Phelim.

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From ak@silmarill.org Wed Dec 5 10:04:48 2001 From: ak@silmarill.org (Andrei Kulakov) Date: Wed, 05 Dec 2001 05:04:48 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] Blank line added when reading in from file???? In-Reply-To: References: Message-ID: <20011205050448.A2647@sill.silmarill.org> On Wed, Dec 05, 2001 at 09:54:17AM +0000, Phelim Kelly wrote: Hello, Many e-mail programs can't edit HTML directly. If you want to get maximum response, send plain text messages. - Andrei -- Cymbaline: intelligent learning mp3 player - python, linux, console. get it at: cy.silmarill.org From phelimkelly@hotmail.com Wed Dec 5 10:10:46 2001 From: phelimkelly@hotmail.com (Phelim Kelly) Date: Wed, 05 Dec 2001 10:10:46 +0000 Subject: [Tutor] Blank line added when reading in from file???? Message-ID:

Thanks for your response Andrei,

                                                I'm not sure I understand your response! I'm not using HTML files, I'm working on a UNIX machine. The file I'm reading from is a plain text file.

 

Hello,

Many e-mail programs can't edit HTML directly. If you want to get
maximum response, send plain text messages.
- Andrei
--
Cymbaline: intelligent learning mp3 player - python, linux, console.
get it at: cy.silmarill.org
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From dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu Wed Dec 5 10:09:35 2001 From: dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu (Danny Yoo) Date: Wed, 5 Dec 2001 02:09:35 -0800 (PST) Subject: [Tutor] Py2exe Help In-Reply-To: <20011205082427.CC45A3ECC@sitemail.everyone.net> Message-ID: On Wed, 5 Dec 2001, Cow wrote: > I just downloaded Py2exe and have been playing with it for a long time > now, but it doesn't seem to be working for me. I have read the > explaination on how to use it over and over, but i still keep on > getting errors. Can someone here please explain to me how to use it > in their own words, because i don't understand the ones that were > provided to me in the Py2exe file? There are a few people here who have some experience with py2exe here. What kind of error messages are you getting? If you can give us the literal error messages that you're getting, that may give one of us here enough clues to figure out what's happening. Also, what kind of programs have you tried py2exe on? Does it work at all on simple programs? I hope that your problem can get fixed quickly. Good luck! From alan.gauld@bt.com Wed Dec 5 11:45:21 2001 From: alan.gauld@bt.com (alan.gauld@bt.com) Date: Wed, 5 Dec 2001 11:45:21 -0000 Subject: [Tutor] Follow up to 'class data' Message-ID: <5104D4DBC598D211B5FE0000F8FE7EB20E66C167@mbtlipnt02.btlabs.bt.co.uk> > > it is much harder to ensure that a code fix in one place won't > > cause damage some place else that inherits the changed code. > > Let's say you inherit B from class A. If you change A and it > messes up B, the way I see it, could mean 2 things: Way too high level. The problems tend to be in tiny details like: method X does something and as a side effect sets a member field to some value, say -1, to indicate a NULL result. The maintainer discovers a flaw where -1 should be a valid result so in his/her 'fix' sets the field to the "right value", say None. However unbeknownst to the maintainer some other project uses his class and relies on the field being set to -1 and is not aflicted by the original bug that caused the maintainer to check the method. Now the 'fixed' version goes live and the second project develops its own bug. Configuration management can solve some of these issues but if the second project needs the fixed version as well then we are stuffed! The problem is the classic one of global variables. Classes effectively use global variables when they modify class member data. Although they are protected within the class namespace they are still globals so far as the class methods are concerned. When you get a lot of different clssses inheriting common functions it becomes difficult to keep track of the impact of these side effects. Imagine a class hierarchy 7 levels deep using multiple inheritance. Then imagine someone chaging a single method say 1 layer off the top and trying to see what the impact is in all the layers below.... In a network management project some years ago we had just such a scenario. Each network element (there were over 50 of these leaf node classes) inherited 35 parent classes. If you had to change a single method of one of those 35 base classes you had to check out all 50 of the leaf nodes to make sure you hadn't screwed anything up! Alan g From alan.gauld@bt.com Wed Dec 5 11:51:28 2001 From: alan.gauld@bt.com (alan.gauld@bt.com) Date: Wed, 5 Dec 2001 11:51:28 -0000 Subject: [Tutor] Follow up to 'class data' Message-ID: <5104D4DBC598D211B5FE0000F8FE7EB20E66C168@mbtlipnt02.btlabs.bt.co.uk> > | > Interestingly there are some objective data to suggest that > | > inheritance can actually be detrimental to maintenance since > > My profs prefer "composition" over "inheritance". Thats becoming the accepted stance. Interestingly its the stance the Smalltalk community have allways taken and is the reason they have resisted moves to put multiple inheritance into Smalltalk... Of course it helps that Smalltalk is, like Python, very dynamic and supports introspection(like __getattr__). Inheritance is often over used and abused (see my earlier reply) but it is essential for polymorphism in some languages - that's the pity! Alan g From alan.gauld@bt.com Wed Dec 5 11:58:30 2001 From: alan.gauld@bt.com (alan.gauld@bt.com) Date: Wed, 5 Dec 2001 11:58:30 -0000 Subject: [Tutor] membership Message-ID: <5104D4DBC598D211B5FE0000F8FE7EB20E66C169@mbtlipnt02.btlabs.bt.co.uk> > does the membership (in) function work for lists and > strings like it does for Tuples? Yes, it works for all sequences including lists and strings Very useful for input validation: if response in "yY": doSomething() elif response in "Nn": doAnother() else: print 'Must respond Y/N" > is the there a got line X function in Python for > creating loops? I assume you mean GOTO line X? The answer is NO. Most modern languages denigrate the use of GOTO, loops in Python are implemented using for in : OR while : These can be modified using the break and continue statements. By combining these there is no need for a GOTO and the code remains maintainable for longer! > How do I unsubscribe from the daily digest? TIA Go to the tutor web page on python.org and chamge your settings Alan g From alan.gauld@bt.com Wed Dec 5 12:06:04 2001 From: alan.gauld@bt.com (alan.gauld@bt.com) Date: Wed, 5 Dec 2001 12:06:04 -0000 Subject: [Tutor] loops Message-ID: <5104D4DBC598D211B5FE0000F8FE7EB20E66C16B@mbtlipnt02.btlabs.bt.co.uk> > program for tic tac toe. It works BUT, a simple loop > would shorten this code considerably. Is there a way > to tell the program to go to the line: > > n = input("which sqaure") Yes. You sound like someone who has programmed in BASIC at sometime? If so you might find my online tutor which compares Python and BASIC useful: http://www.freenetpages.co.uk/hp/alan.gauld/ It has specific topics on loops etc. Alan G From alan.gauld@bt.com Wed Dec 5 12:08:27 2001 From: alan.gauld@bt.com (alan.gauld@bt.com) Date: Wed, 5 Dec 2001 12:08:27 -0000 Subject: [Tutor] membership Message-ID: <5104D4DBC598D211B5FE0000F8FE7EB20E66C16C@mbtlipnt02.btlabs.bt.co.uk> > this short piece of code works using the membership > function. However adding what is below: > > t1 = "a little red moon" > t2 = t1 > t3 = "redmond washington" > > if ("r" in t2): > print "t2" > print t2 > > if ("re" in t2): The membership operator only works for single items. You need the string functions for this: string.search() in this case. Alan G From alan.gauld@bt.com Wed Dec 5 12:12:47 2001 From: alan.gauld@bt.com (alan.gauld@bt.com) Date: Wed, 5 Dec 2001 12:12:47 -0000 Subject: [Tutor] membership Message-ID: <5104D4DBC598D211B5FE0000F8FE7EB20E66C16D@mbtlipnt02.btlabs.bt.co.uk> > look at string.find() and (perhaps) string.count(). Oops yes. I'm getting my re and string modules mixed up. re.search() and string.find() Am I alone in thinking it would be nice to make the string/re find/search and replace/sub operations consistent? sorry, Alan G. From KellyPhe@logica.com Wed Dec 5 12:29:55 2001 From: KellyPhe@logica.com (Kelly, Phelim) Date: Wed, 5 Dec 2001 12:29:55 -0000 Subject: [Tutor] Blank line added after reading a line from a file Message-ID: (I'll try this again!) Hello, I have a small probelm, hope you can help. I'm reading text from an external file into a python program as follows: --------------------- filename = raw_input("Enter the filename to read from: "); p=0 in_file = open(filename,"r") while p < 4: text = in_file.readline() list[p]=text #list is an array which stores the content of each line read #in. p = p + 1 in_file.close() --------------------------- The problem I have is that the text that is stored in variable 'text' isn't simply the contents of one line of the file, another blank line is appended onto the end, which causes problems for the rest of the program, so instead of this, --------------------- line read in from file -------------------- I get this, ------------------- line read in from file ------------------- Can anyone tell me the command used to get rid of the extra blank line added on? Thanks in advance, Phelim. This e-mail and any attachment is for authorised use by the intended recipient(s) only. It may contain proprietary material, confidential information and/or be subject to legal privilege. It should not be copied, disclosed to, retained or used by, any other party. If you are not an intended recipient then please promptly delete this e-mail and any attachment and all copies and inform the sender. Thank you. From ak@silmarill.org Wed Dec 5 12:40:15 2001 From: ak@silmarill.org (Andrei Kulakov) Date: Wed, 05 Dec 2001 07:40:15 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] Blank line added after reading a line from a file In-Reply-To: References: Message-ID: <20011205074015.A3598@sill.silmarill.org> On Wed, Dec 05, 2001 at 12:29:55PM +0000, Kelly, Phelim wrote: > (I'll try this again!) > > Hello, > I have a small probelm, hope you can help. I'm reading text from an external > file into a python program as follows: > > --------------------- > filename = raw_input("Enter the filename to read from: "); > p=0 > in_file = open(filename,"r") > while p < 4: > text = in_file.readline() > list[p]=text #list is an array which stores the content of each line read > > #in. > p = p + 1 > in_file.close() This would be easier done as: in_file = open(filename) text = inf_file.readlines() lines_1_4 = text[:4] That is, assuming file will comfortably fit in memory, which is the case with most text files. > --------------------------- > > The problem I have is that the text that is stored in variable 'text' isn't > simply the contents of one line of the file, another blank line is appended > onto the end, which causes problems for the rest of the program, so instead > of this, > --------------------- > line read in from file > -------------------- > > I get this, > > ------------------- > line read in from file > > ------------------- > Can anyone tell me the command used to get rid of the extra blank line added > on? I think this has to do with how you print them out... how do you do that? > Thanks in advance, > Phelim. > > This e-mail and any attachment is for authorised use by the intended recipient(s) only. It may contain proprietary material, confidential information and/or be subject to legal privilege. It should not be copied, disclosed to, retained or used by, any other party. If you are not an intended recipient then please promptly delete this e-mail and any attachment and all copies and inform the sender. Thank you. > > _______________________________________________ > Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org > http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor -- Cymbaline: intelligent learning mp3 player - python, linux, console. get it at: cy.silmarill.org From apython101@yahoo.com Wed Dec 5 13:51:43 2001 From: apython101@yahoo.com (john public) Date: Wed, 5 Dec 2001 05:51:43 -0800 (PST) Subject: [Tutor] string.search In-Reply-To: <5104D4DBC598D211B5FE0000F8FE7EB20E66C16C@mbtlipnt02.btlabs.bt.co.uk> Message-ID: <20011205135143.91375.qmail@web21101.mail.yahoo.com> --0-1935904150-1007560303=:87024 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii I think string.search() is what I am looking for but without an actual example I can't figure it out. I started programming three weeks ago. I have lived with many programmers in the past and I am realizing I learned some BASIC by osmosis. Once I find the right tool for the job, is there some online documentation that has a real example for everything. I checked Guido's tutorial and the Python reference library but could only find examples in the abstract. such as string.search(string,[,pos[,endpos]]) in the case below I interpreted this to be t1.search(t1[,0[,3]]) however I noticed that Python is not being informed as to what piece of the list it is searching. I tried running it a few times anyway but got error messages. Unfortunately the until I can become morfe familiar with the format of Python the Python Reference manual will be of little help since it does not give real examples. alan.gauld@bt.com wrote: > this short piece of code works using the membership > function. However adding what is below: > > t1 = "a little red moon" > t2 = t1 > t3 = "redmond washington" > > if ("r" in t2): > print "t2" > print t2 > > if ("re" in t2): The membership operator only works for single items. You need the string functions for this: string.search() in this case. Alan G --------------------------------- Do You Yahoo!? Buy the perfect holiday gifts at Yahoo! Shopping. --0-1935904150-1007560303=:87024 Content-Type: text/html; charset=us-ascii

I think string.search() is what I am looking for but without an actual example I can't figure it out. I started programming three weeks ago. I have lived with many programmers in the past and I am realizing I learned some BASIC by osmosis. Once I find the right tool for the job, is there some online documentation that has a real example for everything. I checked Guido's tutorial and the Python reference library but could only find examples in the abstract.

such as string.search(string,[,pos[,endpos]])

in the case below I interpreted this to be

t1.search(t1[,0[,3]]) however I noticed that Python is not being informed as to what piece of the list it is searching. I tried running it a few times anyway but got error messages. Unfortunately the until I can become morfe familiar with the format of Python the Python Reference manual will be of little help since it does not give real examples.

  alan.gauld@bt.com wrote:

> this short piece of code works using the membership
> function. However adding what is below:
>
> t1 = "a little red moon"
> t2 = t1
> t3 = "redmond washington"
>
> if ("r" in t2):
> print "t2"
> print t2
>
> if ("re" in t2):

The membership operator only works for single items.
You need the string functions for this: string.search()
in this case.

Alan G

 


Do You Yahoo!?
Buy the perfect holiday gifts at Yahoo! Shopping. --0-1935904150-1007560303=:87024-- From alan.gauld@bt.com Wed Dec 5 14:39:09 2001 From: alan.gauld@bt.com (alan.gauld@bt.com) Date: Wed, 5 Dec 2001 14:39:09 -0000 Subject: [Tutor] Blank line added when reading in from file???? Message-ID: <5104D4DBC598D211B5FE0000F8FE7EB20E66C16E@mbtlipnt02.btlabs.bt.co.uk> ------_=_NextPart_001_01C17D9A.991EE960 Content-type: text/plain; charset="iso-8859-1" while p < 4: text = in_file.readline() You could just have used: list = in_file.readlines() But list is a bad variable name since its also a Python function...it converts things to lists. The problem I have is that the text that is stored in variable 'text' isn't simply the contents of one line of the file, another blank line is appended onto the end, which causes problems for the rest of the program, so instead of this, I suspect using string.strip() will fix this: lines = in_file.readlines() for index in range(length(lines)): lines[index] = lines[index].strip() BTW The comments elsewhere about HTML refer to the format of your email which seems to be in HTML which some folks on the tutor list can't read properly (at least their mail client can't!). Alan G ------_=_NextPart_001_01C17D9A.991EE960 Content-type: text/html; charset="iso-8859-1"
while p < 4:
   text = in_file.readline()
 
You could just have used:
 
list = in_file.readlines()
 
But list is a bad variable name since its also
a Python function...it converts things to lists.
 
The problem I have is that the text that is stored in variable 'text' isn't simply the contents of one line of the file, another blank line is appended onto the end, which causes problems for the rest of the program, so instead of this,
I suspect using string.strip() will fix this:
 
lines = in_file.readlines()
for index in range(length(lines)):
   lines[index] = lines[index].strip()
 
BTW The comments elsewhere about HTML refer to the format of your
email which seems to be in HTML which some folks on the
tutor list can't read properly (at least their mail client
can't!).
 
Alan G
------_=_NextPart_001_01C17D9A.991EE960-- From alan.gauld@bt.com Wed Dec 5 14:52:10 2001 From: alan.gauld@bt.com (alan.gauld@bt.com) Date: Wed, 5 Dec 2001 14:52:10 -0000 Subject: [Tutor] RE: string.search Message-ID: <5104D4DBC598D211B5FE0000F8FE7EB20E66C16F@mbtlipnt02.btlabs.bt.co.uk> string.search(string,[,pos[,endpos]]) t1.search(t1[,0[,3]]) The square brackets indicate optional items, thus all you need is: t2.search(t1) Which searches for t1 within t2. It returns the location of t1 within t2 or -1 if not there. You can limit the range of the search using the optional items so you could do: t2.search(t1,3) # search from the 4 character of t2 to the end OR t2.search(t1,3,7) # search from the 4th character to the 8th. BTW I haven't checked that this is absolutely correct so read the docs again...I'm too old fashioned and still use the string module functions rather than the new string methods. The principle of what I'm saying is correct tho... Alan G. From ak@silmarill.org Wed Dec 5 15:07:16 2001 From: ak@silmarill.org (Andrei Kulakov) Date: Wed, 05 Dec 2001 10:07:16 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] string.search In-Reply-To: <20011205135143.91375.qmail@web21101.mail.yahoo.com> References: <5104D4DBC598D211B5FE0000F8FE7EB20E66C16C@mbtlipnt02.btlabs.bt.co.uk> <20011205135143.91375.qmail@web21101.mail.yahoo.com> Message-ID: <20011205100716.A3993@sill.silmarill.org> On Wed, Dec 05, 2001 at 05:51:43AM -0800, john public wrote: > > I think string.search() is what I am looking for but without an actual example I can't figure it out. I started programming three weeks ago. I have lived with many programmers in the past and I am realizing I learned some BASIC by osmosis. Once I find the right tool for the job, is there some online documentation that has a real example for everything. I checked Guido's tutorial and the Python reference library but could only find examples in the abstract. > such as string.search(string,[,pos[,endpos]]) In this case brackets mean that 2nd and 3rd arguments are optional. Actual usage looks like this: string.search(my_str, 2, 3) - Andrei -- Cymbaline: intelligent learning mp3 player - python, linux, console. get it at: cy.silmarill.org From Aedin@chah.ucc.ie Wed Dec 5 16:16:28 2001 From: Aedin@chah.ucc.ie (Aedin Culhane) Date: Wed, 5 Dec 2001 16:16:28 +0000 (GMT) Subject: [Tutor] Re: Tutor digest, Vol 1 #1246 - 19 msgs In-Reply-To: Message-ID: Dear Phelim, I'm also a newbie, so got very excited when I thought I could actually help with your query.. so I had to respond.. exciting times for me. Have you tried to string.rstrip() to remove trailing space from the string you are reading in? When reading files, I find it easier to read all of the file: file = open(inputfile, 'r') data = file.readlines() list =[] for line in data: list.append(line.split()) # add each line in file to list. Hope this helps Aedin -------------------------------- Aedin Culhane Bioinformatics Group, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland > --__--__-- > > Message: 19 > Date: Wed, 05 Dec 2001 07:40:15 -0500 > From: Andrei Kulakov > Subject: Re: [Tutor] Blank line added after reading a line from a file > To: "'tutor@python.org'" > Reply-to: ak@silmarill.org > > On Wed, Dec 05, 2001 at 12:29:55PM +0000, Kelly, Phelim wrote: > > (I'll try this again!) > > > > Hello, > > I have a small probelm, hope you can help. I'm reading text from an external > > file into a python program as follows: > > > > --------------------- > > filename = raw_input("Enter the filename to read from: "); > > p=0 > > in_file = open(filename,"r") > > while p < 4: > > text = in_file.readline() > > list[p]=text #list is an array which stores the content of each line read > > > > #in. > > p = p + 1 > > in_file.close() > > This would be easier done as: > > in_file = open(filename) > text = inf_file.readlines() > lines_1_4 = text[:4] > > That is, assuming file will comfortably fit in memory, which is the case > with most text files. > > > --------------------------- > > > > The problem I have is that the text that is stored in variable 'text' isn't > > simply the contents of one line of the file, another blank line is appended > > onto the end, which causes problems for the rest of the program, so instead > > of this, > > --------------------- > > line read in from file > > -------------------- > > > > I get this, > > > > ------------------- > > line read in from file > > > > ------------------- > > Can anyone tell me the command used to get rid of the extra blank line added > > on? > > I think this has to do with how you print them out... how do you do > that? > > > Thanks in advance, > > Phelim. From SBeaudette@banknorth.com Wed Dec 5 17:31:39 2001 From: SBeaudette@banknorth.com (Beaudette, Sheree) Date: Wed, 5 Dec 2001 12:31:39 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] Writing to a file on another server Message-ID: I'm attempting to write to a file but the following code doesn't seem to work. I'm not sure where the file is going if anywhere. I'm working from my machine and developing on a remote server which is where I'm running the application that would create this file (the .py file is also located on this remote server). I'd like the file to write to another server ideally. Is this possible? The following is my code... I tried using os.chdir but it didn't seem to work. I can't get it to write anywhere it seems By default without specifying a path where should the file go? def write_data(itot,jtot,banknos,bankcontrol1,officersbank,officersno,officersdi v, officersdept): import os #os.chdir('/temp)' i=0 j=0 while i <= itot: fh=open(bk.txt,"w") fh.write('1 3 COL 1 = FORM, COL 3 = SPOOL CODE\n') while j <= jtot: fh.write(officersbank[j] + ' ' + officersno[j] + ' ' + officersdiv[j] + ' ' + officersdept[j] + '\n') j=j+1 i=i+1 fh.close() return 1 Any help would be much appreciated. I've been working on it for days and am getting frustrated!! From ak@silmarill.org Wed Dec 5 18:22:06 2001 From: ak@silmarill.org (Andrei Kulakov) Date: Wed, 05 Dec 2001 13:22:06 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] Writing to a file on another server In-Reply-To: References: Message-ID: <20011205132206.A4569@sill.silmarill.org> On Wed, Dec 05, 2001 at 12:31:39PM -0500, Beaudette, Sheree wrote: > I'm attempting to write to a file but the following code doesn't seem to > work. I'm not sure where the file is going if anywhere. I'm working from > my machine and developing on a remote server which is where I'm running the > application that would create this file (the .py file is also located on > this remote server). I'd like the file to write to another server ideally. > Is this possible? > > The following is my code... I tried using os.chdir but it didn't seem to > work. I can't get it to write anywhere it seems > > By default without specifying a path where should the file go? > > def > write_data(itot,jtot,banknos,bankcontrol1,officersbank,officersno,officersdi > v, officersdept): > import os > #os.chdir('/temp)' > i=0 > j=0 > while i <= itot: > fh=open(bk.txt,"w") fh = open("bk.txt", "w") # note quotes surrounding the file name > fh.write('1 3 COL 1 = FORM, COL 3 = SPOOL CODE\n') > while j <= jtot: > fh.write(officersbank[j] + ' ' + officersno[j] + ' ' + > officersdiv[j] + ' ' + officersdept[j] + '\n') > j=j+1 > i=i+1 > fh.close() > return 1 > > Any help would be much appreciated. I've been working on it for days and am > getting frustrated!! > > > _______________________________________________ > Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org > http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor -- Cymbaline: intelligent learning mp3 player - python, linux, console. get it at: cy.silmarill.org From jeff@ccvcorp.com Wed Dec 5 18:34:11 2001 From: jeff@ccvcorp.com (Jeff Shannon) Date: Wed, 05 Dec 2001 10:34:11 -0800 Subject: [Tutor] Blank line added after reading a line from a file References: Message-ID: <3C0E68A3.A1CBD2AE@ccvcorp.com> > On Wed, 5 Dec 2001 12:29:55 -0000, > "Kelly, Phelim" wrote: > > The problem I have is that the text that is stored in variable 'text' isn't > simply the contents of one line of the file, another blank line is appended > onto the end, which causes problems for the rest of the program, so instead > of this, > --------------------- > line read in from file > -------------------- > > I get this, > > ------------------- > line read in from file > > ------------------- The issue here is that, when readline() or readlines() reads in your file, it includes the newline character at the end of each line, in the returned string. Then, presuming that you use the print statement to display your file, print automatically adds a newline at the end of its output. Thus, it's not that blank lines are appended to what's read in, it's that they're added in when you print things out. :) The solution, as others have mentioned, is to use string.strip() on each line, either as you read it in or as you print it. This will remove any extra whitespace at the start or end of the string. You could also use string.rstrip() to remove whitespace only at the very end of the string, or use slice notation to chop off only the final character if you think that other whitespace may important to retain. So, for example: >>> # note that python uses '\n' to indicate newlines, >>> # and reproduces them as '\012' >>> mystring = "\n blah blah blah \n" >>> # strip all surrounding whitespace >>> mystring.strip() 'blah blah blah' >>> # strip only from the right side >>> mystring.rstrip() '\012 blah blah blah' >>> # use slice notation to get all but the last char >>> mystring[:-1] '\012 blah blah blah ' >>> Hope that clarifies things a bit. :) Jeff Shannon Technician/Programmer Credit International From ak@silmarill.org Wed Dec 5 18:41:40 2001 From: ak@silmarill.org (Andrei Kulakov) Date: Wed, 05 Dec 2001 13:41:40 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] Blank line added after reading a line from a file In-Reply-To: <3C0E68A3.A1CBD2AE@ccvcorp.com> References: <3C0E68A3.A1CBD2AE@ccvcorp.com> Message-ID: <20011205134140.A4648@sill.silmarill.org> On Wed, Dec 05, 2001 at 10:34:11AM -0800, Jeff Shannon wrote: > > On Wed, 5 Dec 2001 12:29:55 -0000, > > "Kelly, Phelim" wrote: > > > > > The problem I have is that the text that is stored in variable 'text' isn't > > simply the contents of one line of the file, another blank line is appended > > onto the end, which causes problems for the rest of the program, so instead > > of this, > > --------------------- > > line read in from file > > -------------------- > > > > I get this, > > > > ------------------- > > line read in from file > > > > ------------------- > > The issue here is that, when readline() or readlines() reads in your file, it includes the newline character at the end of each line, in the returned string. Then, presuming that you use the print statement to display your file, print automatically adds a newline at the end of its output. Thus, it's not that blank lines are appended to what's read in, it's that they're added in when you print things out. :) > > The solution, as others have mentioned, is to use string.strip() on each line, either as you read it in or as you print it. This will remove any extra whitespace at the start or end of the string. You could also use string.rstrip() to remove whitespace only at the very end of the string, or use slice notation to chop off only the final character if you think that other whitespace may important to retain. So, for example: Another possible solution is to use readlines() because it simply makes a list of lines, without adding "\n", and yet another solution is to add a comma after the print statement, which prevents it from printing a newline, like this: print line, I think readlines() is the cleanest way to deal with this problem.. > > >>> # note that python uses '\n' to indicate newlines, > >>> # and reproduces them as '\012' > >>> mystring = "\n blah blah blah \n" > >>> # strip all surrounding whitespace > >>> mystring.strip() > 'blah blah blah' > >>> # strip only from the right side > >>> mystring.rstrip() > '\012 blah blah blah' > >>> # use slice notation to get all but the last char > >>> mystring[:-1] > '\012 blah blah blah ' > >>> > > Hope that clarifies things a bit. :) > > Jeff Shannon > Technician/Programmer > Credit International > > > > _______________________________________________ > Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org > http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor -- Cymbaline: intelligent learning mp3 player - python, linux, console. get it at: cy.silmarill.org From dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu Wed Dec 5 18:51:31 2001 From: dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu (Danny Yoo) Date: Wed, 5 Dec 2001 10:51:31 -0800 (PST) Subject: [Tutor] string.search [Documentation conventions] In-Reply-To: <20011205135143.91375.qmail@web21101.mail.yahoo.com> Message-ID: On Wed, 5 Dec 2001, john public wrote: > weeks ago. I have lived with many programmers in the past and I am > realizing I learned some BASIC by osmosis. Once I find the right tool > for the job, is there some online documentation that has a real > example for everything. I checked Guido's tutorial and the Python > reference library but could only find examples in the abstract. > > such as string.search(string,[,pos[,endpos]]) Ah! I understand now. It's a UNIX convention that when we describe functions list this, we just braces to tell the user what parts are optional. One problem with a convention, though, is that it's not obvious unless one hears about it. *grin* In an example like this, the braces are there to show that pos and endpos are optional parameters --- you don't need to put braces in yourself. Let's take a look at the description of the string.find() function: """ find(s, sub[, start[,end]]) Return the lowest index in s where the substring sub is found such that sub is wholly contained in s[start:end]. Return -1 on failure. Defaults for start and end and interpretation of negative values is the same as for slices. """ In this case, we don't have to feed in the last two parameters until we want to. ### >>> yourname = "john public" >>> string.find(yourname, "public") 5 >>> string.find(yourname, "john") 0 >>> string.find(yourname, "john", 0) ## Let's tell it to search from 0 0 >>> string.find(yourname, "john", 1) ## Another search starting from 1. -1 >>> string.find(yourname, "public", 0, -1) -1 >>> string.find(yourname, "publi", 0, -1) 5 ### The last few examples show how we can fill in 'start' and 'end' so that string.find() limits itself to the grounds we tell it. In the last case, we've told it: "You can start searching from the 0th position of yourname, but only up to (and not including!) the very last -1th position." Hope this helps! From dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu Wed Dec 5 18:58:58 2001 From: dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu (Danny Yoo) Date: Wed, 5 Dec 2001 10:58:58 -0800 (PST) Subject: [Tutor] Blank line added after reading a line from a file In-Reply-To: <20011205134140.A4648@sill.silmarill.org> Message-ID: On Wed, 5 Dec 2001, Andrei Kulakov wrote: > a list of lines, without adding "\n", and yet another solution is to add > a comma after the print statement, which prevents it from printing a > newline, like this: > > print line, Putting in the comma suppresses print from adding a newline of its own, but doesn't stop printing newlines if the line itself contains them: ### >>> def test(): ... print "hello\n" ... print "hello again\n", ... print "one more time" ... >>> test() hello hello again one more time ### From dsh8290@rit.edu Wed Dec 5 19:11:11 2001 From: dsh8290@rit.edu (dman) Date: Wed, 5 Dec 2001 14:11:11 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] Writing to a file on another server In-Reply-To: ; from SBeaudette@banknorth.com on Wed, Dec 05, 2001 at 12:31:39PM -0500 References: Message-ID: <20011205141111.A432@harmony.cs.rit.edu> On Wed, Dec 05, 2001 at 12:31:39PM -0500, Beaudette, Sheree wrote: | I'm attempting to write to a file but the following code doesn't seem to | work. I'm not sure where the file is going if anywhere. I'm working from | my machine and developing on a remote server which is where I'm running the | application that would create this file (the .py file is also located on | this remote server). I'd like the file to write to another server ideally. | Is this possible? You can write to a file on a remote server, but it depends on your network and system configuration how you should do it. Some options are : (your program doesn't know about the network) NFS mount Samba share (your program needs to know about the network) ftp scp http (needs a CGI script on the server to accept the POST and actually write the file) custom client-server setup distributed objects (ie CORBA, XML-RPC, DCOM, etc ; this is a form of a custom setup) HTH, -D -- If your life is a hard drive, Christ can be your backup. From wolf_binary@hotmail.com Wed Dec 5 20:12:32 2001 From: wolf_binary@hotmail.com (Cameron Stoner) Date: Wed, 05 Dec 2001 14:12:32 -0600 Subject: [Tutor] compiling python source files Message-ID: Dear Python folks, I would like to understand or be pointed in the right direction to information on how the py2exe installer works. For instance what are these used for and how do you make them? (ex:python15.dll, zlib.pyd, and exceptions.pyc) Can't you make a simple window and then compile it so you have an example? What about making .com extension files? What does that entail? Would someone please give me some links to start with. -thanks, Cameron Stoner _________________________________________________________________ Get your FREE download of MSN Explorer at http://explorer.msn.com/intl.asp From fleet@teachout.org Thu Dec 6 02:48:18 2001 From: fleet@teachout.org (fleet@teachout.org) Date: Wed, 5 Dec 2001 21:48:18 -0500 (EST) Subject: [Tutor] Follow up to 'class data' In-Reply-To: <5104D4DBC598D211B5FE0000F8FE7EB20E66C155@mbtlipnt02.btlabs.bt.co.uk> Message-ID: Sorry for delay in replying - out of town. On Tue, 4 Dec 2001 alan.gauld@bt.com wrote: > In OO terms classes define templates from which we create objects > - a better term is instances, it it disambiguates from pythons > more general idea of objects. > > > So to me, the address book is an object and can be a class? > > So you could create an AddressBook class which would be a > template from which you could create multiple instances, > each of which would be an address book. Each address book > would have the attributes you define in your AddressBook > class(the methods and fields) but have their own values > stored in those fields. Thus your father's address book may > hold different names to yours. Let's say I write a compiled Basic program called AddressBook.exe that produces a pipe-delimited flat file with names and addresses in it. Anybody that runs it gets exactly the same address book output; but with their own data. One could run several "instances" of it on the same computer - ie, "business addresses", "personal addresses", "club addresses", etc. Where does this differ from a class? > > I would have thought "address book" would be the class and > > the means of adding, modifying, deleting data would be "methods." > > Could be, and the data itself could be defined as classes > - Entries for example. Thus: > > > The structure as I see it would be something like: > > > > class AddressBook: > > def input: > > def modify: > > def delete: > > def search: > > def sort: > > def output: > > Is fine, and the entries could look like: > > class Entry > def input > def edit > def compare(Entry) > > Now we can have an address book that contains different > types of entry by subclassing Entry: > > class Building(Entry) > def input > etc... > > class Person(Entry) > def input > etc... You just lost me. What would be the point? "Input" would need to handle "name," "address," "email," etc.; but unless I restrict it, AddressBook.name could just as easily be "Empire State Building" or "pothole at fifth and main" as it could be John Doe. > The AddressBoook class writes its methods to use the Entry > methods(eg compare(Entry) would be used both in searching > and sorting...) But we can have both types of Entry > (Building or Person) stored and AddressBook doesn't care, > it just sees Entries! > > > class AddressBook: > > class Input(AddressBook): > > def inputName: > > def inputAddress: > > def inputPhone: > > Categorically NO. Classes are not functions! What is the difference between class Input(AddressBook) and class Entry(AddressBook)? To me "data input" == "data entry" > Occasionally, very occasionally, we write classes that look > like functions but its not normal practice. Similarly its > not usually a good idea to provide set/get methods for > every internal attribute - a common beginners mistake. > Only expose those attributes that the outside world needs > to see. I don't think I understand this either. Do you mean I shouldn't provide attributes for length, width, thickness, color of cover, etc? Certainly one would need to make Name, Address, Phone, etc. "exposed." > Classes are 'living breathing things' that know stuff and > how to deal with that stuff. When thinking about classes > ask "What does Foo know? And what can Foo do with what it knows?" This smacks of anthropomorphism. (And this statement may have a great deal to do with my lack of "getting it.") > As Peter Coad says: "Objects do it to themselves" I found, much to my amazement, OOA and OOP by Peter Coad in my local library. OOA will be returned with all but the first 50 pages or so unread. Completely incomprehensible to me. I'm struggling with OOP; but I haven't quit yet. - fleet - From i812@iname.com Thu Dec 6 03:35:47 2001 From: i812@iname.com (Rob McGee) Date: Wed, 5 Dec 2001 21:35:47 -0600 Subject: [Tutor] __cmp__() method examples? Message-ID: <20011205213547.I27400@hal> I haven't found many examples of how to do a Class.__cmp__() method. I have a class whose instances have a certain alphabetic value which should always be unique. I figured I would only be comparing these class instances to other instances of the same class, so I chose to compare based on that alphabetic value. Maybe an example will clarify: {code} import random class Project: def __init__(self, name): self.name = name self.value = random.randrange(1, 100) def __str__(self): return self.name def __cmp__(self, other): if self.name < other.name: # compare name value (should be unique) return -1 elif self.name > other.name: return 1 else: return 0 # should mean it's the same instance # now generate class instances -- this is always done automatically from string import uppercase for letter in uppercase: execStr = letter + ' = Project("' + letter + '")' # example -- 'A = Project("A")', 'Z = Project("Z") exec(execStr) {/code} (Sorry about the exec's, but I really don't know another way to do what I want. I want these instances in the global namespace, and I need to know exactly what each one is named. At least I think I do. Suggestions about other ways to approach this would be welcomed, too. :) Like with no exec's, or with the instances in something other than globals(), how would I be able to retrieve and alter their properties?) The user interacts with these class instances through code like this: {code} def getProjectName(): text = raw_input('Project name: ') text = text.upper() return text def objectEntry(text): """converts text to an object name""" try: object = eval(text) return object except: return def ifInstance(object, className=Project): """returns object if it's an instance of className""" try: if object.__class__ == className: return object except: return def myStupidMenu(): keepGoing = 1 while keepGoing: prompt = 'stupid menu ("g/x"): ' choice = raw_input(prompt) choice = choice.upper() if choice == "G": text = getProjectName() if text: object = objectEntry(text) if object: instance = ifInstance(object) print instance, '=', instance.value elif choice == "X": keepGoing = 0 else: print "\tyou're as stupid as this menu!" myStupidMenu() {/code} I'm getting errors which indicate that the class instances are being compared with other objects (AttributeError: object has no "name" attribute.) I don't know if the sample code here will generate those errors -- probably not -- but what I'm hoping for is just a little guidance on how to properly implement a __cmp__() method. What I think I'll try -- the idea came to me while writing this :) -- is to put code in Project.__cmp__() like the ifInstance() above. If "other" isn't an instance of self.__class__, don't try to get other.name. Oh, I should also mention that I got into an infinite loop with another class.__cmp__() method. That class was more complicated, and I had several if/elif loops to compare other attributes. The fourth and final such loop simply compared "self" and "other". I believe that was where the loop occurred, and it was in sorting a list of instances of that class (I don't think there were any non-instance members of the list.) By removing the self/other raw comparison I eliminated the infinite loop. But that experience gives me the idea that I'm missing something about how to do a Class.__cmp__(). Thanks again all, Rob - /dev/rob0 From i812@iname.com Thu Dec 6 04:50:05 2001 From: i812@iname.com (Rob McGee) Date: Wed, 5 Dec 2001 22:50:05 -0600 Subject: [Tutor] __cmp__() method examples? In-Reply-To: <20011205213547.I27400@hal>; from i812@iname.com on Wed, Dec 05, 2001 at 09:35:47PM -0600 References: <20011205213547.I27400@hal> Message-ID: <20011205225005.J27400@hal> I forgot to mention before that I'm still using Python 2.0, so the rich comparison methods (introduced in 2.1) won't work. Rob - /dev/rob0 From urnerk@qwest.net Thu Dec 6 05:08:52 2001 From: urnerk@qwest.net (Kirby Urner) Date: Wed, 05 Dec 2001 21:08:52 -0800 Subject: [Tutor] Follow up to 'class data' In-Reply-To: References: <5104D4DBC598D211B5FE0000F8FE7EB20E66C155@mbtlipnt02.btlabs.bt.co.uk> Message-ID: <4.2.0.58.20011205210745.02301100@pop3.norton.antivirus> > > > Classes are 'living breathing things' that know stuff and > > how to deal with that stuff. When thinking about classes > > ask "What does Foo know? And what can Foo do with what it knows?" > >This smacks of anthropomorphism. (And this statement may have a great >deal to do with my lack of "getting it.") Anthromophorphism is useful. If you empathize with your objects, you'll write better code. Disney wouldn't have gotten anywhere with Mickey Mouse or all those other cartoons were it not for anthropomorphism. :-D Kirby From urnerk@qwest.net Thu Dec 6 05:39:29 2001 From: urnerk@qwest.net (Kirby Urner) Date: Wed, 05 Dec 2001 21:39:29 -0800 Subject: [Tutor] __cmp__() method examples? In-Reply-To: <20011205213547.I27400@hal> Message-ID: <4.2.0.58.20011205211011.022fe1a0@pop3.norton.antivirus> At 09:35 PM 12/5/2001 -0600, Rob McGee wrote: >I haven't found many examples of how to do a Class.__cmp__() method. I >have a class whose instances have a certain alphabetic value which >should always be unique. I figured I would only be comparing these class >instances to other instances of the same class, so I chose to compare >based on that alphabetic value. > >Maybe an example will clarify: > >{code} >import random > >class Project: > def __init__(self, name): > self.name = name > self.value = random.randrange(1, 100) > def __str__(self): > return self.name > def __cmp__(self, other): > if self.name < other.name: # compare name value (should be unique) > return -1 > elif self.name > other.name: > return 1 > else: return 0 # should mean it's the same instance > ># now generate class instances -- this is always done automatically >from string import uppercase >for letter in uppercase: > execStr = letter + ' = Project("' + letter + '")' > # example -- 'A = Project("A")', 'Z = Project("Z") > exec(execStr) > >{/code} > >(Sorry about the exec's, but I really don't know another way to do what >I want. I want these instances in the global namespace, and I need to >know exactly what each one is named. At least I think I do. Suggestions >about other ways to approach this would be welcomed, too. :) Hey, s'ok, really. It's just that some people who want to help might find this exec piece hard to fathom, so you cut down on the number willing to look over your shoulder. Or at least so I hypothesize. My suggestion earlier was, even if YOU need to automatically assign, for the purposes of debugging here on the list, you could just as well show (as you did in the Example): >>> A = Project("A") >>> Z = Project("Z") Of course I have approximately zero understanding of what you're doing in your off-camera code, but another way to instantiate a lot of objects and keep them handy is to use a list, e.g. myobjects = [] for i in range(10): myobjects.append(Project()) this would create 10 Project objects in a list called myobjects, addressable by indexing. Another approach, if you want to refer to objects by name, is to use a dictionary, e.g.: myobjects = {} for name in ['A','B','C','D','E']: myobjects[name] = Project() I don't even bother to give Projects a unique identifier for internal storage, because I only access 'em through my list or dictionary, and I know they're different if the index and/or dictionary key is different. >Like with >no exec's, or with the instances in something other than >globals(), how would I be able to retrieve and alter their >properties?) myobjects['A'].property = "new value" or: for each in myobjects: myobjects[each].method(arg1,arg2) E.g. >>> myobjects = {} >>> myobjects['A']= Project('Kirby') >>> myobjects['A'].name 'Kirby' >>> myobjects['A'].name = 'Sally' >>> myobjects['A'].name 'Sally' This might not look like a big improvement, but on the bright side, you have all your objects in an "egg carton" (the myobjects dictionary) and if you want to iterate through 'em all at any point, this makes it easy. Just some options you might not have considered. May not be applicable. >The user interacts with these class instances through code like this: > >{code} >def getProjectName(): > text = raw_input('Project name: ') > text = text.upper() > return text > >def objectEntry(text): > """converts text to an object name""" > try: > object = eval(text) > return object > except: return def getobj(): global myobjects objname = raw_input('Project name: ') if objname in myobjects.keys(): return myobjects['objname'] else: return None >I'm getting errors which indicate that the class instances are being >compared with other objects (AttributeError: object has no "name" >attribute.) I don't know if the sample code here will generate those >errors -- probably not -- but what I'm hoping for is just a little >guidance on how to properly implement a __cmp__() method. Yeah, unfortunately, the code you posted has no problems. I cut and pasted your class, imported random, and tested it: >>> import random >>> A = Project('A') >>> B = Project('B') >>> A==B # note we're using ==, not =, which would *assign* # B to A, thereby screwing us up 0 >>> C = Project('A') # give same name to other object >>> C==A 1 Note that we're returning 1 because that's what we defined __cmp__ to do. We say "return 1 if the names are the same". This does NOT mean that C and A are really the same instance, i.e. are the same chunk of bytes in memory. Of course they *aren't*: >>> id(A) 11557216 >>> id(C) 11500800 >What I think I'll try -- the idea came to me while writing this :) -- is >to put code in Project.__cmp__() like the ifInstance() above. If "other" >isn't an instance of self.__class__, don't try to get other.name. Yeah, you could do things like that, but you need to get a better handle on why it's not working in the first place. Bug fixes of the type "I don't know why this was breaking but here's a fix", are convenient, but as the patchwork grows, the code turns opaque, even to the only programmer with a hope of keeping a grip on it. >Oh, I should also mention that I got into an infinite loop with another >class.__cmp__() method. That class was more complicated, and I had >several if/elif loops to compare other attributes. The fourth and final >such loop simply compared "self" and "other". I believe that was where >the loop occurred, and it was in sorting a list of instances of that >class (I don't think there were any non-instance members of the list.) Try thinking of using some other data structure, like a list or dictionary, as per above, to keep objects separate, each with a unique pointer. You usually shouldn't have to do elaborate testing to figure out whether an object is the same as some other object. >By removing the self/other raw comparison I eliminated the infinite >loop. But that experience gives me the idea that I'm missing something >about how to do a Class.__cmp__(). > >Thanks again all, > > Rob - /dev/rob0 Note that in recent Pythons you don't have to go through __cmp__ to test for equality, if that's really all you're interested in (not saying it is). I.e., you could go: class Project: def __init__(self, name): self.name = name self.value = random.randrange(1, 100) def __repr__(self): return self.name def __eq__(self, other): if self.name == other.name: return 1 else: return 0 >>> A = Project('A') >>> J = Project('J') >>> A==J 0 >>> R = Project('J') >>> A==R 0 >>> J==R 1 Kirby From ak@silmarill.org Thu Dec 6 05:40:47 2001 From: ak@silmarill.org (Andrei Kulakov) Date: Thu, 06 Dec 2001 00:40:47 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] Blank line added after reading a line from a file In-Reply-To: References: <20011205134140.A4648@sill.silmarill.org> Message-ID: <20011206004047.A6025@sill.silmarill.org> On Wed, Dec 05, 2001 at 10:58:58AM -0800, Danny Yoo wrote: > On Wed, 5 Dec 2001, Andrei Kulakov wrote: > > a list of lines, without adding "\n", and yet another solution is to add > > a comma after the print statement, which prevents it from printing a > > newline, like this: > > > > print line, > > > Putting in the comma suppresses print from adding a newline of its own, > but doesn't stop printing newlines if the line itself contains them: Yes, but the dude's problem was that it'd print *two* new lines. He just wanted one. That's where comma would help :P. > > ### > >>> def test(): > ... print "hello\n" > ... print "hello again\n", > ... print "one more time" > ... > >>> test() > hello > > hello again > one more time > ### > > > _______________________________________________ > Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org > http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor -- Cymbaline: intelligent learning mp3 player - python, linux, console. get it at: cy.silmarill.org From rroslan@hotmail.com Thu Dec 6 06:11:59 2001 From: rroslan@hotmail.com (roslan ramli) Date: Thu, 06 Dec 2001 14:11:59 +0800 Subject: [Tutor] Pmw Message-ID:
I bought the book Python and Tkinter Programming and it seems that it cannot run on active state python. I downloaded the installation from python.org and have to install the Pmw. What I did was just copy the Pmw into python installation dir. I tried to run the program from the book cal2.py and I get the return message from the interpreter "Pmw has no attribute ScrolledText".
 
I suspect the book is using a different version Pmw. I am using Pmw 0.8.5 .
 
I hope someone could help me here.If it is an earlier version , where do I get it.
 
Thanks.

Get your FREE download of MSN Explorer at http://explorer.msn.com
From tim.one@home.com Thu Dec 6 06:25:24 2001 From: tim.one@home.com (Tim Peters) Date: Thu, 6 Dec 2001 01:25:24 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] Division In-Reply-To: Message-ID: About -Qnew, it turns out Guido ran into a snag when implementing it, so it didn't work like PEP 238 said it would work. Instead it worked the way the NEWS file said: Using -Qnew is questionable; it turns on new division by default, but only in the __main__ module. You can usefully combine -Qwarn or -Qwarnall and -Qnew: this gives the __main__ module new division, and warns about classic division everywhere else. As you discovered (thanks for reminding us!), that was questionable indeed. I've repaired this now: -Qnew will work as documented by the PEP in 2.2c1 (release candidate 1, due out late next week). After doing pythonw -Qnew tools\idle\idle.pyw from your 2.2c1 directory, this is what you'll get: Python 2.2c1 (#26, Dec 6 2001, 00:20:15) [MSC 32 bit (Intel)] on win32 Type "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information. IDLE 0.8 -- press F1 for help >>> 1/2 0.5 >>> Please note the other warnings about -Qnew in the PEP, in particular that it turns *all* instances of "/" into true division, including those in 3rd-party modules that may not yet be expecting true division. If you use true division before it's the default, you're a pioneer, and should expect bears to try to eat you . From flash1210@hotmail.com Thu Dec 6 07:09:58 2001 From: flash1210@hotmail.com (Frank Holmes) Date: Wed, 05 Dec 2001 23:09:58 -0800 Subject: [Tutor] defining functions.. why return? Message-ID: I am working my way thru "SAMS teach yourself Python in 24 hrs by Van Laningham (funny, it seems to be taking me a lot more than 24 hrs...) and I have a question concerning defining functions. In his example (chapter 7 "functions and modules) Mr. Van Lanningham shows the following example for defining a function: 1. def julian_leap (y): 2. if (y%4)==0: 3. return 1 4. return 0 Concerning the "return" statements, he says the interpreter keeps track of the place where the function was called and the return statement just means "goto the place in the code that you started from". I don't understand... The example gives 2 "return" statements... where are they "goto ing"? I used the example function in a form: for x in years: [1900, 1040, 1968, 1955] if julian_leap (x): print"1" else: print "2" it seemed to work regardless of whether I used both returns, or either, or none at all. So why the "return 1 and return 0 statements? thanx _________________________________________________________________ Get your FREE download of MSN Explorer at http://explorer.msn.com/intl.asp From ak@silmarill.org Thu Dec 6 07:28:50 2001 From: ak@silmarill.org (Andrei Kulakov) Date: Thu, 06 Dec 2001 02:28:50 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] defining functions.. why return? In-Reply-To: References: Message-ID: <20011206022850.A6363@sill.silmarill.org> On Wed, Dec 05, 2001 at 11:09:58PM -0800, Frank Holmes wrote: > I am working my way thru "SAMS teach yourself Python in 24 hrs by Van > Laningham (funny, it seems to be taking me a lot more than 24 hrs...) and I > have a question concerning defining functions. > In his example (chapter 7 "functions and modules) Mr. Van Lanningham > shows the following example for defining a function: > > 1. def julian_leap (y): > 2. if (y%4)==0: > 3. return 1 > 4. return 0 > > Concerning the "return" statements, he says the interpreter keeps track > of the place where the function was called and the return statement just > means "goto the place in the code that you started from". Well, let's say you have this code: def julian_leap(y): [...] return print "blah" julian_leap(year) print "dragh" What happens here is that first it prints 'blah', then it runs the function, then it reaches 'return' inside function, and then it returns to the same place between the two print statements, and then it goes to the next line and print 'dragh'. > I don't understand... The example gives 2 "return" statements... where > are they "goto ing"? When you have two returns, only one of them will run, the first one..: def func(): return 1 return 2 It will always return 1, and never 2, because as soon as it reaches first 'return', the function "returns", to pun, to wherever it started from. Normally, if you have 2 returns, at least the first of them is in some sort of conditional, because if it wasn't, it would make the rest of the function pointless (it'd never run). > I used the example function in a form: > > for x in years: [1900, 1040, 1968, 1955] > if julian_leap (x): > print"1" > else: > print "2" > > it seemed to work regardless of whether I used both returns, or either, > or none at all. So why the "return 1 and return 0 statements? THe thing is, if a function doesn't execute a return statement, it returns 0 when it finishes. def func(): if 0: return 1 # never runs This function will return 0. In the book you're reading, the function returns 0 explicitly for clarity. If you drop it, it'll make no difference. > > thanx > > _________________________________________________________________ > Get your FREE download of MSN Explorer at http://explorer.msn.com/intl.asp > > > _______________________________________________ > Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org > http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor -- Cymbaline: intelligent learning mp3 player - python, linux, console. get it at: cy.silmarill.org From urnerk@qwest.net Thu Dec 6 07:48:49 2001 From: urnerk@qwest.net (Kirby Urner) Date: Wed, 05 Dec 2001 23:48:49 -0800 Subject: [Tutor] defining functions.. why return? In-Reply-To: <20011206022850.A6363@sill.silmarill.org> References: Message-ID: <4.2.0.58.20011205234239.0175a4e0@pop3.norton.antivirus> > >THe thing is, if a function doesn't execute a return statement, it >returns 0 when it finishes. Not technically correct. Unless you explicitly return a value, a function returns None, not 0. >def func(): > if 0: return 1 # never runs >>> a = func() >>> a >>> type(a) >>> None == func() 1 >This function will return 0. In the book you're reading, >the function returns 0 explicitly for clarity. If you drop >it, it'll make no difference. Since None evaluates the same as 0 in an if statement, it's true that dropping 'return 0' in the example given will work the same. However, this is not because the function without a 'return 0' behaves identically. Some other calling code might look for a return of 0, and None wouldn't qualify. >>> None == 0 0 Kirby From ak@silmarill.org Thu Dec 6 07:57:10 2001 From: ak@silmarill.org (Andrei Kulakov) Date: Thu, 06 Dec 2001 02:57:10 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] defining functions.. why return? In-Reply-To: <4.2.0.58.20011205234239.0175a4e0@pop3.norton.antivirus> References: <4.2.0.58.20011205234239.0175a4e0@pop3.norton.antivirus> Message-ID: <20011206025710.A6529@sill.silmarill.org> On Wed, Dec 05, 2001 at 11:48:49PM -0800, Kirby Urner wrote: > > > > >THe thing is, if a function doesn't execute a return statement, it > >returns 0 when it finishes. > > Not technically correct. Unless you explicitly return a > value, a function returns None, not 0. Oh, I didn't know that.. thanks. -- Cymbaline: intelligent learning mp3 player - python, linux, console. get it at: cy.silmarill.org From dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu Thu Dec 6 08:25:48 2001 From: dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu (Danny Yoo) Date: Thu, 6 Dec 2001 00:25:48 -0800 (PST) Subject: [Tutor] Py2exe Help (fwd) Message-ID: Hi Cow, I should have written that I personally don't have experience with py2exe... *grin* It's usually better to use your emailer's "Reply to All" option, so that the other people on the list too can respond. I'll forward your message to the rest of the list for you. Good luck to you. ---------- Forwarded message ---------- Date: Wed, 5 Dec 2001 16:34:13 -0800 (PST) From: Cow To: Danny Yoo Subject: Re: [Tutor] Py2exe Help First off, i have a file called 'a.py', the file i want to compile into a .exe file. Next, i make a file called 'cow.py'. 'cow.py' is to be the setup file. I put the following code into it (cow.py): from distutils.core import setup import py2exe setup(name="a", scripts=["a.py"],) #------END OF CODE--------- to run my setup file that will compile 'a.py', i put the following files into the C:\Python22 folder: a.py (the file i want to compile into a .exe file) cow.py (the setup file i programmed) py2exe i go into dos, type 'CD Python22' to get to the folder with all of the files in it and type the following command to run cow.py: python cow.py py2exe it should work and next convert 'a.py' into an executable file, but instead i get the following error: C:\PYTHON22>python cow.py py2exe usage: cow.py [global_opts] cmd1 [cmd1_opts] [cmd2 [cmd2_opts] ...] or: cow.py --help [cmd1 cmd2 ...] or: cow.py --help-commands or: cow.py cmd --help error: invalid command 'py2exe' (no module named 'distutils.command.py2exe') does anyone know what i can do to get my setup program working? Thanks a lot -Ryan --- Danny Yoo wrote: >On Wed, 5 Dec 2001, Cow wrote: > >> I just downloaded Py2exe and have been playing with it for a long time >> now, but it doesn't seem to be working for me. I have read the >> explaination on how to use it over and over, but i still keep on >> getting errors. Can someone here please explain to me how to use it >> in their own words, because i don't understand the ones that were >> provided to me in the Py2exe file? > >There are a few people here who have some experience with py2exe here. >What kind of error messages are you getting? If you can give us the >literal error messages that you're getting, that may give one of us here >enough clues to figure out what's happening. > >Also, what kind of programs have you tried py2exe on? Does it work at all >on simple programs? > >I hope that your problem can get fixed quickly. Good luck! > > >_______________________________________________ >Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org >http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor _____________________________________________________________ Free eSweeet Mail - http://www.esweeet.com From bl_mark@hotmail.com Thu Dec 6 04:39:02 2001 From: bl_mark@hotmail.com (Barbara Mark) Date: Wed, 05 Dec 2001 22:39:02 -0600 Subject: [Tutor] Newbie - Format question Message-ID: Would someone help with question? I’m trying to understand nested loops. I think I need a comma somewhere but I have tried all locations. See my codes far below for the two most applicable. I want to code the following output for any small n: ******************* * 1 2 4 3 6 9 . . n 2*n … ******************* * My pseudocode might be: For any n, start at 1 multiple by 1 = 1 Loop 2 add 1 to that number, equals result a = 2 This is loop 1 result a multipled by 1 = 2 Loop 2 result a multipled by 2 = 4 Loop 2 add 1 to result a, equals result b = 3 This is loop 1 result b multipled by 1 = 3 Loop 2 result b multipled by 2 = 6 Loop 2 result b multipled by 3 = 9 Loop 2 add 1 to result b, equals result c = 4 This is loop 1 In summary, I want to start with 1, then add 1 each time around (1 + i = j), = 2, then 3, then 4 then multiple 1 through j times for each: 1 2 4 3 6 9 ********************* * My coding gives gives the correct answer except there is a carrier return after each (see farther below). But I want it to look like this: 1 2 4 3 6 9 I’ve tried commas in different locations, but I can’t get the desired result. Would you help? Thanks in advance. - Barbara Code is as follows: >>>import sys >>>i = 1 >>>while (i <= 3): j = 1 while (j <= i): i * j j = j + 1 i = i + 1 1 2 4 3 6 9 ****************** * OR >>>i = 1 >>>while (i <= 3): j = 1 while (j <= i): print i * j, j = j + 1 i = i + 1 1 2 4 3 6 9 >>> But I can’t get inbetween. i,e. 1 2 4 3 6 9 _________________________________________________________________ Get your FREE download of MSN Explorer at http://explorer.msn.com/intl.asp From dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu Thu Dec 6 08:52:04 2001 From: dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu (Danny Yoo) Date: Thu, 6 Dec 2001 00:52:04 -0800 (PST) Subject: [Tutor] defining functions.. why return? In-Reply-To: Message-ID: On Wed, 5 Dec 2001, Frank Holmes wrote: > I am working my way thru "SAMS teach yourself Python in 24 hrs by Van > Laningham (funny, it seems to be taking me a lot more than 24 hrs...) and I Hmmm... You might actually find this page interesting: it's Peter Norvig's essay about the books that claim to "Teach Yourself Foo in 24 Hours". http://norvig.com/21-days.html Personally, I think it might take a bit longer than 24 hours to really feel comfortable with Python. But don't feel rushed about the whole thing; there's no pop quizzes here or anything... *grin* > have a question concerning defining functions. > In his example (chapter 7 "functions and modules) Mr. Van Lanningham > shows the following example for defining a function: > > 1. def julian_leap (y): > 2. if (y%4)==0: > 3. return 1 > 4. return 0 > > Concerning the "return" statements, he says the interpreter keeps > track of the place where the function was called and the return > statement just means "goto the place in the code that you started > from". One analogy that might give the flavor of this "return" stuff: let's say you're on the phone with a friend, and someone else calls you. If you have a nice phone, you can put your friend on hold, and answer the call. When you're done, you can switch and return back to your patiently waiting friend. In one sense, we can simulate this in Python: ### >>> def chatWithFriend(): ... print "Anyway, I was about to knock on Knuth's door, when..." ... print "Hold on, I'm getting a call." ... putFriendOnHoldAndAnswer() ... print "Hmmm... wrong number. Anyway, where were we?" ... return ... >>> def putFriendOnHoldAndAnswer(): ... print "hello? hello?" ... return ... >>> chatWithFriend() Anyway, I was about to knock on Knuth's door, when... Hold on, I'm getting a call. hello? hello? Hmmm... wrong number. Anyway, where were we? ### "return" has to do with the idea that when we call putFriendOnHoldAndAnswer() within chatWithFriend(), we want to make sure we get back to resume the conversation. In this case, after putFriendOnHoldAndAnswer() is done, we're "return"ing back to where we left off. Functions are really nice because of this returning behavior: we can build small functions that use other functions to do all the heavy lifting. Here's an example of using functions: ### >>> def square(x): ... return x * x ... >>> def sqrt(x): ... return x**0.5 ... >>> def hypotenuse(side_a, side_b): ... return sqrt(square(side_a) + square(side_b)) ... >>> hypotenuse(3, 4) 5.0 ### The thing to see is that hypotenuse() is asking square() to give it the squares of side_a and side_b. square() is doing all these calculations, and "returning" those values back to hypotenuse(). If we call square() directly: ### >>> square(42) 1764 ### that's ok, since it's returning its value back to us, the interpreter. And we can also call sqrt(), independent of anything else: ### >>> sqrt(42) 6.4807406984078604 ### but what's really neat is what happens when we write functions that use other functions: that's where "return" really comes into play. From toodles@yifan.net Thu Dec 6 09:36:11 2001 From: toodles@yifan.net (Andy W) Date: Thu, 6 Dec 2001 17:36:11 +0800 Subject: [Tutor] Newbie - Format question References: Message-ID: <000d01c17e39$72f02160$0300a8c0@sun> > >>>i = 1 > >>>while (i <= 3): > j = 1 > while (j <= i): > print i * j, > j = j + 1 > i = i + 1 > > > 1 2 4 3 6 9 > >>> > > But I can't get inbetween. i,e. > 1 > 2 4 > 3 6 9 Hi Barbara, Try this: i=1 while i<=3: j=1 while j<=i: print i*j, j=j+1 #What version of Python are you using? If you're using 2.0 or later you can use j+=1 to have the same effect. print '' #This line is required to print a newline. Because you have the comma at the end of "print i*j," it just keeps going... i=i+1 HTH, Andy From KellyPhe@logica.com Thu Dec 6 09:52:14 2001 From: KellyPhe@logica.com (Kelly, Phelim) Date: Thu, 6 Dec 2001 09:52:14 -0000 Subject: [Tutor] Blank line added after reading a line from a file Message-ID: Jeff, Andrei, I got that problem fixed using one of the lines you gave me. The line of text was read in with an extra blank line, it wasn't just the print command that added it on. I got rid of the blank line using line 4 below: -------------------------- in_file = open(filename,"r") while p < 4: text = in_file.readline() text = text[:-1] #deletes extra line list[p]=text p = p + 1 in_file.close() --------------------------- Thanks very much for your help! -----Original Message----- From: Andrei Kulakov [mailto:sill@optonline.net] Sent: 05 December 2001 18:42 To: tutor@python.org Subject: Re: [Tutor] Blank line added after reading a line from a file On Wed, Dec 05, 2001 at 10:34:11AM -0800, Jeff Shannon wrote: > > On Wed, 5 Dec 2001 12:29:55 -0000, > > "Kelly, Phelim" wrote: > > > > > The problem I have is that the text that is stored in variable 'text' isn't > > simply the contents of one line of the file, another blank line is appended > > onto the end, which causes problems for the rest of the program, so instead > > of this, > > --------------------- > > line read in from file > > -------------------- > > > > I get this, > > > > ------------------- > > line read in from file > > > > ------------------- > > The issue here is that, when readline() or readlines() reads in your file, it includes the newline character at the end of each line, in the returned string. Then, presuming that you use the print statement to display your file, print automatically adds a newline at the end of its output. Thus, it's not that blank lines are appended to what's read in, it's that they're added in when you print things out. :) > > The solution, as others have mentioned, is to use string.strip() on each line, either as you read it in or as you print it. This will remove any extra whitespace at the start or end of the string. You could also use string.rstrip() to remove whitespace only at the very end of the string, or use slice notation to chop off only the final character if you think that other whitespace may important to retain. So, for example: Another possible solution is to use readlines() because it simply makes a list of lines, without adding "\n", and yet another solution is to add a comma after the print statement, which prevents it from printing a newline, like this: print line, I think readlines() is the cleanest way to deal with this problem.. > > >>> # note that python uses '\n' to indicate newlines, > >>> # and reproduces them as '\012' > >>> mystring = "\n blah blah blah \n" > >>> # strip all surrounding whitespace > >>> mystring.strip() > 'blah blah blah' > >>> # strip only from the right side > >>> mystring.rstrip() > '\012 blah blah blah' > >>> # use slice notation to get all but the last char > >>> mystring[:-1] > '\012 blah blah blah ' > >>> > > Hope that clarifies things a bit. :) > > Jeff Shannon > Technician/Programmer > Credit International > > > > _______________________________________________ > Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org > http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor -- Cymbaline: intelligent learning mp3 player - python, linux, console. get it at: cy.silmarill.org _______________________________________________ Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor This e-mail and any attachment is for authorised use by the intended recipient(s) only. It may contain proprietary material, confidential information and/or be subject to legal privilege. It should not be copied, disclosed to, retained or used by, any other party. If you are not an intended recipient then please promptly delete this e-mail and any attachment and all copies and inform the sender. Thank you. From sheree@psouth.net Thu Dec 6 11:11:25 2001 From: sheree@psouth.net (Sheree Beaudette) Date: Thu, 6 Dec 2001 06:11:25 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] Writing to a file on another server Message-ID: <000301c17e46$bfb4eb40$01de723f@u1v62> > Subject: Writing to a file on another server > > I'm attempting to write to a file but the following code doesn't seem to > work. I'm not sure where the file is going if anywhere. I'm working from > my machine and developing on a remote server which is where I'm running > the application that would create this file (the .py file is also located > on this remote server). I'd like the file to write to another server > ideally. Is this possible? > > The following is my code... I tried using os.chdir but it didn't seem to > work. I can't get it to write anywhere it seems > > By default without specifying a path where should the file go? > > def > write_data(itot,jtot,banknos,bankcontrol1,officersbank,officersno,office rs > div, officersdept): > import os > #os.chdir('/temp)' > i=0 > j=0 > while i <= itot: > fh=open(bk.txt,"w") > fh.write('1 3 COL 1 = FORM, COL 3 = SPOOL CODE\n') > while j <= jtot: > fh.write(officersbank[j] + ' ' + officersno[j] + ' ' + > officersdiv[j] + ' ' + officersdept[j] + '\n') > j=j+1 > i=i+1 > fh.close() > return 1 > > Any help would be much appreciated. I've been working on it for days and > am getting frustrated!! > I am working on a Windows NT machine. The remote server is also Windows NT. The server I want to write to is a Novell server. From alan.gauld@bt.com Thu Dec 6 11:37:37 2001 From: alan.gauld@bt.com (alan.gauld@bt.com) Date: Thu, 6 Dec 2001 11:37:37 -0000 Subject: [Tutor] Follow up to 'class data' Message-ID: <5104D4DBC598D211B5FE0000F8FE7EB20E66C173@mbtlipnt02.btlabs.bt.co.uk> > > In OO terms classes define templates from which we create objects > > - a better term is instances, it it disambiguates from pythons > > more general idea of objects. > Let's say I write a compiled Basic program called AddressBook.exe that > produces a pipe-delimited flat file with names and addresses in it. > Anybody that runs it gets exactly the same address book > output; but with > their own data. One could run several "instances" of it on the same > computer - ie, "business addresses", "personal addresses", "club > addresses", etc. Where does this differ from a class? At that level not at all. The program is acting as a cookie cutter for different instances of address book. > > class Entry > > Now we can have an address book that contains different > > types of entry by subclassing Entry: > > > > class Building(Entry) > > > > class Person(Entry) > > You just lost me. What would be the point? Because you would likely do the same operations on all sorts of Entries but do them slightly differently depending on the Entry type. A building has a single name but a person has first and last for example... Sorting would likely be by address say for a building but by last name for a person so the compare method of each would be different. > I restrict it, AddressBook.name could just as easily be "Empire State > Building" or "pothole at fifth and main" as it could be John Doe. Could be, but thats a data oriented view. When you come to use those entries you would find the soirting, searching etc very limited in effectiveness if you treat them all the same. > > > class AddressBook: > > > class Input(AddressBook): > > > > Categorically NO. Classes are not functions! > > What is the difference between class Input(AddressBook) and class > Entry(AddressBook)? To me "data input" == "data entry" Maybe I misunderstood the intent. I thought the Input class was intended to capture all the different ways to read input. The Entry class by comparison holds an actual addressbook item - including how it reads its own input etc. > I don't think I understand this either. Do you mean I > shouldn't provide attributes for length, width, thickness, > color of cover, etc? No, provide the attributes by all means, but don't necessarily provide methods to: getLength/setLength, getWidth/setWidth. (This is rarely seen in Python because attributes are 'public' by default. But in languages like C_++/Java it is common for beginners to proivide a bunch of attributes and then a bunch of get/set methods to access them - this completely destroys the OOP way of working!) > one would need to make Name, Address, Phone, etc. "exposed." Absolutely. So for these get/set would be OK. But let's imagine Address is represented by several fields: HouseNo, Street, Town etc We only need to print Address not the separate Fields (at Address Book level) so we only need a getAddress method not individual ones for each field. That method would output all the fields in one go. Of course a better solution is to make Adddress an object in its own right.... but even then we may not need get/set for each field. > > Classes are 'living breathing things' that know stuff and > This smacks of anthropomorphism. Absolutely correct and that's how you can approach OOP. The objects are 'alive', they communicate with each other via messages. > > As Peter Coad says: "Objects do it to themselves" > > I found, much to my amazement, OOA and OOP by Peter Coad in my local > library. OOA will be returned with all but the first 50 pages or so > unread. Please read the rest too. Coad's OOA is a great intro to OO and one of the books that really made the light come on for me when I first read it - 10 years ago, eek! > Completely incomprehensible to me. I'm struggling with OOP; The OOP book is very good but requires that you understand the OOA stuff first to be honest. Timothy Budd does the same kind of thing as Coad's OOP book but IMHO does it better... Stick with it, it does make sense eventually. Alan g. From tjenkins@devis.com Thu Dec 6 13:41:35 2001 From: tjenkins@devis.com (Tom Jenkins) Date: 06 Dec 2001 08:41:35 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] Py2exe Help (fwd) In-Reply-To: References: Message-ID: <1007646096.3855.26.camel@asimov> Hi Cow, [snip] > ---------- Forwarded message ---------- > Date: Wed, 5 Dec 2001 16:34:13 -0800 (PST) > From: Cow > To: Danny Yoo > Subject: Re: [Tutor] Py2exe Help > > First off, i have a file called 'a.py', the file i want to compile into a .exe file. Next, i make a file called 'cow.py'. 'cow.py' is to be the setup file. I put the following code into it (cow.py): > [snip] > i go into dos, type 'CD Python22' to get to the folder with all of the files in it and type the following command to run cow.py: > > python cow.py py2exe > > it should work and next convert 'a.py' into an executable file, but instead i get the following error: > > C:\PYTHON22>python cow.py py2exe > usage: cow.py [global_opts] cmd1 [cmd1_opts] [cmd2 [cmd2_opts] ...] > or: cow.py --help [cmd1 cmd2 ...] > or: cow.py --help-commands > or: cow.py cmd --help > > error: invalid command 'py2exe' (no module named 'distutils.command.py2exe') > > does anyone know what i can do to get my setup program working? > > Thanks a lot > -Ryan > I believe you have the parameters reversed. Try: python py2exe cow.py this tells python to run py2exe.py and pass cow.py to py2exe as a parameter. -- Tom Jenkins Development InfoStructure http://www.devis.com From alan.gauld@bt.com Thu Dec 6 13:56:05 2001 From: alan.gauld@bt.com (alan.gauld@bt.com) Date: Thu, 6 Dec 2001 13:56:05 -0000 Subject: [Tutor] Writing to a file on another server Message-ID: <5104D4DBC598D211B5FE0000F8FE7EB20E66C175@mbtlipnt02.btlabs.bt.co.uk> > #os.chdir('/temp)' The last quote is outside the parens.... > fh=open(bk.txt,"w") bk.txt is the name of the file and a string so should be in quotes. Alan g From alan.gauld@bt.com Thu Dec 6 13:59:51 2001 From: alan.gauld@bt.com (alan.gauld@bt.com) Date: Thu, 6 Dec 2001 13:59:51 -0000 Subject: [Tutor] compiling python source files Message-ID: <5104D4DBC598D211B5FE0000F8FE7EB20E66C176@mbtlipnt02.btlabs.bt.co.uk> > What about making .com extension files? These are obsolete now. They were basically executable files that fitted inside a single memory segment of 64Kb on a 8086 processor! As such they cpould iudse a simpler, faster memory model than .exes Unless you are using a very old PC you have no need of .com files. You can of course change the name of a .exe to a .com if it makes you feel better! :-) Alan g. From alan.gauld@bt.com Thu Dec 6 14:19:21 2001 From: alan.gauld@bt.com (alan.gauld@bt.com) Date: Thu, 6 Dec 2001 14:19:21 -0000 Subject: [Tutor] __cmp__() method examples? Message-ID: <5104D4DBC598D211B5FE0000F8FE7EB20E66C177@mbtlipnt02.btlabs.bt.co.uk> > from string import uppercase > for letter in uppercase: > execStr = letter + ' = Project("' + letter + '")' > # example -- 'A = Project("A")', 'Z = Project("Z") > exec(execStr) > > (Sorry about the exec's, but I really don't know another way How about: letters = {} letters[letter] = Project(letter) That's what the exec is doing for you under the hood - adding a new variable A,B,C etc to the global namespace dictionary. Now you can access your objects as: print letter["A"] etc. > I want. I want these instances in the global namespace, and I need to > know exactly what each one is named. Any good reason why you'd want them global? Alan G From fleet@teachout.org Thu Dec 6 14:25:12 2001 From: fleet@teachout.org (fleet@teachout.org) Date: Thu, 6 Dec 2001 09:25:12 -0500 (EST) Subject: [Tutor] Follow up to 'class data' In-Reply-To: <5104D4DBC598D211B5FE0000F8FE7EB20E66C173@mbtlipnt02.btlabs.bt.co.uk> Message-ID: On Thu, 6 Dec 2001 alan.gauld@bt.com wrote: > At that level not at all. The program is acting as a cookie cutter > for different instances of address book. Perhaps I asked the wrong question. If all I want is to use Python for a scripting language and some simple programs, is OOP perhaps overkill? I think I'm going to drop this discussion; as I feel myself becoming argumentative. It's frustrating and I still don't "get it." I'll try to finish Coads OOP and may even take another crack at his OOA. Thanks very much for the conversation. I'll probably be back. Regards, - fleet - From alan.gauld@bt.com Thu Dec 6 14:31:43 2001 From: alan.gauld@bt.com (alan.gauld@bt.com) Date: Thu, 6 Dec 2001 14:31:43 -0000 Subject: [Tutor] defining functions.. why return? Message-ID: <5104D4DBC598D211B5FE0000F8FE7EB20E66C178@mbtlipnt02.btlabs.bt.co.uk> > shows the following example for defining a function: > > 1. def julian_leap (y): > 2. if (y%4)==0: > 3. return 1 > 4. return 0 First lines 2-4 should be indented def julian_leap (y): if (y%4)==0: return 1 return 0 > Concerning the "return" statements, he says the > interpreter keeps track of the place where the > function was called and the return statement just > means "goto the place in the code that you > started from". Thats correct although in this case it also substitutes the returned value for the function, thus: test = julian_leap(1999) print test jumping into the function and the "return 0" line has the effect of returning to the first line with the function call replaced by the retuned value(0) so test gets set to 0. Then when we print test we get 0 out. > I don't understand... The example gives 2 "return" > statements... But only 1 will ever be executed. If the first one(inside the if statement) gets executred the program will never reach the second one. If the 'if' test fails the program drops through to the second return statement. Thus the function either returns 1(which python considers 'true') or 0(which python thinks means 'false). > are they "goto ing"? Back to the line that the function was called from. test = julian_leap(1999) in the case above. > for x in years: [1900, 1040, 1968, 1955] This is wrong syntax, the colon must come at the end and you don't need the 'years' bit, see below > if julian_leap (x): > print"1" > else: > print "2" Try changing it to: for x in [1900, 1040, 1968, 1955]: print julian_leap (x) You should get a set of 1 or 0 results printed Alan G. From alan.gauld@bt.com Thu Dec 6 14:36:12 2001 From: alan.gauld@bt.com (alan.gauld@bt.com) Date: Thu, 6 Dec 2001 14:36:12 -0000 Subject: [Tutor] Newbie - Format question Message-ID: <5104D4DBC598D211B5FE0000F8FE7EB20E66C179@mbtlipnt02.btlabs.bt.co.uk> > >>>i = 1 > >>>while (i <= 3): > j = 1 > while (j <= i): > print i * j, > j = j + 1 print # force a new line after each inner loop > i = i + 1 should fix it. Alan g From alan.gauld@bt.com Thu Dec 6 14:41:05 2001 From: alan.gauld@bt.com (alan.gauld@bt.com) Date: Thu, 6 Dec 2001 14:41:05 -0000 Subject: [Tutor] Follow up to 'class data' Message-ID: <5104D4DBC598D211B5FE0000F8FE7EB20E66C17A@mbtlipnt02.btlabs.bt.co.uk> > Perhaps I asked the wrong question. If all I want is to use > Python for a scripting language and some simple programs, > is OOP perhaps overkill? Definitely. Until you want to reuse some code you already wrote later - in that case having it inside objects makes life much easier. But for short programs OOP is indeed oiverkill, its bewnefits are when things start to get bigger and need more control. > I think I'm going to drop this discussion; as I feel myself becoming > argumentative. It's frustrating and I still don't "get it." I read once that it takes experienced, professional programmers from 6 months to 2 years to transition from procedural to OO thinking. Don't worry about not getting it, its not essential for most things. Probably, as you use other people's objects(in the python library say) it'll come clearer and eventually you'll feel natural with it. Alan G. From kromag@nsacom.net Thu Dec 6 15:37:14 2001 From: kromag@nsacom.net (kromag@nsacom.net) Date: Thu, 6 Dec 2001 09:37:14 -0600 (CST) Subject: [Tutor] Unicode ala Mode Message-ID: <200112061537.fB6FbES15824@pop.nsacom.net> I have a request and a question about unicodedata. First, can anyone supply me with some examples of python scripts using unicode? I am interested in displaying various asian characters (kanji, etc.). Second, I am confused as to whether the curses module can display unicode characters properly in a terminal that supports said characters? Thanks! d From urnerk@qwest.net Thu Dec 6 15:56:55 2001 From: urnerk@qwest.net (Kirby Urner) Date: Thu, 06 Dec 2001 07:56:55 -0800 Subject: [Tutor] Newbie - Format question In-Reply-To: Message-ID: <4.2.0.58.20011206074719.01d94f00@pop3.norton.antivirus> > >But I can't get inbetween. i,e. >1 >2 4 >3 6 9 Hi Barbara -- A couple more solutions, just for fun: >>> def sequences(max): for b in range(1,max+1): for a in range(1,b+1): print a*b, print >>> sequences(5) 1 2 4 3 6 9 4 8 12 16 5 10 15 20 25 >>> def sequences(max): for b in range(1,max+1): print ' '.join([str(a*b) for a in range(1,b+1)]) >>> sequences(5) 1 2 4 3 6 9 4 8 12 16 5 10 15 20 25 Kirby From dsh8290@rit.edu Thu Dec 6 16:11:08 2001 From: dsh8290@rit.edu (dman) Date: Thu, 6 Dec 2001 11:11:08 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] Writing to a file on another server In-Reply-To: <000301c17e46$bfb4eb40$01de723f@u1v62>; from sheree@psouth.net on Thu, Dec 06, 2001 at 06:11:25AM -0500 References: <000301c17e46$bfb4eb40$01de723f@u1v62> Message-ID: <20011206111108.A17327@illinois.cs.rit.edu> On Thu, Dec 06, 2001 at 06:11:25AM -0500, Sheree Beaudette wrote: | I am working on a Windows NT machine. The remote server is also Windows | NT. The server I want to write to is a Novell server. How does your system access the server? How do your other apps access it (eg, notepad)? My guess is that it is a samba share, and you either access it by mapping it to a drive letter z:\path\to\file.txt or with a complete samba path \\servername\path\to\file.txt In either case (but use the right path), f = open( "\\servername\path\to\file.txt" , "w" ) f.write( "hello world!" ) f.close() will do what you want. This is the neat thing about having the system mount remote filesystems as treat them as local -- none of the applications have to know or care! -D -- He who finds a wife finds what is good and receives favor from the Lord. Proverbs 18:22 From urnerk@qwest.net Thu Dec 6 16:14:15 2001 From: urnerk@qwest.net (Kirby Urner) Date: Thu, 06 Dec 2001 08:14:15 -0800 Subject: [Tutor] How to introduce OO? In-Reply-To: <5104D4DBC598D211B5FE0000F8FE7EB20E66C17A@mbtlipnt02.btlabs .bt.co.uk> Message-ID: <4.2.0.58.20011206075915.01e16930@pop3.norton.antivirus> > > Perhaps I asked the wrong question. If all I want is to use > > Python for a scripting language and some simple programs, > > is OOP perhaps overkill? At 02:41 PM 12/6/2001 +0000, alan.gauld@bt.com replied: >Definitely. I like to introduce Python's OO with operator overriding, as here's something you can do with objects that you simply cannot do procedurally. Suppose I want numbers that, when multiplied together, return a*b mod n, i.e. the remainder of the product a*b, after being divided by some modulus n. class Modno: def __init__(self,val,mod): self.value = val self.mod = mod def __mul__(self,other): product = (self.value * other.value) % self.mod return Modno(product,self.mod) def __repr__(self): return str(self.value) >>> from play import Modno >>> a = Modno(4,5) >>> b = Modno(3,5) >>> a*b 2 >>> c=a*b # a*b returns a Modno, usable right away >>> c*c*c*c # using c, a Modno, returned by a*b 1 Of course you can write a modmul procedure that takes ordinary integers a,b and returns the product mod some global n. But you don't get to use * (multiplication symbol) as a binary operator. I then enhance the above class with __add__ which works the same way: returns (a + b) mod n. Then add a __pow__ so you can exponentiate c (c**4 instead of c*c*c*c). Then add __div__... lotsa fun. More code to ensure val I have numerous questions related to setting up the Python environment(like PATHs), so I will break them up into different messages with different SUBJECTs. Does anyone use the sitecustomize.py script to setup their PATHs? I understand that this script runs every time you run PYTHON(on Mac, PC, Unix). If so, how are you using? From fpeavy@pop.net Thu Dec 6 16:30:53 2001 From: fpeavy@pop.net (Frank Peavy) Date: Thu, 06 Dec 2001 08:30:53 -0800 Subject: [Tutor] set environment variables..? Related to PATHS Message-ID: <5.1.0.14.0.20011206082857.00a72dd0@mail45566.popserver.pop.net> How does one set environment variables? What and how are these variables used? From fpeavy@pop.net Thu Dec 6 16:33:40 2001 From: fpeavy@pop.net (Frank Peavy) Date: Thu, 06 Dec 2001 08:33:40 -0800 Subject: [Tutor] PYTHONPATH - PATHS, again Message-ID: <5.1.0.14.0.20011206083059.00a71670@mail45566.popserver.pop.net> I have seen reference to PYTHONPATH in various websites, specifically having to do with module set up. What is PYTHONPATH? How is it used? Incidentally, I relate this to the PATH statement in the AUTOEXEC.BAT in the DOS/Windows environment, but I am not sure if they are the same. From israel@lith.com Thu Dec 6 16:45:47 2001 From: israel@lith.com (Israel Evans) Date: Thu, 6 Dec 2001 08:45:47 -0800 Subject: [Tutor] PYTHONPATH - PATHS, again Message-ID: I have found that PYTHONPATH is very much like PATH, but it is not the same thing. It is normal and correct to have both. PYTHONPATH seems to be to python what PATH is to the rest of the system only tailored to be specific to Python. You can set PYTHONPATH the same way PATH is set in the AUTOEXEC.BAT, or if you are using winNT/2k/xp you can go to Start Menu/ Settings/ Control Panel/ System/Advanced /Environment Variables/ and once there you can set up a new System Variable called PYTHONPATH. Make sure it follows the format of the other variables but include all of the locations you want to run Python from. Hope that Helps and is All correct. ~Israel~ -----Original Message----- From: Frank Peavy [mailto:fpeavy@pop.net] Sent: Thursday, December 06, 2001 8:34 AM To: tutor-python.org Subject: [Tutor] PYTHONPATH - PATHS, again I have seen reference to PYTHONPATH in various websites, specifically having to do with module set up. What is PYTHONPATH? How is it used? Incidentally, I relate this to the PATH statement in the AUTOEXEC.BAT in the DOS/Windows environment, but I am not sure if they are the same. _______________________________________________ Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor From fpeavy@pop.net Thu Dec 6 16:38:23 2001 From: fpeavy@pop.net (Frank Peavy) Date: Thu, 06 Dec 2001 08:38:23 -0800 Subject: [Tutor] sys.path..... - PATH, one more time... Message-ID: <5.1.0.14.0.20011206083401.00a71500@mail45566.popserver.pop.net> I have seen reference to sys.path and have looked at the Library Reference but I am unsure how it works. If I have the statement: sys.path.append(variableName) does this append variableName to my PATH? If my path for my py scripts is: C:\Python 2.1\pys Does this statement result in: C:\Python 2.1\pys\variableName ?? Please advise. Thanks. From ak@silmarill.org Thu Dec 6 17:05:49 2001 From: ak@silmarill.org (Andrei Kulakov) Date: Thu, 06 Dec 2001 12:05:49 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] sys.path..... - PATH, one more time... In-Reply-To: <5.1.0.14.0.20011206083401.00a71500@mail45566.popserver.pop.net> References: <5.1.0.14.0.20011206083401.00a71500@mail45566.popserver.pop.net> Message-ID: <20011206120549.A9151@sill.silmarill.org> On Thu, Dec 06, 2001 at 08:38:23AM -0800, Frank Peavy wrote: > I have seen reference to sys.path and have looked at the Library Reference > but I am unsure how it works. > > If I have the statement: > > sys.path.append(variableName) > > does this append variableName to my PATH? > If my path for my py scripts is: > > C:\Python 2.1\pys > > Does this statement result in: > > C:\Python 2.1\pys\variableName > > ?? Please advise. Thanks. No, more like: my_path = "C:\\Python 2.1\\pys" sys.path.append(my_path) It may be that you need backslash right before the space, too, but I'm not sure. I don't have a windows system here. Try both ways. > > > _______________________________________________ > Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org > http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor -- Cymbaline: intelligent learning mp3 player - python, linux, console. get it at: cy.silmarill.org From alan.gauld@bt.com Thu Dec 6 17:25:31 2001 From: alan.gauld@bt.com (alan.gauld@bt.com) Date: Thu, 6 Dec 2001 17:25:31 -0000 Subject: [Tutor] PYTHONPATH - PATHS, again Message-ID: <5104D4DBC598D211B5FE0000F8FE7EB20E66C17E@mbtlipnt02.btlabs.bt.co.uk> > I have seen reference to PYTHONPATH in various websites, specifically > having to do with module set up. What is PYTHONPATH? How is it used? It is a pointer to tell python where to find the modules that are imported by programs. It is similar to the program PATH used by the OS to find the executable files to run. Thus when python comes out of the box it sets its home directory and knows to look there for builtin modules. But if you download extension modules or write your own it doesn't know where to look for them. Thus it looks at the directories listed in PYTHONPATH. It is st as an environment variable(see my other post) > Incidentally, I relate this to the PATH statement in the > AUTOEXEC.BAT in the DOS/Windows environment, Same format but different name. It does a very similar job. FWIW here's mine from AUTROEXEC.BAT: set PYTHONPATH=D:\PROJECTS\PYTHON;D:\LIBS\PYTHON Thus I keep any modules I've finished in LIBS\PYTHON and new work under construction will be in Projects\Python. Alan G. From alan.gauld@bt.com Thu Dec 6 17:28:02 2001 From: alan.gauld@bt.com (alan.gauld@bt.com) Date: Thu, 6 Dec 2001 17:28:02 -0000 Subject: [Tutor] PYTHONPATH - PATHS, again Message-ID: <5104D4DBC598D211B5FE0000F8FE7EB20E66C17F@mbtlipnt02.btlabs.bt.co.uk> > other variables but include all of the locations you want to > run Python from. Its not so much where you want to run Pyuthon from its where you want python to look for modules. So when in a program you say import mySuperModule the file mySuperModule.py should live in one of the directories listed in PYTHONPATH. Alan g. From alan.gauld@bt.com Thu Dec 6 17:31:18 2001 From: alan.gauld@bt.com (alan.gauld@bt.com) Date: Thu, 6 Dec 2001 17:31:18 -0000 Subject: [Tutor] sys.path..... - PATH, one more time... Message-ID: <5104D4DBC598D211B5FE0000F8FE7EB20E66C180@mbtlipnt02.btlabs.bt.co.uk> > I have seen reference to sys.path and have looked at the > Library Reference but I am unsure how it works. As I understand it Python appends the contents of PYTHONPATH to the sys.path. I think it first inserts the standard values already loaded from the registry, then adds the PYTHONPATH ones. But I could be wrong about that bit. You can add values to sys.path at run time and it has the same effect as if you'd added them to PYTHONPATH. The advantage is that PYTHONPATH only gets set when you run AUTOEXEC.BAT. Setting sys.path takes immediate effect. Alan g. From KellyPhe@logica.com Thu Dec 6 17:46:07 2001 From: KellyPhe@logica.com (Kelly, Phelim) Date: Thu, 6 Dec 2001 17:46:07 -0000 Subject: [Tutor] passing in string from command line Message-ID: Another Basic enough question I hope you can help with! I'm reading in values from the command line that I want to assign to variables within the code, i.e >>python file.py number word I know how to pass the typed number into a variable, i.e, -------------------- try: variable1 =int(sys.argv[1]) except: print "Sorry, but you did not enter a number" sys.exit() ------------------- What's the equivalent to "variable1 =int(sys.argv[1])" for assigning the entered word to a variable, something like this??????........ "variable2 =string(sys.argv[2])" Thanks in advance. Phelim. This e-mail and any attachment is for authorised use by the intended recipient(s) only. It may contain proprietary material, confidential information and/or be subject to legal privilege. It should not be copied, disclosed to, retained or used by, any other party. If you are not an intended recipient then please promptly delete this e-mail and any attachment and all copies and inform the sender. Thank you. From jeff@ccvcorp.com Thu Dec 6 17:57:34 2001 From: jeff@ccvcorp.com (Jeff Shannon) Date: Thu, 06 Dec 2001 09:57:34 -0800 Subject: [Tutor] Blank line added after reading a line from a file References: Message-ID: <3C0FB18E.ADD2D31D@ccvcorp.com> > On Thu, 6 Dec 2001 09:52:14 -0000, > "Kelly, Phelim" wrote: > > > Jeff, Andrei, > I got that problem fixed using one of the lines you gave me. The > line of text was read in with an extra blank line, it wasn't just the print > command that added it on. I got rid of the blank line using line 4 below: Well, really, the line was not read in with an *extra* blank line. The line was read in, including the newline character (and trust me, that newline character *does* exist in the file on disk). It's just that, when you read a line of the file into a string, you expect that the end of the string is the end of the line, so the (somewhat redundant) existance of a character there identifying this as the end of a line, can be a bit confusing. If you were to look directly at the file on disk, it would look something like this (using the convention of '\n' to indicate newline characters): ----------------------textfile.txt------------- This is a line of text.\nThis is a second line.\nThis textfile contains\na number of different lines,\nin fact.\n ------------------end of textfile.txt---------- Now, when you normally view the file, the newlines are translated, i.e., $ cat textfile.txt This is a line of text. This is a second line. This textfile contains a number of different lines, in fact. But when you read the file into python using readline() or readlines(), it does *not* translate the newline characters, it just breaks the file into chunks at their locations, so that you get: >>> fp = open('textfile.txt') >>> text = fp.readlines() >>> fp.close() >>> for line in text: ... repr(line) ... "'This is a line of text.\\012'" "'This is a second line.\\012'" "'This textfile contains\\012'" "'a number of different lines,\\012'" "'in fact.\\012'" >>> (The extra quotes are added by repr(). ) This shows that the newline characters are still there, just as they were in the original file, it's just that the file has now been chunked up. We can verify that it's the same as the original file, too: >>> fp = open('textfile.txt') >>> text = fp.read() >>> fp.close() >>> repr(text) "'This is a line of text.\\012This is a second line.\\012This textfile contains\\012a number of different lines,\\012in fact.\\012'" >>> You can see that the first example has all of the same characters as the second, it's just been partitioned into several pieces. The problem comes when you try to do anything with those individual lines. Most functions (or statements such as print) expect that what they're given, is a complete line, and will act appropriately. They get thrown, however, by the existence of that trailing newline character that readlines() left in for the sake of completeness. And as a further note, I'm pretty sure that readline[s]() leaves the newline in place, in order to maintain symmetry with the writelines() function, which writes a list of strings to a file, but does not add newlines on its own (it's up to you to add newlines anywhere you want them). Of course, all of this is just background, since you've found a way to solve your problem, but it's good to know the background so you know *why* your problem is fixed (and why it was a problem to begin with)... :) Jeff Shannon Technician/Programmer Credit International From ak@silmarill.org Thu Dec 6 17:54:42 2001 From: ak@silmarill.org (Andrei Kulakov) Date: Thu, 06 Dec 2001 12:54:42 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] passing in string from command line In-Reply-To: References: Message-ID: <20011206125442.A9419@sill.silmarill.org> On Thu, Dec 06, 2001 at 05:46:07PM +0000, Kelly, Phelim wrote: > Another Basic enough question I hope you can help with! > > I'm reading in values from the command line that I want to assign to > variables within the code, i.e > > >>python file.py number word > > I know how to pass the typed number into a variable, i.e, > > -------------------- > try: > variable1 =int(sys.argv[1]) > except: > print "Sorry, but you did not enter a number" > sys.exit() > ------------------- > > What's the equivalent to "variable1 =int(sys.argv[1])" for assigning the > entered word to a variable, something like this??????........ > "variable2 =string(sys.argv[2])" > > Thanks in advance. > > Phelim. All the stuff in sys.argv is already in the form of strings, so you don't need to do anything.. just var = sys.argv[2]. By the way, if you ever have a value that's an int and you want to convert it to string, the function is str: var = str(int_var) > > This e-mail and any attachment is for authorised use by the intended recipient(s) only. It may contain proprietary material, confidential information and/or be subject to legal privilege. It should not be copied, disclosed to, retained or used by, any other party. If you are not an intended recipient then please promptly delete this e-mail and any attachment and all copies and inform the sender. Thank you. > > _______________________________________________ > Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org > http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor -- Cymbaline: intelligent learning mp3 player - python, linux, console. get it at: cy.silmarill.org From jrm@videotron.ca Thu Dec 6 11:46:16 2001 From: jrm@videotron.ca (Jean Montambeault) Date: Thu, 6 Dec 2001 13:46:16 +0200 Subject: [Tutor] I want the world to know ! Message-ID: <000501c17e4b$9cf47d00$0100c0a8@videotron.ca> I just finished "Learning to program" at http://www.freenetpages.co.uk/hp/alan.gauld/ by the very same A. Gauld who hangs out on this list. But you probably know him better than I. Of all the introductory material that I am using, it's the first that I was able to assimilate without feeling overwhelmed before the end. Now I can go back to those that I put aside and actually understand them somewhat better. Disclaimer : I don't know the guy and I'm not sucking up just because he's holding my cat hostage (j/k). Jean M. From SWidney@ci.las-vegas.nv.us Thu Dec 6 21:00:30 2001 From: SWidney@ci.las-vegas.nv.us (Scott Widney) Date: Thu, 6 Dec 2001 13:00:30 -0800 Subject: [Tutor] defining functions.. why return? Message-ID: > -----Original Message----- > From: Danny Yoo [mailto:dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu] > Sent: Thursday, December 06, 2001 12:52 AM > To: Frank Holmes > Cc: tutor@python.org > Subject: Re: [Tutor] defining functions.. why return? > > > On Wed, 5 Dec 2001, Frank Holmes wrote: > > > I am working my way thru "SAMS teach yourself Python in > 24 hrs by Van > > Laningham (funny, it seems to be taking me a lot more than > 24 hrs...) and I > > Hmmm... You might actually find this page interesting: it's > Peter Norvig's > essay about the books that claim to "Teach Yourself Foo in 24 Hours". > > http://norvig.com/21-days.html > > Personally, I think it might take a bit longer than 24 hours to really > feel comfortable with Python. But don't feel rushed about the whole > thing; there's no pop quizzes here or anything... *grin* What I've noticed is that these books generally contain 24 chapters, each of which can be consumed in an hour. It's the digestion time between chapters that isn't specified.... =^) Scott From urnerk@qwest.net Thu Dec 6 21:03:23 2001 From: urnerk@qwest.net (Kirby Urner) Date: Thu, 06 Dec 2001 13:03:23 -0800 Subject: [Tutor] sys.path..... - PATH, one more time... In-Reply-To: <5104D4DBC598D211B5FE0000F8FE7EB20E66C180@mbtlipnt02.btlabs .bt.co.uk> Message-ID: <4.2.0.58.20011206125955.00c4a100@pop3.norton.antivirus> Note that by convention, [pythondirectory]/lib/site-packages is now considered a default place to put your stuff, or to install packages as subdirectories. This is for Windows as well as 'nix (Mac OS is a 'nix in the next era). There's also the .pth extension in Windows. You can list directories there which you want 'import xxx' to search/find. Kirby From dsh8290@rit.edu Thu Dec 6 22:31:53 2001 From: dsh8290@rit.edu (dman) Date: Thu, 6 Dec 2001 17:31:53 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] Follow up to 'class data' In-Reply-To: ; from fleet@teachout.org on Thu, Dec 06, 2001 at 09:25:12AM -0500 References: <5104D4DBC598D211B5FE0000F8FE7EB20E66C173@mbtlipnt02.btlabs.bt.co.uk> Message-ID: <20011206173153.A3760@harmony.cs.rit.edu> On Thu, Dec 06, 2001 at 09:25:12AM -0500, fleet@teachout.org wrote: | Perhaps I asked the wrong question. If all I want is to use Python for a | scripting language and some simple programs, is OOP perhaps overkill? Given that python is as flexible as it is, it is common for a program to start out small (I think of it as a "script") that uses functions and maybe even global variables, and fits nicely in a single file. Usually this gets the job done right now, but it is not as flexible, customizable, or reusable as possible. As you continue to use the program you come up with new features you want to add and ways you want to customize it (ie giving a path as an argument rather than hard-coding it). As the script expands it turns into an "application" (there is a fine line between the two, though, and it is largely relative) and can benefit from OOP. Python make the conversion from using a procedural style to OOP rather easy (compared to some other languages). My view is : make the program as simple as possible, but no simpler. Don't use OOP if your program would be trivial without it. If you need to expand it later, you can make the transition then. (but by all means, go ahead and learn OOP principles so you can apply them when appropriate) -D -- If we confess our sins, He is faithful and just and will forgive us our sins and purify us from all unrighteousness. I John 1:9 From dsh8290@rit.edu Thu Dec 6 22:38:59 2001 From: dsh8290@rit.edu (dman) Date: Thu, 6 Dec 2001 17:38:59 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] Follow up to 'class data' In-Reply-To: ; from fleet@teachout.org on Wed, Dec 05, 2001 at 09:48:18PM -0500 References: <5104D4DBC598D211B5FE0000F8FE7EB20E66C155@mbtlipnt02.btlabs.bt.co.uk> Message-ID: <20011206173858.B3760@harmony.cs.rit.edu> On Wed, Dec 05, 2001 at 09:48:18PM -0500, fleet@teachout.org wrote: | Let's say I write a compiled Basic program called AddressBook.exe that | produces a pipe-delimited flat file with names and addresses in it. | Anybody that runs it gets exactly the same address book output; but with | their own data. One could run several "instances" of it on the same | computer - ie, "business addresses", "personal addresses", "club | addresses", etc. Where does this differ from a class? I would say that the difference is "AddressBook.exe" is an entire program (in binary format). A class is simply a structural entity to ease programming, and a single program can (often is if the langauge supports it) composed of more than one class. Regardless of whether or not you used classes the program would need to know how to read from a file and understand that the interesting data is separated by "|" and newlines, and what the interesting data is supposed to mean. Each program must also explicitly write the in-memory data to a file. Classes don't automagically do that. If you think about it, everything in the computer is nothing more than a series of bits. Whether the program is written in Python, C++, Java, COBOL, or BASIC it all ends up mapping onto the same set of machine instructions. The only difference is the way you, the programmer, express those instructions to the computer. At runtime, classes don't exist (well, since python is interpreted you could say they do, but in C++ or Objective C they don't). At runtime all there is is a bunch of bits. | > Occasionally, very occasionally, we write classes that look | > like functions but its not normal practice. Similarly its | > not usually a good idea to provide set/get methods for | > every internal attribute - a common beginners mistake. | > Only expose those attributes that the outside world needs | > to see. | | I don't think I understand this either. Do you mean I shouldn't provide | attributes for length, width, thickness, color of cover, etc? Certainly | one would need to make Name, Address, Phone, etc. "exposed." Suppose, for example, you wanted to store your address book in a SQL database instead of a file. You might have a "primary key" that consists of a number unique to each entry. This id should not have get/set methods because it is an implementation detail of the entry and it should not be used or modified by clients. This is where encapsulation becomes relevant. You can switch around the persistant data store (files like you describe above or a SQL database) and clients don't know nor care about it, it just works. I hope this make things clearer for you. -D -- If your life is a hard drive, Christ can be your backup. From dsh8290@rit.edu Thu Dec 6 22:52:16 2001 From: dsh8290@rit.edu (dman) Date: Thu, 6 Dec 2001 17:52:16 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] __cmp__() method examples? In-Reply-To: <20011205213547.I27400@hal>; from i812@iname.com on Wed, Dec 05, 2001 at 09:35:47PM -0600 References: <20011205213547.I27400@hal> Message-ID: <20011206175215.C3760@harmony.cs.rit.edu> On Wed, Dec 05, 2001 at 09:35:47PM -0600, Rob McGee wrote: | {code} | import random | | class Project: | def __init__(self, name): | self.name = name | self.value = random.randrange(1, 100) | def __str__(self): | return self.name | def __cmp__(self, other): | if self.name < other.name: # compare name value (should be unique) | return -1 | elif self.name > other.name: | return 1 | else: return 0 # should mean it's the same instance | | # now generate class instances -- this is always done automatically | from string import uppercase | for letter in uppercase: | execStr = letter + ' = Project("' + letter + '")' | # example -- 'A = Project("A")', 'Z = Project("Z") | exec(execStr) | | {/code} | | (Sorry about the exec's, but I really don't know another way to do what | I want. I want these instances in the global namespace, and I need to | know exactly what each one is named. At least I think I do. Suggestions | about other ways to approach this would be welcomed, too. :) Like with | no exec's, or with the instances in something other than globals(), how | would I be able to retrieve and alter their properties?) Just put the objects in a container (ie list or dictionary) as others have mentioned. You do know exactly what it is named because it has a 'name' attribute. When you think you need to exec to get extra local variables, instead pretend exec doesn't exist (say, you're writing C code) and use a container instead. For example : import string projects = [] for letter in string.uppercase: projects.append( Project( letter ) ) Now to show that you do know exactly what they are named : for project in projects : print "this project is named " + project.name , project This could be done with a dictionary if, for example, the class already exists without a name, but you want to name it. import string projects = {} for letter in string.uppercase: projects[ letter ] = Project() You still know exactly what each one is named : for projectname in projects.keys() : print "this project is named " + projectname , projects[ projectname ] | I'm getting errors which indicate that the class instances are being | compared with other objects This is normal. Objects can be compared to any other object at any time. The client code may know nothing about what your object is, but it wants to know if it is equal to another one. | what I'm hoping for is just a little guidance on how to properly | implement a __cmp__() method. IIRC __cmp__ isn't allowed to raise exceptions ... | What I think I'll try -- the idea came to me while writing this :) -- is | to put code in Project.__cmp__() like the ifInstance() above. If "other" | isn't an instance of self.__class__, don't try to get other.name. that's spelled isinstance( instance_object , class_object ), and I recommend against this. What if someone else wants to use your library, and they create a specialized project class that extends your Project class via composition instead of inheritance? In that case the objects could never be equal. Since you can't use the rich comparisions, here's what I would do : def __cmp__( self , other ) : try : # the comparision is defined as the comparison of the strings return cmp( self.name , other.name ) except : # must be a different kind of object, # make it less than us return -1 This method will succeed for all objects and give a total ordering, though obviously the -1 in the except clause is arbitrary (just don't make them equal ;-)). | Oh, I should also mention that I got into an infinite loop with another | class.__cmp__() method. That class was more complicated, and I had | several if/elif loops to compare other attributes. The fourth and final | such loop simply compared "self" and "other". I believe that was where | the loop occurred, and it was in sorting a list of instances of that | class (I don't think there were any non-instance members of the list.) | | By removing the self/other raw comparison I eliminated the infinite | loop. But that experience gives me the idea that I'm missing something | about how to do a Class.__cmp__(). Well, the __cmp__ method is supposed to decide whether or not the two things are equal (and less than or greater than). If you try and compare the two objects directly using an operator, well, that operator is defined by the __cmp__ method which tries to compare the objects which is defined by __cmp__ (I'll stop here, but I think you see what was happening). -D -- "Don't use C; In my opinion, C is a library programming language not an app programming language." - Owen Taylor (GTK+ developer) From jrm@videotron.ca Thu Dec 6 19:46:39 2001 From: jrm@videotron.ca (Jean Montambeault) Date: Thu, 6 Dec 2001 21:46:39 +0200 Subject: [Tutor] simplifications : are they good ? Message-ID: <000501c17e8e$b9168080$0100c0a8@videotron.ca> Of course I'm a beginner, but when I see something like : Label(fen1, text = 'Premier champ :').grid(sticky =E) Label(fen1, text = 'Second :').grid(sticky =E) Label(fen1, text = 'Troisičme :').grid(sticky =E) entr1 = Entry(fen1).grid(row =0, column =1) entr2 = Entry(fen1).grid(row =1, column =1) entr3 = Entry(fen1).grid(row =2, column =1) instead of the full form I'm sceptic. Is the omission of a viariable affectation going to speedup the program ? Same question for grouping creation and method on the same line ? Same for the omission of certain row and column numbers ? I must admit that I'm by nature irritated by all forms of jargon or anything that artificially hinders simplicity and clarity ; on the other hand, if the gain in speed is real then it could be justified. JM From dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu Fri Dec 7 03:03:20 2001 From: dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu (Danny Yoo) Date: Thu, 6 Dec 2001 19:03:20 -0800 (PST) Subject: [Tutor] simplifications : are they good ? In-Reply-To: <000501c17e8e$b9168080$0100c0a8@videotron.ca> Message-ID: On Thu, 6 Dec 2001, Jean Montambeault wrote: > Of course I'm a beginner, but when I see something like : >=20 > Label(fen1, text =3D 'Premier champ :').grid(sticky =3DE) > Label(fen1, text =3D 'Second :').grid(sticky =3DE) > Label(fen1, text =3D 'Troisi=E8me :').grid(sticky =3DE) > entr1 =3D Entry(fen1).grid(row =3D0, column =3D1) > entr2 =3D Entry(fen1).grid(row =3D1, column =3D1) > entr3 =3D Entry(fen1).grid(row =3D2, column =3D1) >=20 > instead of the full form I'm sceptic. Is the omission of a viariable > affectation going to speedup the program ? Same question for grouping Hi Jean, Good question! I don't believe it's a matter of speedup, but instead of convenience. Sometimes it's just easier to say: ### >>> 3 * 4 12 ### instead of: ### >>> x =3D 3 >>> y =3D 4 >>> x * y 12 ### In the same vein, the author of: > Label(fen1, text =3D 'Premier champ :').grid(sticky =3DE) > Label(fen1, text =3D 'Second :').grid(sticky =3DE) > Label(fen1, text =3D 'Troisi=E8me :').grid(sticky =3DE) probably felt that giving a name to each Label was unnecessarily convoluted, when the author wasn't planning to do anything more with the Label. This is often the case of Labels, because the user doesn't really interact with labels after they're placed in a GUI. The author could have written: ## l1 =3D Label(fen1, text=3D'Premier champ :') l2 =3D Label(fen1, text=3D'Second :') l3 =3D Label(fen1, text =3D 'Troisi=E8me :') l1.grid(sticky =3D E) l2.grid(sticky =3D E) l3.grid(sticky =3D E) ### but as far as Python is concerned, there's negligible difference in the efficiency of this process. Hope this helps! From dsh8290@rit.edu Fri Dec 7 03:15:28 2001 From: dsh8290@rit.edu (dman) Date: Thu, 6 Dec 2001 22:15:28 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] simplifications : are they good ? In-Reply-To: <000501c17e8e$b9168080$0100c0a8@videotron.ca>; from jrm@videotron.ca on Thu, Dec 06, 2001 at 09:46:39PM +0200 References: <000501c17e8e$b9168080$0100c0a8@videotron.ca> Message-ID: <20011206221528.B4259@harmony.cs.rit.edu> On Thu, Dec 06, 2001 at 09:46:39PM +0200, Jean Montambeault wrote: | I must admit that I'm by nature irritated by all forms of jargon or | anything that artificially hinders simplicity and clarity ; on the other | hand, if the gain in speed is real then it could be justified. Speed is never enough justification for loss of clarity, unless you have first tested the program and found it to be too slow _and_ profiled it to identify the hotspots. Simplicity and clarity are far better, especially when it comes time to debug and maintain the code. If you can't understand what it says right now, what are the chances you can change it and still maintain correctness? -D -- (E)scape (M)eta (A)lt (C)ontrol (S)hift From jrm@videotron.ca Thu Dec 6 20:40:16 2001 From: jrm@videotron.ca (Jean Montambeault) Date: Thu, 6 Dec 2001 22:40:16 +0200 Subject: [Tutor] simplifications : are they good ? References: Message-ID: <008e01c17e96$364b8e40$0100c0a8@videotron.ca> ----- Original Message ----- From: "Danny Yoo" In the same vein, the author of: > Label(fen1, text = 'Premier champ :').grid(sticky =E) > Label(fen1, text = 'Second :').grid(sticky =E) > Label(fen1, text = 'Troisičme :').grid(sticky =E) probably felt that giving a name to each Label was unnecessarily convoluted, when the author wasn't planning to do anything more with the Label. This is often the case of Labels, because the user doesn't really interact with labels after they're placed in a GUI. The author could have written: ## l1 = Label(fen1, text='Premier champ :') l2 = Label(fen1, text='Second :') l3 = Label(fen1, text = 'Troisičme :') l1.grid(sticky = E) l2.grid(sticky = E) l3.grid(sticky = E) ### but as far as Python is concerned, there's negligible difference in the efficiency of this process. Hope this helps! Yes it does. That's exactly what I wanted : reading your take on that. _______________________________________________ Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor From jrm@videotron.ca Thu Dec 6 21:51:58 2001 From: jrm@videotron.ca (Jean Montambeault) Date: Thu, 6 Dec 2001 23:51:58 +0200 Subject: [Tutor] Now has come the time to choose an editor Message-ID: <000a01c17ea0$3ad6b020$0100c0a8@videotron.ca> Emacs would be my first choice. Is there anything else that would run on any platform ? Jean M. From kalle@gnupung.net Fri Dec 7 06:00:18 2001 From: kalle@gnupung.net (Kalle Svensson) Date: Fri, 7 Dec 2001 07:00:18 +0100 Subject: [Tutor] Now has come the time to choose an editor In-Reply-To: <000a01c17ea0$3ad6b020$0100c0a8@videotron.ca> References: <000a01c17ea0$3ad6b020$0100c0a8@videotron.ca> Message-ID: <20011207070017.A26967@proton.lysator.liu.se> [Jean Montambeault] > Emacs would be my first choice. Is there anything else that would run on > any platform ? Well, emacs runs on Unix and Windows. If that's good enough, I'd suggest you go for it. Another alternative might be IDLE, which should run on most platforms. It is distributed with Python and is written in Python. It's okay for editing and debugging Python, but I prefer emacs. Other editors that have been mentioned by people in similar threads include - vi(m) (at least Unix and Windows) - Ultraedit (only Windows?) - Pythonwin (only Windows) - Jed (Unix, maybe Windows?) And probably more. But remember (from http://www.dina.kvl.dk/~abraham/religion/size.html): """ > Emacs is a pig. Small minds -- small executables. """ Peace, Kalle -- [ Laziness, impatience, hubris: Pick two! ] [ International: http://www.gnupung.net/ ] [ Svenska: http://www.lysator.liu.se/~kalle/ ] From kalle@gnupung.net Fri Dec 7 07:55:07 2001 From: kalle@gnupung.net (Kalle Svensson) Date: Fri, 7 Dec 2001 08:55:07 +0100 Subject: [Tutor] [Kirk Bailey: idle is idle] Message-ID: <20011207085507.B827@proton.lysator.liu.se> I just got this message, and I haven't got an IDLE handy. Anyone? ----- Forwarded message from Kirk Bailey ----- From: Kirk Bailey To: Kalle Svensson Subject: idle is idle Date: Fri, 07 Dec 2001 02:12:39 -0500 X-Mailer: Mozilla 4.74 [en] (Win98; U) Organization: Silas Dent Memorial Cabal of ERIS Esoteric and hot dog boiling society so there. X-Accept-Language: en OK, me goofed. Went to enlarge the font. Read the help.txt file for idle, THOUGHT I was doing the right thing. Set the font size to '12' and the font face to 'Lucidia Console'. Now it won't fire up at all. Grr... Wish I saved the original file, I could have restored it. OK, gimee a clue, how do I fix it gang? In the help file, there is only one line that referrs to font, it says how to change that one line, and I did it wrong. Please send me a copy of that line, how to restore it, and how to change it so I can use a larger font- size 12 would work on this screen resolution and this pair of feeble eyeballs. Grrr.... Kalle Svensson wrote: [snip] ----- End forwarded message ----- Peace, Kalle -- [ Laziness, impatience, hubris: Pick two! ] [ International: http://www.gnupung.net/ ] [ Svenska: http://www.lysator.liu.se/~kalle/ ] From ak@silmarill.org Fri Dec 7 09:04:34 2001 From: ak@silmarill.org (Andrei Kulakov) Date: Fri, 07 Dec 2001 04:04:34 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] Now has come the time to choose an editor In-Reply-To: <20011207070017.A26967@proton.lysator.liu.se> References: <000a01c17ea0$3ad6b020$0100c0a8@videotron.ca> <20011207070017.A26967@proton.lysator.liu.se> Message-ID: <20011207040434.A11562@sill.silmarill.org> On Fri, Dec 07, 2001 at 07:00:18AM +0100, Kalle Svensson wrote: > [Jean Montambeault] > > Emacs would be my first choice. Is there anything else that would run on > > any platform ? > > Well, emacs runs on Unix and Windows. If that's good enough, I'd suggest you > go for it. Another alternative might be IDLE, which should run on most > platforms. It is distributed with Python and is written in Python. It's okay > for editing and debugging Python, but I prefer emacs. > Other editors that have been mentioned by people in similar threads include > - vi(m) (at least Unix and Windows) > - Ultraedit (only Windows?) > - Pythonwin (only Windows) > - Jed (Unix, maybe Windows?) > And probably more. But remember (from > http://www.dina.kvl.dk/~abraham/religion/size.html): > """ > > Emacs is a pig. > > Small minds -- small executables. > """ Would that mean Gates is Mozart and Da Vinci rolled into one? :P > > Peace, > Kalle > -- > [ Laziness, impatience, hubris: Pick two! ] > [ International: http://www.gnupung.net/ ] > [ Svenska: http://www.lysator.liu.se/~kalle/ ] > > _______________________________________________ > Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org > http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor -- Cymbaline: intelligent learning mp3 player - python, linux, console. get it at: cy.silmarill.org From alan.gauld@bt.com Fri Dec 7 09:35:50 2001 From: alan.gauld@bt.com (alan.gauld@bt.com) Date: Fri, 7 Dec 2001 09:35:50 -0000 Subject: [Tutor] sys.path..... - PATH, one more time... Message-ID: <5104D4DBC598D211B5FE0000F8FE7EB20E66C182@mbtlipnt02.btlabs.bt.co.uk> > There's also the .pth extension in Windows. You can list > directories there which you want 'import xxx' to search/find. What's this then? Its new to me. Can you expand Kirby? Alan G. From kalle@gnupung.net Fri Dec 7 09:41:42 2001 From: kalle@gnupung.net (Kalle Svensson) Date: Fri, 7 Dec 2001 10:41:42 +0100 Subject: [Tutor] Now has come the time to choose an editor In-Reply-To: <20011207040434.A11562@sill.silmarill.org> References: <000a01c17ea0$3ad6b020$0100c0a8@videotron.ca> <20011207070017.A26967@proton.lysator.liu.se> <20011207040434.A11562@sill.silmarill.org> Message-ID: <20011207104142.C827@proton.lysator.liu.se> [Andrei Kulakov] > On Fri, Dec 07, 2001 at 07:00:18AM +0100, Kalle Svensson wrote: [snip] > > And probably more. But remember (from > > http://www.dina.kvl.dk/~abraham/religion/size.html): > > """ > > > Emacs is a pig. > > > > Small minds -- small executables. > > """ > > Would that mean Gates is Mozart and Da Vinci rolled into one? :P Ouch. :) Peace, Kalle -- Kalle Svensson (kalle@gnupung.net) - Laziness, impatience, hubris: Pick two! English: http://www.gnupung.net/ Svenska: http://www.lysator.liu.se/~kalle/ Stuff: ["http://www.%s.org/" % x for x in "gnu debian python emacs".split()] From lonetwin@yahoo.com Fri Dec 7 10:24:55 2001 From: lonetwin@yahoo.com (lonetwin) Date: Fri, 7 Dec 2001 15:54:55 +0530 Subject: [Tutor] passing in string from command line In-Reply-To: References: Message-ID: <01120715545506.20374@mercury.worli> Hey There On Thursday 06 December 2001 23:16, you wrote: > Another Basic enough question I hope you can help with! > > I'm reading in values from the command line that I want to assign to > variables within the code, i.e > > >>python file.py number word > > I know how to pass the typed number into a variable, i.e, > > -------------------- > try: > variable1 =int(sys.argv[1]) > except: > print "Sorry, but you did not enter a number" > sys.exit() > ------------------- > > What's the equivalent to "variable1 =int(sys.argv[1])" for assigning the > entered word to a variable, something like this??????........ > "variable2 =string(sys.argv[2])" No, it's something like this : variable2 = sys.argv[2] The sys.argv list is a list of *strings* that are passed as command-line arguments. Peace Steve -- ---------------------------------------------- Every oak tree started out as a couple of nuts who stood their ground. Anonymous ---------------------------------------------- From lha2@columbia.edu Fri Dec 7 11:28:24 2001 From: lha2@columbia.edu (Lloyd Hugh Allen) Date: Fri, 07 Dec 2001 06:28:24 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] [Kirk Bailey: idle is idle] References: <20011207085507.B827@proton.lysator.liu.se> Message-ID: <3C10A7D8.5612A96B@mail.verizon.net> There should be a line in EditorWindow.py that reads text['font'] = edconf.get('font-name'), edconf.get('font-size') and the entire contents of config-win.txt are ***begin config-win.txt*** [EditorWindow] font-name: courier new font-size: 10 ***end config-win.txt*** I like to use a monospaced font, myself, so that tab-stops don't look funny to me. Kalle Svensson wrote: > > I just got this message, and I haven't got an IDLE handy. Anyone? > > ----- Forwarded message from Kirk Bailey ----- > > From: Kirk Bailey > To: Kalle Svensson > Subject: idle is idle > Date: Fri, 07 Dec 2001 02:12:39 -0500 > X-Mailer: Mozilla 4.74 [en] (Win98; U) > Organization: Silas Dent Memorial Cabal of ERIS Esoteric and hot dog boiling society so there. > X-Accept-Language: en > > OK, me goofed. > > Went to enlarge the font. Read the help.txt file for idle, THOUGHT I was > doing the right thing. Set the font size to '12' and the font face to > 'Lucidia Console'. Now it won't fire up at all. Grr... > > Wish I saved the original file, I could have restored it. OK, gimee a > clue, how do I fix it gang? > > In the help file, there is only one line that referrs to font, it says > how to change that one line, and I did it wrong. Please send me a copy > of that line, how to restore it, and how to change it so I can use a > larger font- size 12 would work on this screen resolution and this pair > of feeble eyeballs. > > Grrr.... > > Kalle Svensson wrote: > [snip] > > ----- End forwarded message ----- > > Peace, > Kalle > -- > [ Laziness, impatience, hubris: Pick two! ] > [ International: http://www.gnupung.net/ ] > [ Svenska: http://www.lysator.liu.se/~kalle/ ] > > _______________________________________________ > Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org > http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor From python_sun" hi all, i am newbie in python i am aware with C. How python handle Pointers. if U know please help. python_sun@indiatimes.com Get Your Private, Free E-mail from Indiatimes at http://email.indiatimes.com Buy Music, Video, CD-ROM, Audio-Books and Music Accessories from http://www.planetm.co.in From alan.gauld@bt.com Fri Dec 7 14:56:18 2001 From: alan.gauld@bt.com (alan.gauld@bt.com) Date: Fri, 7 Dec 2001 14:56:18 -0000 Subject: [Tutor] I want the world to know ! Message-ID: <5104D4DBC598D211B5FE0000F8FE7EB20E66C184@mbtlipnt02.btlabs.bt.co.uk> > Disclaimer : I don't know the guy and I'm not sucking up > just because he's holding my cat hostage (j/k). I told you not to mention the cat, now he gets it! :-) But thanks anyway. Alan G From pythontutor@venix.com Fri Dec 7 15:12:12 2001 From: pythontutor@venix.com (Lloyd Kvam) Date: Fri, 07 Dec 2001 10:12:12 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] pointers in python References: <200112071230.SAA08016@WS0005.indiatimes.com> Message-ID: <3C10DC4C.1040506@venix.com> Python variables are pointers to the memory locations that hold the Python objects. HOWEVER, there is no pointer arithmatic and you don't actually deal with those addresses. The id function returns a value that is based upon the memory address. This lets you see if two objects with the same content are actually the same object. python_sun wrote: > hi all, > i am newbie in python i am aware with C. How python handle Pointers. if U know please help. > > python_sun@indiatimes.com > Get Your Private, Free E-mail from Indiatimes at http://email.indiatimes.com > > Buy Music, Video, CD-ROM, Audio-Books and Music Accessories from http://www.planetm.co.in > > > _______________________________________________ > Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org > http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor > > -- Lloyd Kvam Venix Corp. 1 Court Street, Suite 378 Lebanon, NH 03766-1358 voice: 603-443-6155 fax: 801-459-9582 From arcege@speakeasy.net Fri Dec 7 16:45:29 2001 From: arcege@speakeasy.net (Michael P. Reilly) Date: Fri, 7 Dec 2001 11:45:29 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] __cmp__() method examples? In-Reply-To: <20011205213547.I27400@hal>; from i812@iname.com on Wed, Dec 05, 2001 at 09:35:47PM -0600 References: <20011205213547.I27400@hal> Message-ID: <20011207114529.E884@speakeasy.net> On Wed, Dec 05, 2001 at 09:35:47PM -0600, Rob McGee wrote: > # now generate class instances -- this is always done automatically > from string import uppercase > for letter in uppercase: > execStr = letter + ' = Project("' + letter + '")' > # example -- 'A = Project("A")', 'Z = Project("Z") > exec(execStr) > > {/code} > > (Sorry about the exec's, but I really don't know another way to do what > I want. I want these instances in the global namespace, and I need to > know exactly what each one is named. At least I think I do. Suggestions > about other ways to approach this would be welcomed, too. :) Like with > no exec's, or with the instances in something other than globals(), how > would I be able to retrieve and alter their properties?) If you _really_ need have these as globals to that module, then you can always import the module to a variable, then set the attributes of that module: # the name of the current module is in '__name__' thismod = __import__(__name__) from string import uppercase for letter in uppercase: # same as module.A = Project("A") setattr(thismod, letter, Project(letter)) This is probably a better method than using exec. But you might also want to think about a different structure than global variables. -Arcege From urnerk@qwest.net Fri Dec 7 17:19:55 2001 From: urnerk@qwest.net (Kirby Urner) Date: Fri, 07 Dec 2001 09:19:55 -0800 Subject: [Tutor] __cmp__() method examples? In-Reply-To: <20011207114529.E884@speakeasy.net> References: <20011205213547.I27400@hal> <20011205213547.I27400@hal> Message-ID: <4.2.0.58.20011207091911.015cdbe0@pop3.norton.antivirus> > >This is probably a better method than using exec. But you might >also want to think about a different structure than global variables. > > -Arcege Thanks for showing this. I dinked around for awhile trying to figure out how to do just that and failed. Your code is most instructive. Great tutoring. Kirby From alan.gauld@bt.com Fri Dec 7 17:26:24 2001 From: alan.gauld@bt.com (alan.gauld@bt.com) Date: Fri, 7 Dec 2001 17:26:24 -0000 Subject: [Tutor] Tkinter stuff Message-ID: <5104D4DBC598D211B5FE0000F8FE7EB20E66C186@mbtlipnt02.btlabs.bt.co.uk> I missed this original post and the digest screwed up so I can't reply to it... > JM Wrote: > Of course I'm a beginner, but when I see something like : > > Label(fen1, text = 'Premier champ :').grid(sticky =E) > Label(fen1, text = 'Second :').grid(sticky =E) > Label(fen1, text = 'Troisi=E8me :').grid(sticky =E) This is OK and pretty standard style Tkinter since you rarely need to change Labels once created but... > entr1 =3D Entry(fen1).grid(row =0, column =1) > entr2 =3D Entry(fen1).grid(row =1, column =1) > entr3 =3D Entry(fen1).grid(row =2, column =1) This won't work because it assigns the value returned by grid() to the variables. grid() returns None! The only way to get a handle on the widget, which I assume the original auther was trying to do, is to create the widget then grid or pack it. Like so: entr3 = Entry(fen1) entr3.grid(row =2, col = 1) More long winded but has the advantage of actually working. Alan g. Author of the 'Learning to Program' web site http://www.freenetpages.co.uk/hp/alan.gauld/ From clams17@yahoo.com Fri Dec 7 19:08:37 2001 From: clams17@yahoo.com (Spiffy) Date: Fri, 7 Dec 2001 11:08:37 -0800 (PST) Subject: [Tutor] string conversion and formatters Message-ID: <20011207190837.29701.qmail@web9503.mail.yahoo.com> Hello! I am just beginning to learn programming and Python. I am teaching myself using online tutorials and documentation. Concerning output formatters...as in "%d", "%s", etc. I know I have seen a listing of all the types somewhere in the documentation, but for the life of me I cannot relocate it. Where can I find it? Now for the real question. Here is my first real program. It is supposed to be a decimal/hex convertor... #Decimal/Hex Convertor def print_options(): print "Options:" print " 'a' decimal to hex" print " 'b' hex to decimal" print " 'c' print options" print " 'd' quit" choice = "c" while choice != "d": if choice == "a": dec = input("Decimal: ") print "Hex: %X" % (dec) elif choice == "b": hex = raw_input("Hex: ") print "Decimal: %d" % (hex) elif choice != "d": print_options() choice = raw_input("option: ") If you run this program, it works fine until you try to convert hex to decimal. Why does this not work? I have tried using "string.atoi" and some other things, but no luck. I am stumped. Please, give me some explanations or hints to point me in the right direction...I would very much appreciate it! By the way, I'm using Python2.2 on Windows 98. Thanks, Spiffy __________________________________________________ Do You Yahoo!? Send your FREE holiday greetings online! http://greetings.yahoo.com From jrm@videotron.ca Fri Dec 7 12:42:13 2001 From: jrm@videotron.ca (Jean Montambeault) Date: Fri, 7 Dec 2001 14:42:13 +0200 Subject: [Tutor] string conversion and formatters References: <20011207190837.29701.qmail@web9503.mail.yahoo.com> Message-ID: <000501c17f1c$98bfc100$0100c0a8@videotron.ca> ----- Original Message ----- From: "Spiffy" > Hello! I am just beginning to learn programming and > Python. I am teaching myself using online tutorials > and documentation. Concerning output formatters...as > in "%d", "%s", etc. I know I have seen a listing of > all the types somewhere in the documentation, but for > the life of me I cannot relocate it. Where can I find > it? If you really want the lowdown on the subject go to Guido's tutorial (found under help/python documentation in IDLE) at section 7. When you finish that I doubt that you'll have any ? on the subject anymore. Jean M. From clams17@yahoo.com Fri Dec 7 18:54:54 2001 From: clams17@yahoo.com (Spiffy) Date: Fri, 7 Dec 2001 10:54:54 -0800 (PST) Subject: [Tutor] string conversion and formatters Message-ID: <20011207185454.54261.qmail@web9507.mail.yahoo.com> Hello! I am just beginning to learn programming and Python. I am teaching myself using online tutorials and documentation. Concerning output formatters...as in "%d", "%s", etc. I know I have seen a listing of all the types somewhere in the documentation, but for the life of me I cannot relocate it. Where can I find it? Now for the real question. Here is my first real program. It is supposed to be a decimal/hex convertor... #Decimal/Hex Convertor def print_options(): print "Options:" print " 'a' decimal to hex" print " 'b' hex to decimal" print " 'c' print options" print " 'd' quit" choice = "c" while choice != "d": if choice == "a": dec = input("Decimal: ") print "Hex: %X" % (dec) elif choice == "b": hex = raw_input("Hex: ") print "Decimal: %d" % (hex) elif choice != "d": print_options() choice = raw_input("option: ") If you run this program, it works fine until you try to convert hex to decimal. Why does this not work? I have tried using "string.atoi" and some other things, but no luck. I am stumped. Please, give me some explanations or hints to point me in the right direction...I would very much appreciate it! Thanks, Spiffy __________________________________________________ Do You Yahoo!? Send your FREE holiday greetings online! http://greetings.yahoo.com From pythontutor@venix.com Fri Dec 7 20:19:48 2001 From: pythontutor@venix.com (Lloyd Kvam) Date: Fri, 07 Dec 2001 15:19:48 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] string conversion and formatters References: <20011207190837.29701.qmail@web9503.mail.yahoo.com> Message-ID: <3C112464.4000202@venix.com> I made this change: elif choice == "b": hex_string = raw_input("Hex: ") hex = int(hex_string, 16) print "Decimal: %d" % (hex) The raw_input is a string. The %d print format expects an integer. Fortunately, the int function allows you to specify the base for your string when converting to integer. You will get an error if you specify a base larger than 36. Spiffy wrote: > Hello! I am just beginning to learn programming and > Python. I am teaching myself using online tutorials > and documentation. Concerning output formatters...as > in "%d", "%s", etc. I know I have seen a listing of > all the types somewhere in the documentation, but for > the life of me I cannot relocate it. Where can I find > it? > Now for the real question. Here is my first real > program. It is supposed to be a decimal/hex > convertor... > #Decimal/Hex Convertor > > def print_options(): > print "Options:" > print " 'a' decimal to hex" > print " 'b' hex to decimal" > print " 'c' print options" > print " 'd' quit" > > choice = "c" > while choice != "d": > if choice == "a": > dec = input("Decimal: ") > print "Hex: %X" % (dec) > elif choice == "b": > hex = raw_input("Hex: ") > print "Decimal: %d" % (hex) > elif choice != "d": > print_options() > choice = raw_input("option: ") > > If you run this program, it works fine until you try > to convert hex to decimal. Why does this not work? I > have tried using "string.atoi" and some other things, > but no luck. I am stumped. Please, give me some > explanations or hints to point me in the right > direction...I would very much appreciate it! > > By the way, I'm using Python2.2 on Windows 98. > Thanks, > > Spiffy > > > > > > > __________________________________________________ > Do You Yahoo!? > Send your FREE holiday greetings online! > http://greetings.yahoo.com > > _______________________________________________ > Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org > http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor > > -- Lloyd Kvam Venix Corp. 1 Court Street, Suite 378 Lebanon, NH 03766-1358 voice: 603-443-6155 fax: 801-459-9582 From syrinx@simplecom.net Sat Dec 8 01:14:00 2001 From: syrinx@simplecom.net (Scott) Date: Fri, 7 Dec 2001 19:14:00 -0600 Subject: [Tutor] Initializing a list as an array Message-ID: <200112071914453.SM06048@there> Hello. Suppose I want to initialize a list that I want to use like an array, setting the initial value of each element to zero. Is there a more efficient way to do this than something like: x = [] for i in range(10): x.append(0) Thanks. From syrinx@simplecom.net Sat Dec 8 01:26:11 2001 From: syrinx@simplecom.net (Scott) Date: Fri, 7 Dec 2001 19:26:11 -0600 Subject: [Tutor] Initializing a list as an array In-Reply-To: <4.2.0.58.20011207172205.00a8cf10@pop3.norton.antivirus> References: <4.2.0.58.20011207172205.00a8cf10@pop3.norton.antivirus> Message-ID: <200112071926968.SM06048@there> On Friday 07 December 2001 07:24 pm, you wrote: > >Suppose I want to initialize a list that I want to use like an > >array, setting the initial value of each element to zero. > > > >>> mylist = [0]*10 > >>> mylist > [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0] I thought it would be something like that. I played around with several variations, but couldn't get it to work. Thanks Kirby. From kalle@gnupung.net Sat Dec 8 02:18:15 2001 From: kalle@gnupung.net (Kalle Svensson) Date: Sat, 8 Dec 2001 03:18:15 +0100 Subject: [Tutor] Initializing a list as an array In-Reply-To: <200112071926968.SM06048@there> References: <4.2.0.58.20011207172205.00a8cf10@pop3.norton.antivirus> <200112071926968.SM06048@there> Message-ID: <20011208031814.B14085@sandra.lysator.liu.se> [Scott] > On Friday 07 December 2001 07:24 pm, you wrote: > > > > >Suppose I want to initialize a list that I want to use like an > > >array, setting the initial value of each element to zero. > > > > > >>> mylist = [0]*10 > > >>> mylist > > [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0] > > I thought it would be something like that. I played around with several > variations, but couldn't get it to work. Thanks Kirby. Just a little warning here, this doesn't extend to multidimensional lists: >>> mymatrix = [[0]*3]*3 >>> mymatrix [[0, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0]] Seems nice enough, eh? But: >>> mymatrix[0][0] = 1 >>> mymatrix [[1, 0, 0], [1, 0, 0], [1, 0, 0]] The reason is that list are mutable objects (i.e. their contents can be changed during the execution of the program). Integers (such as 0) are not. mylist = [0] * 3 creates a list containing three references to the object 0. myarray = [[0] * 3] * 3 creates a list containing three references to a list object containing three references to the object 0. Weird? Not helping? Sorry. In fact, this (references and mutable/immutable objects) is one of the things I like very much about Python, but it took me a while to understand it. Finally, code that does the thing you might expect from the example above: >>> mymatrix = [[0] * 3 for x in xrange(3)] >>> mymatrix[0][0] = 1 >>> mymatrix [[1, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0]] Oh, and I'm sure this is in the FAQ. Hope you don't mind my posting anyway. Peace, Kalle -- Kalle Svensson (kalle@gnupung.net) - Laziness, impatience, hubris: Pick two! English: http://www.gnupung.net/ Svenska: http://www.lysator.liu.se/~kalle/ Stuff: ["http://www.%s.org/" % x for x in "gnu debian python emacs".split()] From jrm@videotron.ca Fri Dec 7 22:56:28 2001 From: jrm@videotron.ca (Jean Montambeault) Date: Sat, 8 Dec 2001 00:56:28 +0200 Subject: [Tutor] to whomever was looking for a list of % Message-ID: <000701c17f72$67b810c0$0100c0a8@videotron.ca> Sorry if it took so long and for forgetting your name. The complete list of string formating "%" is at : http://www.python.org/doc/current/lib/typesseq-strings.html Jean M. From DEVIOUSDIABLO@aol.com Sat Dec 8 01:51:31 2001 From: DEVIOUSDIABLO@aol.com (DEVIOUSDIABLO@aol.com) Date: Fri, 7 Dec 2001 20:51:31 EST Subject: [Tutor] i want to ask something. Message-ID: <141.5f4764e.2942cc23@aol.com> --part1_141.5f4764e.2942cc23_boundary Content-Type: text/plain; charset="US-ASCII" Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit i want to know if you have to have equipment and stuff for your computer to hack and how to hack on a game called diablo.please tell me how without equipment if you can.i seriously want to be a hacker. --part1_141.5f4764e.2942cc23_boundary Content-Type: text/html; charset="US-ASCII" Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit i want to know if you have to have equipment and stuff for your computer to hack and how to hack on a game called diablo.please tell me how without equipment if you can.i seriously want to be a hacker. --part1_141.5f4764e.2942cc23_boundary-- From dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu Sat Dec 8 07:02:58 2001 From: dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu (Danny Yoo) Date: Fri, 7 Dec 2001 23:02:58 -0800 (PST) Subject: [Tutor] Re: [Python] Help In-Reply-To: <20011207.214710.-215185.0.kozaks_2000@juno.com> Message-ID: On Fri, 7 Dec 2001, robert w kozak wrote: > Yes a Distutils!! That is what I'm looking for I'm installing my > calculator on a computer that doesn't have python. Also do you have a > program that compiles a .py .pyc .pyo or whatever in to an executable > windows file?? Yes, you can use py2exe to package .py files into an executable: http://py2exe.sourceforge.net/ Hope this helps! From David@snowcrash.co.uk Sat Dec 8 10:16:31 2001 From: David@snowcrash.co.uk (David) Date: Sat, 8 Dec 2001 10:16:31 -0000 Subject: [Tutor] Blank line added when reading in from file???? In-Reply-To: Message-ID: <000601c17fd1$683b1740$f0c67bd5@HIRO> This is a multi-part message in MIME format. ------=_NextPart_000_0007_01C17FD1.683C9DE0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset="us-ascii" Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit Phelim I think that Andrei means the email you are sending to the list is HTML as opposed to plain text. Many email programs do not display HTML format email. This is usually desirable as this is one of the easiest ways to spread viri by email (as you can config the HTML pages to autorun the "bad" scripts). It is hard to switch off the display of HTML email in MSOutlook but Russ Cooper of NTBugtraq has released a patch to do this, very sad MS don't have this as a standard option. completely unpython related response but hope it fills in a blank bit! Cheers David -----Original Message----- From: tutor-admin@python.org [mailto:tutor-admin@python.org] On Behalf Of Phelim Kelly Sent: 05 December 2001 10:11 To: ak@silmarill.org; tutor@python.org Subject: Re: [Tutor] Blank line added when reading in from file???? Thanks for your response Andrei, I'm not sure I understand your response! I'm not using HTML files, I'm working on a UNIX machine. The file I'm reading from is a plain text file. Hello, Many e-mail programs can't edit HTML directly. If you want to get maximum response, send plain text messages. - Andrei -- Cymbaline: intelligent learning mp3 player - python, linux, console. get it at: cy.silmarill.org _______________________________________________ Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor _____ Get your FREE download of MSN Explorer at http://explorer.msn.com _______________________________________________ Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor ------=_NextPart_000_0007_01C17FD1.683C9DE0 Content-Type: text/html; charset="us-ascii" Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Message
Phelim
 
I=20 think that Andrei means the email you are sending to the list is HTML as = opposed=20 to plain text.  Many email programs do not display HTML format = email. =20 This is usually desirable as this is one of the easiest ways to spread = viri by=20 email (as you can config the HTML pages to autorun the "bad" = scripts).  It=20 is hard to switch off the display of HTML email in MSOutlook but Russ = Cooper of=20 NTBugtraq has released a patch to do this, very sad MS don't have this = as a=20 standard option.
 
<g> completely unpython related response but hope it = fills in a=20 blank bit!

Cheers

David

-----Original Message-----
From:=20 tutor-admin@python.org [mailto:tutor-admin@python.org] On Behalf Of = Phelim Kelly
Sent: 05 December 2001 10:11
To:=20 ak@silmarill.org; tutor@python.org
Subject: Re: [Tutor] = Blank line=20 added when reading in from file????

Thanks for your response Andrei,

=

           &nbs= p;            = ;            =            =20 I'm not sure I understand your response! I'm not using HTML files, I'm = working=20 on a UNIX machine. The file I'm reading from is a plain text file.

 

Hello,

Many e-mail programs can't edit HTML directly. If you want = to get=20
maximum response, send plain text messages.=20
- Andrei=20
--=20
Cymbaline: intelligent learning mp3 player - python, linux, = console.=20
get it at: cy.silmarill.org=20
_______________________________________________=20
Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org=20
http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor=20

Get your FREE download of MSN Explorer at http://explorer.msn.com
_______________________________________________=20 Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org=20 http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor =
------=_NextPart_000_0007_01C17FD1.683C9DE0-- From glingl@aon.at Sat Dec 8 11:17:17 2001 From: glingl@aon.at (Gregor Lingl) Date: Sat, 8 Dec 2001 12:17:17 +0100 Subject: [Tutor] i want to ask something. References: <141.5f4764e.2942cc23@aol.com> Message-ID: <001401c17fd9$e5b8d150$1664a8c0@mega> then first read this. http://www.tuxedo.org/~esr/faqs/hacker-howto.html is it this what you want? Gregor ----- Original Message ----- From: DEVIOUSDIABLO@aol.com To: tutor@python.org Sent: Saturday, December 08, 2001 2:51 AM Subject: [Tutor] i want to ask something. i want to know if you have to have equipment and stuff for your computer to hack and how to hack on a game called diablo.please tell me how without equipment if you can.i seriously want to be a hacker. From urnerk@qwest.net Sat Dec 8 16:44:57 2001 From: urnerk@qwest.net (Kirby Urner) Date: Sat, 08 Dec 2001 08:44:57 -0800 Subject: [Tutor] Initializing a list as an array In-Reply-To: <20011208031814.B14085@sandra.lysator.liu.se> References: <200112071926968.SM06048@there> <4.2.0.58.20011207172205.00a8cf10@pop3.norton.antivirus> <200112071926968.SM06048@there> Message-ID: <4.2.0.58.20011208084327.01abe800@pop3.norton.antivirus> > >Just a little warning here, this doesn't extend to multidimensional >lists: > >>> mymatrix = [[0]*3]*3 > >>> mymatrix >[[0, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0]] Excellent point re a common pitfall for new Python programmers, Kalle. Your example is very clear. >Finally, code that does the thing you might expect from the example above: > > >>> mymatrix = [[0] * 3 for x in xrange(3)] > >>> mymatrix[0][0] = 1 > >>> mymatrix >[[1, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0]] ...as is your solution. Kirby From kromag@nsacom.net Sat Dec 8 18:51:43 2001 From: kromag@nsacom.net (kromag@nsacom.net) Date: Sat, 8 Dec 2001 12:51:43 -0600 (CST) Subject: [Tutor] (no subject) Message-ID: <200112081851.fB8Ipge22195@pop.nsacom.net> From kromag@nsacom.net Sat Dec 8 19:09:05 2001 From: kromag@nsacom.net (kromag@nsacom.net) Date: Sat, 8 Dec 2001 13:09:05 -0600 (CST) Subject: [Tutor] _curses.error: addstr() returned ERR Message-ID: <200112081909.fB8J95e10633@pop.nsacom.net> Howdy, I have run on to a bit of a head scratcher with curses. (The entire script with all the attendant postgres stuff can be found at http://www.angryrobot.org/Jabulon.py) while 1: for room in roomlist: text='%s. '%(room) screen.addstr(text) prompt=screen.getstr() if prompt == 'read': pointer.execute("select * from post where room_name='%s'"% (room)) #pe is shorthand for "post element". for pe in pointer.fetchall(): msg_output=" Posted by %s, %s.n%snn"%(pe[2],time.ctime (string.atof(pe[0])),pe[4]) screen.addstr(msg_output) text='Press return to continuen' screen.addstr(text) screen.getch() elif prompt=='quit': sys.exit() elif prompt == '': pass elif prompt == 'enter': text="Enter Messagen> " screen.addstr(text) msg=screen.getstr() #testing only... rm='%s'%(room) dummy=time.time(),rm,username,msg pointer.execute("insert into post values(%s,'%s','%s','','% s')"%(dummy)) db.commit() else: pass The first time I run through the loop 'reading' works just fine. However upon the second run it poops out with: Traceback (most recent call last): File "./jabulon.py", line 90, in ? screen.addstr(msg_output) _curses.error: addstr() returned ERR The library reference states: ERR Some curses routines that return an integer, such as getch(), return ERR upon failure. so I figure (brilliant, I know) that addstr() also returns ERR upon failure. Does the problem somehow lie in: msg_output=" Posted by %s, %s.n%snn"%(pe[2],time.ctime(string.atof(pe [0])),pe[4]) when I convert the date string to a float? Is there a safer way to do this? From kromag@nsacom.net Sat Dec 8 19:11:54 2001 From: kromag@nsacom.net (kromag@nsacom.net) Date: Sat, 8 Dec 2001 13:11:54 -0600 (CST) Subject: [Tutor] _curses.error: addstr() returned ERR Message-ID: <200112081911.fB8JBse21788@pop.nsacom.net> Howdy, I have run on to a bit of a head scratcher with curses. (The entire script with all the attendant postgres stuff can be found at http://www.angryrobot.org/Jabulon.py) while 1: for room in roomlist: text='%s. '%(room) screen.addstr(text) prompt=screen.getstr() if prompt == 'read': pointer.execute("select * from post where room_name='%s'"% (room)) #pe is shorthand for "post element". for pe in pointer.fetchall(): msg_output=" Posted by %s, %s.n%snn"%(pe[2],time.ctime (string.atof(pe[0])),pe[4]) screen.addstr(msg_output) text='Press return to continuen' screen.addstr(text) screen.getch() elif prompt=='quit': sys.exit() elif prompt == '': pass elif prompt == 'enter': text="Enter Messagen> " screen.addstr(text) msg=screen.getstr() #testing only... rm='%s'%(room) dummy=time.time(),rm,username,msg pointer.execute("insert into post values(%s,'%s','%s','','% s')"%(dummy)) db.commit() else: pass The first time I run through the loop 'reading' works just fine. However upon the second run it poops out with: Traceback (most recent call last): File "./jabulon.py", line 90, in ? screen.addstr(msg_output) _curses.error: addstr() returned ERR The library reference states: ERR Some curses routines that return an integer, such as getch(), return ERR upon failure. so I figure (brilliant, I know) that addstr() also returns ERR upon failure. Does the problem somehow lie in: msg_output=" Posted by %s, %s.n%snn"%(pe[2],time.ctime(string.atof(pe [0])),pe[4]) when I convert the date string to a float? Is there a safer way to do this? From syrinx@simplecom.net Sun Dec 9 04:23:45 2001 From: syrinx@simplecom.net (Scott) Date: Sat, 8 Dec 2001 22:23:45 -0600 Subject: [Tutor] Making a better list Message-ID: <200112082224734.SM06048@there> In Python, if I want to make a list-like class (a specialized list of x's, say), is it generally better to create a class with a member list, or derive a class from the built-in 'list' type (I don't know how to do that yet.) HTNTS (that means 'hope that's not too stupid' :) Thanks. From dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu Sun Dec 9 05:57:30 2001 From: dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu (Danny Yoo) Date: Sat, 8 Dec 2001 21:57:30 -0800 (PST) Subject: [Tutor] Making a better list In-Reply-To: <200112082224734.SM06048@there> Message-ID: On Sat, 8 Dec 2001, Scott wrote: > In Python, if I want to make a list-like class (a specialized list of > x's, say), is it generally better to create a class with a member > list, or derive a class from the built-in 'list' type (I don't know > how to do that yet.) Hi Scott. Yes, it's very possible to derive from the UserList class: http://www.python.org/doc/lib/module-UserList.html What we can do is subclass a UserList, and then modify specific behavior, like how the list pulls elements out. Here's a list of the possible list-like things that we can redefine: http://python.org/doc/current/ref/sequence-types.html For example, perhaps we might want to make a list that capitalizes any string that we put into it. We could do something like this: ### >>> class CapitalList(UserList.UserList): ... def __setitem__(self, key, value): ... if type(value) == types.StringType: ... value = string.upper(value) ... self.data[key] = value >>> l = CapitalList(range(10)) >>> l [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9] >>> l[4] = 'hello, this is a test' >>> l [0, 1, 2, 3, 'HELLO, THIS IS A TEST', 5, 6, 7, 8, 9] ### Ok, ok, I admit, this example is completely Useless. *grin* But it shows that this stuff shouldn't be too difficult to do. A more serious example might be to make a kind of list that doesn't give IndexErrors if we try to assign elements beyond the list's size. ### import UserList class LooseList(UserList.UserList): def __setitem__(self, key, value): if key >= len(self.data): self.expandList(key - len(self.data) + 1) self.data[key] = value def expandList(self, length): for i in range(length): self.append(None) ### Let's see if it works ok: ### >>> l = LooseList(['hello', 'world']) >>> l = LooseList(['hello', 'world']) >>> l[4] = 'divas' >>> l[42] = 'answer to life' >>> l ['hello', 'world', None, None, 'divas', None, None, None, None, None, None, None, None, None, None, None, None, None, None, None, None, None, None, None, None, None, None, None, None, None, None, None, None, None, None, None, None, None, None, None, None, None, 'answer to life'] ### As a warning: this is not to say that I encourage the use of this LooseList: I think it's way too loose. *grin* But it's nice to see that we have the power to extend Python this way if we wanted. > HTNTS > > (that means 'hope that's not too stupid' :) That's not a stupid question at all! That was a fun question. I hope this helps! From toodles@yifan.net Sun Dec 9 11:48:21 2001 From: toodles@yifan.net (Andy W) Date: Sun, 9 Dec 2001 19:48:21 +0800 Subject: [Tutor] asynchat Message-ID: <000701c180a7$681ed770$0300a8c0@sun> Hi people Has anyone seen any programs that use asynchat? At the moment I'm reading through asynchat.py, but I'd like an example to follow through as well. Regards, Andy. From lha2@columbia.edu Sun Dec 9 12:29:09 2001 From: lha2@columbia.edu (Lloyd Hugh Allen) Date: Sun, 09 Dec 2001 07:29:09 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] Making a better list References: Message-ID: <3C135915.11CE6F7A@mail.verizon.net> Danny Yoo wrote: > > ### > import UserList > class LooseList(UserList.UserList): > def __setitem__(self, key, value): > if key >= len(self.data): > self.expandList(key - len(self.data) + 1) > self.data[key] = value > > def expandList(self, length): > for i in range(length): > self.append(None) > ### > > Let's see if it works ok: > > ### > >>> l = LooseList(['hello', 'world']) > >>> l = LooseList(['hello', 'world']) > >>> l[4] = 'divas' > >>> l[42] = 'answer to life' > >>> l > ['hello', 'world', None, None, 'divas', None, None, None, None, None, > None, None, None, None, None, None, None, None, None, None, None, None, > None, None, None, None, None, None, None, None, None, None, None, None, > None, None, None, None, None, None, None, None, 'answer to life'] > ### > > As a warning: this is not to say that I encourage the use of this > LooseList: I think it's way too loose. *grin* But it's nice to see that > we have the power to extend Python this way if we wanted. > But if we replace "None" with "0", and make the list two dimensional, this would be just the ticket for converting a sparse matrix defined by the dictionary method (i.e., entries that exist have key of index and value of value) into explicit matrices (two dimensional lists, with zero as the value of entries that didn't previously "exist"). Or did somebody already uselessize this. From dsh8290@rit.edu Sun Dec 9 13:11:54 2001 From: dsh8290@rit.edu (dman) Date: Sun, 9 Dec 2001 08:11:54 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] Making a better list In-Reply-To: ; from dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu on Sat, Dec 08, 2001 at 09:57:30PM -0800 References: <200112082224734.SM06048@there> Message-ID: <20011209081154.C11320@harmony.cs.rit.edu> On Sat, Dec 08, 2001 at 09:57:30PM -0800, Danny Yoo wrote: | On Sat, 8 Dec 2001, Scott wrote: | | > In Python, if I want to make a list-like class (a specialized list of | > x's, say), is it generally better to create a class with a member | > list, or derive a class from the built-in 'list' type (I don't know | > how to do that yet.) | | | Hi Scott. Yes, it's very possible to derive from the UserList class: | | http://www.python.org/doc/lib/module-UserList.html Or, if you have 2.2, you can subclass the built-in 'list'. class MyList( list ) : pass I think a good rule-of-thumb for deciding whether to use inheritance or composition is : o how much is your new type supposed to behave like the existing type? o how much of the existing functionality do you want to keep as-is? If you only want to change a little bit of the functionality, inheritance would be easier, but composition is still easy enough with the __getattr__ and __setattr__ methods. HTH, -D -- Contrary to popular belief, Unix is user friendly. It just happens to be selective about who it makes friends with. -- Dave Parnas From fpeavy@pop.net Sun Dec 9 18:27:45 2001 From: fpeavy@pop.net (Frank Peavy) Date: Sun, 09 Dec 2001 10:27:45 -0800 Subject: [Tutor] OO terms and definitions Message-ID: <5.1.0.14.0.20011209102056.00aa9c60@mail45566.popserver.pop.net> I am a little(or is that a lot) confused about some OO terminology. I have some quite a bit on the web and I have seen all sorts of definitions for the following terms: Module Class Function? Method? Procedure? It seems to me that there is a hierarchy to some degree, as idented above. And, I am under the impression that a Module is usually a file with a .py extension that contains the other items. Does a Module always have a Class? I am under the impression that this is not the case. How do Function, Method and Procedure differ? Or are they the same...? From ak@silmarill.org Sun Dec 9 18:42:38 2001 From: ak@silmarill.org (Andrei Kulakov) Date: Sun, 09 Dec 2001 13:42:38 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] OO terms and definitions In-Reply-To: <5.1.0.14.0.20011209102056.00aa9c60@mail45566.popserver.pop.net> References: <5.1.0.14.0.20011209102056.00aa9c60@mail45566.popserver.pop.net> Message-ID: <20011209134238.A9767@sill.silmarill.org> On Sun, Dec 09, 2001 at 10:27:45AM -0800, Frank Peavy wrote: > I am a little(or is that a lot) confused about some OO terminology. > I have some quite a bit on the web and I have seen all sorts of definitions > for the following terms: > Module > Class > Function? > Method? > Procedure? > > It seems to me that there is a hierarchy to some degree, as idented above. > And, I am under the impression that a Module is usually a file with a .py > extension that contains the other items. Yep > > Does a Module always have a Class? I am under the impression that this is > not the case. You're right. Class is a "kind" of something. For example, you might have a class Tree, 2 subclasses - Pine and Oak, and 2 instances of Pine - pine that grows in your garden and pine that grows in Central Park in manhattan. > > How do Function, Method and Procedure differ? Or are they the same...? Procedure is just another name for a function. Function is some code that is grouped under one name and can be called and executed using that name. Method is a function that is associated with an object - for example, the Pine class may have a method called die that would kill the pine when run. class Tree: # method that runs when class is instantiated def __init__(self): self.alive = "yes" def die(self): self.alive = "no" print "This tree is dead now." class Pine(Tree): # I don't remember exactly but I think the __init__ method is an # exception because you have to explicitly re-run it in inherited # class.. die method will be inherited automatically def __init__(self): Tree.__init__() # run Tree's __init__ my_garden_pine = Pine() # make an instance of Pine (instantiate # Pine) print my_garden_pine.alive # will print "yes" my_garden_pine.die() # run die method; will print "this tree # is dead now" print my_garden_pine.alive # will print "no" > > > _______________________________________________ > Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org > http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor -- Cymbaline: intelligent learning mp3 player - python, linux, console. get it at: cy.silmarill.org From fpeavy@pop.net Sun Dec 9 18:54:10 2001 From: fpeavy@pop.net (Frank Peavy) Date: Sun, 09 Dec 2001 10:54:10 -0800 Subject: [Tutor] compiled Python Files ?? and a little OO Message-ID: <5.1.0.14.0.20011209102938.00aae780@mail45566.popserver.pop.net> I created three simple files to test with: ************************************************************* F1.py file and all it contains is: print "Hello" ************************************************************* Another file F2.py that contains: print "JSmith" ************************************************************* I have one more FX.py file that contains: import F1.py import F2.py ************************************************************* My end result was: Hello JSmith The results seem correct, in my opinion. So, here are my questions. Although I didn't request it, Python did a line feed between Hello and JSmith, is this normal? After I ran this, I noticed that I had two new versions of F1 and F2; the directory showed "Compiled Python file" as a description and they had .pyc extensions. Why didn't I see this happening with my other tests? Is it because the other tests imported Tkinter? I understand I can run the .pyc files, instead of the .py files. Is this true? Why didn't I get a FX.pyc file also... ? The first two files compiled but the third file that imported the other two didn't. A little confused... :-) From ak@silmarill.org Sun Dec 9 18:57:47 2001 From: ak@silmarill.org (Andrei Kulakov) Date: Sun, 09 Dec 2001 13:57:47 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] compiled Python Files ?? and a little OO In-Reply-To: <5.1.0.14.0.20011209102938.00aae780@mail45566.popserver.pop.net> References: <5.1.0.14.0.20011209102938.00aae780@mail45566.popserver.pop.net> Message-ID: <20011209135747.A9869@sill.silmarill.org> On Sun, Dec 09, 2001 at 10:54:10AM -0800, Frank Peavy wrote: > I created three simple files to test with: > ************************************************************* > F1.py file and all it contains is: > > print "Hello" > ************************************************************* > Another file F2.py that contains: > > print "JSmith" > ************************************************************* > I have one more FX.py file that contains: > > import F1.py > import F2.py > ************************************************************* > My end result was: > > Hello > JSmith > > The results seem correct, in my opinion. > So, here are my questions. Although I didn't request it, Python did a line > feed between Hello and JSmith, is this normal? You did request it by using print statement - it prints a newline as a default, because in most cases you want it there. To have a space instead of a newline, put a comma after the first print: print "blah", print "trah" > > After I ran this, I noticed that I had two new versions of F1 and F2; the > directory showed "Compiled Python file" as a description and they had .pyc > extensions. Why didn't I see this happening with my other tests? Is it > because the other tests imported Tkinter? > > I understand I can run the .pyc files, instead of the .py files. Is this > true? > > Why didn't I get a FX.pyc file also... ? The first two files compiled but > the third file that imported the other two didn't. > > A little confused... :-) They get compiled to .pyc when they're imported. > > > _______________________________________________ > Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org > http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor -- Cymbaline: intelligent learning mp3 player - python, linux, console. get it at: cy.silmarill.org From dsh8290@rit.edu Sun Dec 9 20:19:27 2001 From: dsh8290@rit.edu (dman) Date: Sun, 9 Dec 2001 15:19:27 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] OO terms and definitions In-Reply-To: <5.1.0.14.0.20011209102056.00aa9c60@mail45566.popserver.pop.net>; from fpeavy@pop.net on Sun, Dec 09, 2001 at 10:27:45AM -0800 References: <5.1.0.14.0.20011209102056.00aa9c60@mail45566.popserver.pop.net> Message-ID: <20011209151927.C11602@harmony.cs.rit.edu> On Sun, Dec 09, 2001 at 10:27:45AM -0800, Frank Peavy wrote: | I am a little(or is that a lot) confused about some OO terminology. | I have some quite a bit on the web and I have seen all sorts of definitions | for the following terms: | Module | Class | Function? | Method? | Procedure? | | It seems to me that there is a hierarchy to some degree, as idented above. | And, I am under the impression that a Module is usually a file with a .py | extension that contains the other items. | | Does a Module always have a Class? I am under the impression that this is | not the case. So far so good. Note that in some languages classes and functions can nest, and others have restrictions on it. Python falls in the former category. In C and C++ there is no nesting allowed. In Java a class can be nested inside another class or method, but methods cannot be nested in other methods. I don't know if Eiffel allows nesting or not. | How do Function, Method and Procedure differ? Or are they the same...? Pragmatically they are the same. The Java community likes to call them "methods". The C/C++ community calls them functions (whether they are in a class or not). The Eiffel community calls the ones that modify state but don't return a value "procedures" and the ones that return a value but don't modify state "functions" (and they don't like ones that do both). Technically in Python a "function" is not part of a class. Either it is at the module level or it is a nested function in the local namespace of another function. A "method" is part of a class. If it is unbound it has no instance associated with it, if it is bound it has an instance associated with it. You can pretty much use the terms interchangeably, except when you get into the semantic details of "function" vs. "unbound method" vs. "bound method". -D -- In his heart a man plans his course, but the Lord determines his steps. Proverbs 16:9 From dsh8290@rit.edu Sun Dec 9 20:25:18 2001 From: dsh8290@rit.edu (dman) Date: Sun, 9 Dec 2001 15:25:18 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] compiled Python Files ?? and a little OO In-Reply-To: <5.1.0.14.0.20011209102938.00aae780@mail45566.popserver.pop.net>; from fpeavy@pop.net on Sun, Dec 09, 2001 at 10:54:10AM -0800 References: <5.1.0.14.0.20011209102938.00aae780@mail45566.popserver.pop.net> Message-ID: <20011209152518.D11602@harmony.cs.rit.edu> On Sun, Dec 09, 2001 at 10:54:10AM -0800, Frank Peavy wrote: ... | After I ran this, I noticed that I had two new versions of F1 and F2; the | directory showed "Compiled Python file" as a description and they had .pyc | extensions. Why didn't I see this happening with my other tests? Is it | because the other tests imported Tkinter? When a module is imported, the bytecodes are stored in a .pyc file. This allows for faster loading the next time the module is imported, if the source hasn't changed. | I understand I can run the .pyc files, instead of the .py files. Is | this true? I believe you can remove the .py file from the directory and the program would run the same. I have never had a need to do this, so I haven't tested it out. | Why didn't I get a FX.pyc file also... ? The first two files compiled but | the third file that imported the other two didn't. This is because ran that file directly, instead of importing it. A typical layout is to have a file named for the application (with no .py extension) file that looks like -------- #!/usr/bin/env python import main main.main() -------- then have a main.py that includes a main() function[1] where the program's logic begins. -D [1] Note : unlike C, C++, and Java there is no requirement on the name given, "main" just happens to be quite common (no doubt as a result of practice with the above languages). -- "Don't use C; In my opinion, C is a library programming language not an app programming language." - Owen Taylor (GTK+ developer) From urnerk@qwest.net Sun Dec 9 21:29:21 2001 From: urnerk@qwest.net (Kirby Urner) Date: Sun, 09 Dec 2001 13:29:21 -0800 Subject: [Tutor] OO terms and definitions In-Reply-To: <20011209151927.C11602@harmony.cs.rit.edu> References: <5.1.0.14.0.20011209102056.00aa9c60@mail45566.popserver.pop.net> <5.1.0.14.0.20011209102056.00aa9c60@mail45566.popserver.pop.net> Message-ID: <4.2.0.58.20011209132810.015a7c30@pop3.norton.antivirus> I seem to recall reading somewhere at the Python site that soon, if not already, we'd be able to subclass modules themselves, making them seem more like classes. Was I dreaming? Kirby From dsh8290@rit.edu Sun Dec 9 21:32:00 2001 From: dsh8290@rit.edu (dman) Date: Sun, 9 Dec 2001 16:32:00 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] OO terms and definitions In-Reply-To: <4.2.0.58.20011209132810.015a7c30@pop3.norton.antivirus>; from urnerk@qwest.net on Sun, Dec 09, 2001 at 01:29:21PM -0800 References: <5.1.0.14.0.20011209102056.00aa9c60@mail45566.popserver.pop.net> <5.1.0.14.0.20011209102056.00aa9c60@mail45566.popserver.pop.net> <20011209151927.C11602@harmony.cs.rit.edu> <4.2.0.58.20011209132810.015a7c30@pop3.norton.antivirus> Message-ID: <20011209163200.A12102@harmony.cs.rit.edu> On Sun, Dec 09, 2001 at 01:29:21PM -0800, Kirby Urner wrote: | | I seem to recall reading somewhere at the Python site | that soon, if not already, we'd be able to subclass | modules themselves, making them seem more like classes. | Was I dreaming? I don't know, but it would be cool if you weren't :-). We can subclass built-in types in 2.2. -D -- If your company is not involved in something called "ISO 9000" you probably have no idea what it is. If your company _is_ involved in ISO 9000 then you definitely have no idea what it is. (Scott Adams - The Dilbert principle) From dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu Sun Dec 9 21:59:23 2001 From: dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu (Danny Yoo) Date: Sun, 9 Dec 2001 13:59:23 -0800 (PST) Subject: [Tutor] compiled Python Files ?? and a little OO (fwd) Message-ID: Hi Frank, I think you meant to send this to the "tutor@python.org" address. The "tutor-admin@python.org" only sends it off to the list admins. I'll forward your message to the rest of the list. Best of wishes to you. ---------- Forwarded message ---------- Date: Sun, 09 Dec 2001 10:54:10 -0800 From: Frank Peavy To: tutor-python.org Subject: [Tutor] compiled Python Files ?? and a little OO I created three simple files to test with: ************************************************************* F1.py file and all it contains is: print "Hello" ************************************************************* Another file F2.py that contains: print "JSmith" ************************************************************* I have one more FX.py file that contains: import F1.py import F2.py ************************************************************* My end result was: Hello JSmith The results seem correct, in my opinion. So, here are my questions. Although I didn't request it, Python did a line feed between Hello and JSmith, is this normal? After I ran this, I noticed that I had two new versions of F1 and F2; the directory showed "Compiled Python file" as a description and they had .pyc extensions. Why didn't I see this happening with my other tests? Is it because the other tests imported Tkinter? I understand I can run the .pyc files, instead of the .py files. Is this true? Why didn't I get a FX.pyc file also... ? The first two files compiled but the third file that imported the other two didn't. A little confused... :-) _______________________________________________ Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor From dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu Sun Dec 9 22:25:21 2001 From: dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu (Danny Yoo) Date: Sun, 9 Dec 2001 14:25:21 -0800 (PST) Subject: [Tutor] compiled Python Files ?? [print / .pyc and import] In-Reply-To: Message-ID: > I created three simple files to test with: > ************************************************************* > F1.py file and all it contains is: > > print "Hello" > ************************************************************* > Another file F2.py that contains: > > print "JSmith" > ************************************************************* > I have one more FX.py file that contains: > > import F1.py > import F2.py Hmmm... did this work? Your FX.py file might need: ### import F1 import F2 ### instead: Python knows how to look for Python modules, as long as we give it the name. It knows that '.py' files hold Python modules, so we don't need to put the extension here when we import modules. > So, here are my questions. Although I didn't request it, Python did a > line feed between Hello and JSmith, is this normal? Yes. The 'print' statement puts in a "line feed" for convenience, so that people aren't surprised when they try something like this: ### >>> def test(): ... print "Hello" ... print ... print "world!" ... >>> test() Hello world! ### This way, we can skip lines just by doing a ### print ### which many feel is nice. However, perhaps we don't want 'print' to skip lines. If we put a trailing comma on a print statement, 'print' will put a space instead: ### >>> def test2(): ... print "hello", ... print "world!" ... >>> test2() hello world! ### > After I ran this, I noticed that I had two new versions of F1 and F2; > the directory showed "Compiled Python file" as a description and they > had .pyc extensions. Why didn't I see this happening with my other > tests? Is it because the other tests imported Tkinter? It's because your FX.py program imported the other two 'modules' --- doing an import has this effect. Let's talk about this below. > I understand I can run the .pyc files, instead of the .py files. Is > this true? Yes, it's true. However, I wouldn't recommend deleting the .py files, sine the .pyc files are very unreadable. *grin* > Why didn't I get a FX.pyc file also... ? The first two files compiled but > the third file that imported the other two didn't. Ah! But if we had a third program that did something like: ### import FX ### Python will make an FX.pyc file for us. A 'pyc' file is Python's representation of our program. Python needs to chew our Python "source" into small bytecodes, because the underlying Python engine can deal with these bites...er... bytes fairly easily. In many cases, these bytecodes are just kept in memory, and disappear after a program is done. However, If a module is imported, Python expects that it might be worth it to save the bytecodes to disk, so that next time, if we ever import that module again, Python can just slurp up the .pyc file instead of chewing. .pyc files are there to allow our programs to be loaded faster, but that's about it. From pierre.leonavicius@pandora.be Sun Dec 9 17:49:40 2001 From: pierre.leonavicius@pandora.be (Pierre Leonavicius) Date: Sun, 9 Dec 2001 18:49:40 +0100 Subject: [Tutor] screen display commands Message-ID: This is a multi-part message in MIME format. ------=_NextPart_000_0000_01C180E2.427DF600 Content-Type: multipart/alternative; boundary="----=_NextPart_001_0001_01C180E2.42871DC0" ------=_NextPart_001_0001_01C180E2.42871DC0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset="iso-8859-1" Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit Hi, Where can i find the syntax for screen commands? Such als displaying/inputing text on a specific place on computer-screen? Colors, blinking and so on. thanks for help Pierre Leonavicius gsm:+32(0)473/99.14.85 * pierre.leonavicius@pandora.be fax1:+32(0)11/84.46.29 ------=_NextPart_001_0001_01C180E2.42871DC0 Content-Type: text/html; charset="iso-8859-1" Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable
Hi,
 
Where can i find = the syntax for=20 screen commands?
Such als = displaying/inputing=20 text on a specific place on computer-screen?
Colors, blinking = and so=20 on.
 
thanks for=20 help
 

Pierre=20 Leonavicius

gsm:+32(0)473/99.14.85

*=20 pierre.leonavicius@pandora.be

fax1:+32(0)11/84.46.29

 

------=_NextPart_001_0001_01C180E2.42871DC0-- ------=_NextPart_000_0000_01C180E2.427DF600 Content-Type: image/gif; name="tech.gif" Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64 Content-ID: <850244517@09122001-2a81> R0lGODlhFAAUAPcAAP//////zP//mf//Zv//M///AP/M///MzP/Mmf/MZv/MM//MAP+Z//+ZzP+Z mf+ZZv+ZM/+ZAP9m//9mzP9mmf9mZv9mM/9mAP8z//8zzP8zmf8zZv8zM/8zAP8A//8AzP8Amf8A Zv8AM/8AAMz//8z/zMz/mcz/Zsz/M8z/AMzM/8zMzMzMmczMZszMM8zMAMyZ/8yZzMyZmcyZZsyZ M8yZAMxm/8xmzMxmmcxmZsxmM8xmAMwz/8wzzMwzmcwzZswzM8wzAMwA/8wAzMwAmcwAZswAM8wA AJn//5n/zJn/mZn/Zpn/M5n/AJnM/5nMzJnMmZnMZpnMM5nMAJmZ/5mZzJmZmZmZZpmZM5mZAJlm /5lmzJlmmZlmZplmM5lmAJkz/5kzzJkzmZkzZpkzM5kzAJkA/5kAzJkAmZkAZpkAM5kAAGb//2b/ zGb/mWb/Zmb/M2b/AGbM/2bMzGbMmWbMZmbMM2bMAGaZ/2aZzGaZmWaZZmaZM2aZAGZm/2ZmzGZm mWZmZmZmM2ZmAGYz/2YzzGYzmWYzZmYzM2YzAGYA/2YAzGYAmWYAZmYAM2YAADP//zP/zDP/mTP/ ZjP/MzP/ADPM/zPMzDPMmTPMZjPMMzPMADOZ/zOZzDOZmTOZZjOZMzOZADNm/zNmzDNmmTNmZjNm MzNmADMz/zMzzDMzmTMzZjMzMzMzADMA/zMAzDMAmTMAZjMAMzMAAAD//wD/zAD/mQD/ZgD/MwD/ AADM/wDMzADMmQDMZgDMMwDMAACZ/wCZzACZmQCZZgCZMwCZAABm/wBmzABmmQBmZgBmMwBmAAAz /wAzzAAzmQAzZgAzMwAzAAAA/wAAzAAAmQAAZgAAMwAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAACwAAAAAFAAUAEAIQwBJCBxI sKBBAAgTKlyYUCDDhwsdQpwoceLDihYjksh4cSNHjR9BhmzocSQAjCFRflTJkWVGlxZhUiw5UiZE gzhzBgQAOw== ------=_NextPart_000_0000_01C180E2.427DF600-- From highprimate@howlermonkey.net Sun Dec 9 22:26:07 2001 From: highprimate@howlermonkey.net (Kirk Bailey) Date: Sun, 9 Dec 2001 17:26:7 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] further ignorant babbling, but with prettier words Message-ID: <200112092226.fB9MQA325669@ns.howlermonkey.net> Lookee what I been up to. ----------begin seasoned bits---------------- #!/usr/local/bin/python # Tinylist module, Pitchtime unit. # this handles receiving and sending out postings to a list. import sys, re, string, rfc822, smtplib localhost = 'howlermonkey.net' # make sure you set this to the domain YOU use!!! pathtostuff = '/www/www.howlermonkey.net/cgi-bin/' #please edit this to suit your system. # note this tells where to start looking. # everything is either here, ur under this # point in a systematic manner. listname = argv[1] # we read a command line arguement to determine the list name # Arguement 0 is the name of the script run, 1 is the # first arguement # after that name in the command line, so if this were # program FOO, # that line would be "|/path/FOO listname" # and the arguement here would be 'listname'! message = raw_input.lines() # Variable 'message' is assigned the entire message # which is piped to the program by the alias definition # such as: # foolist:"|/pathtoprogram/programname foolist" # now we must determine the sender and see if they are in # the subscriber file! from = message["From"] open a.file(pathtostuff + "/lists/" + listname, 'r') members = a.readlines() a.close() if pos( from, message] : # IF the sender is in the subscriber file, THEN: subject = '[' + listname + ']' + subject # '[listname] whatever they said' X-Mailing-List = listname + "@" + localhost # This breaks email loops from forming. Reply_to = listname + "@" + localhost # this sets the reply-to field. else listnamemembers = from # only one 'member' in the list of 'subscribers' here! message = "" # clear the unauthorized posting. From = "From: tinylist@" + localhost + \n # From: tinylist@mydomain.foo ! Subject = message + "Subject: Unauthorized posting to list" + listname + \n Reply_to = message + "Reply-to:postmaster@" + localhost + \n message = message + """ To whom it may concern; Sorry, but as you are not a current member of """ + listname + """, you may not post to it. Your recent posting has been rejected and destroyed. Feel free to contact the postmaster if there is any question. Any reply to this letter should go directly to the postmaster. You can also subscribe to this list if you like. Goodbye. """ # ok, if they are not a member, THEY GET THE REPLY SHOWN ABOVE MAILED TO THEM! # above is a blank line, DO NOT DELETE IT! it defines the end of the if then else structure! # there is no endif or fi in python. whitespace is rather important here. # now we send whatever message is to go out to whatever is in the recipient tupple. for i in listnamemembers : helo() a.connect() a.sendmail(from_addr, to_addr, Subject, reply-to, to, X-Mailing-List, msg) a.quit() # make sure this script runs as a TRUSTED USER- and NOT as root!!! Make sure a # NON-priviliged user can run this script, and make sure it is owned by that identity! --------------end seasoned bits------------ end In total confusion, Kirk D Bailey |----------------------------------------------------| | Consulting Agent Provecateur | | Webmaster, Howlermonkey Email services Co. | | Please visit us at http://www.howlermonkey.net/ | |----------------------------------------------------| From dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu Sun Dec 9 22:44:16 2001 From: dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu (Danny Yoo) Date: Sun, 9 Dec 2001 14:44:16 -0800 (PST) Subject: [Tutor] further ignorant babbling, but with prettier words In-Reply-To: <200112092226.fB9MQA325669@ns.howlermonkey.net> Message-ID: On Sun, 9 Dec 2001, Kirk Bailey wrote: > Lookee what I been up to. Cool! Let's take a look. > import sys, re, string, rfc822, smtplib > > localhost = 'howlermonkey.net' # make sure you set this to the domain YOU use!!! > > pathtostuff = '/www/www.howlermonkey.net/cgi-bin/' #please edit this to suit your system. > # note this tells where to start looking. > # everything is either here, ur under this > # point in a systematic manner. > > listname = argv[1] # we read a command line arguement to determine the list You'll probably need to use 'sys.argv' instead, because: > import sys doesn't automatically pull the 'argv' arguments variable out of the module. If we do something like: ### argv = sys.argv ### right at the beginning, though, that'll allow us to get at sys.argv by just saying 'argv'. > message = raw_input.lines() # Variable 'message' is assigned the entire message Try: message = sys.stdin.read() instead. raw_input() is a function that only knows how to read a single line --- it won't respond favorably if we try to use it to read multiple lines at a time: ### >>> raw_input.lines() Traceback (most recent call last): File "", line 1, in ? AttributeError: lines ### 'sys.stdin', on the other hand, is a "file": http://www.python.org/doc/lib/bltin-file-objects.html that should know how to read(): ### >>> message = sys.stdin.read() hello world this is a test I'd better stop now. ## At this point, I press Ctrl-D. On Windows systems, Ctrl-Z should ## also get Python to stop reading from standard input. >>> message "hello world\nthis is a test\nI'd better stop now.\n" ### > from = message["From"] Before doing this, we'll probably need to 'parse' or process the message string out to grab at the message's headers, probably using the rfc822 module we talked about a few days ago: http://www.python.org/doc/lib/module-rfc822.html > open a.file(pathtostuff + "/lists/" + listname, 'r') Try: a = open(pathtostuff + "/lists/" + listname) which translates to "Let's assign 'a' to the open()ing of this file. What you had below tries to say "Try calling the file() method of 'a'" which dosen't work, because Python doesn't know what 'a' means yet. See if it works a little better. Also, remember that you can always using the interpreter to play around and experiment with Python. From highprimate@howlermonkey.net Sun Dec 9 22:49:11 2001 From: highprimate@howlermonkey.net (Kirk Bailey) Date: Sun, 9 Dec 2001 17:49:11 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] Paths Message-ID: <200112092249.fB9MnE325766@ns.howlermonkey.net> I am a heretic. There is a really popular standard for how to organize directory trees on a un*x computer, and it drives me bats. It is functionally structured. But I'm apparently dysfunctional, and give not a damn for this approach. I like my data safe, and organized on a conceptual association basis. For instance, it is unwise to let the world run files located in the same dir as many system files. so instead of execiting web or email cgi scripts in /bin or /sbin with a link, I place them right in the cgi-bin, which is the ONLY place the world can run or access such stuff. I make sure the scripts are owned by a identity with restricted permissions. The files for an application are placed in directories under the cgi-bin, and if more than one is needed, I try to keep them gogether on one bag (parent direcory) under the cgi-bin. Do let's assume a function FOOBAR uses 3 directories, FOOBAIT, FOODATA, FOORECORDS. The tree would be: /www/cgi-bin/+foobar +/foobar+ +/FOOBAIT +/FOODATA +/FOORECORDS Which seems to make sense to me somehow, whereas the system some people want to declare the offical standard leaves me drooling on my keyboard as the brains turn into sludge. Now, I am working on a simple list management program, and to make each part simpler and smaller, it will be modular. Each module will only entail a narrow scope of tasks. The part I posted now (which is not yet complete) is the one to handle incoming posts to existing lists, the posttime module. One way to organize information is to place every list in a directory called TinyLists. Each list has a flat text file of addresses alone, which has the name of that list. other files for that list should also wear that list's name, and a word to describe what the file is. So if there was a footer file, and the list was named Teddybearclub, the footer file would be called 'teddybearclub.footer'. Using name conventions such as this let me place all the list stuff in a single directory. Sorting them out to a group of directories would mean each directory had the name of the list, and all sich contained a pile of files which had identical names from dir to dir, the ontly thing which changes is the PATH. Although this makes the bath more complex, handling the file names is simpler. Just change the path ONCE, and the program referrs to the standard files in that location, no firther stuff required. I am wunderins what the advantages of each are, such as speed of access, potential for operator mindfuck, and other possibly not noticed as of yet issues. I invite discussion. end In total confusion, Kirk D Bailey |----------------------------------------------------| | Consulting Agent Provecateur | | Webmaster, Howlermonkey Email services Co. | | Please visit us at http://www.howlermonkey.net/ | |----------------------------------------------------| From highprimate@howlermonkey.net Sun Dec 9 23:04:53 2001 From: highprimate@howlermonkey.net (Kirk Bailey) Date: Sun, 9 Dec 2001 18:4:53 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] (no subject) Message-ID: <200112092305.fB9N4v325881@ns.howlermonkey.net> Updated cooking. --------------------new bits------------------------- #!/usr/local/bin/python # Tinylist module, Pitchtime unit. # this handles receiving and sending out postings to a list. import sys, re, string, rfc822, smtplib localhost = 'howlermonkey.net' # make sure you set this to the domain YOU use!!! pathtostuff = '/www/www.howlermonkey.net/cgi-bin/' #please edit this to suit your system. # note this tells where to start looking. # everything is either here, ur under this # point in a systematic manner. listname = sys.argv[1] # we read a command line arguement to determine the list name # Arguement 0 is the name of the script run, 1 is the # first arguement # after that name in the command line, so if this were # program FOO, # that line would be "|/path/FOO listname" # and the arguement here would be 'listname'! message = raw_input.lines() # Variable 'message' is assigned the entire message # which is piped to the program by the alias definition # such as: # foolist:"|/pathtoprogram/programname foolist" # now we must determine the sender and see if they are in # the subscriber file! # still got to learn more about how this thing handles # parsing the incoming message, but smtp and rfc822 # are dep sorcery on this material. from = message["From"] open a.file(pathtostuff + "/lists/" + listname, 'r') members = a.readlines() a.close() if string.find(members, from): # IF the sender is in the subscriber, subject = '[' + listname + ']' + subject # then acept the submission. X-Mailing-List = listname + "@" + localhost # This breaks email loops from forming. Reply_to = listname + "@" + localhost # this sets the reply-to field. ftr = b.open(pathtostuff + "/lists/footer,"+ listname,'r') footer = ftr.readlines() # reads the footer into the script ftr.close() message = message + footer # and append it to the message. else listnamemembers = from # we do this if the posterwas not found! message = "" # clear the unauthorized posting. From = "From: tinylist@" + localhost + \n # From: tinylist@mydomain.foo ! Subject = message + "Subject: Unauthorized posting to list" + listname + \n Reply_to = message + "Reply-to:postmaster@" + localhost + \n message = message + """ To whom it may concern; Sorry, but as you are not a current member of """ + listname + """, you may not post to it. Your recent posting has been rejected and destroyed. Feel free to contact the postmaster if there is any question. Any reply to this letter should go directly to the postmaster. You can also subscribe to this list if you like. Goodbye. """ # ok, if they are not a member, THEY GET THE REPLY SHOWN ABOVE MAILED TO THEM! # above is a blank line, DO NOT DELETE IT! it defines the end of the if then else structure! # there is no endif or fi in python. whitespace is rather important here. # now we send whatever message is to go out to whatever is in the recipient tupple. for i in listnamemembers : helo() a.connect() a.sendmail(from_addr, to_addr, Subject, reply-to, to, X-Mailing-List, msg) a.quit() # make sure this script runs as a TRUSTED USER- and NOT as root!!! Make sure a # NON-priviliged user can run this script, and make sure it is owned by that identity! ----------------------------------end new bits------------------------------------------ end In total confusion, Kirk D Bailey |----------------------------------------------------| | Consulting Agent Provecateur | | Webmaster, Howlermonkey Email services Co. | | Please visit us at http://www.howlermonkey.net/ | |----------------------------------------------------| From highprimate@howlermonkey.net Sun Dec 9 23:35:01 2001 From: highprimate@howlermonkey.net (Kirk Bailey) Date: Sun, 9 Dec 2001 18:35:1 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] (no subject) Message-ID: <200112092335.fB9NZ4326016@ns.howlermonkey.net> ok, in IDLE I created a variable, listnamemembers, and inserted a bunch of info in it, with triple quotes. listnamemembers = """me@here.net you@there.org Me@here2.com everybody@earth.edu nobody@domainerror.cc """ and I tried to look at these chunks of data. for i in listnamemembers: print i and got this: y o u @ t h e r e . o r g m e @ h e r e . o r g .... you get the idea. ok, how do I read each line as an entire line, not char by char? end In total confusion, Kirk D Bailey |----------------------------------------------------| | Consulting Agent Provecateur | | Webmaster, Howlermonkey Email services Co. | | Please visit us at http://www.howlermonkey.net/ | |----------------------------------------------------| From jrm@videotron.ca Sun Dec 9 17:13:25 2001 From: jrm@videotron.ca (Jean Montambeault) Date: Sun, 9 Dec 2001 19:13:25 +0200 Subject: [Tutor] screen display commands References: Message-ID: <001001c180d4$d049bcc0$0100c0a8@videotron.ca> ----- Original Message ----- From: "Pierre Leonavicius" > Where can i find the syntax for screen commands? > Such als displaying/inputing text on a specific place on computer-screen? > Colors, blinking and so on. I'll try that one, - first, don't use HTML on a mailing list like you just did : it ruffles the feathers of many who are using text only mail readers. They get a mess of HTML code that is quite hard to read, especially when it comes from Oulook Express. Now to the question. I guess that you looking for GUI (graphical user interface) programming. Otherwise you would need "curses", another interface that has windows but which is text only. There are many flavors of GUI for Python : -Tkinter is the one that comes with your distribution of Python. It is the most universal working on Windows, Unixes (all of them ?) and Mac (reasonnably well or so they say). I use it and it's OK. I need something portable. -wxPython : pretty face, supposed to be easier to program but not available for Mac. -pyGTK and pyKDE: for flavors of Unixes mostly, if I'm not mistaking. So look for these names in Google and you should find plenty information on each. Also Alan Gauld's tutorial at http://www.freenetpages.co.uk/hp/alan.gauld/ ; the guy has a book in print so some ass will consider what I'm doing to be spamming : the heck with him. Since your first name is Pierre and you're calling from Belgium there are chances that you can read French : http://www.ulg.ac.be/cifen/inforef/swi/python.htm offers some really excellent notes and involves itself pretty quickly with GUI programming (Tkinter as it's almost always the case). Look at the bottom of the TOC page for a link to a PDF version. Something I missed the first time I searched : http://www.nmt.edu/tcc/help/lang/python/tkinter.html look for the first of the local link since that doc uses plain English the most of all available on the net. In any case you will have to understand the basis of (Pyton) programming (data types, branching, looping, that stuff) to effectively create a GUI. Bon plaisir ;) Jean M. From jrm@videotron.ca Sun Dec 9 17:43:42 2001 From: jrm@videotron.ca (Jean Montambeault) Date: Sun, 9 Dec 2001 19:43:42 +0200 Subject: [Tutor] Is there a heaven for old instances ? Message-ID: <000701c180d9$0b64d2a0$0100c0a8@videotron.ca> I wonder : when I re-assing a variable like this : a=3 a=4 a="Couldn't you make up you mind ?" the old values (e.g. 3 and 4) are destroyed or so I read. (BTW is that what "garbage collection" does ?). Now if I create and instance, let's say this way: instance1=Button(somewhere, lots of options or none) and then for some (stupid?) reason I go: instance1=Button(somewhere_else_or_not, new options_maybe) what happens to the first instance which is much more complex than a simple variable ? Jean M. From wilson@visi.com Mon Dec 10 01:30:14 2001 From: wilson@visi.com (Timothy Wilson) Date: Sun, 9 Dec 2001 19:30:14 -0600 (CST) Subject: [Tutor] string formatting and right justifying text Message-ID: Hi everyone, I'm working on the next project for my students and I'd like to have them print a table of stock prices, number of shares, etc. I can't figure out the string formatting codes to right-justify integers or floating point numbers so I can make the table look right. Any pointers? -Tim -- Tim Wilson | Visit Sibley online: | Check out: Henry Sibley HS | http://www.isd197.org | http://www.zope.com W. St. Paul, MN | | http://slashdot.org wilson@visi.com | | http://linux.com From dsh8290@rit.edu Mon Dec 10 02:48:03 2001 From: dsh8290@rit.edu (dman) Date: Sun, 9 Dec 2001 21:48:03 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] Is there a heaven for old instances ? In-Reply-To: <000701c180d9$0b64d2a0$0100c0a8@videotron.ca>; from jrm@videotron.ca on Sun, Dec 09, 2001 at 07:43:42PM +0200 References: <000701c180d9$0b64d2a0$0100c0a8@videotron.ca> Message-ID: <20011209214803.B12822@harmony.cs.rit.edu> On Sun, Dec 09, 2001 at 07:43:42PM +0200, Jean Montambeault wrote: | I wonder : | when I re-assing a variable like this : | a=3 | a=4 | a="Couldn't you make up you mind ?" | the old values (e.g. 3 and 4) are destroyed or so I read. (BTW is that | what "garbage collection" does ?). Yes. It just so happens that CPython creates the integers -1..99 at startup because they are so commonly used, so in this case it doesn't go away. (I don't know if Jython does this or not) Aside from this special case, you are correct. | Now if I create and instance, let's say this way: | instance1=Button(somewhere, lots of options or none) | and then for some (stupid?) reason I go: | instance1=Button(somewhere_else_or_not, new options_maybe) | what happens to the first instance which is much more complex than a | simple variable ? The same thing. If there are no more references to the first Button instance, it is destroyed. If you have stuck it in a frame or kept a reference somewhere, it is not destroyed, you just don't have a reference in the local scope. -D -- If your life is a hard drive, Christ can be your backup. From dsh8290@rit.edu Mon Dec 10 02:53:59 2001 From: dsh8290@rit.edu (dman) Date: Sun, 9 Dec 2001 21:53:59 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] screen display commands In-Reply-To: <001001c180d4$d049bcc0$0100c0a8@videotron.ca>; from jrm@videotron.ca on Sun, Dec 09, 2001 at 07:13:25PM +0200 References: <001001c180d4$d049bcc0$0100c0a8@videotron.ca> Message-ID: <20011209215358.C12822@harmony.cs.rit.edu> On Sun, Dec 09, 2001 at 07:13:25PM +0200, Jean Montambeault wrote: | ----- Original Message ----- | From: "Pierre Leonavicius" | | > Where can i find the syntax for screen commands? | > Such als displaying/inputing text on a specific place on computer-screen? | > Colors, blinking and so on. If you want a text screen look at the 'curses' module. It is available only for Unix systems, but cygwin on windows has curses support too (you'll need a python built with cygwin, 2.1 comes ready-made). | -wxPython : pretty face, supposed to be easier to program but not | available for Mac. wxPython is a nice consistent interface around the native toolkit. That is, on windows is looks just like other windows apps, and on *nix it looks just like other GTK or Motif apps (depending on the users version). A Mac port is in the works, but I'm not up on the status of it. | -pyGTK and pyKDE: for flavors of Unixes mostly, if I'm not mistaking. There is actually 4 different frameworks mentioned here : PyGTK PyGNOME PyQt PyKDE PyGTK and PyQt work on Unix and Windows. GTK and Qt are GUI toolkits, not entire desktop environments. I expect PyKDE to work since I have personally run KDE (1.1.2) on Windows (with cygwin and xfree). Someone got GNOME to run on windows, but I haven't gotten it to compile. Typically GNOME and KDE are Unix desktop environments. If you use PyGTK or PyGNOME, then take a look at the 'glade' program and the 'libglade' library. It greatly simplifies making a GUI. -D -- "...the word HACK is used as a verb to indicate a massive amount of nerd-like effort." -Harley Hahn, A Student's Guide to Unix From dsh8290@rit.edu Mon Dec 10 02:57:42 2001 From: dsh8290@rit.edu (dman) Date: Sun, 9 Dec 2001 21:57:42 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] string formatting and right justifying text In-Reply-To: ; from wilson@visi.com on Sun, Dec 09, 2001 at 07:30:14PM -0600 References: Message-ID: <20011209215742.D12822@harmony.cs.rit.edu> On Sun, Dec 09, 2001 at 07:30:14PM -0600, Timothy Wilson wrote: | Hi everyone, | | I'm working on the next project for my students and I'd like to have them | print a table of stock prices, number of shares, etc. I can't figure out the | string formatting codes to right-justify integers or floating point numbers | so I can make the table look right. Any pointers? All the format string codes are documented in 'man printf'. It is identical to C/C++ string formatting. To right justify text in a fixed-width field : >>> print "%20s" % "yo" yo >>> print "%-20s" % "yo" yo >>> print "%20d" % 5 5 >>> print "%-20d" % 5 5 >>> HTH, -D -- If any of you lacks wisdom, he should ask God, who gives generously to all without finding fault, and it will be given to him. But when he asks he must believe and not doubt, because he who doubts is like a wave of the sea, blown and tossed by the wind. James 1:5-6 From pythonpython@hotmail.com Mon Dec 10 03:51:02 2001 From: pythonpython@hotmail.com (HY) Date: Mon, 10 Dec 2001 12:51:02 +0900 Subject: [Tutor] sys.argv and windows 2k Message-ID: I have python script which takes 3 arguments. Under Windows 98 and Linux(Unix) prompt, it works fine: python action.py arg1 arg2 arg3 If I "print sys.argv", I get ['action.py', 'arg1', 'arg2', 'arg3'] . However,$B!!(Bwhen I try to run the script under a Windows 2000's cmd prompt the script stopped taking 3 arguments. It now only accept the first two the arguments I typed. When I do a "print sys.argv", I only get ['action.py', 'arg1', 'arg2'] . Could you please tell me why this is possible and how to make the script work under Windows 2000? Thanks a lot. Hy From dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu Mon Dec 10 04:03:38 2001 From: dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu (Danny Yoo) Date: Sun, 9 Dec 2001 20:03:38 -0800 (PST) Subject: [Tutor] string splitting In-Reply-To: <200112092335.fB9NZ4326016@ns.howlermonkey.net> Message-ID: Hi Kirk, On Sun, 9 Dec 2001, Kirk Bailey wrote: > ok, in IDLE I created a variable, listnamemembers, and inserted a > bunch of info in it, with triple quotes. > listnamemembers = """me@here.net > you@there.org > Me@here2.com > everybody@earth.edu > nobody@domainerror.cc > """ 'listnamemembers' here is a string. Although we as humans might consider it a bunch of lines, Python's instincts is to treat strings as a sequence of single characters, which is why when we do a 'for' loop across it: > for i in listnamemembers: > print i Python will go through each character in 'listnamemembers'. That's why the program prints every character, one per line. Personally, I like this, because it allows certain things to be easy, like this: ### >>> def isVowel(letter): ... return letter in 'aeiouAEIOU' ... >>> isVowel('z') 0 >>> isVowel('e') 1 ### Anyway, back to your question: what we want to do, instead, is tell Python to "split" between the lines, to break our string down between new lines. We can do this if we use the string.split() function, like this: ### >>> string.split(listnamemembers, '\n') ['me@here.net', 'you@there.org', 'Me@here2.com', 'everybody@earth.edu', 'nobody@domainerror.cc', ''] ### That gives us a list of single lines, exactly what you're looking for! It's also something we can feed into a for loop: ### >>> for address in string.split(listnamemembers, '\n'): ... print "Here's one email address: ", address ... Here's one email address: me@here.net Here's one email address: you@there.org Here's one email address: Me@here2.com Here's one email address: everybody@earth.edu Here's one email address: nobody@domainerror.cc Here's one email address: ### In the command above, '\n' is the "newline" string, so we're telling Python to split up listnamemembers between new lines. We can be silly and split against something, else, like the '@' symbol: ### >>> string.split(listnamemembers, '@') ['me', 'here.net\nyou', 'there.org\nMe', 'here2.com\neverybody', 'earth.edu\nnobody', 'domainerror.cc\n'] ### Actually, this might actually be useful, since splitting between '@' allows us to pull out a user's name from their email address. string.split() is a very good tool, and worth using. > In total confusion, Hey, don't worry about it; it'll make sense eventually. Programming take practice, so don't be too hard on yourself. Just wondering, are you reading through a tutorial from the Python web site, or something else? I'm going to get some dinner now. I'll talk to you later! From dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu Mon Dec 10 04:49:19 2001 From: dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu (Danny Yoo) Date: Sun, 9 Dec 2001 20:49:19 -0800 (PST) Subject: [Tutor] string splitting (fwd) Message-ID: ---------- Forwarded message ---------- Date: Sun, 9 Dec 2001 23:45:58 -0500 From: Kirk Bailey To: Danny Yoo Subject: Re: Re: [Tutor] string splitting At 12/9/01 8:03:00 PM, you wrote: >Hi Kirk, > > >On Sun, 9 Dec 2001, Kirk Bailey wrote: > >> ok, in IDLE I created a variable, listnamemembers, and inserted a >> bunch of info in it, with triple quotes. >> listnamemembers = """me@here.net >> you@there.org >> Me@here2.com >> everybody@earth.edu >> nobody@domainerror.cc >> """ > >'listnamemembers' here is a string. Although we as humans might consider >it a bunch of lines, Python's instincts is to treat strings as a sequence >of single characters, which is why when we do a 'for' loop across it: > >> for i in listnamemembers: >> print i > >Python will go through each character in 'listnamemembers'. That's why >the program prints every character, one per line. Personally, I like >this, because it allows certain things to be easy, like this: > Well, I read a file into the idle, and looked at the variable which I loaded it into with readlines, and it was ['data\ndata\ndata\ndata\n'] which was disturbing. But educational. >### >>>> def isVowel(letter): >.... return letter in 'aeiouAEIOU' >.... >>>> isVowel('z') >0 >>>> isVowel('e') >1 >### > > > >Anyway, back to your question: what we want to do, instead, is tell Python >to "split" between the lines, to break our string down between new lines. >We can do this if we use the string.split() function, like this: > >### >>>> string.split(listnamemembers, '\n') >['me@here.net', 'you@there.org', 'Me@here2.com', 'everybody@earth.edu', > 'nobody@domainerror.cc', ''] >### > > >That gives us a list of single lines, exactly what you're looking for! >It's also something we can feed into a for loop: > >### >>>> for address in string.split(listnamemembers, '\n'): >.... print "Here's one email address: ", address >.... >Here's one email address: me@here.net >Here's one email address: you@there.org >Here's one email address: Me@here2.com >Here's one email address: everybody@earth.edu >Here's one email address: nobody@domainerror.cc >Here's one email address: >### > > >In the command above, '\n' is the "newline" string, so we're telling >Python to split up listnamemembers between new lines. We can be silly and >split against something, else, like the '@' symbol: > >### >>>> string.split(listnamemembers, '@') >['me', 'here.net\nyou', 'there.org\nMe', 'here2.com\neverybody', > 'earth.edu\nnobody', 'domainerror.cc\n'] >### > >Actually, this might actually be useful, since splitting between '@' >allows us to pull out a user's name from their email address. >string.split() is a very good tool, and worth using. Well worth studying then. Grindgrindgrindgrind... > > > >> In total confusion, > >Hey, don't worry about it; it'll make sense eventually. Programming take >practice, so don't be too hard on yourself. Just wondering, are you >reading through a tutorial from the Python web site, or something else? Yes, and yes. Book from library which is clear as mud, and 3 different tutorals, and the on line reference. And this correspondance. > >I'm going to get some dinner now. I'll talk to you later! Yum, Laser chicken stir fry. Quack-quack and I had ravioli earlier this evening. Quack Quack, aka QUACKULA, is a quaker parrot. Got another one, Tiny, on my neck supervising right now. We have a bunch of parrots ya see. Florida is funny that way, bird people all over, it's the climate. Where you is? > > > end In total confusion, Kirk D Bailey |----------------------------------------------------| | Consulting Agent Provecateur | | Webmaster, Howlermonkey Email services Co. | | Please visit us at http://www.howlermonkey.net/ | |----------------------------------------------------| From highprimate@howlermonkey.net Mon Dec 10 05:14:08 2001 From: highprimate@howlermonkey.net (Kirk Bailey) Date: Mon, 10 Dec 2001 0:14:8 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] ohoh... Message-ID: <200112100514.fBA5EF328109@ns.howlermonkey.net> This account has it's own dedicated client, and there is no replyall button!!! oops... I think this is a drastic omission. Better see if I can ask the writer of the program(foxmail) if thre is a newer version out with a replyall button. end In total confusion, Kirk D Bailey |----------------------------------------------------| | Consulting Agent Provecateur | | Webmaster, Howlermonkey Email services Co. | | Please visit us at http://www.howlermonkey.net/ | |----------------------------------------------------| From urnerk@qwest.net Mon Dec 10 06:40:23 2001 From: urnerk@qwest.net (Kirby Urner) Date: Sun, 09 Dec 2001 22:40:23 -0800 Subject: [Tutor] (no subject) In-Reply-To: <200112092335.fB9NZ4326016@ns.howlermonkey.net> Message-ID: <4.2.0.58.20011209223351.019e2680@pop3.norton.antivirus> At 06:35 PM 12/9/2001 -0500, Kirk Bailey wrote: >ok, in IDLE I created a variable, listnamemembers, and >inserted a bunch of info in it, with triple quotes. >listnamemembers = """me@here.net >you@there.org >Me@here2.com >everybody@earth.edu >nobody@domainerror.cc >""" Instead of making your data be one long character string, you might use a list with string elements: >>> listmembers = ['me@here.net', 'you@there.org', 'Me@here2.com', 'everybody@earth.edu', 'nobody@domainerror.cc'] >>> >>> for i in listmembers: print i me@here.net you@there.org Me@here2.com everybody@earth.edu nobody@domainerror.cc When you iterate over a list, you get its elements, whereas when you iterate over a string, you get each character, which is what was happening when you went the triple-quotes route. Kirby From highprimate@howlermonkey.net Mon Dec 10 06:54:00 2001 From: highprimate@howlermonkey.net (Kirk Bailey) Date: Mon, 10 Dec 2001 1:54:0 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] (no subject) Message-ID: <200112100654.fBA6s7328698@ns.howlermonkey.net> Well, see, I am sneaking up on reading a text file which is a list of subscribers to a list. The idea is to read it in, and store it in a list, with each line in that file a item in the list. But I see what you mean. I should load it as several strings, not one long string. Loading it as one long string it fails to recognize the thing is many chunks of data, and treats it as one big chunk. I am currently playing with a created file with some dummy accounts (all are real, and I own them all, so when i finally move to testing on live code, no one is going to yell at me). At 12/9/01 10:40:00 PM, you wrote: >At 06:35 PM 12/9/2001 -0500, Kirk Bailey wrote: >>ok, in IDLE I created a variable, listnamemembers, and >>inserted a bunch of info in it, with triple quotes. >>listnamemembers = """me@here.net >>you@there.org >>Me@here2.com >>everybody@earth.edu >>nobody@domainerror.cc >>""" > >Instead of making your data be one long character string, >you might use a list with string elements: > > >>> listmembers = ['me@here.net', > 'you@there.org', > 'Me@here2.com', > 'everybody@earth.edu', > 'nobody@domainerror.cc'] > >>> > >>> for i in listmembers: print i > > me@here.net > you@there.org > Me@here2.com > everybody@earth.edu > nobody@domainerror.cc > >When you iterate over a list, you get its elements, >whereas when you iterate over a string, you get each >character, which is what was happening when you went >the triple-quotes route. > >Kirby > > > end In total confusion, Kirk D Bailey |----------------------------------------------------| | Consulting Agent Provecateur | | Webmaster, Howlermonkey Email services Co. | | Please visit us at http://www.howlermonkey.net/ | |----------------------------------------------------| From highprimate@howlermonkey.net Mon Dec 10 07:03:11 2001 From: highprimate@howlermonkey.net (Kirk Bailey) Date: Mon, 10 Dec 2001 2:3:11 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] defining functions Message-ID: <200112100703.fBA73I328917@ns.howlermonkey.net> Gang, in some languages you MUST define somethign before usign it, in others no, as long as it is defined SOMEPLACE, the language will find it and be cognisant of it (perl for instance). Must I list all definitions ABOVE the code using them in python, or can I bury them in the bottom? And do I have to take precautions to ensure the program does not execute them as it corses through the file? For instance, in BASIC, I must ensure the thing exits before it arrives at lines defining subroutines ( ancestral opbjects). If it falls through the end of the program to these definitions, it trys to execute them- then arrives at a return and BARFS IT'S COOKIES beause there was no matching gosub. In PASCAL one must define anything and everything before using it- a true BONDAGE AND DISIPLINE language If I ever avoided one. Gimmee a clue or two on these issues, would you? end In total confusion, Kirk D Bailey |----------------------------------------------------| | Consulting Agent Provecateur | | Webmaster, Howlermonkey Email services Co. | | Please visit us at http://www.howlermonkey.net/ | |----------------------------------------------------| From highprimate@howlermonkey.net Mon Dec 10 07:14:07 2001 From: highprimate@howlermonkey.net (Kirk Bailey) Date: Mon, 10 Dec 2001 2:14:7 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] defining functions Message-ID: <200112100714.fBA7EF329042@ns.howlermonkey.net> At 12/9/01 11:07:00 PM, you wrote: >$ python /tmp/foo.py >Traceback (most recent call last): > File "/tmp/foo.py", line 1, in ? > foo() >NameError: name 'foo' is not defined >$ cat /tmp/foo.py >foo() > >def foo(): > print "foo" > >looks like you have to define it before you use it (-: That wasn't too hard. > > That's was in interactive mode, where the thing CANNOT scan a file before begin executing it. Of course in that mode it has to be defined first. this is not the sense of my question. When python loads the script, it looks things over. When it detect certain glaring problems, it refuses to execute, and growls at me about the broblem. OK, I will simply write a script and define something simple and workable, and referr to it before defining it and see what happens. end In total confusion, Kirk D Bailey |----------------------------------------------------| | Consulting Agent Provecateur | | Webmaster, Howlermonkey Email services Co. | | Please visit us at http://www.howlermonkey.net/ | |----------------------------------------------------| From highprimate@howlermonkey.net Mon Dec 10 07:37:28 2001 From: highprimate@howlermonkey.net (Kirk Bailey) Date: Mon, 10 Dec 2001 2:37:28 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] defining functions Message-ID: <200112100737.fBA7bb329179@ns.howlermonkey.net> Ah, I see that now. Dumb of me. Must be getting late, Looking, I see the big light over in the big room is out quite a while now. Maybe I should execute a refresh cycle and return to this later. Clock says it is 2:36 AM. Goodnight all. At 12/9/01 11:22:00 PM, you wrote: > >On 10-Dec-2001 Kirk Bailey wrote: >> At 12/9/01 11:07:00 PM, you wrote: >>>$ python /tmp/foo.py >>>Traceback (most recent call last): >>> File "/tmp/foo.py", line 1, in ? >>> foo() >>>NameError: name 'foo' is not defined >>>$ cat /tmp/foo.py >>>foo() >>> >>>def foo(): >>> print "foo" >>> >>>looks like you have to define it before you use it (-: That wasn't too hard. >>> >>> >> That's was in interactive mode, where the thing CANNOT scan a file before >> begin executing it. >> > > >um, no, that was "run this script I just gave you" mode. I told python to run >the script foo.py. The '$' is my system prompt. > > end In total confusion, Kirk D Bailey |----------------------------------------------------| | Consulting Agent Provecateur | | Webmaster, Howlermonkey Email services Co. | | Please visit us at http://www.howlermonkey.net/ | |----------------------------------------------------| From kalle@gnupung.net Mon Dec 10 07:50:15 2001 From: kalle@gnupung.net (Kalle Svensson) Date: Mon, 10 Dec 2001 08:50:15 +0100 Subject: [Tutor] defining functions In-Reply-To: <200112100703.fBA73I328917@ns.howlermonkey.net> References: <200112100703.fBA73I328917@ns.howlermonkey.net> Message-ID: <20011210085015.A17039@proton.lysator.liu.se> [Kirk Bailey] > Gang, in some languages you MUST define somethign before usign it, in others > no, as long as it is defined SOMEPLACE, the language will find it and be > cognisant of it (perl for instance). Must I list all definitions ABOVE the > code using them in python, or can I bury them in the bottom? And do I have > to take precautions to ensure the program does not execute them as it corses > through the file? For instance, in BASIC, I must ensure the thing exits > before it arrives at lines defining subroutines ( ancestral opbjects). If it > falls through the end of the program to these definitions, it trys to > execute them- then arrives at a return and BARFS IT'S COOKIES beause there > was no matching gosub. In PASCAL one must define anything and everything > before using it- a true BONDAGE AND DISIPLINE language If I ever avoided > one. Gimmee a clue or two on these issues, would you? In python, things must be defined before they are used. For example: >>> i Traceback (most recent call last): File "", line 1, in ? NameError: name 'i' is not defined >>> i = 1 >>> i 1 This doesn't necessarily mean that the definition must come earlier in the source file than use, just in the control flow: def f(): print foo foo = 1 f() is perfectly valid. def f(): print foo f() foo = 1 is not. Peace, Kalle -- Kalle Svensson (kalle@gnupung.net) - Laziness, impatience, hubris: Pick two! English: http://www.gnupung.net/ Svenska: http://www.lysator.liu.se/~kalle/ Stuff: ["http://www.%s.org/" % x for x in "gnu debian python emacs".split()] From scarblac@pino.selwerd.nl Mon Dec 10 08:39:28 2001 From: scarblac@pino.selwerd.nl (Remco Gerlich) Date: Mon, 10 Dec 2001 09:39:28 +0100 Subject: [Tutor] defining functions In-Reply-To: <200112100703.fBA73I328917@ns.howlermonkey.net>; from highprimate@howlermonkey.net on Mon, Dec 10, 2001 at 02:03:11AM -0500 References: <200112100703.fBA73I328917@ns.howlermonkey.net> Message-ID: <20011210093928.A6667@pino.selwerd.nl> On 0, Kirk Bailey wrote: > Gimmee a clue or two on these issues, would you? A Python 'def' statement is a statement like any other: functions aren't declared at compile time, but during runtime! Something like x = 3 def y(): return 3 Has two different statements that aren't fundamentally different. First the name 'x' is introduced to refer to 3, then the name 'y' refers to a new function that returns 3. Both happen at runtime. So function definitions must be run before they are used, but it doesn't matter where in the file you place them (as long as they are run at the right moment). So def a(): return b() def b(): return 5 a() is ok, since at the moment a() is called, b() was already defined. However, this is not ok: def a(): return b() a() def b(): return 5 Since now the function a is called before b was defined, so there is no function b yet. Hope this clears it up a little. Functions definitions happen at runtime just like everything else. -- Remco Gerlich From alan.gauld@bt.com Mon Dec 10 11:17:05 2001 From: alan.gauld@bt.com (alan.gauld@bt.com) Date: Mon, 10 Dec 2001 11:17:05 -0000 Subject: [Tutor] OO terms and definitions Message-ID: <5104D4DBC598D211B5FE0000F8FE7EB20E66C187@mbtlipnt02.btlabs.bt.co.uk> > I am a little(or is that a lot) confused about some OO terminology. Thats OK OO terminology is beginning to settle down but for a long time there have been numerous different terms for the same concept and subtle differences in usage of these terms too. It is confusing even to experts! > I have some quite a bit on the web and I have seen all sorts > of definitions for the following terms: > Module A Module in the pure sense is any kind of reusable software component. It could be a function, a procedure, a class, a file, or a library. Anything that is atomic and can be reused can be called a module. In Python a module has the more precise meaning of a file. The file can contain constant/variable definitions, clsass definitions and function definitions. It can even contain executable code (ie executed when the module is loaded) > Class Geneally refers to a description, in code, of some object type. > Function? Technically a function is a (possibly parametereised) executable block of code which returns a value. A procedure looks a lot like a function but does not return a value. Functions and procedures exist outside of classes (usually!). In python procedures are just functions that return None by implication. They are executable blocks of code existing outside a class but may, or may not, be inside a module. > Method? A method is technically the code block executed on receipt of a given message by an object. It usually looks a lot like a function definition but is always defined within a class. In python it has a first parameter representing the current instance, named by convention 'self'. > Procedure? A function that does not return a value(see function above). > It seems to me that there is a hierarchy to some degree Only to a degree, and the extent of that depends on the programming language. Languages like Lisp/Scheme change the picture significantly compared to Python. > Does a Module always have a Class? No, it may not even have functions! > How do Function, Method and Procedure differ? See above but Functions/Procedures exist outsife classes. Methods are functions insiode classes that are activated by the owning object receiving a "message". In Python a message looks a lot like a function call... HTH, For more on this look at my web tutor under "modules & functions" and the OO topic. Alan g. Author of the 'Learning to Program' web site http://www.freenetpages.co.uk/hp/alan.gauld From alan.gauld@bt.com Mon Dec 10 11:24:55 2001 From: alan.gauld@bt.com (alan.gauld@bt.com) Date: Mon, 10 Dec 2001 11:24:55 -0000 Subject: [Tutor] OO terms and definitions Message-ID: <5104D4DBC598D211B5FE0000F8FE7EB20E66C188@mbtlipnt02.btlabs.bt.co.uk> > Pragmatically they are the same. Umm no, there are significant differences. We get regular cries for help from beginners who have defined a function when they meant to define a method! (ie they missed out self...) > The Java community likes to call them "methods". The C/C++ community > calls them functions (whether they are in a class or not). They shouldn''t - its supposed to be "member functions" when in a class and plain "functions" when outside. ie "member function" == "method" > community calls the ones that modify state but don't return a value > "procedures" As does the Algol, ADA, Pascal and VB communities(actually VB uses SUBroutine for procedure) Procedure is a commonly used term for a subroutine that does not return a value. > You can pretty much use the terms interchangeably, except when you get > into the semantic details of "function" vs. "unbound method" vs. > "bound method". But only if you want to perpetuate the confusion that caused the poster to ask the question! Its much better for everyone if we all use the terms correctly IMO! Alan g. From alan.gauld@bt.com Mon Dec 10 11:30:52 2001 From: alan.gauld@bt.com (alan.gauld@bt.com) Date: Mon, 10 Dec 2001 11:30:52 -0000 Subject: [Tutor] compiled Python Files ?? and a little OO Message-ID: <5104D4DBC598D211B5FE0000F8FE7EB20E66C189@mbtlipnt02.btlabs.bt.co.uk> Others have answered most of your questions but this one seemed to get missed: > After I ran this, I noticed that I had two new versions of F1 > and F2; the directory showed "Compiled Python file" as > ... > extensions. Why didn't I see this happening with my other > tests? Is it because the other tests imported Tkinter? My guess is you used Tkinter like: from Tkinter import * Thus you never imported Tkinter itself, you imported specific items (everything in this cae!) from within it. Thus python didn't compile Tkinter. If you had done this: import Tkinter top = Tkinter.Tk() #etc... Then you would have gotten a Tkinter.pyc Alan G. From alan.gauld@bt.com Mon Dec 10 11:40:30 2001 From: alan.gauld@bt.com (alan.gauld@bt.com) Date: Mon, 10 Dec 2001 11:40:30 -0000 Subject: [Tutor] Is there a heaven for old instances ? Message-ID: <5104D4DBC598D211B5FE0000F8FE7EB20E66C18A@mbtlipnt02.btlabs.bt.co.uk> > Now if I create and instance, let's say this way: > instance1=Button(somewhere, lots of options or none) > and then for some (stupid?) reason I go: > instance1=Button(somewhere_else_or_not, new options_maybe) > what happens to the first instance which is much more First its not any more complex from Python's point of view - its just a reference to an object. BUT because you are presumably referring to Tkinter buttons here you will when you created themn have passed a parent object as the first parameter. That Parent keeps a reference to its children, thus although you lost your reference(instance1) the parent keeps its and the object is not destroyed until the parent is... If you still have a reference to the parent you can access the children from there - but its a bit messy. You can go the other way to because the widget keeps a reference to its parent too. Try creating a Frame, sticking some child widgets in it and then doing a dir() on the Frame and accessing some of the inyteresting properties... Alan G. From alan.gauld@bt.com Mon Dec 10 11:49:38 2001 From: alan.gauld@bt.com (alan.gauld@bt.com) Date: Mon, 10 Dec 2001 11:49:38 -0000 Subject: [Tutor] string formatting and right justifying text Message-ID: <5104D4DBC598D211B5FE0000F8FE7EB20E66C18B@mbtlipnt02.btlabs.bt.co.uk> > string formatting codes to right-justify integers or floating %. Thus: >>> print "Tot: %12.3f" % 123.45678 Tot: 123.457 >>> print "Tot: %15.2f" % 123.45678 Tot: 123.46 A negative sign left justifies: >>> print "Tot: %-15.2f dollars" % 123.45678 Tot: 123.46 dollars Is that what you wanted? Alan g. From alan.gauld@bt.com Mon Dec 10 11:58:23 2001 From: alan.gauld@bt.com (alan.gauld@bt.com) Date: Mon, 10 Dec 2001 11:58:23 -0000 Subject: [Tutor] defining functions Message-ID: <5104D4DBC598D211B5FE0000F8FE7EB20E66C18C@mbtlipnt02.btlabs.bt.co.uk> > Gang, in some languages you MUST define somethign before > using it, in others no, as long as it is defined In Python you can reference it before its defined but you cant execute it. Thus: def func1(): print "func2 says: %d" % func2() # refer to func 2 before defining # func1() # ERROR cause func2 now gets called before being defined! def func2(): return 42 func1() # Now OK cause func2 exists. Does that help? Alan G. > In PASCAL one must define anything and everything before using it Good practice and the reason why, once you get a Pascal program to compile it usually runs pretty much as you expect! And that, after all, was the whole purpose of Pascal - to teach good programming practice! Alan g. From dsh8290@rit.edu Mon Dec 10 14:56:35 2001 From: dsh8290@rit.edu (dman) Date: Mon, 10 Dec 2001 09:56:35 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] OO terms and definitions In-Reply-To: <5104D4DBC598D211B5FE0000F8FE7EB20E66C188@mbtlipnt02.btlabs.bt.co.uk>; from alan.gauld@bt.com on Mon, Dec 10, 2001 at 11:24:55AM +0000 References: <5104D4DBC598D211B5FE0000F8FE7EB20E66C188@mbtlipnt02.btlabs.bt.co.uk> Message-ID: <20011210095635.A15632@harmony.cs.rit.edu> On Mon, Dec 10, 2001 at 11:24:55AM +0000, alan.gauld@bt.com wrote: | > Pragmatically they are the same. | | Umm no, there are significant differences. We get regular cries | for help from beginners who have defined a function when they | meant to define a method! (ie they missed out self...) See my last paragraph from before, except when you get into the semantic details of "function" vs. "unbound method" vs. "bound method". That is a situation where the semantics of how you define it (in code) become significant. | > The Java community likes to call them "methods". The C/C++ community | > calls them functions (whether they are in a class or not). | | They shouldn''t - its supposed to be "member functions" when Oops, yeah, I forgot the "member". | > community calls the ones that modify state but don't return a value | > "procedures" | | As does the Algol, ADA, Pascal and VB communities(actually VB | uses SUBroutine for procedure) Procedure is a commonly used term | for a subroutine that does not return a value. | | > You can pretty much use the terms interchangeably, except when you get | > into the semantic details of "function" vs. "unbound method" vs. | > "bound method". | | But only if you want to perpetuate the confusion that caused | the poster to ask the question! Its much better for everyone | if we all use the terms correctly IMO! Well, what is "correctly"? I gave 4 examples of correct, but different usages (or non-usages) of the terms, and each is considered correct by their respective community. It becomes even more difficult when you frequently work with 2 or more languages. People are creatures of habit. If I spend most of my time in python calling the things "functions", then when I do some java I'll likely call it a function there, and vice-versa. If everyone could agree on a single set of correct terms then it would be easier to prevent the confusion. In addition, the terms should not have such slight semantic differences because that makes the terminology just as confusing as some code. If you take the Eiffel approach to the terms, what term do you give to a procedure that returns a value? The compiler doesn't prohibit it, you know. -D -- Q: What is the difference betwee open-source and commercial software? A: If you have a problem with commercial software you can call a phone number and they will tell you it might be solved in a future version. For open-source sofware there isn't a phone number to call, but you get the solution within a day. From alan.gauld@bt.com Mon Dec 10 17:24:27 2001 From: alan.gauld@bt.com (alan.gauld@bt.com) Date: Mon, 10 Dec 2001 17:24:27 -0000 Subject: [Tutor] OO terms and definitions Message-ID: <5104D4DBC598D211B5FE0000F8FE7EB20E66C190@mbtlipnt02.btlabs.bt.co.uk> > See my last paragraph from before, > That is a situation where the semantics of how you define it (in code) > become significant. Yes that's what I meant. > | > The Java community likes to call them "methods". > The C/C++ community calls them functions > Well, what is "correctly"? I gave 4 examples of correct, but > different usages (or non-usages) of the terms, and each is considered > correct by their respective community. If used correctly the terms are consistent. A method is a commonly understood term throughout all OO communities. The fact that the C++ community happen to have a specific term (member function) to define how they implement methods is neither here nor there. What is definitely wrong and should be avoided is calling methods functions. They are fundamentally different concepts. [ In passing, it is also important to distinguish methods from messages, since in some languages the method has a different name to the message. ] > when you frequently work with 2 or more languages. It can be slightly more confusing I agree but as I said in a previous post it is becoming much more consistent. Method is now a pretty standard term as is class. Function and procedure have been standard in CS terms for years. > things "functions", then when I do some java Functions in Python are different from methods. If you use the distinction consistently you avoid confusion not cause it. Methods are "bound functions". Functions are "unbound functions"! There is a difference and whichever term we use they remain different. > If everyone could agree on a single set of correct terms They pretty much have done, bar some minor semantic issues. > ..... If you take the Eiffel > approach to the terms, what term do you give to a procedure that > returns a value? A function. A procedure by definition does not return a value. Thus if we all stick to the accepted correct definitions then the ambiguity is removed. In fact checking my copy of OOSC by Meyer, Eiffel itself has no keyword distinction beteen function and procedure, they are just features. Meyer himself clearly makes the distinction in the book on the basis of whether they return a value(function) or not(procedure). When he is talking about the general concept (ie beyond classes) he uses the term "routine". Meyer is always very precise in his terminology in my experience. > The compiler doesn't prohibit it, you know. The compiler just sees a "feature". Semantically the difference exists and is clear. Alan g. From jeff@ccvcorp.com Mon Dec 10 18:30:11 2001 From: jeff@ccvcorp.com (Jeff Shannon) Date: Mon, 10 Dec 2001 10:30:11 -0800 Subject: [Tutor] OO terms and definitions References: Message-ID: <3C14FF33.CAAF85A7@ccvcorp.com> > On Mon, 10 Dec 2001 09:56:35 -0500, > dman wrote: > > On Mon, Dec 10, 2001 at 11:24:55AM +0000, alan.gauld@bt.com wrote: > > | > You can pretty much use the terms interchangeably, except when you get > | > into the semantic details of "function" vs. "unbound method" vs. > | > "bound method". > | > | But only if you want to perpetuate the confusion that caused > | the poster to ask the question! Its much better for everyone > | if we all use the terms correctly IMO! > > Well, what is "correctly"? I gave 4 examples of correct, but > different usages (or non-usages) of the terms, and each is considered > correct by their respective community. It becomes even more difficult > when you frequently work with 2 or more languages. People are > creatures of habit. If I spend most of my time in python calling the > things "functions", then when I do some java I'll likely call it a > function there, and vice-versa. As I understand it, Java doesn't allow anything outside of class definitions, and therefore requires everything to be a method. It seems that a fairly standard usage (from my limited experience), is that methods belong to classes, functions don't. I've seen this usage in Python, BASIC, C++ (though often "member function" replaces method, as noted), and the few bits about Smalltalk that I've read. The distinction between functions and procedures (or subroutines) doesn't exist in some languages, but where it does, it depends on the return value--functions return a value, procedures don't. > If everyone could agree on a single set of correct terms then it would > be easier to prevent the confusion. In addition, the terms should not > have such slight semantic differences because that makes the > terminology just as confusing as some code. No arguments on that! :) Jeff Shannon Technician/Programmer Credit International From Bruce.Lee-Shanok@cognos.com Mon Dec 10 18:46:49 2001 From: Bruce.Lee-Shanok@cognos.com (Lee-Shanok, Bruce) Date: Mon, 10 Dec 2001 13:46:49 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] Application Error after end of program Message-ID: Hello all, I'm currently running Python (ActiveState 2.1.1, build 212), on Windows 2000. Now, I've written a program that used to run fine from beginning to end, and I recently started making use of the random and = thread libraries... associated with this is an unusual error. Unusual in the = sense that it occurs sometime after the very last line of code (a print statement).=20 Otherwise it's your generic sort of "The instruction at "" referenced memory at "" the memory could not be = written. Going into more detail with a debug gives me the fact that it's an "Unhandled exception in python (NTDLL.DLL): 0xC0000005: Access = Violation. and a bunch of assembly I couldn't read to save my live. Anyone have any ideas as to what might be causing this or where I = should be looking? I'm at a complete loss. I even reduced the number of threads = to 1 in case there was some funny business going on with multiple writes, = but nothing of the sort is possible now. Bruce Lee-Shanok Access Manager (613) 738-1338 ext 5764 Cognos, Ottawa=20 [Riverside, 4th Floor, E9] Ce message peut contenir des informations prot=E9g=E9es et/ou = confidentielles. Si vous avez re=E7u ce mail par erreur ou si vous n'en =EAtes pas le destinataire, il vous est interdit d'utiliser, de copier, de diffuser = ou de distribuer les pi=E8ces qui y sont jointes. Supprimez-le et notifiez imm=E9diatement par e-mail la personne qui vous l'a envoy=E9e. Merci = d'avance. This message may contain privileged and/or confidential information. = If you have received this e-mail in error or are not the intended recipient, = you may not use, copy, disseminate, or distribute it; do not open any attachments, delete it immediately from your system and notify the = sender by e-mail promptly that you have done so. Thank You. From dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu Mon Dec 10 19:10:30 2001 From: dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu (Danny Yoo) Date: Mon, 10 Dec 2001 11:10:30 -0800 (PST) Subject: [Tutor] defining functions [if __name__ == '__main__'] In-Reply-To: <5104D4DBC598D211B5FE0000F8FE7EB20E66C18C@mbtlipnt02.btlabs.bt.co.uk> Message-ID: On Mon, 10 Dec 2001 alan.gauld@bt.com wrote: > > Gang, in some languages you MUST define somethign before > > using it, in others no, as long as it is defined Here's an example that shows how to get it so you can call functions in the order you want: ### ## testmain1.py def main(): sayFirstVerse() print "For the rain, it raineth every day" def sayFirstVerse(): print "Hey, ho, the wind and the rain" main() ### There are two important parts to this: 1. Put our main part of our program in a separate function. Because it's a function, it's somewhat inactive. We're only telling Python what it looks like, but also asking to hold off calling it until we ask for it. 2. Put a statement at the very bottom of our program that calls that main() function, which gets things started. This trick should help avoid the kind of ordering problems that you might have with your program. [Side note below.] By the way, there's a variation of this that Python programmers can use when they're writing modules. It looks like this: ### ## testmain2.py def main(): sayFirstVerse() print "For the rain, it raineth every day" def sayFirstVerse(): print "Hey, ho, the wind and the rain" if __name__ == '__main__': ## Here's the important part. main() ### The difference between this and the above example is that, in this case, main() will not get called if we 'import' testmain2 as a module. If we run testmain2.py directly: ### [dyoo@tesuque dyoo]$ python testmain2.py Hey, ho, the wind and the rain For the rain, it raineth every day ### But, if we're already in Python, we can 'import' testmain2 and use it as if it were a toolbox of stuff: ### >>> import testmain2 >>> dir(testmain2) ['__builtins__', '__doc__', '__file__', '__name__', 'main', 'sayFirstVerse'] >>> testmain2.sayFirstVerse() Hey, ho, the wind and the rain ### If we had tried this import with testmain1.py, the main() function would fire off immediately: ### >>> import testmain1 Hey, ho, the wind and the rain For the rain, it raineth every day ### Good luck to you! From shalehperry@attbi.com Mon Dec 10 07:22:14 2001 From: shalehperry@attbi.com (Sean 'Shaleh' Perry) Date: Sun, 09 Dec 2001 23:22:14 -0800 (PST) Subject: [Tutor] defining functions In-Reply-To: <200112100714.fBA7EF329042@ns.howlermonkey.net> Message-ID: On 10-Dec-2001 Kirk Bailey wrote: > At 12/9/01 11:07:00 PM, you wrote: >>$ python /tmp/foo.py >>Traceback (most recent call last): >> File "/tmp/foo.py", line 1, in ? >> foo() >>NameError: name 'foo' is not defined >>$ cat /tmp/foo.py >>foo() >> >>def foo(): >> print "foo" >> >>looks like you have to define it before you use it (-: That wasn't too hard. >> >> > That's was in interactive mode, where the thing CANNOT scan a file before > begin executing it. > um, no, that was "run this script I just gave you" mode. I told python to run the script foo.py. The '$' is my system prompt. From shalehperry@attbi.com Mon Dec 10 07:07:00 2001 From: shalehperry@attbi.com (Sean 'Shaleh' Perry) Date: Sun, 09 Dec 2001 23:07:00 -0800 (PST) Subject: [Tutor] defining functions In-Reply-To: <200112100703.fBA73I328917@ns.howlermonkey.net> Message-ID: $ python /tmp/foo.py Traceback (most recent call last): File "/tmp/foo.py", line 1, in ? foo() NameError: name 'foo' is not defined $ cat /tmp/foo.py foo() def foo(): print "foo" looks like you have to define it before you use it (-: That wasn't too hard. From dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu Mon Dec 10 19:34:45 2001 From: dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu (Danny Yoo) Date: Mon, 10 Dec 2001 11:34:45 -0800 (PST) Subject: [Tutor] compiled Python Files ?? [print / .pyc and import] (fwd) Message-ID: Hi Frank, Let me send your respond to the list, so that the others there can respond as well. Talk to you later! ---------- Forwarded message ---------- Date: Mon, 10 Dec 2001 09:39:43 -0800 From: Frank Peavy To: Danny Yoo Subject: Re: [Tutor] compiled Python Files ?? [print / .pyc and import] > > I have one more FX.py file that contains: > > > > import F1.py > > import F2.py > >Hmmm... did this work? Your FX.py file might need: > >### >import F1 >import F2 >### Yes, you were correct, my FX.py file contains only: import F1 import F2 >However, perhaps we don't want 'print' to skip lines. If we put a >trailing comma on a print statement, 'print' will put a space instead: Thanks for the "heads up" on this one. Always nice to get additional information. >It's because your FX.py program imported the other two 'modules' --- doing >an import has this effect. Let's talk about this below. So, if I understand you correctly. If I have one file that imports other "modules", the modules get compiled but the calling file doesn't. This seems a little strange to me, but that is how it is, that is how it is. Perhaps this is where all the OO stuff comes into play, eh? In my opinion, it implies that most applications should be written in "modules" and imported by a single, short .py file. Is this correct? It would seem to me that that would give you imported compiled modules that execute the quickest. > > I understand I can run the .pyc files, instead of the .py files. Is > > this true? > >Yes, it's true. However, I wouldn't recommend deleting the .py files, >sine the .pyc files are very unreadable. *grin* If I run my F1.pyc file with the following command: python F1.pyc I get: hello run_pyc_file: nested_scopes: 0 What does this mean? If running a .py is the same as running a .pyc, then shouldn't I get the same results? > > Why didn't I get a FX.pyc file also... ? The first two files compiled but > > the third file that imported the other two didn't. > >Ah! But if we had a third program that did something like: > >### >import FX >### > >Python will make an FX.pyc file for us. So, as my comments above about OO, there should be a single small file that calls all the other modules, correct? From dsh8290@rit.edu Mon Dec 10 19:38:53 2001 From: dsh8290@rit.edu (dman) Date: Mon, 10 Dec 2001 14:38:53 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] Application Error after end of program In-Reply-To: ; from Bruce.Lee-Shanok@cognos.com on Mon, Dec 10, 2001 at 01:46:49PM -0500 References: Message-ID: <20011210143850.B17537@harmony.cs.rit.edu> On Mon, Dec 10, 2001 at 01:46:49PM -0500, Lee-Shanok, Bruce wrote: | Hello all, | | I'm currently running Python (ActiveState 2.1.1, build 212), on | Windows 2000. Now, I've written a program that used to run fine from | beginning to end, and I recently started making use of the random and thread | libraries... associated with this is an unusual error. Unusual in the sense | that it occurs sometime after the very last line of code (a print | statement). Once you make a (new) thread, it is as if you have two programs running at the same time, but they share the same address space. If the "main" thread terminates (after that "last print" you mention) but you have another non-daemon thread running, it keeps running. The program isn't over yet. | Otherwise it's your generic sort of "The instruction at "" | referenced memory at "" the memory could not be written. | | Going into more detail with a debug gives me the fact that it's an | "Unhandled exception in python (NTDLL.DLL): 0xC0000005: Access Violation. | and a bunch of assembly I couldn't read to save my live. Heh, NTDLL.DLL? Sounds to me like a (buggy!) system library. On a non-buggy system (or at least, less so) errors only happen in applications, not in the system itself. I don't know what's going on, but I expect it is thread related. Can you get a core file in windows? If so you can look at the backtrace to see where (in the C/C++ part of the system) the error occurred. Ideally you can work backwards from there to the portion(s) of your code that might initiate those operations, then use the "print" technique to debug it. -D -- Religion that God our Father accepts as pure and faultless is this: to look after orphans and widows in their distress and to keep oneself from being polluted by the world. James 1:27 From Bruce.Lee-Shanok@cognos.com Mon Dec 10 20:13:14 2001 From: Bruce.Lee-Shanok@cognos.com (Lee-Shanok, Bruce) Date: Mon, 10 Dec 2001 15:13:14 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] Application Error after end of program Message-ID: >Once you make a (new) thread, it is as if you have two programs >running at the same time, but they share the same address space. If >the "main" thread terminates (after that "last print" you mention) but >you have another non-daemon thread running, it keeps running. The >program isn't over yet. I thought that might be it, but from the looks of it, I've pasted a print statement at the end of every run() method in my Thread object, which I understand is the very last command.. although I suppose the thread could switch over immediately after the pause, but I do a join for each thread from the main thread. I've tried it with a single thread and join and it still occurs. :) >Heh, NTDLL.DLL? Sounds to me like a (buggy!) system library. On a >non-buggy system (or at least, less so) errors only happen in >applications, not in the system itself. I don't know what's going on, >but I expect it is thread related. I've no idea how to get a core file. :) But yeah.. one of my hopes was that Python might do some necessary cleaning up and that I was somehow mucking that up.. but my calls are pretty straightforward, it's a simple: j = HopperThread() j.start() j.join() print "Are we done?" ... and it's still mucking up. :) I'm probably going to end up randomly commenting sections of code in some trial and error setup anyway, but I thought I'd see if anyone could explain the magic bullet (read: where I'm royally messing things up) before I reduce my code to a single nonfunctioning print statement. :) Thanks for the idea though.. if I can ever find out "where" the program screws up (where "where" is some line number < lines of code :) ).. I'll whittle my way through.. Cheers, Bruce This message may contain privileged and/or confidential information. If you have received this e-mail in error or are not the intended recipient, you may not use, copy, disseminate, or distribute it; do not open any attachments, delete it immediately from your system and notify the sender by e-mail promptly that you have done so. Thank You. From dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu Mon Dec 10 23:21:30 2001 From: dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu (Danny Yoo) Date: Mon, 10 Dec 2001 15:21:30 -0800 (PST) Subject: [Tutor] Application Error after end of program In-Reply-To: Message-ID: On Mon, 10 Dec 2001, Lee-Shanok, Bruce wrote: > >Once you make a (new) thread, it is as if you have two programs > >running at the same time, but they share the same address space. If > >the "main" thread terminates (after that "last print" you mention) but > >you have another non-daemon thread running, it keeps running. The > >program isn't over yet. > > I thought that might be it, but from the looks of it, I've pasted a > print statement at the end of every run() method in my Thread object, > which I understand is the very last command.. although I suppose the > thread could switch over immediately after the pause, but I do a join > for each thread from the main thread. This might be something you want to post on the main comp.lang.python newsgroup as well as Tutor. These kind of errors should not happen in Python, so perhaps someone on comp.lang.python might be able to point out a service pack fix in NT that corrects this. > >Heh, NTDLL.DLL? Sounds to me like a (buggy!) system library. On a > >non-buggy system (or at least, less so) errors only happen in > >applications, not in the system itself. I don't know what's going on, > >but I expect it is thread related. Agreed; I don't think this has to do with your program, but with some system library of the operating system. Good luck to you. From e.kotyk@shaw.ca Tue Dec 11 14:07:08 2001 From: e.kotyk@shaw.ca (Eve Kotyk) Date: Tue, 11 Dec 2001 14:07:08 +0000 Subject: [Tutor] Lists within lists return Message-ID: <3C16130C.D51B77C5@shaw.ca> I'm working through the Josh Cogliati tutorial on the Python site. In the secton on lists, example 8.3, test.py is given along with a sample output. I've typed up the program using Idle but I do not get the expected output. In fact I get no output at all and I don't get any error messages. Below see the example code as cut and pasted from my file. I would appreciate any help you might be able to give me. ##This program is called test.py # This program runs a test of knowledge true = 1 false = 0 #First get the test questions #Later this will be modified to use file io. def get_questions(): #notice how the data is stored as a list of lists return [["What color is the daytime sky on a clear day? ","blue"],\ ["What is the answer to life, the universe and everything? ", "42"]\ ["What is a three letter word for mouse trap? ","cat"]] #This will test a single question #it takes a single questin in #it returns true if the user typed the correct answer, otherwise false def check_question(question_and_answer): #extract the question and the answer from the list question = question_and_answer[0] answer = question_and_answer[1] #give the question to the user given_answer = raw_input(question) #compare the user's answer to the testers answer if answer == given_answer: print "Correct" return true else: print "Incorrect, correct was: ", answer return false #This will run through all the questions def run_test(questions): if len(questions) == 0: print "No questions were given." #the return exits the function return index = 0 right = 0 while index < len(questions): #Check the question if check_question(questions[index]): right = right + 1 #go to the next question index = index + 1 #notice the order of the computation, first multiply, then divide print "you got ",right*100/len(questions), "% right out of",\ len(questions) #now lets run the questions run_test(get_questions()) -- ekotyk http://members.shaw.ca/e.kotyk/virtualstudio.htm From van@lindbergs.org Tue Dec 11 01:12:42 2001 From: van@lindbergs.org (VanL) Date: Mon, 10 Dec 2001 18:12:42 -0700 Subject: [Tutor] Popen help? Message-ID: <3C155D8A.2000501@lindbergs.org> Hello, I'm trying to get the output of a script that prints to stdout. The problem is, the script is on another server. Can I use popen to ssh to another server, run a command, and get the output? Or would telnetlib be better? I just shy away from telnet because of security issues. Thanks, Van From dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu Tue Dec 11 02:26:39 2001 From: dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu (Danny Yoo) Date: Mon, 10 Dec 2001 18:26:39 -0800 (PST) Subject: [Tutor] Lists within lists return In-Reply-To: <3C16130C.D51B77C5@shaw.ca> Message-ID: On Tue, 11 Dec 2001, Eve Kotyk wrote: > I'm working through the Josh Cogliati tutorial on the Python site. In > the secton on lists, example 8.3, test.py is given along with a sample > output. I've typed up the program using Idle but I do not get the > expected output. In fact I get no output at all and I don't get any > error messages. Below see the example code as cut and pasted from my > file. I would appreciate any help you might be able to give me. I think this is the culprit: the last half of your program, starting from this line: > #This will run through all the questions > def run_test(questions): > if len(questions) == 0: > print "No questions were given." > #the return exits the function > return > index = 0 > right = 0 > while index < len(questions): > #Check the question > if check_question(questions[index]): > right = right + 1 > #go to the next question > index = index + 1 > #notice the order of the computation, first multiply, then > divide > print "you got ",right*100/len(questions), "% right out of",\ > len(questions) > #now lets run the questions > run_test(get_questions()) is indented too far. You probably want the definition of run_test() to be outside check_question(). If you bring the indentation level down one level for these lines, you should be ok. Hope this helps! From dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu Tue Dec 11 02:30:16 2001 From: dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu (Danny Yoo) Date: Mon, 10 Dec 2001 18:30:16 -0800 (PST) Subject: [Tutor] Popen help? In-Reply-To: <3C155D8A.2000501@lindbergs.org> Message-ID: On Mon, 10 Dec 2001, VanL wrote: > I'm trying to get the output of a script that prints to stdout. The > problem is, the script is on another server. > > Can I use popen to ssh to another server, run a command, and get the > output? Yes, we can use popen() with ssh. Many people don't realize that the 'ssh' command can be used like 'rsh', so we can do something like this: ### >>> import os >>> my_bash_profile = os.popen('ssh aztec ls -l .bash_profile').read() >>> my_bash_profile '-rw-r--r-- 1 dyoo users 354 Aug 23 12:04 .bash_profile\n ### Hope this helps! From e.kotyk@shaw.ca Tue Dec 11 14:38:16 2001 From: e.kotyk@shaw.ca (Eve Kotyk) Date: Tue, 11 Dec 2001 14:38:16 +0000 Subject: [Tutor] Lists within lists return References: Message-ID: <3C161A58.27234724@shaw.ca> > > #now lets run the questions > > run_test(get_questions()) > > is indented too far. You probably want the definition of run_test() to be > outside check_question(). Thanks Danny. I thought this might be the case but when I do that I get the following error: python test.py Traceback (innermost last): File "test.py", line 50, in ? run_test(get_questions()) NameError: run_test And I cannot see where I have the name error. -- ekotyk http://members.shaw.ca/e.kotyk/virtualstudio.htm From dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu Tue Dec 11 02:51:11 2001 From: dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu (Danny Yoo) Date: Mon, 10 Dec 2001 18:51:11 -0800 (PST) Subject: [Tutor] Lists within lists return In-Reply-To: <3C161A58.27234724@shaw.ca> Message-ID: On Tue, 11 Dec 2001, Eve Kotyk wrote: > > > > #now lets run the questions > > > run_test(get_questions()) > > > > is indented too far. You probably want the definition of run_test() to be > > outside check_question(). > > Thanks Danny. I thought this might be the case but when I do that I get > the following error: > python test.py > Traceback (innermost last): > File "test.py", line 50, in ? > run_test(get_questions()) > NameError: run_test Without seeing your changes, I'll have to make a wildly inaccurate guess. Did you do this to just the last line? You also need to move the whole run_test() definition "outside" of check_question(). I don't like wildly guessing though, since its often very ineffective. Instead, can you show us what your program looks like, now that you've applied your changes? From wilson@visi.com Tue Dec 11 03:35:06 2001 From: wilson@visi.com (Timothy Wilson) Date: Mon, 10 Dec 2001 21:35:06 -0600 (CST) Subject: [Tutor] retrieving stock quotes Message-ID: Hi everyone, Does anyone know of an ftp site or Web site that has fairly current stock quotes in an easily parsable format? I'm working on a stock portfolio tracker assignment for my students and I think some of them will want to update prices automatically. They had fun with the weather assignment and will want to try some more urllib2 tricks. -Tim -- Tim Wilson | Visit Sibley online: | Check out: Henry Sibley HS | http://www.isd197.org | http://www.zope.com W. St. Paul, MN | | http://slashdot.org wilson@visi.com | | http://linux.com From e.kotyk@shaw.ca Tue Dec 11 15:37:05 2001 From: e.kotyk@shaw.ca (Eve Kotyk) Date: Tue, 11 Dec 2001 15:37:05 +0000 Subject: [Tutor] Lists within lists return References: Message-ID: <3C162821.3891CF3D@shaw.ca> > I don't like wildly guessing though, since its often very ineffective. Agreed. I resolved the problem: There were two incorrect items: 1) As you mentioned the function call run_test(get_questions()) was indented too far. 2) The other one was tricker. It involved the 3 return lines in the list in the first definition. These lines needed to line up and mine where originally not lined up. See below: # New version that works # This program runs a test of knowledge true = 1 false = 0 #First get the test questions #Later this will be modified to use file io. def get_questions(): #notice how the data is stored as a list of lists return [["What color is the daytime sky on a clear day? ","blue"],\ ["What is the answer to life, the universe and everything? ", "42"],\ ["What is a three letter word for mouse trap? ","cat"]] # Old version that doesn't work. #this program runs a test of knowledge true = 1 false = 0 #first get the test question #later this will be modified to use file io def get_questions(): #notice how the data is stored in a list of lists return (["What colour is the daytime sky on a clear day? ","blue"]\ ["What is the answer to life, the universe and everything?", "42"]\ ["What is a three letter word for a mouse trap?", "cat"]) Notice the square bracket of the above 3 lines do not line up. This seems like a weird thing. I'm using Idle as my test editor and a line break after the first statement dropped the next line down under 'return'. One tab over wasn't far enough and two tabs over was too far. I finally settle for a combination of one tab and four spaces E > > _______________________________________________ > Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org > http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor -- ekotyk http://members.shaw.ca/e.kotyk/virtualstudio.htm From wilson@visi.com Tue Dec 11 03:57:55 2001 From: wilson@visi.com (Timothy Wilson) Date: Mon, 10 Dec 2001 21:57:55 -0600 (CST) Subject: [Tutor] retrieving stock quotes In-Reply-To: Message-ID: On Mon, 10 Dec 2001, Timothy Wilson wrote: > Does anyone know of an ftp site or Web site that has fairly current stock > quotes in an easily parsable format? Very cool! I happened upon exactly what I needed. Go to http://finance.yahoo.com/ and enter a ticker symbol (RHAT, for example). Notice the 'Download Spreadsheet' link below the quote table? That's a link to a simple comma-separated list of values. Bingo! Here's some sample code. wilson@copland:~$ python2.1 Python 2.1.1 (#1, Nov 11 2001, 18:19:24) [GCC 2.95.4 20011006 (Debian prerelease)] on linux2 Type "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information. >>> import urllib2 >>> base = 'http://finance.yahoo.com/d/quotes.csv?s=' >>> tail = '&f=sl1d1t1c1ohgv&e=.csv' >>> ticker = 'RHAT' >>> url = base+ticker+tail >>> url 'http://finance.yahoo.com/d/quotes.csv?s=RHAT&f=sl1d1t1c1ohgv&e=.csv' >>> quote = urllib2.urlopen(url).read() >>> quote '"RHAT",7.76,"12/10/2001","3:59PM",-0.20,7.85,8,7.65,1520500\r\n' >>> Now you can slice and dice at will and pull out all sorts of good info. My students will have fun with this. -Tim -- Tim Wilson | Visit Sibley online: | Check out: Henry Sibley HS | http://www.isd197.org | http://www.zope.com W. St. Paul, MN | | http://slashdot.org wilson@visi.com | | http://linux.com From deliberatus@my995internet.com Tue Dec 11 07:03:01 2001 From: deliberatus@my995internet.com (Kirk Bailey) Date: Tue, 11 Dec 2001 02:03:01 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] further ignorant babbling Message-ID: <3C15AFA5.7AADE457@my995internet.com> Well, I just don't know when to quit. Further progress in the script, and a minor refinement in the sending of the messages, still sends each one in it's own envlope, but this way it only opens the connection once, and closes it once, saving a little time. And it set's the X-Mail-Loop header to prevent mail loops. Not only with the list traffic, but in the reject reply, so we don't get into a sort of autoreply war- important concept, that. -------------------begin cheezy programming-------------------------- #!/usr/local/bin/python # Tinylist module, Pitchtime unit. # this handles receiving and sending out postings to a list. import sys, re, string, rfc822, smtplib localhost = 'howlermonkey.net' # make sure you set this to the domain YOU use!!! pathtostuff = '/www/www.howlermonkey.net/cgi-bin/' #please edit this to suit your system. # note this tells where to start looking. # everything is either here, ur under this # point in a systematic manner. listname = sys.argv[1] # we read a command line arguement to determine the list name # Arguement 0 is the name of the script run, 1 is the # first arguement. # after that name in the command line, so if this were # program FOO, # that line would be "|/path/FOO listname" # and the arguement here would be 'listname'! message = raw_input.lines() # Variable 'message' is assigned the entire message # which is piped to the program by the alias definition # such as: # foolist:"|/pathtoprogram/programname foolist" # now we must determine the sender and see if they are in # the subscriber file! # still got to learn more about how this thing handles # parsing the incoming message, but smtp and rfc822 # are dep sorcery on this material. from = message["From"] open a.file(pathtostuff + "/lists/" + listname, 'r') members = a.readlines() a.close() if string.find(members, from): # IF the sender is in the subscriber, subject = '[' + listname + ']' + subject # then acept the submission. Reply_to = listname + "@" + localhost # this sets the reply-to field. X-Loop = "X-Loop: " + listname + "@" + localhost # This breaks email loops from form ftr = b.open(pathtostuff + "/lists/" + listname + ".footer",'r') # read the footer footer = ftr.readlines() # reads the footer into the variable ftr.close() # close that file, message = message + footer # and append it to the message. else # BUT IF THEY ARE NOT SUBSCRIBED... listnamemembers = from # put their addres as the only recipient message = "" # clear the mesage. From = "From: tinylist@" + localhost + \n # From: tinylist@mydomain.foo ! Subject = "Subject: Unauthorized posting to list" + listname + \n Reply_to = "Reply-to:postmaster@" + localhost + \n # no comments possible now! X-Loop = "X-Loop: postmaster@" + localhost # This breaks email loops from forming message = """ To whom it may concern; Sorry, but as you are not a current member of """ + listname + """, you may not post to it. Your recent posting has been rejected and destroyed. Feel free to contact the postmaster if there is any question. Any reply to this letter should go directly to the postmaster. You can also subscribe to this list if you like. Goodbye. """ # there cannot be comments in those line above this one, # or they would be part of the string! # ok, if they are not a member, THEY GET THE REPLY SHOWN ABOVE MAILED TO THEM! # above is a blank line, DO NOT DELETE IT! *IMPORTANT!* # there is no endif or fi in python. whitespace and tabulation therefore # is rather important here. # # now we send whatever message is to go out to whatever is in the recipient tupple. # helo() # open a connection to the smtp server, a.connect() # and log in to the thing as the identity this script runs as. for i in listnamemembers : # for each address in the list listnamemembers, a.sendmail(from_addr, to_addr, Subject, reply-to, to, X-Loop, msg) #send a envlope! # a.quit() # then close the connection. # make sure this script runs as a TRUSTED USER- # and NOT as root!!! Make sure that a # NON-priviliged user can run this script, # and make sure it is owned by that identity! -----------------------end aged cheeze------------------------------ As for path and naming conventions, I am leaning to using a "./lists/listname.filetype" approach, to reduce the creation of dir's. formulating filenames is apparently pretty simple stuf in python, so let's keep simple simple. FORTH rant For some reason, I keep thinking of FORTH. Only thing I ever saw that's more easily extensible than python. EVERYTHING is an extension of forth! There are no actual forth programs other than forth itself. There are only new words in it's vocabulary. Here is helloworld in forth: :helloworld ."Hello world!" ; If you type that in a computer running forth, it is now part of the language, compiled as soon as it registered the CR from the keyboard. It is now compiled into the dictionary. When you issue a command, it interpets it, looking it up in the dictionary of runtime addresses. Factoring is very important in forth, to get it's wonderful power of compactness. programs in forth are on average only 1/2.5 the size of the same thing in assembly. No, I am not kidding. Stack oriented, threaded, FORTH is writen top down, composed and compiled bottom up, is a interpeting compiling language with Reverse Polish Notation, is stack oriented, and includes all existant and not yet existant assembly languages as subsets of the language, along with the kitchen sink and BIG RED STRAPS. Leo Brodie wrote that it is best for beginning programmers to learn FORTH, as experienced ones tend to experience stress trauma from it's odd and unique nature. It is usually used for controllers and other imbedded computers, and also in many workstations, as it lets a minimum of electronics be VERY smart, so a lot of unix workstations run small cpu's nd a flavor of forth, making a tiny thing mildly smart, with a minimum of silicon. END OF RANT -- Respectfully, -Kirk D Bailey (C)2001 Addme! icq #27840081 end Within the sweep of his sword, Each man is an Ubar. http://www.howlermonkey.net/ http://www.sacredelectron.org/ From deliberatus@my995internet.com Sat Dec 8 21:16:35 2001 From: deliberatus@my995internet.com (Kirk Bailey) Date: Sat, 08 Dec 2001 16:16:35 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] Guess what I found! Message-ID: <3C128333.1360AE45@my995internet.com> Lookee! A python mail list manager! Free for use! LOOK OUT FOR WORD WRAP PROBLEMS!!! ---------------------------start quote----------------------------- #!/bin/python # MailList is copyright (c) 2000 of Programmed Integration # You may use this code in any way you see fit, but please # let use know where it is being used. If you make any changes to # the source code, please send us a copy so we can incorporate # the changes in future releases. If you have any other comments # please feel free to contact us at support@programmedintegration.com # MailList version 1.0.0 22 August 2000 import sys sys.path.append('/lib/python1.5') # My ISP requires this to correctly locate Python Modules import cgi, re, string # Import all the required modules try: useHead=open("head.txt", "r") # Open the HTML header file useFoot=open("foot.txt", "r") # Open the HTML footer file ContentLine="Content-type: text/html" # Standard content type for HTML files useform=cgi.FieldStorage() # Assign all variables on web form to UseForm variable email= useform["email"].value # Assign from form to local variables. Proposed email address email2= useform["email2"].value # ditto, verified email address password= useform["password"].value # ditto, proposed password password2= useform["password2"].value # ditto, verified password action=useform["action"].value # ditto, action, i.e subscribe or unsubscribe try: optout=useform["optout"].value # ditto, optout clause, yes or no except: # I've enclosed this in a try/except optout='no' # as if the checkbox is unchecked, nothing # was returned. This way 'no' is returned print ContentLine # Print standard content line print # Needs a blank line following print useHead.read() # Print HTML header if email!=email2: # Checks to see if two entered email addresses match print "Email addresses do not match" # If no match print error sys.exit(0) # Exit script with error 0 elif password!=password2: # Checks to see if two entered passwords match print "Passwords do not match" # If no match print error sys.exit(0) # Exit script with error 0 useMailList=open("maillist.txt", "r") # Open mailling list memMailList=useMailList.readlines() # Assign mailing list to internal list useMailList.close # Close mailing list found=0 # Create found variable counter=0 # Create counter variable for UseLine in memMailList: # For loop until list end is reached if string.find(string.upper(UseLine), string.upper(email))!=-1: # Checks to see if email is in mailing list found=1 # If yes, found = true (1) UseSplit=re.split(',',UseLine) # Create list of found line and delimit with a comma break # Exit for loop counter=counter+1 # If not found incrememnt count and repeat if not found: # If email address not found in mailing list if action=="unsubscribe": # And if action is unsubscribe print "Email address "+email+" does not exist on our database" # Print error message else: # Otherwise lineuse=email+","+password+','+optout+"\n" # Form valid mailing list entry memMailList.append(lineuse) # Add to internal list print "Subscription for "+email+" successful

" #Print success to HTML print "Many thanks for subscribing. Please be sure to make a note" print "of the email address you subscribed with. You will only" print "be able to unsubscribe if you use that email address." else: # Otherwise if email address not found in mailing list if action=="unsubscribe": # And if actions is unsubscribe if password==UseSplit[1]: # If password is valid memMailList[counter]='' # Empty internal mailing list entry print "Unsubscription for "+email+" successful" # Print unsubscribe success to HTML else: # Otherwise if password not valid print "Unsubscription for "+email+" unsuccessful. Password is invalid" # Print unsubscribe unsuccessful to HTML print "Remember that passwords are case sensitive. i.e. password is not the same as PassWord" else: # Otherwise if subscribe print "Subscription for "+email+" already exists" # Print subscription already exists to HTML finally: # Finally useMailList=open("maillist.txt", "w") # Open Mailing List for writing useMailList.writelines(memMailList) # Copy internal mailing list to file useMailList.close # Close mailing list print useFoot.read() # Print HTML footer useHead.close; # Close HTML header useFoot.close; # Close HTML footer ------------- ----------------end quote---------------------------------- This also referrs to a few other files. 1 of 3 -------------------------head.txt--------------------------- Programmed Integration - Mailing List
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-----------------------------end--------------------------- 2 of 3 ----------------------foot.txt------------------------- -------------------end----------------------- 3 of 3 -------------------maillist.htm--------------------- Programmed Integration - Delphi
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--------------------------------end------------------------------- -- Respectfully, -Kirk D Bailey (C)2001 Addme! icq #27840081 end Within the sweep of his sword, Each man is an Ubar. http://www.howlermonkey.net/ http://www.sacredelectron.org/ From deliberatus@my995internet.com Sat Dec 8 22:02:55 2001 From: deliberatus@my995internet.com (Kirk Bailey) Date: Sat, 08 Dec 2001 17:02:55 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] where it came from Message-ID: <3C128E0F.259939@my995internet.com> Here is the link to the page at the site it came from: http://www.programmedintegration.com/cgi-bin/page.py?pmaillist -- Respectfully, -Kirk D Bailey (C)2001 Addme! icq #27840081 end Within the sweep of his sword, Each man is an Ubar. http://www.howlermonkey.net/ http://www.sacredelectron.org/ From Bruce.Lee-Shanok@cognos.com Tue Dec 11 16:01:35 2001 From: Bruce.Lee-Shanok@cognos.com (Lee-Shanok, Bruce) Date: Tue, 11 Dec 2001 11:01:35 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] Application Error after end of program Message-ID: >This might be something you want to post on the main comp.lang.python >newsgroup as well as Tutor. These kind of errors should not happen in >Python, so perhaps someone on comp.lang.python might be able to point out >a service pack fix in NT that corrects this. Hmm. I don't have access to newsgroups from here, but I'll look into posting that later. Thanks! :) And I'm actually running 2K with the latest everything on it.. to the best of my knowledge. >Agreed; I don't think this has to do with your program, but with some >system library of the operating system. Well it's good to be absolved of guilt. :) There is definitely something odd going on. I gave it a chug through Purify and I guess the failed assertion below is what causes the untimely death: [I] Message: Assertion failed: pHead->nBlockUse == nBlockUse ... whatever that means. :) pHead.. I can remember someone in grade school calling me that once... For the interested reader, here's the last three errors..: [E] FIM: Freeing invalid memory in LocalFree {4 occurrences} Address 0x00142788 points into a HeapAlloc'd block in unallocated region of the default heap Location of free attempt LocalFree [KERNEL32.dll] DeleteSecurityPackageW [SECUR32.dll] LsaDeregisterLogonProcess [SECUR32.dll] LdrShutdownProcess [ntdll.dll] ExitProcess [KERNEL32.dll] ExitProcess [KERNEL32.dll] cexit [msvcrt.dll] SetFilePointer [KERNEL32.dll] [E] FIM: Freeing invalid memory in LocalFree {4 occurrences} Address 0x00145c08 points into a HeapAlloc'd block in unallocated region of the default heap Location of free attempt LocalFree [KERNEL32.dll] DeleteSecurityPackageW [SECUR32.dll] LsaDeregisterLogonProcess [SECUR32.dll] LdrShutdownProcess [ntdll.dll] ExitProcess [KERNEL32.dll] ExitProcess [KERNEL32.dll] cexit [msvcrt.dll] SetFilePointer [KERNEL32.dll] [I] Message: Assertion failed: pHead->nBlockUse == nBlockUse Call location malloc_dbg [dbgheap.c:164] free_dbg_lk [dbgheap.c:1084] free_dbg [dbgheap.c:1001] free_dbg [dbgheap.c:993] CRT_INIT [crtdll.c:236] DllMainCRTStartup [crtdll.c:289] LdrShutdownProcess [ntdll.dll] ExitProcess [KERNEL32.dll] ExitProcess [KERNEL32.dll] cexit [msvcrt.dll] SetFilePointer [KERNEL32.dll] [I] Exiting with code -1073741819 (0xc0000005) Process time: 92482 milliseconds [I] Program terminated at 12/10/2001 22:39:35 Cheers, Bruce This message may contain privileged and/or confidential information. If you have received this e-mail in error or are not the intended recipient, you may not use, copy, disseminate, or distribute it; do not open any attachments, delete it immediately from your system and notify the sender by e-mail promptly that you have done so. Thank You. From highprimate@howlermonkey.net Tue Dec 11 16:05:29 2001 From: highprimate@howlermonkey.net (Kirk Bailey) Date: Tue, 11 Dec 2001 11:5:29 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] double messages double messages Message-ID: <200112111606.fBBG67339588@ns.howlermonkey.net> Listowner; I am getting everything from the list to this account twice. Listowner, I am getting everything for this account from the list twice. Listowner, I think you server is infested with mice. is that nice? please advise. end In total confusion, Kirk D Bailey |----------------------------------------------------| | Consulting Agent Provecateur | | Webmaster, Howlermonkey Email services Co. | | Please visit us at http://www.howlermonkey.net/ | |----------------------------------------------------| From deliberatus@my995internet.com Tue Dec 11 16:19:08 2001 From: deliberatus@my995internet.com (Kirk Bailey) Date: Tue, 11 Dec 2001 11:19:08 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] another intresting script Message-ID: <3C1631FC.26E222D2@my995internet.com> ok, I copied this from the online reference, and messed with it and messed with it, and the hound won't hunt. ---------------begin pooping------------------ #!/usr/local/bin/python import smtplib import string def prompt(prompt): return raw_input(prompt)string.strip() fromaddr = prompt("From: ") toaddrs = prompt("To: ").split() print "Enter message, end with ^D:" # Add the From: and To: headers at the start! msg = ("From: %s\r\nTo: %s\r\n\r\n" % (fromaddr, string.join(toaddrs, ", "))) while 1: try: line = raw_input() except EOFError: break if not line: break msg = msg + line print "Message length is " + `len(msg)` server = smtplib.SMTP('localhost') server.set_debuglevel(1) server.sendmail(fromaddr, toaddrs, msg) server.quit() -----------------end of poop----------------------- thing refuses to include a newline character to the variable! bad token stuff galore! -- Respectfully, -Kirk D Bailey (C)2001 Addme! icq #27840081 end Within the sweep of his sword, Each man is an Ubar. http://www.howlermonkey.net/ http://www.sacredelectron.org/ From deliberatus@my995internet.com Tue Dec 11 16:28:09 2001 From: deliberatus@my995internet.com (Kirk Bailey) Date: Tue, 11 Dec 2001 11:28:09 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] the original mouse copied Message-ID: <3C163419.78D32331@my995internet.com> here is the original. it barks also, but differently. -------------------begin k9 script-------------------- import smtplib import string def prompt(prompt): return raw_input(prompt).strip() fromaddr = prompt("From: ") toaddrs = prompt("To: ").split() print "Enter message, end with ^D:" # Add the From: and To: headers at the start! msg = ("From: %s\r\nTo: %s\r\n\r\n" % (fromaddr, string.join(toaddrs, ", "))) while 1: try: line = raw_input() except EOFError: break if not line: break msg = msg + line print "Message length is " + `len(msg)` server = smtplib.SMTP('localhost') server.set_debuglevel(1) server.sendmail(fromaddr, toaddrs, msg) server.quit() ------------------end woofwoof--------------------- -- Respectfully, -Kirk D Bailey (C)2001 Addme! icq #27840081 end Within the sweep of his sword, Each man is an Ubar. http://www.howlermonkey.net/ http://www.sacredelectron.org/ From fpeavy@pop.net Tue Dec 11 17:16:19 2001 From: fpeavy@pop.net (Frank Peavy) Date: Tue, 11 Dec 2001 09:16:19 -0800 Subject: [Tutor] .cgi or .py for Python CGIs Message-ID: <5.1.0.14.0.20011211091442.00a978d0@mail45566.popserver.pop.net> I have seen references to various CGI scripts and some have the .cgi extension and some have a .py extension. Which is correct? Is there a preferred method? From scarblac@pino.selwerd.nl Tue Dec 11 17:16:44 2001 From: scarblac@pino.selwerd.nl (Remco Gerlich) Date: Tue, 11 Dec 2001 18:16:44 +0100 Subject: [Tutor] .cgi or .py for Python CGIs In-Reply-To: <5.1.0.14.0.20011211091442.00a978d0@mail45566.popserver.pop.net>; from fpeavy@pop.net on Tue, Dec 11, 2001 at 09:16:19AM -0800 References: <5.1.0.14.0.20011211091442.00a978d0@mail45566.popserver.pop.net> Message-ID: <20011211181644.A9376@pino.selwerd.nl> On 0, Frank Peavy wrote: > I have seen references to various CGI scripts and some have the .cgi > extension and some have a .py extension. Which is correct? Is there a > preferred method? Python doesn't care. It only needs .py when you import modules from another module. There *might* be server settings so that it matters, like I can imagine that on a Windows server the .py is needed to associate it with Python, but on a Unix server it should never matter, extensions are irrelevant. So it's probably a matter of taste. -- Remco Gerlich From jeff@ccvcorp.com Tue Dec 11 17:44:15 2001 From: jeff@ccvcorp.com (Jeff Shannon) Date: Tue, 11 Dec 2001 09:44:15 -0800 Subject: [Tutor] another intresting script References: Message-ID: <3C1645EE.A128AA8A@ccvcorp.com> Kirk Bailey wrote: > def prompt(prompt): > return raw_input(prompt)string.strip() Here, you've got an extra 'string' that is non-functional. Looks like you corrected this in your second example, though. You're also re-using the same name for two different things (the function, and its parameter), which is probably not a good idea. It should be def prompt(promptstring): return raw_input(promptstring).strip() Other than that, it's hard to guess what exactly is happening, since you don't give specific error messages, or say which variable is not getting the newline that you think it should (and we don't know *where* you expect that newline to be added, either). You might try adding a "print repr(msg)" at the same point that you're printing the message length, and see if it looks like you expect there. Oh, wait, I see what's probably happening... while 1: try: line = raw_input() except EOFError: break if not line: break msg = msg + line You're not getting newlines at the end of each line, here, right? They are not automatically added by raw_input(), so you'd need to add them yourself, something like this: msg = msg + line + '\n' Hope that helps! Jeff Shannon Technician/Programmer Credit International From deliberatus@my995internet.com Tue Dec 11 17:45:56 2001 From: deliberatus@my995internet.com (Kirk Bailey) Date: Tue, 11 Dec 2001 12:45:56 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] intresting gibberish, this. Looks like perl on the rag... Message-ID: <3C164654.6F9E16BE@my995internet.com> >From that original quoteed script, I read: >msg = ("From: %s\r\nTo: %s\r\n\r\n" % (fromaddr, string.join(toaddrs, ", "))) which is word wrapped, so here it is strait: msg = ("From: %s\r\nTo: %s\r\n\r\n" % (fromaddr, string.join(toaddrs, ", "))) this means: "From: (str(repr(\n)repr(\n)) str(fromaddr, string.join(toaddr, ", "))) ok, first part is sensible, but last part is a pooch. why do we want to bibble with from and two in this place, and end it with a comma and no trailing CRLF? Seems I cannoy simply append a CRLF into the end of a string or a list or anything else, I have to play intresting games to accomplish it. FUCK, said the king. I should invent a new definition, CRLF, as def CRLF: CRLF =("%s\r\n") Then can use it casually in string concatenation, and plaster it on the end of a variable, No? yes? This sort of grunting gibbercode is why I avoided perl after failing to sledgehammer it through my concrete skull. Discussion? -- Respectfully, -Kirk D Bailey (C)2001 Addme! icq #27840081 end Within the sweep of his sword, Each man is an Ubar. http://www.howlermonkey.net/ http://www.sacredelectron.org/ From cliff@ember.com Tue Dec 11 18:51:48 2001 From: cliff@ember.com (cliff@ember.com) Date: Tue, 11 Dec 2001 13:51:48 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] 2 questions on Tkinter Message-ID: <3C160F74.29459.173C2C1@localhost> Hi List. Q1. In the Tkinter library, there is a method OptionMenu that takes a variable number of strings as arguments. These strings become choices displayed on the menu: OptionMenu(root, stringVar, 'First Choice', 'Second Choice') I would like to configure an option menu based on the contents of a list. How do I call OptionMenu() using the strings in the list? (The number of strings in the list is determined when the script is run.) Q2. What do I have misconfigured if python can't find Tkinter? I get an ImportError when I try to import Tkinter on my Linux box. Thanks! --Cliff From vip333d@yahoo.com Tue Dec 11 20:53:51 2001 From: vip333d@yahoo.com (vip333d@yahoo.com) Date: Tue, 11 Dec 2001 12:53:51 -0800 (PST) Subject: [Tutor] quick question Message-ID: <20011211205351.83087.qmail@web12307.mail.yahoo.com> dear tutor, I started learning python threw the net. I downloaded python 2.1.1 . I have one problem: I write my sripts on a note-pad (windows 95 standard...). then, I save it as *.py. when it finishes the script, it strait closes the dialog box, and I cannot see a thing. thanks, number 637927 vip333d@yahoo.com __________________________________________________ Do You Yahoo!? Check out Yahoo! Shopping and Yahoo! Auctions for all of your unique holiday gifts! Buy at http://shopping.yahoo.com or bid at http://auctions.yahoo.com From jrm@videotron.ca Tue Dec 11 14:12:45 2001 From: jrm@videotron.ca (Jean Montambeault) Date: Tue, 11 Dec 2001 16:12:45 +0200 Subject: [Tutor] quick question References: <20011211205351.83087.qmail@web12307.mail.yahoo.com> Message-ID: <000901c1824d$e7d875a0$0100c0a8@videotron.ca> ----- Original Message ----- From: > dear tutor, > I started learning python threw the net. I downloaded > python 2.1.1 . I have one problem: I write my sripts > on a note-pad (windows 95 standard...). then, I save > it as *.py. when it finishes the script, it strait > closes the dialog box, and I cannot see a thing. > thanks, > number 637927 > > vip333d@yahoo.com Dear you, I never used Notepad for Python, so I can't answer your question. Anyway don't loose you time : I suggest that you don't use it either. In "start/programs/Python2.1/IDLE(Python GUI) you have IDLE, a true IDE(Integrated Development Environment--if I'm not mistaking). Use that instead : it has infinitely much more to offer and won't give you much trouble. Read http://hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu/~dyoo/python/idle_intro/index.html first a very light intro. Then read the more involved doc on http://www.python.org : look for IDLE on the left panel. Sorry that I can't give you a more precise link but the site seem to be down at this moment. Jean M. From israel@lith.com Tue Dec 11 21:16:22 2001 From: israel@lith.com (Israel Evans) Date: Tue, 11 Dec 2001 13:16:22 -0800 Subject: [Tutor] quick question Message-ID: Often, if you want your script window to stick around after it is done put a raw_input() call at the end. This will cause the window to stay up until you hit a key. I'd second the suggestion of using Idle, especially for learning python. It's a great tool that will really help you understand the language. Using it you can interactively run and write you code at the same time. ~Israel~ -----Original Message----- From: Jean Montambeault [mailto:jrm@videotron.ca] Sent: 11 December 2001 6:13 AM To: tutor@python.org Subject: Re: [Tutor] quick question ----- Original Message ----- From: > dear tutor, > I started learning python threw the net. I downloaded > python 2.1.1 . I have one problem: I write my sripts > on a note-pad (windows 95 standard...). then, I save > it as *.py. when it finishes the script, it strait > closes the dialog box, and I cannot see a thing. > thanks, > number 637927 > > vip333d@yahoo.com Dear you, I never used Notepad for Python, so I can't answer your question. Anyway don't loose you time : I suggest that you don't use it either. In "start/programs/Python2.1/IDLE(Python GUI) you have IDLE, a true IDE(Integrated Development Environment--if I'm not mistaking). Use that instead : it has infinitely much more to offer and won't give you much trouble. Read http://hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu/~dyoo/python/idle_intro/index.html first a very light intro. Then read the more involved doc on http://www.python.org : look for IDLE on the left panel. Sorry that I can't give you a more precise link but the site seem to be down at this moment. Jean M. _______________________________________________ Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor From jrm@videotron.ca Tue Dec 11 14:28:44 2001 From: jrm@videotron.ca (Jean Montambeault) Date: Tue, 11 Dec 2001 16:28:44 +0200 Subject: [Tutor] You're gridded for life. Message-ID: <000f01c18250$23cfcca0$0100c0a8@videotron.ca> Remember my question about shortcuts to ".grid" ? Maybe not but look at this : Exemple1 : this doesn't work... =================================== #! /usr/bin/env python # Exemple1 for the tutor mailing list from Tkinter import * def here_I_am(event): print "Yes, that's me!" fen=Tk() tom_dee_lee_dum=Entry(fen).grid(row=0, column=0) tom_dee_lee_dum.bind("", here_I_am) #fen.mainloop() (commented out for running inside IDLE) ##Traceback (most recent call last): ## File "C:/Python21/exemple1.pyw", line 13, in ? ## tom_dee_lee_dum.bind("", here_I_am) ##AttributeError: 'None' object has no attribute 'bind' =================================== Exemple2 : ...but this does =================================== #! /usr/bin/env python # Exemple1 for the tutor mailing list from Tkinter import * def here_I_am(event): print "Yes, that's me!" fen=Tk() tom_dee_lee_dum=Entry(fen) tom_dee_lee_dum.grid(row=0, column=0) tom_dee_lee_dum.bind("", here_I_am) #fen.mainloop() =================================== So my question : is the shortcut technique only good for the widgets that aren't assigned to a variable ? This snag costed me two hours of my life and some selected curses, these very graphical ; in no tutorial is "extreme tolerance to frustration" ever mentionned among the qualities that make a good programmer but it really should. The up side : it feels really good when it stops. ;) >From now on I'll stick to classical forms. Jean M. From dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu Tue Dec 11 22:20:31 2001 From: dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu (Danny Yoo) Date: Tue, 11 Dec 2001 14:20:31 -0800 (PST) Subject: [Tutor] You're gridded for life. [OOP using __getattr__] In-Reply-To: <000f01c18250$23cfcca0$0100c0a8@videotron.ca> Message-ID: On Tue, 11 Dec 2001, Jean Montambeault wrote: > tom_dee_lee_dum = Entry(fen).grid(row=0, column=0) Yes, I remember now. As you've discovered, the non-buggy version of this is: > tom_dee_lee_dum=Entry(fen) > tom_dee_lee_dum.grid(row=0, column=0) > tom_dee_lee_dum.bind("", here_I_am) But what you wrote before, this "bug", seems to be a common one that beginning Tkinter programmers do a lot! Perhaps it might be nice to actually allow some kind of shortcut like this. We can write a "ShortcutEntry" class of Entry widgets with slightly different behavior. Here's an example that might be useful for you: ### import Tkinter class ShortcutEntry: """This is a small class that demonstrates how to customize an Entry widget without subclassing.""" def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs): self.entry = Tkinter.Entry(*args, **kwargs) def pack(self, *args, **kwargs): self.entry.pack(*args, **kwargs) return self.entry def grid(self, *args, **kwargs): self.entry.grid(*args, **kwargs) return self.entry def __getattr__(self, name): """We delegate pretty much everything to our underlying self.entry.""" return getattr(self.entry, name) ### This class should allow us to do: ### tom_dee_lee_dum = ShortcutEntry(fen).grid(row=0, column=0) ### with the effect that we're looking for. As a personal opinion, I think that the Tkinter widgets should do something like this anyway, to make Tkinter programming more convenient. However, I get the feeling that the above code might upset a few people. *grin* What do other people think about this? > in no tutorial is "extreme tolerance to frustration" ever mentioned > among the qualities that make a good programmer but it really should. When things start getting too frustrating, start spilling the problem to Tutor. Let's help each other avoid frustration. Best of wishes to you. From highprimate@howlermonkey.net Tue Dec 11 16:23:46 2001 From: highprimate@howlermonkey.net (Kirk Bailey) Date: Tue, 11 Dec 2001 11:23:46 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] test test Message-ID: <200112111624.fBBGOP339684@ns.howlermonkey.net> let's see if this doubles let see if there's still trouble end In total confusion, Kirk D Bailey |----------------------------------------------------| | Consulting Agent Provecateur | | Webmaster, Howlermonkey Email services Co. | | Please visit us at http://www.howlermonkey.net/ | |----------------------------------------------------| From dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu Tue Dec 11 23:04:23 2001 From: dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu (Danny Yoo) Date: Tue, 11 Dec 2001 15:04:23 -0800 (PST) Subject: [Tutor] quick question In-Reply-To: Message-ID: On Tue, 11 Dec 2001, Israel Evans wrote: > Often, if you want your script window to stick around after it is done put a > raw_input() call at the end. This will cause the window to stay up until > you hit a key. > > I'd second the suggestion of using Idle, especially for learning python. > It's a great tool that will really help you understand the language. Using > it you can interactively run and write you code at the same time. Hi vip333d, Also, you should already have IDLE installed: it comes bundled with Python for your convenience. If you visit: http://hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu/~dyoo/python/idle_intro/ you'll see a page that shows some introductory use of IDLE. From dradul@007mundo.com Tue Dec 11 22:43:57 2001 From: dradul@007mundo.com (P. Alejandro Lopez-Valencia) Date: Tue, 11 Dec 2001 17:43:57 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] .cgi or .py for Python CGIs References: <5.1.0.14.0.20011211091442.00a978d0@mail45566.popserver.pop.net> <20011211181644.A9376@pino.selwerd.nl> Message-ID: <001901c18297$564c5440$6a32a741@shangrila> ----- Original Message ----- From: "Remco Gerlich" To: "tutor-python.org" Sent: Tuesday, December 11, 2001 12:16 PM Subject: Re: [Tutor] .cgi or .py for Python CGIs > On 0, Frank Peavy wrote: > > I have seen references to various CGI scripts and some have the .cgi > > extension and some have a .py extension. Which is correct? Is there a > > preferred method? > > Python doesn't care. It only needs .py when you import modules from another > module. > > There *might* be server settings so that it matters, like I can imagine that > on a Windows server the .py is needed to associate it with Python, but on a > Unix server it should never matter, extensions are irrelevant. > > So it's probably a matter of taste. > > -- > Remco Gerlich Not exactly. As a rule web servers (as contrasted to the operating system they run on), do use file extensions to identify CGI programs, particularly if they are not in the CGI root directory (usually cgi-bin) but in some other place in the web server virtual file system. Always think of a web server as an independent operating system running within a virtual machine, that has access to low level system calls (the operating system it runs on). Namely, using apache as an example: /cgi-bin (root CGI directory) -> You can have any extension or note, by definition anything is executable, and therefore the security model implies that only the administrator has access to this directory. ~/cgi-bin (user home CGI directory) -> By default you need the .cgi extension to tell the web server the file is an executable. This can change depending on the server administrator ideas of what he/she considers OK for a luser, say, he writes his private CGIs with python, thus he adds .py to the list of allowed CGI extensions (I know I do ;). /foo/bar (some data directory in the virtual web server filesystem) -> Same situation as the previous, yet he who allows this kind of file execution should be given the choice to switch jobs to salesperson in an incense shop. From dsh8290@rit.edu Tue Dec 11 23:39:39 2001 From: dsh8290@rit.edu (dman) Date: Tue, 11 Dec 2001 18:39:39 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] retrieving stock quotes In-Reply-To: ; from wilson@visi.com on Mon, Dec 10, 2001 at 09:57:55PM -0600 References: Message-ID: <20011211183938.A26257@harmony.cs.rit.edu> On Mon, Dec 10, 2001 at 09:57:55PM -0600, Timothy Wilson wrote: | On Mon, 10 Dec 2001, Timothy Wilson wrote: | | > Does anyone know of an ftp site or Web site that has fairly current stock | > quotes in an easily parsable format? | | | Very cool! I happened upon exactly what I needed. Go to | http://finance.yahoo.com/ and enter a ticker symbol (RHAT, for The only thing to beware of is it seems that yahoo likes to change the HTML layout of the page rather often. Depending on the nature of the change and the nature of your parser, this may or may not have an effect. -D -- A)bort, R)etry, D)o it right this time From dsh8290@rit.edu Tue Dec 11 23:43:36 2001 From: dsh8290@rit.edu (dman) Date: Tue, 11 Dec 2001 18:43:36 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] You're gridded for life. In-Reply-To: <000f01c18250$23cfcca0$0100c0a8@videotron.ca>; from jrm@videotron.ca on Tue, Dec 11, 2001 at 04:28:44PM +0200 References: <000f01c18250$23cfcca0$0100c0a8@videotron.ca> Message-ID: <20011211184336.B26257@harmony.cs.rit.edu> On Tue, Dec 11, 2001 at 04:28:44PM +0200, Jean Montambeault wrote: | Remember my question about shortcuts to ".grid" ? Maybe not but look at | this : ... | So my question : is the shortcut technique only good for the widgets that | aren't assigned to a variable ? It is more general than that. Every function/method has a return value of some sort. If the function/method doesn't explicitly return something, then it returns 'None' implicitly (so that if it is called in a compound statement there is a value to use in the rest of the statement). In the one example, the object was used _only_ to invoke the grid() method on, and never again. The grid() method returns None, not the object it was invoked on. If you intend to ever use that object again, you need to create it and grab a handle on it so that you can use it again. Thus the call to grid() must be separate from the creation. HTH, -D -- (E)ventually (M)alloc()s (A)ll (C)omputer (S)torage From pythontutor@venix.com Tue Dec 11 23:54:55 2001 From: pythontutor@venix.com (Lloyd Kvam) Date: Tue, 11 Dec 2001 18:54:55 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] web site redirection to Python script Message-ID: <3C169CCF.4080709@venix.com> I wrote some python scripts for reporting survey results from an SQL server. Now they would like these to scripts to be available from a web site. Unfortunately, the ISP hosting the web site has not yet installed Python. I have setup a RedHat Linux server with Python. Now I need to set up a Perl(?) script on the web site to forward report requests to my "Python Server" which will process the requested data, create an HTML report, and send the HTML report to the requestor. PC/Browser >=reportRequest=> www.HowsYourHealth.org >=reportRequest=> "PythonServer" I need advice as to how the web server (Linux/Apache/Perl) can forward the request to the "Python Server". Or tell me there is a better way to do this. -- Lloyd Kvam Venix Corp. 1 Court Street, Suite 378 Lebanon, NH 03766-1358 voice: 603-443-6155 fax: 801-459-9582 From m_konermann@gmx.de Wed Dec 12 00:08:02 2001 From: m_konermann@gmx.de (Marcus Konermann) Date: Wed, 12 Dec 2001 01:08:02 +0100 Subject: [Tutor] Problems with enviroment variable under W2000 and VC6++ Message-ID: <3C169FE2.52B6EDC3@gmx.de> --------------200D79DC9A57F5A5BD6F3E17 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=iso-8859-1 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit Hi @ All ! For now i tried a lot of things to tell SWIG where the lib directory is, but after controlling by using the command "swig -swiglib" every time the output was " /usr/local/lib/swig1.3." So to solve this problem the only solution for me was to copy the four file´s (swig.swg, python.swg, common.swg, swig.exe) manually in the working directory, but i don´t think that this was the right way. I also tried to set the PATH to the lib directory under W2000 in the enviroment variables, but nothing happend. The second problem for me is to set the right enviroment variable for python2.1 in the windows 2000 sytem. I tried to use PYTHONPATH, PYTHON_INCLUDE and PYTHON_LIB (like described in the SWIG manual 1.3.9), but nothing happend while compiling under VC6++. The Linker only says: simanneal_wrap.cpp C:\simanneal_wrap.cpp(179) : fatal error C1083: Include-Datei kann nicht geoeffnet werden: 'Python.h': No such file or directory Please, i need help Greetings Marcus --------------200D79DC9A57F5A5BD6F3E17 Content-Type: text/html; charset=us-ascii Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit Hi @ All !

For now i tried a lot of things to tell SWIG where the lib directory is, but after controlling by using the command "swig -swiglib"  every time the output was " /usr/local/lib/swig1.3."
So to solve this problem the only solution for me was to copy the four file´s (swig.swg, python.swg, common.swg, swig.exe) manually in the working directory, but i don´t think that this was the right way. I also tried to set the PATH to the lib directory under W2000 in the enviroment variables, but nothing happend.

The second problem for me is to set the right enviroment variable for python2.1 in the windows 2000 sytem. I tried to use PYTHONPATH, PYTHON_INCLUDE and PYTHON_LIB (like described in the SWIG manual 1.3.9), but nothing happend while compiling under VC6++. The Linker only says:
simanneal_wrap.cpp
C:\simanneal_wrap.cpp(179) : fatal error C1083: Include-Datei kann nicht geoeffnet werden: 'Python.h': No such file or directory

Please, i need help
Greetings
Marcus --------------200D79DC9A57F5A5BD6F3E17-- From jens.jorgensen@tallan.com Wed Dec 12 00:25:07 2001 From: jens.jorgensen@tallan.com (Jorgensen, Jens) Date: Tue, 11 Dec 2001 18:25:07 -0600 Subject: [Tutor] Re: [python-win32] Problems with enviroment variable under W2000 and VC6++ References: <3C169FE2.52B6EDC3@gmx.de> Message-ID: <3C16A3E3.5050809@tallan.com> Marcus, Is your C++ code quite large? I have to say I've created a number of Python extension modules and I've always just built them by hand. Also there is that gui generation tool that will create the code skeleton for you. It really is easy. Marcus Konermann wrote: > Hi @ All ! > > For now i tried a lot of things to tell SWIG where the lib directory > is, but after controlling by using the command "swig -swiglib" every > time the output was " /usr/local/lib/swig1.3." > So to solve this problem the only solution for me was to copy the four > file´s (swig.swg, python.swg, common.swg, swig.exe) manually in the > working directory, but i don´t think that this was the right way. I > also tried to set the PATH to the lib directory under W2000 in the > enviroment variables, but nothing happend. > > The second problem for me is to set the right enviroment variable for > python2.1 in the windows 2000 sytem. I tried to use PYTHONPATH, > PYTHON_INCLUDE and PYTHON_LIB (like described in the SWIG manual > 1.3.9), but nothing happend while compiling under VC6++. The Linker > only says: > /simanneal_wrap.cpp/ > /C:\simanneal_wrap.cpp(179) : fatal error C1083: Include-Datei kann > nicht geoeffnet werden: 'Python.h': No such file or directory/ > > Please, i need help > Greetings > Marcus > -- Jens B. Jorgensen jens.jorgensen@tallan.com From wilson@visi.com Wed Dec 12 01:18:13 2001 From: wilson@visi.com (Timothy Wilson) Date: Tue, 11 Dec 2001 19:18:13 -0600 (CST) Subject: [Tutor] retrieving stock quotes In-Reply-To: <20011211183938.A26257@harmony.cs.rit.edu> Message-ID: On Tue, 11 Dec 2001, dman wrote: > On Mon, Dec 10, 2001 at 09:57:55PM -0600, Timothy Wilson wrote: > | On Mon, 10 Dec 2001, Timothy Wilson wrote: > | > | > Does anyone know of an ftp site or Web site that has fairly current stock > | > quotes in an easily parsable format? > | > | > | Very cool! I happened upon exactly what I needed. Go to > | http://finance.yahoo.com/ and enter a ticker symbol (RHAT, for > > The only thing to beware of is it seems that yahoo likes to change the > HTML layout of the page rather often. Depending on the nature of the > change and the nature of your parser, this may or may not have an > effect. That's why I'm retrieving the raw data in CSV form. For example: http://finance.yahoo.com/d/quotes.csv?s=sgi&f=sl1d1t1c1ohgv&e=.csv gets the raw data for SGI. That should be a lot less likely to change over time. -Tim -- Tim Wilson | Visit Sibley online: | Check out: Henry Sibley HS | http://www.isd197.org | http://www.zope.com W. St. Paul, MN | | http://slashdot.org wilson@visi.com | | http://linux.com From dsh8290@rit.edu Wed Dec 12 02:05:09 2001 From: dsh8290@rit.edu (dman) Date: Tue, 11 Dec 2001 21:05:09 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] web site redirection to Python script In-Reply-To: <3C169CCF.4080709@venix.com>; from pythontutor@venix.com on Tue, Dec 11, 2001 at 06:54:55PM -0500 References: <3C169CCF.4080709@venix.com> Message-ID: <20011211210509.A26587@harmony.cs.rit.edu> On Tue, Dec 11, 2001 at 06:54:55PM -0500, Lloyd Kvam wrote: | I wrote some python scripts for reporting survey results from an SQL | server. Now they would like these to scripts to be available from a | web site. Unfortunately, the ISP hosting the web site has not yet | installed Python. I have setup a RedHat Linux server with Python. | Now I need to set up a Perl(?) script on the web site to forward | report requests to my "Python Server" which will process the | requested data, create an HTML report, and send the HTML report to | the requestor. | I need advice as to how the web server (Linux/Apache/Perl) can | forward the request to the "Python Server". Or tell me there is a | better way to do this. The real data is at www.python.org. (the key is in the "head" portion, and in browsers that support it) -D -- He who finds a wife finds what is good and receives favor from the Lord. Proverbs 18:22 From dsh8290@rit.edu Wed Dec 12 02:06:22 2001 From: dsh8290@rit.edu (dman) Date: Tue, 11 Dec 2001 21:06:22 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] retrieving stock quotes In-Reply-To: ; from wilson@visi.com on Tue, Dec 11, 2001 at 07:18:13PM -0600 References: <20011211183938.A26257@harmony.cs.rit.edu> Message-ID: <20011211210621.B26587@harmony.cs.rit.edu> On Tue, Dec 11, 2001 at 07:18:13PM -0600, Timothy Wilson wrote: | On Tue, 11 Dec 2001, dman wrote: | > On Mon, Dec 10, 2001 at 09:57:55PM -0600, Timothy Wilson wrote: | > | On Mon, 10 Dec 2001, Timothy Wilson wrote: | > | > Does anyone know of an ftp site or Web site that has fairly | > | > current stock quotes in an easily parsable format? | > | | > | | > | Very cool! I happened upon exactly what I needed. Go to | > | http://finance.yahoo.com/ and enter a ticker symbol (RHAT, for | > | > The only thing to beware of is it seems that yahoo likes to change the | > HTML layout of the page rather often. Depending on the nature of the | > change and the nature of your parser, this may or may not have an | > effect. | | That's why I'm retrieving the raw data in CSV form. For example: That should be better, I would expect. -D -- Stay away from a foolish man, for you will not find knowledge on his lips. Proverbs 14:7 From dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu Wed Dec 12 02:06:35 2001 From: dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu (Danny Yoo) Date: Tue, 11 Dec 2001 18:06:35 -0800 (PST) Subject: [Tutor] web site redirection to Python script In-Reply-To: <3C169CCF.4080709@venix.com> Message-ID: On Tue, 11 Dec 2001, Lloyd Kvam wrote: > I wrote some python scripts for reporting survey results from an SQL > server. Now they would like these to scripts to be available from a > web site. Unfortunately, the ISP hosting the web site has not yet > installed Python. I have setup a RedHat Linux server with Python. > Now I need to set up a Perl(?) script on the web site to forward > report requests to my "Python Server" which will process the requested > data, create an HTML report, and send the HTML report to the > requestor. > > PC/Browser >=reportRequest=> www.HowsYourHealth.org >=reportRequest=> > "PythonServer" This sounds reasonable. Should the PC/Browser be aware that they're bouncing to the PythonServer page, or should it appear that everything's coming from www.howsyourhealth.org? If it's ok to do a simple redirect, then you can have your script on www.howsyourhealth.org do something like: ### #!/usr/bin/perl -w print "Location: PythonServer\n\n" ### This sends the user right off to your PythonServer. Afterwards, since the user is directly talking to PythonServer, things should be ok. Diagramically, this looks sorta like this: PC/Browser ----> www.HowsYourHealth.org ^ "Talk to PythonServer instead." | | | +----------> PythonServer > I need advice as to how the web server (Linux/Apache/Perl) can forward > the request to the "Python Server". Or tell me there is a better way > to do this. But perhaps you might want to make this more transparent, so that the user is never aware of PythonServer's existance; that is, maybe we want something like this: PC/Browser <-----> www.HowsYourHealth.org <-----> PythonServer From dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu Wed Dec 12 02:19:11 2001 From: dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu (Danny Yoo) Date: Tue, 11 Dec 2001 18:19:11 -0800 (PST) Subject: [Tutor] [Why "replies" twice?] In-Reply-To: <200112100446.fBA4kO327947@ns.howlermonkey.net> Message-ID: On Sun, 9 Dec 2001, Kirk Bailey wrote: > At 12/9/01 8:03:00 PM, you wrote: > >Hi Kirk, > > > > > Shaboom. > > Why am I getting 2 copies of each of your posts? Hi Kirk, The first copy is because I'm replying to your post, and the second is from the Tutor list itself broadcasting that reply to all the people subscribed on Tutor. This is the behavior that most people expect, because it works great with email programs like Eudora or Outlook (or procmail on Unix systems). With these programs, people usually set things up so that "tutor@python.org" mail goes into a Tutor mailbox separate from their "Inbox". Ideally, when someone responds to your message, the first copy will go into your Inbox, while the second filters into your Tutor mailbox. Hope that makes sense. Good luck! From deliberatus@my995internet.com Wed Dec 12 04:55:12 2001 From: deliberatus@my995internet.com (Kirk Bailey) Date: Tue, 11 Dec 2001 23:55:12 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] smtoplib script appears bogus Message-ID: <3C16E330.DDA24046@my995internet.com> This thing don't work. Beats me why, I copied it from the on line docs for the language, but there ya go. -----------------select aged bits--------------- import smtplib import string def prompt(prompt): return raw_input(prompt).strip() fromaddr = prompt("From: ") toaddrs = prompt("To: ").split() print "Enter message, end with ^D:" # Add the From: and To: headers at the start! msg = ("From: %s\r\nTo: %s\r\n\r\n" % (fromaddr, string.join(toaddrs, ", "))) # probably word wrapped. while 1: # when all on one line, it still don't work right. try: line = raw_input() except EOFError: break if not line: break msg = msg + line print "Message length is " + `len(msg)` server = smtplib.SMTP('localhost') server.set_debuglevel(1) server.sendmail(fromaddr, toaddrs, msg) server.quit() ------------------------------------------------------ -- Respectfully, -Kirk D Bailey (C)2001 Addme! icq #27840081 end Within the sweep of his sword, Each man is an Ubar. http://www.howlermonkey.net/ http://www.sacredelectron.org/ From chikitychina@home.com Wed Dec 12 05:51:13 2001 From: chikitychina@home.com (Pablo Manzanera) Date: Wed, 12 Dec 2001 00:51:13 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] Killing a windows process Message-ID: <3C16F051.6200566@home.com> Hey all, I have a simple(hopefully) question for you. I'm just beginning with Python, and I'm trying to write a script to manually uninstall a windows program. In order to delete a directory, I need to kill a process that is running whenever the system is up. I have seen os.kill() for Unix, but is there a similar command for windows? I would like it to recognize the name of the process, but if that's not possible I can probably work around it. I am using ActivePython 2.1.1 in case you were wondering. Thanks in advance, Pablo Manzanera From deliberatus@my995internet.com Wed Dec 12 06:13:19 2001 From: deliberatus@my995internet.com (Kirk Bailey) Date: Wed, 12 Dec 2001 01:13:19 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] slightly less maaningless drivel ensues Message-ID: <3C16F57F.7EDC461D@my995internet.com> HEY! This works ok! No horrors! I received the message it sent! ------------------------begin fresh bits-------------------------------- #!/usr/local/bin/python # so the script is executable import smtplib # import the smtp routines import string # and string manipulation stuff CRLF=("\r"+"\n") # we will be tagging CRLF onto several things. # so this is handy. def prompt(prompt): return string.strip(raw_input(prompt)) # prompt, get, strip, return. fromaddr = prompt("From: ") # get the from address. toaddrs = prompt("To: ") # get the to address. subject = prompt("Subject: ") # get the subject. print "Enter message, end with ^D:" # Add the From: and To: headers at the start! msg = "From: " + fromaddr + CRLF + "To: " + toaddrs + CRLF + "Subject: " + subject + CRLF + CRLF while 1: try: line = raw_input() except EOFError: break if not line: break msg = msg + line + CRLF print type(msg) print "Message length is " , len(msg) , " bytes long." server = smtplib.SMTP('localhost') server.set_debuglevel(1) server.sendmail(fromaddr, toaddrs, msg) server.quit() ns# ------------------------end limberger-------------------------- -- Respectfully, -Kirk D Bailey (C)2001 Addme! icq #27840081 end Within the sweep of his sword, Each man is an Ubar. http://www.howlermonkey.net/ http://www.sacredelectron.org/ From deliberatus@my995internet.com Wed Dec 12 06:21:38 2001 From: deliberatus@my995internet.com (Kirk Bailey) Date: Wed, 12 Dec 2001 01:21:38 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] slightly updated version of same script Message-ID: <3C16F772.771CD015@my995internet.com> Here ya go. Took out the extra crof and the testing code with the type statement. Now that I can get this working, I need to go play with DIGESTING incoming email and examining header information. Good thing I trapped a few incoming letters into files in the server so I have data to feed the script for testing. Any and all, feel free to examine this and comment on anything you like. -------------------burst along this line, scattering intestines everyplace else--------------- #!/usr/local/bin/python # so the script is executable import smtplib # import the smtp routines import string # and string manipulation stuff CRLF=("\r"+"\n") # we will be tagging CRLF onto several things. # so this is handy to have around. def prompt(prompt): return string.strip(raw_input(prompt)) # prompt, get, strip, return. fromaddr = prompt("From: ") # get the from address. toaddrs = prompt("To: ") # get the to address. subject = prompt("Subject: ") # get the subject. print "Enter message, end with ^D:" # Add the From: and To: headers at the start! msg = "From: " + fromaddr + CRLF + "To: " + toaddrs + CRLF + "Subject: " + subject + CRLF while 1: try: line = raw_input() except EOFError: break if not line: break msg = msg + line + CRLF print "Message length is " , len(msg) , " bytes long." server = smtplib.SMTP('localhost') server.set_debuglevel(1) server.sendmail(fromaddr, toaddrs, msg) server.quit() ------------------------end--------------------------- -- Respectfully, -Kirk D Bailey (C)2001 Addme! icq #27840081 end Within the sweep of his sword, Each man is an Ubar. http://www.howlermonkey.net/ http://www.sacredelectron.org/ From deliberatus@my995internet.com Wed Dec 12 07:17:43 2001 From: deliberatus@my995internet.com (Kirk Bailey) Date: Wed, 12 Dec 2001 02:17:43 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] walking a list Message-ID: <3C170497.2D5832E@my995internet.com> Ok, let's walk through a list. I created a file, testlist.txt, with several addresses in it. did this: f1=open('testlist.txt','r') members = f1.readlines() f1.close() type(members) >>>type >>>| Sokay, now try to walk it in a for loop: for i in members: print members[1] Gets this error: Traceback (most recent call last): File "", line 2, in ? print members[i] TypeError: sequence index must be integer >>>| ok, how do I get it to walk through a loop, performing a block of code for each item in the list? -- Respectfully, -Kirk D Bailey (C)2001 Addme! icq #27840081 end Within the sweep of his sword, Each man is an Ubar. http://www.howlermonkey.net/ http://www.sacredelectron.org/ From Tron@submatrix.com Wed Dec 12 07:28:20 2001 From: Tron@submatrix.com (Tron) Date: Tue, 11 Dec 2001 23:28:20 -0800 Subject: [Tutor] Free SoCal LAN References: <3C169CCF.4080709@venix.com> Message-ID: <00e001c182de$92ea6530$6e01a8c0@praxis> I dig free what about you guys? Just wanted to let anyone know if they wanted to take a break from coding or even share some knowledge. Sub Matrix is throwing a Lan Party December 28th through the 30th. Best part of it the lan is it is totally free. We will have a ton of soda, food, and the admission is waived for the whole weekend. I will be putting up a sign up page on our web site Wednesday so you can register. If we are full by next Wednesday I will be able to look into getting some prizes for a few tournaments. Location:Hat Lan www.hatlan.com Price:Free Soda/Food:Included Opennings:70-80 Register:www.submatrix.com/lanparty Contact:Tron@submatrix.com -Tron From dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu Wed Dec 12 07:38:41 2001 From: dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu (Danny Yoo) Date: Tue, 11 Dec 2001 23:38:41 -0800 (PST) Subject: [Tutor] smtoplib script appears bogus In-Reply-To: <3C16E330.DDA24046@my995internet.com> Message-ID: On Tue, 11 Dec 2001, Kirk Bailey wrote: > This thing don't work. Beats me why, I copied it from the on line docs > for the language, but there ya go. Hi Kirk, Can you be more specific about "don't work"? I don't mean to be flippant or unserious in asking this. When asking for help on buggy code, it's very important to say what the bug is --- error messages are always a good thing to mention. This helps reduce our chasing after the wind. The only wild guess I can make is that to check that your program's indentation begins at the very left margin. The code that you quoted suggests that you've already indented your code by one level, which Python thinks of as a SyntaxError --- at least at the beginning, code needs to start of with zero indentation. Good luck to you. > -----------------select aged bits--------------- > import smtplib > import string > > def prompt(prompt): > return raw_input(prompt).strip() > > fromaddr = prompt("From: ") > toaddrs = prompt("To: ").split() > print "Enter message, end with ^D:" > > # Add the From: and To: headers at the start! > msg = ("From: %s\r\nTo: %s\r\n\r\n" > % (fromaddr, string.join(toaddrs, ", "))) # probably word > wrapped. > while 1: # when all on one line, it still don't work right. > try: > line = raw_input() > except EOFError: > break > if not line: > break > msg = msg + line > > print "Message length is " + `len(msg)` > > server = smtplib.SMTP('localhost') > server.set_debuglevel(1) > server.sendmail(fromaddr, toaddrs, msg) > server.quit() > ------------------------------------------------------ From dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu Wed Dec 12 07:44:20 2001 From: dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu (Danny Yoo) Date: Tue, 11 Dec 2001 23:44:20 -0800 (PST) Subject: [Tutor] walking a list In-Reply-To: <3C170497.2D5832E@my995internet.com> Message-ID: On Wed, 12 Dec 2001, Kirk Bailey wrote: > Sokay, now try to walk it in a for loop: > > for i in members: > print members[1] > > Gets this error: > > > Traceback (most recent call last): > File "", line 2, in ? > print members[i] > TypeError: sequence index must be integer > ok, how do I get it to walk through a loop, performing a block of code > for each item in the list? In your loop above: > for i in members: > print members[1] 'i' isn't a number: it's one of the lines in your member's list. Here's an example with the interpreter that shows a little more about this: ### >>> three_stooges = ['larry', 'curly', 'moe'] >>> for stooge in three_stooges: ... print "nuk nuk", stooge ... nuk nuk larry nuk nuk curly nuk nuk moe ## So this works. In a 'for' loop, for in the index_variable will go over the elements in some_sequence. Hope this helps! From shalehperry@attbi.com Wed Dec 12 07:39:45 2001 From: shalehperry@attbi.com (Sean 'Shaleh' Perry) Date: Tue, 11 Dec 2001 23:39:45 -0800 (PST) Subject: [Tutor] walking a list In-Reply-To: <3C170497.2D5832E@my995internet.com> Message-ID: > > Sokay, now try to walk it in a for loop: > > for i in members: > print members[1] > > Gets this error: > > > Traceback (most recent call last): > File "", line 2, in ? > print members[i] > TypeError: sequence index must be integer >>>>| > > > ok, how do I get it to walk through a loop, performing a block of code > for each item in the list? > >>> l = ['s', 't', 'r'] >>> for i in l: ... print type(i) ... hope this makes shows the error of your ways. From dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu Wed Dec 12 07:59:36 2001 From: dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu (Danny Yoo) Date: Tue, 11 Dec 2001 23:59:36 -0800 (PST) Subject: [Tutor] slightly updated version of same script [string formatting] In-Reply-To: <3C16F772.771CD015@my995internet.com> Message-ID: On Wed, 12 Dec 2001, Kirk Bailey wrote: > Here ya go. Took out the extra crof and the testing code with the type > statement. > > Now that I can get this working, I need to go play with DIGESTING > incoming email and examining header information. Good thing I trapped a > few incoming letters into files in the server so I have data to feed the > script for testing. > > Any and all, feel free to examine this and comment on anything you like. One thing that might be good to point out is the thing you were wondering about with CRLF: > msg = "From: " + fromaddr + CRLF + "To: " + toaddrs + CRLF + "Subject: " > + subject + CRLF Python supports an interesting "string formatting" operation that makes making 'msg' a little easier. Here's an example of string formatting: ### >>> template_message = """%s and %s ... went down a %s ... to fetch a %s.""" >>> print template_message %s and %s went down a %s to fetch a %s. >>> msg1 = template_message % ('jack', 'jill', 'hill', 'bucket of water') >>> print msg1 jack and jill went down a hill to fetch a bucket of water. ### I've always thought of this as the "Madlibs" operator. We can take a string that has these '%s' placeholders, and plug in values. msg1 is the result. Try it out; it's quite fun. String formatting doesn't affect our template_message, so: we can use it over and over: ### >>> print template_message % ('bill', 'ted', 'phone booth', 'napoleon') bill and ted went down a phone booth to fetch a napoleon. ### Of course, it's good to see what happens if we give too many or too few things to the formatting operator: ### >>> print template_message % ('neo', 'trinity') Traceback (most recent call last): File "", line 1, in ? TypeError: not enough arguments for format string >>> print template_message % ('neo', 'trinity', 'morpheus', 'cypher', 'switch', 'tank') Traceback (most recent call last): File "", line 1, in ? TypeError: not all arguments converted ### so we can expect to see these kinds of error messages if we mishandle the formatting operation a little. We can use this formatting to make the msg construction a little less messy: ### msg_template = """From: %s To: %s Subject: %s """ msg = msg_template % (fromaddr, toaddrs, subject) msg = msg.replace('\n', '\r\n') ### The line right below the string formatting is a small trick to plug in those pesky carriage returns, so that we don't clutter up the msg_template. Hope this helps! From deliberatus@my995internet.com Wed Dec 12 08:05:55 2001 From: deliberatus@my995internet.com (Kirk Bailey) Date: Wed, 12 Dec 2001 03:05:55 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] breakfast of champions Message-ID: <3C170FE3.84A52B1C@my995internet.com> cold pizzia. OK, here is the latest state. Can find a subscriber if they are in there, can send a message, wax your porcupine, and almost work. Gotta digest them rfc822 headers still. Coming along. Found the definition for find int he on line documenting. Makes sense really, although I would have thought there would be a search method alredy in the language, but hey, it works. Also must add a loop to read the subscriber file and STRIP OFF the \n on the end of each line, and append it to the list before searching it, as it kills the search. Pity I cannot think of way to do that on the fly while loading with readlines. Any suggestions? ----------woohoo---------------------------------------- #!/usr/local/bin/python # Tinylist module, Pitchtime unit. # this handles receiving and sending out postings to a list. import sys, re, string, rfc822, smtplib localhost = 'howlermonkey.net' # make sure you set this to the domain YOU use!!! # next line declares the path to stuff. DEFINE IT pathtostuff = '/www/www.howlermonkey.net/cgi-bin/' # to the cgi-bin for your web dir with # a trailing '/' as this example shows! # note this tells where to start looking. # everything is either here, or under this # point in '/lists' dir. listname = sys.argv[1] # we read a command line arguement to determine the list name # Arguement 0 is the name of the script run, 1 is the # first arguement. # after that name in the command line, so if this were # program FOO, # that line would be "|/path/FOO listname" # and the arguement here would be 'listname'! message = raw_input.lines() # Variable 'message' is assigned the entire message # which is piped to the program by the alias definition # such as: # foolist:"|/pathtoprogram/programname foolist" # now we must determine the sender and see if they are in # the subscriber file! # still got to learn more about how this thing handles # parsing the incoming message, but smtp and rfc822 # are dep sorcery on this material. from = message["From"] # we must dig out the 'from: ' field and read it's contents. # Note we already know who it is TO - 'listname' ! # Remember, the mail ssytem fed it here with a command # line arguement, after sorting it out to a known identity, # so the list's defining alias contains that info. def find(str, ch): index = 0 # initialize counter while index < len(str): # define termination condition if str[index] == ch: # yes/no decision - is it there or not? return index # yes, return positive value index = index + 1 # no, keep looking return -1 # field exausted, so it's not there. open a.file(pathtostuff + "/lists/" + listname, 'r') members = a.readlines() # we build a list of all the members of the email list a.close() # and close the file # then we look to see if that FROM exists in the membership. if find(members, from): # IF the sender is in the subscriber, subject = '[' + listname + ']' + subject # then acept the submission. Reply_to = listname + "@" + localhost # this sets the reply-to field. X-Loop = "X-Loop: " + listname + "@" + localhost # This breaks email loops from form ftr = b.open(pathtostuff + "/lists/" + listname + ".footer",'r') # read the footer footer = ftr.readlines() # reads the footer into the variable ftr.close() # close that file, message = message + footer # and append it to the message. else # BUT IF THEY ARE NOT SUBSCRIBED... listnamemembers = from # put their addres as the only recipient message = "" # clear the mesage. From = "From: tinylist@" + localhost + \n # From: tinylist@mydomain.foo ! Subject = "Subject: Unauthorized posting to list" + listname + \n Reply_to = "Reply-to:postmaster@" + localhost + \n # no comments possible now! X-Loop = "X-Loop: postmaster@" + localhost # This breaks email loops from forming message = """ To whom it may concern; Sorry, but as you are not a current member of """ + listname + """, you may not post to it. Your recent posting has been rejected and destroyed. Feel free to contact the postmaster if there is any question. Any reply to this letter should go directly to the postmaster. You can also subscribe to this list if you like. Goodbye. """ # there cannot be comments in those line # above this one, or they would be part # of the triplequoted string! # ok, if they are not a member, THEY GET THE REPLY # SHOWN ABOVE MAILED TO THEM! # above is a blank line, DO NOT DELETE IT! # there is no endif or fi in python. # whitespace and tabulation therefore # is rather important here. # now we send whatever message is to go out to # whatever is in the recipient tupple. server = smtplib.SMTP('localhost') # helo(localhost) # open a connection to the smtp server, possibly not needed # so it is commented out. If all else fails, use it. server.connect() # and log in to the thing as the identity this script runs as. for each in listnamemembers : # for each address in the list listnamemembers, server.sendmail(from_addr, to_addr, Subject, reply-to, to, X-Loop, msg) #send a envlope! server.quit() # then close the connection. # make sure this script runs as a TRUSTED USER- # and NOT as root!!! Make sure that a # NON-priviliged user can run this script, # and make sure it is owned by that identity! ----------------------goodnightall--------------------------- -- Respectfully, -Kirk D Bailey (C)2001 Addme! icq #27840081 end Within the sweep of his sword, Each man is an Ubar. http://www.howlermonkey.net/ http://www.sacredelectron.org/ From jrm@videotron.ca Wed Dec 12 01:09:44 2001 From: jrm@videotron.ca (Jean Montambeault) Date: Wed, 12 Dec 2001 03:09:44 +0200 Subject: [Tutor] Is IDLE prone to memory losses ? Message-ID: <000f01c182a9$af64fe80$0100c0a8@videotron.ca> OK. If I run this I get the error message following: ==================================== #! /usr/bin/env python from Tkinter import * def move(): "déplacement de la balle" global x1, y1, dx, dy, flag x1, y1= x1 + dx, y1 + dy for c in range[1,6]: if c==5: c=1 elif c==1: can1.itemconfigure(oval1, fill="red") elif c==2: can1.itemconfigure(oval1, fill="yellow") elif c==3: can1.itemconfigure(oval1, fill="green") elif c==4: can1.itemconfigure(oval1, fill="blue") if x1 > 360: dx, dy = -17, 17 if y1 > 360: dx, dy = -17, -17 if x1 < 10: dx, dy = 17, -17 if y1 < 10: dx, dy = 17, 17 can1.coords(oval1, x1, y1, x1+30, y1+30) if flag > 0: fen1.after(1, move) # boucler aprčs 50 millisecondes def stop_it(): "arręt de l'animation" global flag flag=0 def start_it(): "démarrage de l'animation" global flag flag = flag+1 # préférable ŕ flag=1 : if flag == 1: # voir explications dans le texte move() ####################PROGRAMME PRINCIPAL##################### # les variables suivantes seront utilisées de maničre globale : x1, y1 = 200, 0 # coordonnées initiales dx, dy = 17, 17 # "pas" du déplacement flag=0 # commutateur # Création du widget principal ("patent") : fen1=Tk() fen1.title("Exercice d'animation avec Tkinter") can1=Canvas(fen1, bg="dark gray", height=400, width=400) can1.pack(side="left") oval1=can1.create_oval(x1, y1, x1+30, y1+30, width=2, fill="blue") bou1=Button(fen1, text="Quitter", command=fen1.quit) bou1.pack(side="bottom") bou2=Button(fen1, text="Démarrer", command=start_it) bou2.pack() bou3=Button(fen1, text="Arręter", command=stop_it) bou3.pack() # Démarrage de l'observateur d'événements (boucle principale) : #fen1.mainloop() ============================================= Traceback (most recent call last): File "C:\Python21\Lib\lib-tk\Tkinter.py", line 1285, in __call__ return apply(self.func, args) File "C:/Python21/scripts_python/animation_automatique.pyw", line 47, in start_it bou1=Button(fen1, text="Quitter", command=fen1.quit) File "C:/Python21/scripts_python/animation_automatique.pyw", line 9, in move if x1 > 360: TypeError: unsubscriptable object ============================================= It has no relationship to the (yes : saved) code but only to an earlier version to wich I added some code. Now do you gang get the same behavior from IDLE. I recently upgraded from Python 2.0 to 2.1 so I went from IDLE 0.6 to 0.8. Never noticed that behavior before ; did you ? If so what should I do if anything ? This bug is inconsistent : most of the time, what I change gets saved. Jean M. From dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu Wed Dec 12 08:10:20 2001 From: dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu (Danny Yoo) Date: Wed, 12 Dec 2001 00:10:20 -0800 (PST) Subject: [Tutor] intresting gibberish, this. Looks like perl on the rag... In-Reply-To: <3C164654.6F9E16BE@my995internet.com> Message-ID: On Tue, 11 Dec 2001, Kirk Bailey wrote: > Seems I cannoy simply append a CRLF into the end of a string or a list > or anything else, I have to play intresting games to accomplish it. ### >>> mystr = "Hello" >>> mystr + "\r\n" 'Hello\r\n' ### Is this what you mean? You don't have to do everything in one line if its esthetically ugly. From dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu Wed Dec 12 08:15:43 2001 From: dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu (Danny Yoo) Date: Wed, 12 Dec 2001 00:15:43 -0800 (PST) Subject: [Tutor] Is IDLE prone to memory losses ? In-Reply-To: <000f01c182a9$af64fe80$0100c0a8@videotron.ca> Message-ID: On Wed, 12 Dec 2001, Jean Montambeault wrote: > OK. If I run this I get the error message following: >=20 > =3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D= =3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D >=20 > #! /usr/bin/env python >=20 > from Tkinter import * >=20 > def move(): > "d=E9placement de la balle" > global x1, y1, dx, dy, flag > x1, y1=3D x1 + dx, y1 + dy > for c in range[1,6]: ^^^^^^^^^^ There is something very suspicious about this line: I just tried this in the interpreter, and: ### >>> for c in range[1, 6]: =2E.. print c =2E..=20 Traceback (most recent call last): File "", line 1, in ? TypeError: unsubscriptable object ### And this fits closely with the TypeError message that you were getting: > TypeError: unsubscriptable object I believe you meant to call the range() function instead: ### >>> for c in range(1, 6): =2E.. print c =2E..=20 1 2 3 4 5 ### Be aware, though, that range(1, 6) goes from 1 to 6, but not including 6. However, I don't know if this is the whole story, since your error message still looked very strange to me. Hmmm... Try to fix the subscripting problem above, and see if that clears things up for you. Best of wishes to you. From deliberatus@my995internet.com Wed Dec 12 08:18:16 2001 From: deliberatus@my995internet.com (Kirk Bailey) Date: Wed, 12 Dec 2001 03:18:16 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] gangstrip Message-ID: <3C1712C8.AFF18FA9@my995internet.com> Allright, EVERYBODY STRIP! -------------------------------------------------------------- #!/usr/local/bin/python # Tinylist module, Pitchtime unit. # this handles receiving and sending out postings to a list. import sys, re, string, rfc822, smtplib localhost = 'howlermonkey.net' # make sure you set this to the domain YOU use!!! # next line declares the path to stuff. DEFINE IT pathtostuff = '/www/www.howlermonkey.net/cgi-bin/' # to the cgi-bin for your web dir with # a trailing '/' as this example shows! # note this tells where to start looking. # everything is either here, or under this # point in '/lists' dir. listname = sys.argv[1] # we read a command line arguement to determine the list name # Arguement 0 is the name of the script run, 1 is the # first arguement. # after that name in the command line, so if this were # program FOO, # that line would be "|/path/FOO listname" # and the arguement here would be 'listname'! message = raw_input.lines() # Variable 'message' is assigned the entire message # which is piped to the program by the alias definition # such as: # foolist:"|/pathtoprogram/programname foolist" # now we must determine the sender and see if they are in # the subscriber file! # still got to learn more about how this thing handles # parsing the incoming message, but smtp and rfc822 # are dep sorcery on this material. from = message["From"] # we must dig out the 'from: ' field and read it's contents. # Note we already know who it is TO - 'listname' ! # Remember, the mail ssytem fed it here with a command # line arguement, after sorting it out to a known identity, # so the list's defining alias contains that info. def find(str, ch): index = 0 # initialize counter while index < len(str): # define termination condition if str[index] == ch: # yes/no decision - is it there or not? return index # yes, return positive value index = index + 1 # no, keep looking return -1 # field exausted, so it's not there. def gangstrip(str): # ok, everybody STRIP! STR is a list variable index = 0 # We want to strip off all leading and while index Message-ID: <3C171363.CCACB943@my995internet.com> I got it licked. This project is coming along rather pleasantly, I still have hairs left to pull out. Now to grok rfc822, but that's tommrow's grovel... any introductory lectures on rfc822 would be well received. Danny Yoo wrote: > > On Tue, 11 Dec 2001, Kirk Bailey wrote: > > > Seems I cannoy simply append a CRLF into the end of a string or a list > > or anything else, I have to play intresting games to accomplish it. > > ### > >>> mystr = "Hello" > >>> mystr + "\r\n" > 'Hello\r\n' > ### > > Is this what you mean? You don't have to do everything in one line if its > esthetically ugly. -- Respectfully, -Kirk D Bailey (C)2001 Addme! icq #27840081 end Within the sweep of his sword, Each man is an Ubar. http://www.howlermonkey.net/ http://www.sacredelectron.org/ From deliberatus@my995internet.com Wed Dec 12 08:22:35 2001 From: deliberatus@my995internet.com (Kirk Bailey) Date: Wed, 12 Dec 2001 03:22:35 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] Free SoCal LAN References: <3C169CCF.4080709@venix.com> <00e001c182de$92ea6530$6e01a8c0@praxis> Message-ID: <3C1713CB.5C211B85@my995internet.com> Hot DAMN! where? Tron wrote: > > I dig free what about you guys? Just wanted to let anyone know if they > wanted to take a break from coding or even share some knowledge. > > Sub Matrix is throwing a Lan Party December 28th through the 30th. Best > part of it the lan is it is totally free. We will have a ton of soda, food, > and the admission is waived for the whole weekend. I will be putting up a > sign up page on our web site Wednesday so you can register. If we are full > by next Wednesday I will be able to look into getting some prizes for a few > tournaments. > > Location:Hat Lan www.hatlan.com > Price:Free > Soda/Food:Included > Opennings:70-80 > Register:www.submatrix.com/lanparty > Contact:Tron@submatrix.com > > -Tron > > _______________________________________________ > Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org > http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor -- Respectfully, -Kirk D Bailey (C)2001 Addme! icq #27840081 end Within the sweep of his sword, Each man is an Ubar. http://www.howlermonkey.net/ http://www.sacredelectron.org/ From dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu Wed Dec 12 08:32:46 2001 From: dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu (Danny Yoo) Date: Wed, 12 Dec 2001 00:32:46 -0800 (PST) Subject: [Tutor] breakfast of champions [pydoc/overcommenting?/functions] In-Reply-To: <3C170FE3.84A52B1C@my995internet.com> Message-ID: On Wed, 12 Dec 2001, Kirk Bailey wrote: > cold pizzia. Don't stay up too late. *grin* I'm jealous; I have to wake up earlier tomorrow. Eat some veggies too. > digest them rfc822 headers still. Coming along. Found the definition for > find int he on line documenting. Makes sense really, although I would > have thought there would be a search method alredy in the language, but > hey, it works. There is something of a search method in the 'pydoc' module. After importing the pydoc module, try typing: ### pydoc.help('string') ### from an interpreter, and you should see a bunch of help. In fact, strings already have a find() function: ### >>> pydoc.help('string.find') Help on function find in string: find(s, *args) find(s, sub [,start [,end]]) -> in Return the lowest index in s where substring sub is found, such that sub is contained within s[start,end]. Optional arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation. Return -1 on failure. ### so you can just use it: you don't have to define it again. > Also must add a loop to read the subscriber file and STRIP OFF the \n > on the end of each line, and append it to the list before searching > it, as it kills the search. Pity I cannot think of way to do that on > the fly while loading with readlines. Any suggestions? You'll like this one: you can use a string.replace() to remove '\n's from a string that you're reading. For example: ### >>> s = 'this is a string\n\nwith newlines\n' >>> import string >>> string.replace(s, '\n', '') 'this is a stringwith newlines' ### It's my personal opinion that your code has way too many comments. *grin* I think that things like: > localhost = 'howlermonkey.net' # make sure you set this to the domain # YOU use!!! are fine, but that: > listname = sys.argv[1] # we read a command line arguement to # determine the list name # Arguement 0 is the name of # the script run, 1 is the # first arguement. # after that name in the command line, # so if this were program FOO, # that line would be "|/path/FOO listname" # and the arguement here would be 'listname'! and examples like that are overkill. These are just an opinion though, so don't take me too seriously on this. You have a large portion of code that begins here: > subject = '[' + listname + ']' + subject # then acept the submission. > Reply_to = listname + "@" + localhost # this sets the reply-to field. [... code cut] that may be a prime candidate for a function --- it could be something that constructsMessage() or something to that effect. From deliberatus@my995internet.com Wed Dec 12 08:33:45 2001 From: deliberatus@my995internet.com (Kirk Bailey) Date: Wed, 12 Dec 2001 03:33:45 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] tinylist project References: <3C169CCF.4080709@venix.com> <00e001c182de$92ea6530$6e01a8c0@praxis> <3C1713CB.5C211B85@my995internet.com> Message-ID: <3C171669.45E9DD47@my995internet.com> ok, this is coming along. I am now moving into refresh mode, cause I'm pooped. Thank you one and all for helpful suggestions, and when it is done, I want to give all of you credit who contribuited to the effort. When the post time module is done, next is management, mail and web. Then comes the fun part, DYNAMIC FOOTER CONTENT. AIIIEEEEEE....... Can you say ssi for email? From glingl@aon.at Wed Dec 12 08:46:53 2001 From: glingl@aon.at (Gregor Lingl) Date: Wed, 12 Dec 2001 09:46:53 +0100 Subject: [Tutor] Is IDLE prone to memory losses ? References: Message-ID: <010301c182e9$8c5becb0$1664a8c0@mega> ----- Original Message ----- From: "Danny Yoo" To: "Jean Montambeault" Cc: Sent: Wednesday, December 12, 2001 9:15 AM Subject: Re: [Tutor] Is IDLE prone to memory losses ? On Wed, 12 Dec 2001, Jean Montambeault wrote: > OK. If I run this I get the error message following: > > ==================================== > > #! /usr/bin/env python > > from Tkinter import * > > def move(): > "déplacement de la balle" > global x1, y1, dx, dy, flag > x1, y1= x1 + dx, y1 + dy > for c in range[1,6]: ^^^^^^^^^^ There is something very suspicious about this line: I just tried this in the interpreter, and: ### >>> for c in range[1, 6]: ... print c ... Traceback (most recent call last): File "", line 1, in ? TypeError: unsubscriptable object ### And this fits closely with the TypeError message that you were getting: > TypeError: unsubscriptable object .... since your error message still looked very strange to me. Hmmm... Try to fix the subscripting problem above, and see if that clears things up for you. I think this is the whole story. The error-message means - in my opinion - that range is not a subscriptable object: >>> type(range) >>> subscription means getting acces to an element of some compund data object via an index, as is possible for strings, lists etc. This is of course not possible for a built-in functin as range() (but this is what you tried by range[]) See also: http://www.python.org/doc/current/ref/assignment.html hope that "clears things up" Gregor From deliberatus@my995internet.com Wed Dec 12 09:03:36 2001 From: deliberatus@my995internet.com (Kirk Bailey) Date: Wed, 12 Dec 2001 04:03:36 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] string.find is odd References: <010301c182e9$8c5becb0$1664a8c0@mega> Message-ID: <3C171D68.A7B7236C@my995internet.com> Messing with string.find; much confused, the process I wrote worked, dhis is barking. LOOK: >>> members ['I', 'You', 'He', 'She', 'It', 'We', 'you', 'They'] >>> string.find("it",members) Traceback (most recent call last): File "", line 1, in ? string.find("it",members) File "C:\PYTHON21\lib\string.py", line 171, in find return s.find(*args) TypeError: expected a character buffer object >>> string.find(members,"It") Traceback (most recent call last): File "", line 1, in ? string.find(members,"It") File "C:\PYTHON21\lib\string.py", line 171, in find return s.find(*args) AttributeError: find >>>| ok, I want to searh through a list, and return a non negative value (='TRUE') if the search object is found. The searched list is called 'Members'. The search object is a string variable named 'From'. arg... Good night. From kalle@gnupung.net Wed Dec 12 09:31:33 2001 From: kalle@gnupung.net (Kalle Svensson) Date: Wed, 12 Dec 2001 10:31:33 +0100 Subject: [Tutor] string.find is odd In-Reply-To: <3C171D68.A7B7236C@my995internet.com> References: <010301c182e9$8c5becb0$1664a8c0@mega> <3C171D68.A7B7236C@my995internet.com> Message-ID: <20011212103133.B7672@proton.lysator.liu.se> [Kirk Bailey] > ok, I want to searh through a list, and return a non negative value > (='TRUE') if the search object is found. > The searched list is called 'Members'. > The search object is a string variable named 'From'. > arg... >>> members ['I', 'You', 'He', 'She', 'It', 'We', 'you', 'They'] >>> "It" in members 1 >>> "it" in members 0 >>> "frobitous".find("it") # this is how the .find method works. 4 >>> "frobitous".find("It") -1 > Good night. Good morning, Kalle -- Kalle Svensson (kalle@gnupung.net) - Laziness, impatience, hubris: Pick two! English: http://www.gnupung.net/ Svenska: http://www.lysator.liu.se/~kalle/ Stuff: ["http://www.%s.org/" % x for x in "gnu debian python emacs".split()] From alan.gauld@bt.com Wed Dec 12 10:40:08 2001 From: alan.gauld@bt.com (alan.gauld@bt.com) Date: Wed, 12 Dec 2001 10:40:08 -0000 Subject: [Tutor] Pythonwin strangeness Message-ID: <5104D4DBC598D211B5FE0000F8FE7EB20E66C19B@mbtlipnt02.btlabs.bt.co.uk> Its been a while since I used the Pythonwin IDE but when I tried to start it it now gives me this error: File "", line 1, in ? exceptions.ImportError: No module named framework.startup And refuses to start. Now it definitely used to work but not now, so presumably its something I've done, but what? BTW it's BeOpen Python 2.0 with win32all-134 - Just checked and thats the wrong version, looks like I forgot to upgrade winall when I did Python 2.0! OK upgraded to win32all-138 but still get exactly the same. Any ideas folks? Alan G From alan.gauld@bt.com Wed Dec 12 12:21:05 2001 From: alan.gauld@bt.com (alan.gauld@bt.com) Date: Wed, 12 Dec 2001 12:21:05 -0000 Subject: [Tutor] .cgi or .py for Python CGIs Message-ID: <5104D4DBC598D211B5FE0000F8FE7EB20E66C1A2@mbtlipnt02.btlabs.bt.co.uk> > On 0, Frank Peavy wrote: > > I have seen references to various CGI scripts and some have > > the .cgi extension and some have a .py extension. Which is correct? It depends on the Web server in use. Normally if CGI programs are all stored under a cgi-bin folder then the .py extention is used but if the server has been set to execute any program ending .cgi regardless of location then .cgi must be used. In the latter case the program to execute is usually referenced in the first line of the .cgi file using something very like the Unix hash-bang trick. Apache and Xitami are the two web servers I know best and they both do either form of setup on both Windows and Unixd platforms. Alan g. From alan.gauld@bt.com Wed Dec 12 12:38:52 2001 From: alan.gauld@bt.com (alan.gauld@bt.com) Date: Wed, 12 Dec 2001 12:38:52 -0000 Subject: [Tutor] You're gridded for life. Message-ID: <5104D4DBC598D211B5FE0000F8FE7EB20E66C1A3@mbtlipnt02.btlabs.bt.co.uk> > tom_dee_lee_dum=Entry(fen).grid(row=0, column=0) > tom_dee_lee_dum.bind("", here_I_am) As I pointed out in my earlier post the grid() method returns None Thus if you want to keep a reference to the widget you have to create it and then pack() or grid() it. > tom_dee_lee_dum=Entry(fen) > tom_dee_lee_dum.grid(row=0, column=0) > tom_dee_lee_dum.bind("", here_I_am) Just like that.... > So my question : is the shortcut technique only good for the > widgets that aren't assigned to a variable Yes. > This snag costed me two hours of my life Hmm, I did point it out last week in my original response... The Tkinter introduction also majkes the point explicitly http://www.pythonware.com/library/tkinter/introduction/ in section 3 "More on widget references" I recommend Tkinter beginners go through this tutor. > some selected curses, these very graphical ; in no tutorial > is "extreme tolerance to frustration" ever mentionned among > the qualities that make a good programmer but it really should. Actually I do mention that in my book :-) Alan G. From lsloan@umich.edu Wed Dec 12 12:49:33 2001 From: lsloan@umich.edu (Lance E Sloan) Date: Wed, 12 Dec 2001 07:49:33 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] .cgi or .py for Python CGIs In-Reply-To: Your message of "Tue, 11 Dec 2001 09:16:19 PST." <5.1.0.14.0.20011211091442.00a978d0@mail45566.popserver.pop.net> Message-ID: <200112121249.HAA05824@birds.us.itd.umich.edu> Frank Peavy wrote: > I have seen references to various CGI scripts and some have the .cgi > extension and some have a .py extension. Which is correct? Is there a > preferred method? As others have said, it usually depends on the webserver. Here at U-Michigan, we prefer to use no extension at all. We use only Apache servers on Sun Solaris machines and we don't allow average users to write their own CGIs. (Well, they can write them, but we won't run them.) For each "site" we create, they have their own cgi-bin and cgi-ssl directories and the server is configured to run anything in those directories. -- Lance E Sloan Web Services, Univ. of Michigan: Full-service Web and database design, development, and hosting. Specializing in Python & Perl CGIs. http://websvcs.itd.umich.edu/ - "Putting U on the Web" From alan.gauld@bt.com Wed Dec 12 13:38:48 2001 From: alan.gauld@bt.com (alan.gauld@bt.com) Date: Wed, 12 Dec 2001 13:38:48 -0000 Subject: [Tutor] smtoplib script appears bogus Message-ID: <5104D4DBC598D211B5FE0000F8FE7EB20E66C1A4@mbtlipnt02.btlabs.bt.co.uk> > This thing don't work. Beats me why, I copied it from the on line docs > for the language, but there ya go. Kirk, It would help a lot if you gave more info about what exactly happens. It "don't work" could mean it doesn't run, or it runs but produces no output, or it runs and the output is not what you expect. Is there an error message? If so cut n paste it into the message. If its bad output explain what you get and what you expect. Just saying it doesn't work leaves the readers with an awful lot of work to do! Likely they just will not bother.... Alan g. From scott@zenplex.com Wed Dec 12 14:56:21 2001 From: scott@zenplex.com (Scott Comboni) Date: 12 Dec 2001 09:56:21 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] Loggin info to syslog? Message-ID: <1008168986.1685.22.camel@scoot.zenplex.com> Is there a simple way to log info to syslog? Scott From kalle@gnupung.net Wed Dec 12 16:54:16 2001 From: kalle@gnupung.net (Kalle Svensson) Date: Wed, 12 Dec 2001 17:54:16 +0100 Subject: [Tutor] Loggin info to syslog? In-Reply-To: <1008168986.1685.22.camel@scoot.zenplex.com> References: <1008168986.1685.22.camel@scoot.zenplex.com> Message-ID: <20011212175416.C10409@proton.lysator.liu.se> [Scott Comboni] > Is there a simple way to log info to syslog? Yes, use the syslog module. Check out http://www.python.org/doc/current/lib/module-syslog.html Peace, Kalle -- Kalle Svensson (kalle@gnupung.net) - Laziness, impatience, hubris: Pick two! English: http://www.gnupung.net/ Svenska: http://www.lysator.liu.se/~kalle/ Stuff: ["http://www.%s.org/" % x for x in "gnu debian python emacs".split()] From jrm@videotron.ca Wed Dec 12 09:59:24 2001 From: jrm@videotron.ca (Jean Montambeault) Date: Wed, 12 Dec 2001 11:59:24 +0200 Subject: [Tutor] Is IDLE prone to memory losses ? References: Message-ID: <004201c182f3$add89280$0100c0a8@videotron.ca> ----- Original Message ----- From: "Danny Yoo" To: "Jean Montambeault" >However, I don't know if this is the whole story, since your error message >still looked very strange to me. Hmmm... Try to fix the subscripting >problem above, and see if that clears things up for you. That is the point : instead of telling me about the real mistake I made it says that : "if x1 >360:" is on line 9, where it actually was _before_ I made the change, but isn't anymore, far from it. Now, if I close the editing window and reopen it, run the script, I'll get an error message just like the one you got and that makes sense. Maybe I should have used correct code instead : I tought that the inconsistency in the error message was showing the problem more clearly, my mistake. Jean M. From sgeorge@vianetworks.co.uk Wed Dec 12 12:06:29 2001 From: sgeorge@vianetworks.co.uk (Steve George) Date: 12 Dec 2001 12:06:29 +0000 Subject: [Tutor] sys.path..... - PATH, one more time... In-Reply-To: <5104D4DBC598D211B5FE0000F8FE7EB20E66C182@mbtlipnt02.btlabs.bt.co.uk> References: <5104D4DBC598D211B5FE0000F8FE7EB20E66C182@mbtlipnt02.btlabs.bt.co.uk> Message-ID: <1008158790.816.10.camel@laptop> Hi, It is a way of altering your sys.path without having to use a PYTHONPATH. So for example if I had some packages in /home/steve/pymodules I could add them to my python startup by forming a file in /usr/lib/python1.5/site-packages called something like mysite.pth in the file I would just list the directory location for my modules. Here's the formal explanation: http://www.python.org/doc/current/lib/module-site.html Daryl Harms and Kenneth McDonald provide an explanation of the options here: http://www.wdvl.com/Authoring/Languages/Python/Quick/python2_2.html Cheers, Steve On Fri, 2001-12-07 at 09:35, alan.gauld@bt.com wrote: > > There's also the .pth extension in Windows. You can list > > directories there which you want 'import xxx' to search/find. > > What's this then? Its new to me. > Can you expand Kirby? > > Alan G. > > _______________________________________________ > Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org > http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor From lkvam@venix.com Wed Dec 12 14:19:59 2001 From: lkvam@venix.com (Lloyd Kvam) Date: Wed, 12 Dec 2001 09:19:59 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] web site redirection to Python script References: Message-ID: <3C17678F.1020702@venix.com> Danny Yoo wrote: > On Tue, 11 Dec 2001, Lloyd Kvam wrote: > > >>I wrote some python scripts for reporting survey results from an SQL >> ... > ... > But perhaps you might want to make this more transparent, so that the user > is never aware of PythonServer's existance; that is, maybe we want > something like this: > > PC/Browser <-----> www.HowsYourHealth.org <-----> PythonServer > Keeping the PythonServer hidden in the background would make everyone happier. BUT getting this working is the top priority. We're giving up on waiting for the ISP to install Python. I will start with the Perl redirect and see how far I get. Google searches turn up rfc2616 and lots of cache and proxy references which is why I tried looking for help here. Thanks. -- Lloyd Kvam Venix Corp. 1 Court Street, Suite 378 Lebanon, NH 03766-1358 voice: 603-443-6155 fax: 801-459-9582 From alan.gauld@bt.com Wed Dec 12 17:21:46 2001 From: alan.gauld@bt.com (alan.gauld@bt.com) Date: Wed, 12 Dec 2001 17:21:46 -0000 Subject: [Tutor] Is IDLE prone to memory losses ? Message-ID: <5104D4DBC598D211B5FE0000F8FE7EB20E66C1AB@mbtlipnt02.btlabs.bt.co.uk> > That is the point : instead of telling me about the real > mistake I made it > says that : > "if x1 >360:" is on line 9, where it actually was > _before_ I made the change, but isn't anymore, far from it. > Now, if I close the editing window and reopen it, run the script, > I'll get an error message just like the one > you got and that makes sense. I wonder.... Are you by any chance running your script by importing it into the interactive window in IDLE? If so the changes you make in the editor won't show up until you reload() the module. That might explain the behaviour you see. Just a guess. If I'm right be aware that reload has some quirks to watch out for, in particular it only works if you do: import foo not if you do: from foo import * Also if you remove a definiton from a loaded module and reload the old definition will probably still be there! I usually find it easier (ie safer!) to create the module with a stanza like: if __name__ = "__Main__": # test the program here at the end. That way I run it from IDLE using the CTRL-F5 key and there are no import artifacts left over OTOH If you are already doing that then I don't know whats happened. Alan g. From jrm@videotron.ca Wed Dec 12 10:34:23 2001 From: jrm@videotron.ca (Jean Montambeault) Date: Wed, 12 Dec 2001 12:34:23 +0200 Subject: [Tutor] You're gridded for life. References: <5104D4DBC598D211B5FE0000F8FE7EB20E66C1A3@mbtlipnt02.btlabs.bt.co.uk> Message-ID: <004a01c182f8$90deb7e0$0100c0a8@videotron.ca> ----- Original Message ----- From: > > As I pointed out in my earlier post the grid() method > returns None > Sorry, I guess that I did not understand all the implications of what you said back then. Somebody like me, with no prior computer science education, doesn't simply "read" docs : I have to litterally plow through it, trying to comprehend whatever is fortunately in my grasp but mostly trying to remember dozens of concepts that are still gibberish because they haven't been properly introduced yet with the hope that it will all make sense when I'll know more. After just a few introductory tutorials like yours, "Thinking like a computer scientist" and other good ones my shell is still quite soft and I'll need quite a lot of coding experience to avoid such obvious mistakes. I'm not worried though : as a cabinetmaker of years I've seen too many bright young persons land fresh from their three years college education (here we have college before university) who, to their surprise, have quite a few years to go before being able to calmly cruise through the trade like old wolves like me are doing. I'll do better next time. P.S. Thanks for returning my cat, although shaving him to look like a lion was a bad joke. ;) Jean M. From jeff@ccvcorp.com Wed Dec 12 17:51:17 2001 From: jeff@ccvcorp.com (Jeff Shannon) Date: Wed, 12 Dec 2001 09:51:17 -0800 Subject: [Tutor] Is IDLE prone to memory losses ? References: Message-ID: <3C179915.D3B9E581@ccvcorp.com> "Jean Montambeault" wrote: > It has no relationship to the (yes : saved) code but only to an earlier > version to wich I added some code. Now do you gang get the same behavior > from IDLE. I recently upgraded from Python 2.0 to 2.1 so I went from IDLE > 0.6 to 0.8. Never noticed that behavior before ; did you ? If so what should > I do if anything ? This bug is inconsistent : most of the time, what I > change gets saved. This happens to me periodically in PythonWin as well, so it may not be a specific IDLE bug, or it may be something that was borrowed from PythonWin during the upgrade from 0.6 to 0.8 ;) Anyhow, I think that it's a matter of display only. I've noticed that when I search for the line number that the traceback gives me, I find the error there, but it's *not* the line that's displayed. For instance, I counted nine lines from the start of your file, and that's where the "for c in range[1,6]:" line was. I do not know why IDLE is displaying the wrong text for that line, though. I suspect that it's keeping a copy of an old version in memory, and displaying from that, but this is just a wild guess. Hm, if we pulled out that whole for-loop, then line 9 should be the following "if x1 > 360:" test, which is what the traceback shows... that seems to fit my theory, anyhow. ;) Did you just add that whole loop, then save & run it and got that error? Perhaps this should be reported as a bug in IDLE? Jeff Shannon Technician/Programmer Credit International From jrm@videotron.ca Wed Dec 12 10:48:54 2001 From: jrm@videotron.ca (Jean Montambeault) Date: Wed, 12 Dec 2001 12:48:54 +0200 Subject: [Tutor] Is IDLE prone to memory losses ? References: <5104D4DBC598D211B5FE0000F8FE7EB20E66C1AB@mbtlipnt02.btlabs.bt.co.uk> Message-ID: <005201c182fa$984247c0$0100c0a8@videotron.ca> ----- Original Message ----- From: > Are you by any chance running your script by importing it into > the interactive window in IDLE? No, the editing window : most of the time I make my changes, save and run (ctrl+f5) without experiencing any problem of the sort. > > If so the changes you make in the editor won't show up until > you reload() the module. That might explain the behaviour you see. > If I'm right be aware that reload has some quirks to watch out > for, in particular it only works if you do: > > import foo > > not if you do: > > from foo import * > > Also if you remove a definiton from a loaded module and reload > the old definition will probably still be there! > > I usually find it easier (ie safer!) to create the module with > a stanza like: > > if __name__ = "__Main__": > # test the program here > > at the end. > That way I run it from IDLE using the CTRL-F5 key and there are > no import artifacts left over > > OTOH If you are already doing that then I don't know whats > happened. > > Alan g. That make two of us except that my ignorance is compounded by the fact that I just don't have a clue about what you all said there. I'll save it and come back to it once I'll speak that language. Don't stop trying though Alan ! Thanks. I'm going back to do some basic education now. Jean M From jrm@videotron.ca Wed Dec 12 11:00:30 2001 From: jrm@videotron.ca (Jean Montambeault) Date: Wed, 12 Dec 2001 13:00:30 +0200 Subject: [Tutor] Is IDLE prone to memory losses ? References: <3C179915.D3B9E581@ccvcorp.com> Message-ID: <006e01c182fc$36fcef40$0100c0a8@videotron.ca> ----- Original Message ----- From: "Jeff Shannon" > > This happens to me periodically in PythonWin as well, so it may not be a specific IDLE bug, or it may be something that was borrowed from PythonWin during the upgrade from > 0.6 to 0.8 ;) > the line that's displayed. For instance, I counted nine lines from the start of your file, and that's where the "for c in range[1,6]:" line was. I do not know why IDLE is > displaying the wrong text for that line, though. I suspect that it's keeping a copy of an old version in memory, and displaying from that, but this is just a wild guess. There : already finding someone that can repeat the experience helps a lot. I can work around a bug while I can't around a mistake that I'd make without being aware that I do. > ;) Did you just add that whole loop, then save & run it and got that error? Yes. Things get adjusted when I close the editing window I was using and then reopen it. > > Perhaps this should be reported as a bug in IDLE? To do the right thing... hmmmmm... > > Jeff Shannon Thank you Jeff Shannon : it helped a lot. Jean M. From Bruce.Lee-Shanok@cognos.com Wed Dec 12 18:29:14 2001 From: Bruce.Lee-Shanok@cognos.com (Lee-Shanok, Bruce) Date: Wed, 12 Dec 2001 13:29:14 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] Python threads vs C threads Message-ID: I am currently running into a small problem regarding network access calls and threading. Basically, I've wrapped a library whose interface closely resembles Berkeley socket interface such that the calls can be made from within Python. Now, I have already written a client and server for this interface in C. What I've done is created a main thread that runs an Accept call, and upon completion of an Accept call starts another thread send/receive thread and immediately loops around to call accept again. So: while (1) { accept(&connection, socket); // make new thread srthread = new srthread(connection); srthread->start(); } The send/receive thread does just that, sends and receives on that given connection, while the main thread sits on the accept call waiting for any new incoming connections. My problem is that coding this in Python doesn't work, presumably because of this cooperative threading stuff.. since the Accept is actually a call outside of Python, what I have is the creation of an sr thread, followed by the program halting after the second accept (since there is no second connection incoming).. Is there any way to circumvent this? Maybe by tricking Python into treating my Accept call as something that can be interrupted? Or is there a particular "Python" way to perform this? The issue here is that I need to use this particular library, so using any existing functionality within Python that supports sockets isn't an option. Thanks, Bruce This message may contain privileged and/or confidential information. If you have received this e-mail in error or are not the intended recipient, you may not use, copy, disseminate, or distribute it; do not open any attachments, delete it immediately from your system and notify the sender by e-mail promptly that you have done so. Thank You. From dsh8290@rit.edu Wed Dec 12 18:52:06 2001 From: dsh8290@rit.edu (dman) Date: Wed, 12 Dec 2001 13:52:06 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] web site redirection to Python script In-Reply-To: <3C17678F.1020702@venix.com>; from lkvam@venix.com on Wed, Dec 12, 2001 at 09:19:59AM -0500 References: <3C17678F.1020702@venix.com> Message-ID: <20011212135206.A28573@harmony.cs.rit.edu> On Wed, Dec 12, 2001 at 09:19:59AM -0500, Lloyd Kvam wrote: | Danny Yoo wrote: | | > But perhaps you might want to make this more transparent, so that the user | > is never aware of PythonServer's existance; that is, maybe we want | > something like this: | > | > PC/Browser <-----> www.HowsYourHealth.org <-----> PythonServer | > | | Keeping the PythonServer hidden in the background would make | everyone happier. In python-pseudocode, I imagine that the following would work import urllib f = urllib.open( "http://the_real_server.com/path_to_cgi.py?" + "rebuild the form submission URL" ) print f.read() f.close() I don't know enough perl to know how to do this in perl. -D -- Failure is not an option. It is bundled with the software. From deliberatus@my995internet.com Wed Dec 12 18:51:27 2001 From: deliberatus@my995internet.com (Kirk Bailey) Date: Wed, 12 Dec 2001 13:51:27 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] smtoplib script appears bogus References: <5104D4DBC598D211B5FE0000F8FE7EB20E66C1A4@mbtlipnt02.btlabs.bt.co.uk> Message-ID: <3C17A72F.B9C563E1@my995internet.com> I got it working, posted results last night, complete listing of the program that works perfect. alan.gauld@bt.com wrote: > > > This thing don't work. Beats me why, I copied it from the on line docs > > for the language, but there ya go. > > Kirk, > > It would help a lot if you gave more info about what exactly happens. > It "don't work" could mean it doesn't run, or it runs but produces no > output, or it runs and the output is not what you expect. > > Is there an error message? If so cut n paste it into the message. > If its bad output explain what you get and what you expect. > > Just saying it doesn't work leaves the readers with an awful > lot of work to do! Likely they just will not bother.... > > Alan g. > > _______________________________________________ > Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org > http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor -- Respectfully, -Kirk D Bailey (C)2001 Addme! icq #27840081 end Within the sweep of his sword, Each man is an Ubar. http://www.howlermonkey.net/ http://www.sacredelectron.org/ From deliberatus@my995internet.com Wed Dec 12 19:19:50 2001 From: deliberatus@my995internet.com (Kirk Bailey) Date: Wed, 12 Dec 2001 14:19:50 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] further bibbling regarding list management Message-ID: <3C17ADD6.4CE9548F@my995internet.com> ok, newest state of the artless: ---------------------*beware wordwrap!*---------------------- #!/usr/local/bin/python # Tinylist module, Pitchtime unit. # this handles receiving and sending out postings to a list. import sys, re, string, rfc822, smtplib localhost = 'howlermonkey.net' # make sure you set this to the domain YOU use!!! # next line declares the path to stuff. DEFINE IT pathtostuff = '/www/www.howlermonkey.net/cgi-bin/' # to the cgi-bin for your web dir with # a trailing '/' as this example shows! # note this tells where to start looking. # everything is either here, or under this # point in '/lists' dir. listname = sys.argv[1] # we read a command line arguement to determine the list name # Arguement 0 is the name of the script run, 1 is the # first arguement. # after that name in the command line, so if this were # program FOO, # that line would be "|/path/FOO listname" # and the arguement here would be 'listname'! message = raw_input.lines() # Variable 'message' is assigned the entire message # which is piped to the program by the alias definition # such as: # foolist:"|/pathtoprogram/programname foolist" # now we must determine the sender and see if they are in # the subscriber file! # still got to learn more about how this thing handles # parsing the incoming message, but smtp and rfc822 # are dep sorcery on this material. from = message["From"] # we must dig out the 'from: ' field and read it's contents. # Note we already know who it is TO - 'listname' ! # Remember, the mail ssytem fed it here with a command # line arguement, after sorting it out to a known identity, # so the list's defining alias contains that info. def gangstrip(str): # ok, everybody STRIP! STR is a list variable index = 0 # We want to strip off all leading and while index Message-ID: <3C17B5B4.2C4B1FD4@my995internet.com> ok, I changed the line > for each in listnamemembers : # for each address in the list to: for to_addr in listnamemembers : # for each address in the list so it is reading the value for each member into the to_addr variable so it will have it right for sending. Now, to get my skull screwed into rfc822 -actually, get rfc822 screwed into my skull. This may prove scary, better get ready... Carbide Bit- check Impact drill- check. Gentleman jack - GLUG... -- Respectfully, -Kirk D Bailey (C)2001 Addme! icq #27840081 end Within the sweep of his sword, Each man is an Ubar. http://www.howlermonkey.net/ http://www.sacredelectron.org/ From glingl@aon.at Wed Dec 12 19:56:20 2001 From: glingl@aon.at (Gregor Lingl) Date: Wed, 12 Dec 2001 20:56:20 +0100 Subject: [Tutor] Is IDLE ... sorry ! References: <010301c182e9$8c5becb0$1664a8c0@mega> Message-ID: <003501c18347$1232a470$1664a8c0@mega> > There is something very suspicious about this line: ..... > And this fits closely with the TypeError message that you were getting: > > > TypeError: unsubscriptable object > > .... since your error message ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ Sorry, misunderstood this! Despite of leaving just home early in the morning in a hurry I shoud have read the original posting - Gregor L. > still looked very strange to me. Hmmm... Try to fix the subscripting > problem above, and see if that clears things up for you. > From wsf@fultondesigns.co.uk Wed Dec 12 20:35:14 2001 From: wsf@fultondesigns.co.uk (William S Fulton) Date: Wed, 12 Dec 2001 20:35:14 -0000 Subject: [Tutor] Re: [Swig] Problems with enviroment variable under W2000 and VC6++ References: <3C169FE2.52B6EDC3@gmx.de> Message-ID: <006301c18352$43abe420$0b00a8c0@leopard> No no no :) Copying the .swg files around is not correct. Assuming you have swig 1.3.9, swig.exe is usually put into the root directory of the main swig-1.3.9 directory, ie in the same directory as README, INSTALL etc. Set the SWIG_LIB environment variable to .\Lib. Why don't you use one of the Visual C++ example files as a basis to what you want to do? Everything is set up, except as the Windows.html file says to set the PYTHON_INCLUDE and PYTHON_LIB environment variables. Cheers William ----- Original Message ----- From: Marcus Konermann To: mailto:python-win32@python.org ; swig@cs.uchicago.edu ; tutor@python.org Sent: Wednesday, December 12, 2001 12:08 AM Subject: [Swig] Problems with enviroment variable under W2000 and VC6++ Hi @ All ! For now i tried a lot of things to tell SWIG where the lib directory is, but after controlling by using the command "swig -swiglib" every time the output was " /usr/local/lib/swig1.3." So to solve this problem the only solution for me was to copy the four file´s (swig.swg, python.swg, common.swg, swig.exe) manually in the working directory, but i don´t think that this was the right way. I also tried to set the PATH to the lib directory under W2000 in the enviroment variables, but nothing happend. The second problem for me is to set the right enviroment variable for python2.1 in the windows 2000 sytem. I tried to use PYTHONPATH, PYTHON_INCLUDE and PYTHON_LIB (like described in the SWIG manual 1.3.9), but nothing happend while compiling under VC6++. The Linker only says: simanneal_wrap.cpp C:\simanneal_wrap.cpp(179) : fatal error C1083: Include-Datei kann nicht geoeffnet werden: 'Python.h': No such file or directory Please, i need help Greetings Marcus From Abhiram Singh Kushwah" Hi all,=0D=0A How to attach a file with this code?=0D=0A=0D=0A> #!/usr/loca= l/bin/python=0D=0A> # so the script is =0D= =0A> executable=0D=0A> import smtplib # import the smtp = =0D=0A> routines=0D=0A> import string # and string =0D=0A= > manipulation stuff=0D=0A> =0D=0A> CRLF=3D("\r"+"\n") = # we will be =0D=0A> tagging CRLF onto=0D=0A> several things.=0D=0A> = # so this is =0D=0A> handy.=0D=0A> =0D= =0A> def prompt(prompt):=0D=0A> return string.strip(raw_input(promp= t)) # =0D=0A> prompt, get, strip,=0D=0A> return.=0D=0A> =0D=0A> =0D=0A> fr= omaddr =3D prompt("From: ") # get the from =0D=0A> address.=0D= =0A> toaddrs =3D prompt("To: ") # get the to =0D=0A> address= .=0D=0A> subject =3D prompt("Subject: ") # get the =0D=0A> subjec= t.=0D=0A> =0D=0A> print "Enter message, end with ^D:" # Add the From: = =0D=0A> and To: headers=0D=0A> at the start!=0D=0A> =0D=0A> msg =3D "From: = " + fromaddr + CRLF + "To: " + toaddrs + =0D=0A> CRLF + "Subject: "=0D=0A> = + subject + CRLF +=0D=0A> CRLF=0D=0A> =0D=0A> while 1:=0D=0A> try:= =0D=0A> line =3D raw_input()=0D=0A> except EOFError= :=0D=0A> break=0D=0A> if not line:=0D=0A> = break=0D=0A> msg =3D msg + line + CRLF=0D=0A> =0D=0A> print = type(msg)=0D=0A> =0D=0A> print "Message length is " , len(msg) , " bytes lo= ng."=0D=0A> =0D=0A> server =3D smtplib.SMTP('localhost')=0D=0A> server.set_= debuglevel(1)=0D=0A> server.sendmail(fromaddr, toaddrs, msg)=0D=0A> server.= quit()=0D=0A> =0A From deliberatus@my995internet.com Thu Dec 13 06:47:47 2001 From: deliberatus@my995internet.com (Kirk Bailey) Date: Thu, 13 Dec 2001 01:47:47 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] missing post Message-ID: <3C184F13.6F1E0F9B@my995internet.com> ok, where did that last post go to? -- Respectfully, -Kirk D Bailey (C)2001 Addme! icq #27840081 end Within the sweep of his sword, Each man is an Ubar. http://www.howlermonkey.net/ http://www.sacredelectron.org/ From deliberatus@my995internet.com Thu Dec 13 07:03:14 2001 From: deliberatus@my995internet.com (Kirk Bailey) Date: Thu, 13 Dec 2001 02:03:14 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] How to attach file with mail References: <20011213053248.7812.qmail@mailFA2.rediffmail.com> Message-ID: <3C1852B2.70CE7C2C@my995internet.com> The project thus far does not handle mime m ultipart attachments- most list servers do not. The footwe would mess it up. IF you want to pass an attachment, do not use a footer on that list. I will have to include a few lines to see if the footer files exist, and to skip that part of code if they do not. Such a list would simply pass on the main protion of the submuission, with the in line attachment sitting right there. Would you like to look at a short letter with a short attachment? ns# list testfile Listing of file testfile in directory:/www/www.howlermonkey.net/cgi-bin --------------begin listing of file 'testfile'----------- From: Kirk Bailey Organization: Silas Dent Memorial Cabal of ERIS Esoteric and hot dog boiling society so there. X-Mailer: Mozilla 4.74 [en] (Win98; U) X-Accept-Language: en MIME-Version: 1.0 To: testcode@howlermonkey.net Subject: test Content-Type: multipart/mixed; boundary="------------C63C5C0E80A93D974E28BCA5" This is a multi-part message in MIME format. --------------C63C5C0E80A93D974E28BCA5 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit test -- Respectfully, -Kirk D Bailey (C)2001 Addme! icq #27840081 end My Sites: http://www.howlermonkey.net/ - free REAL email! list service soon! http://www.sacredelectron.org/ - Rants! Spleenvents! http://www.minorfish.org/ - The list server for some of us! Message of the week: R5L9W SDPQW UVN7V RUBWB I6HFP WVCUT VWRVL W7812 LVH8V JBVK2 3CEJB TO8P3 FHFHG H7BFM QID68 6DN6F 6M486 YQNCF JECQP 86CNP 86CTT JIQPF ZPVGV DLFST DBUDI UIFNC BTUBS ETBOE BTTGV DLUIF NSFBM IBSE! --------------C63C5C0E80A93D974E28BCA5 Content-Type: text/html; charset=us-ascii; name="boo.html" Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit Content-Disposition: inline; filename="boo.html" composertest this is a test and is only a test but should not be taken literally, this is not a school.
worse, it is not all important and is not really important.
  --------------C63C5C0E80A93D974E28BCA5-- ------------------end of listing--------------------- ns# Abhiram Singh Kushwah wrote: > > Hi all, > How to attach a file with this code? > > > #!/usr/local/bin/python > > # so the script is > > executable > > import smtplib # import the smtp > > routines > > import string # and string > > manipulation stuff > > > > CRLF=("\r"+"\n") # we will be > > tagging CRLF onto > > several things. > > # so this is > > handy. > > > > def prompt(prompt): > > return string.strip(raw_input(prompt)) # > > prompt, get, strip, > > return. > > > > > > fromaddr = prompt("From: ") # get the from > > address. > > toaddrs = prompt("To: ") # get the to > > address. > > subject = prompt("Subject: ") # get the > > subject. > > > > print "Enter message, end with ^D:" # Add the From: > > and To: headers > > at the start! > > > > msg = "From: " + fromaddr + CRLF + "To: " + toaddrs + > > CRLF + "Subject: " > > + subject + CRLF + > > CRLF > > > > while 1: > > try: > > line = raw_input() > > except EOFError: > > break > > if not line: > > break > > msg = msg + line + CRLF > > > > print type(msg) > > > > print "Message length is " , len(msg) , " bytes long." > > > > server = smtplib.SMTP('localhost') > > server.set_debuglevel(1) > > server.sendmail(fromaddr, toaddrs, msg) > > server.quit() > > > > _______________________________________________ > Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org > http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor -- Respectfully, -Kirk D Bailey (C)2001 Addme! icq #27840081 end Within the sweep of his sword, Each man is an Ubar. http://www.howlermonkey.net/ http://www.sacredelectron.org/ From deliberatus@my995internet.com Thu Dec 13 07:04:54 2001 From: deliberatus@my995internet.com (Kirk Bailey) Date: Thu, 13 Dec 2001 02:04:54 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] CLASS bash crashing my skull Message-ID: <3C185316.D6C4BD7E@my995internet.com> ok, I am in up to my eyes now, get me a scottpack. I am reading the module rfc822 and reading the tutoral on classes and I am going snowbling. Anyone here good on either or both, this would be a good time to speak up. -- Respectfully, -Kirk D Bailey (C)2001 Addme! icq #27840081 end Within the sweep of his sword, Each man is an Ubar. http://www.howlermonkey.net/ http://www.sacredelectron.org/ From deliberatus@my995internet.com Thu Dec 13 07:25:56 2001 From: deliberatus@my995internet.com (Kirk Bailey) Date: Thu, 13 Dec 2001 02:25:56 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] Amazing Message-ID: <3C185804.19E5C4A5@my995internet.com> there is nothing I can find for a function or process or ANYTHING to determine if a file exists in a specified place. Something like exist(filename) really could be useful, but I cannot find any such! Possibly I am looking in the wrong place? -- Respectfully, -Kirk D Bailey (C)2001 Addme! icq #27840081 end Within the sweep of his sword, Each man is an Ubar. http://www.howlermonkey.net/ http://www.sacredelectron.org/ From ak@silmarill.org Thu Dec 13 07:31:20 2001 From: ak@silmarill.org (Andrei Kulakov) Date: Thu, 13 Dec 2001 02:31:20 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] Amazing In-Reply-To: <3C185804.19E5C4A5@my995internet.com> References: <3C185804.19E5C4A5@my995internet.com> Message-ID: <20011213023120.A2698@sill.silmarill.org> On Thu, Dec 13, 2001 at 02:25:56AM -0500, Kirk Bailey wrote: > there is nothing I can find for a function or process or ANYTHING to > determine if a file exists in a specified place. Something like > exist(filename) really could be useful, but I cannot find any such! > > Possibly I am looking in the wrong place? os.path.exists > > -- > Respectfully, > -Kirk D Bailey (C)2001 > Addme! icq #27840081 > end > > > Within the sweep of his sword, Each man is an Ubar. > > http://www.howlermonkey.net/ > http://www.sacredelectron.org/ > > _______________________________________________ > Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org > http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor -- Cymbaline: intelligent learning mp3 player - python, linux, console. get it at: cy.silmarill.org From Blake.Garretson@dana.com Thu Dec 13 17:57:40 2001 From: Blake.Garretson@dana.com (Blake.Garretson@dana.com) Date: Thu, 13 Dec 2001 12:57:40 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] Re: Tutor digest, Vol 1 #1268 - 7 msgs Message-ID: >From: Kirk Bailey >Subject: [Tutor] Amazing > >there is nothing I can find for a function or process or ANYTHING to >determine if a file exists in a specified place. Something like >exist(filename) really could be useful, but I cannot find any such! I prefer to use the os.access() function. It gives you more information than os.path.exists() because it will tell you if it exists AND has certain file permissions. You just give it the filename and a permissions flag. The valid permission flags are: F_OK: existance flag R_OK: readability flag W_OK: writability flag X_OK: executable flag For instance: ### >>>import os >>>os.access("Filename.txt",R_OK) 1 ### This tells me that the file exists AND I have the permission to read it. Likewise, this tells me that it exists and I can write to the file: ### >>>import os >>>os.access("Filename.txt",W_OK) 1 ### Hope this helps, Blake Garretson From deliberatus@my995internet.com Thu Dec 13 17:56:47 2001 From: deliberatus@my995internet.com (Kirk Bailey) Date: Thu, 13 Dec 2001 12:56:47 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] Amazing References: <3C185804.19E5C4A5@my995internet.com> <20011213023120.A2698@sill.silmarill.org> Message-ID: <3C18EBDF.71EC5E83@my995internet.com> ok, that worked, thanks. Andrei Kulakov wrote: > > On Thu, Dec 13, 2001 at 02:25:56AM -0500, Kirk Bailey wrote: > > there is nothing I can find for a function or process or ANYTHING to > > determine if a file exists in a specified place. Something like > > exist(filename) really could be useful, but I cannot find any such! > > > > Possibly I am looking in the wrong place? > > os.path.exists > > > > > -- > > Respectfully, > > -Kirk D Bailey (C)2001 > > Addme! icq #27840081 > > end > > > > > > Within the sweep of his sword, Each man is an Ubar. > > > > http://www.howlermonkey.net/ > > http://www.sacredelectron.org/ > > > > _______________________________________________ > > Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org > > http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor > > -- > Cymbaline: intelligent learning mp3 player - python, linux, console. > get it at: cy.silmarill.org > > _______________________________________________ > Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org > http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor -- Respectfully, -Kirk D Bailey (C)2001 Addme! icq #27840081 end Within the sweep of his sword, Each man is an Ubar. http://www.howlermonkey.net/ http://www.sacredelectron.org/ From deliberatus@my995internet.com Thu Dec 13 18:01:04 2001 From: deliberatus@my995internet.com (Kirk Bailey) Date: Thu, 13 Dec 2001 13:01:04 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] latest state of the fart Message-ID: <3C18ECE0.2AFB62B6@my995internet.com> Ok, this is the latest state of the art snapshot of the tinylist script. Note that now the thing OPTIONALLY reads in the footer and random files IF they exist, and ignores that feature if they do not. This can be a useful feature, simply turning on and off functions by the presence or absence of a file. BUT I STILL NEED SOMEONE TO ADVISE ME RE rfc822 module! -------------------------fresh dingleberries-------------------------- #!/usr/local/bin/python # Tinylist module, Pitchtime unit. # this handles receiving and sending out postings to a list. import sys, re, string, rfc822, smtplib, os.path localhost = 'howlermonkey.net' # make sure you set this to the domain YOU use!!! # next line declares the path to stuff. DEFINE IT pathtostuff = '/www/www.howlermonkey.net/cgi-bin/' # to the cgi-bin for your web dir with # a trailing '/' as this example shows! # note this tells where to start looking. # everything is either here, or under this # point in '/lists' dir. listname = sys.argv[1] # we read a command line arguement to determine the list name # Arguement 0 is the name of the script run, 1 is the # first arguement. # after that name in the command line, so if this were # program FOO, # that line would be "|/path/FOO listname" # and the arguement here would be 'listname'! message = raw_input.lines() # Variable 'message' is assigned the entire message # which is piped to the program by the alias definition # such as: # foolist:"|/pathtoprogram/programname foolist" # now we must determine the sender and see if they are in # the subscriber file! # still got to learn more about how this thing handles # parsing the incoming message, but smtp and rfc822 # are deep sorcery on this material. from = message["From"] # we must dig out the 'from: ' field and read it's contents. # Note we already know who it is TO - 'listname' ! # Remember, the mail ssytem fed it here with a command # line arguement, after sorting it out to a known identity, # so the list's defining alias contains that info. def gangstrip(str): # ok, everybody STRIP! STR is a list variable index = 0 # We want to strip off all leading and while index > determine if a file exists in a specified place. Something like > exist(filename) really could be useful, but I cannot find any such! try: os.path.exists(path) Hiding it inside the path submodule is kind of sneaky I know... Alan g. From alan.gauld@bt.com Thu Dec 13 18:05:32 2001 From: alan.gauld@bt.com (alan.gauld@bt.com) Date: Thu, 13 Dec 2001 18:05:32 -0000 Subject: [Tutor] How to attach file with mail Message-ID: <5104D4DBC598D211B5FE0000F8FE7EB20E66C1B9@mbtlipnt02.btlabs.bt.co.uk> > Hi all, > How to attach a file with this code? Not with this code specifically but ISTR that there exiosts a mime module(or set of?). That might help. Alan G. From deliberatus@my995internet.com Thu Dec 13 18:23:24 2001 From: deliberatus@my995internet.com (Kirk Bailey) Date: Thu, 13 Dec 2001 13:23:24 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] custom module Message-ID: <3C18F21C.9969E8DE@my995internet.com> For a future version, I will simply copy the code for the functions used to a new module, tinylist.py, and not have to burden the system with loading functions not used in each of those libraries. My only concern is the user having the cajones and savvy to add a new custom module to their python installation. This would load up faster, take up less system memory, and MIGHT run just a tad fster- esp if I then have it save a copy of the compiled library (tinylistlib.pyc) na they also install THAT. But this is starting to get well beyond what some users will beel secure with doing. Who wrote that? -- Respectfully, -Kirk D Bailey (C)2001 Addme! icq #27840081 end Within the sweep of his sword, Each man is an Ubar. http://www.howlermonkey.net/ http://www.sacredelectron.org/ From highprimate@howlermonkey.net Thu Dec 13 06:21:44 2001 From: highprimate@howlermonkey.net (Kirk Bailey) Date: Thu, 13 Dec 2001 1:21:44 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] class envy Message-ID: <200112130623.fBD6NaS09187@ns.howlermonkey.net> ok, now I know I am in up to my eyes, some one get me a snorkel. This novice is finally in WAY over his head. I am reading the official online python tutoral about classes, and I am totally lost. I mean I am SNOWBLIND. If you gave me a clue I would spread it on toast, I need SEVERAL clues, superglue, a serious skulldrill, and BIG RED STRAPS to hold it on with. rfc822 is a pretty understandable document, and I understand email fine. But the module rfc822 is leaving me going -huh?- and CLASS and classes leave me without a clue. I need to grok parsing the incoming message to extract the data contained there. A alias feeds an incoming message to the program on the standard input, and is readable several ways, simplest being raw_input() and friends. The list name we know from reading the command line arguement. OK, this is what exists thus far. It's 90% done now, even will read a random footer appendment (A slogan, witty saying, quote, or text advertisement from a flat text file) to the footer of the message. --------------rare fresh bits follow--------------------- #!/usr/local/bin/python # Tinylist module, Pitchtime unit. # this handles receiving and sending out postings to a list. import sys, re, string, rfc822, smtplib localhost = 'howlermonkey.net' # make sure you set this to the domain YOU use!!! # next line declares the path to stuff. DEFINE IT pathtostuff = '/www/www.howlermonkey.net/cgi-bin/' # to the cgi-bin for your web dir with # a trailing '/' as this example shows! # note this tells where to start looking. # everything is either here, or under this # point in '/lists' dir. listname = sys.argv[1] # we read a command line arguement to determine the list name # Arguement 0 is the name of the script run, 1 is the # first arguement. # after that name in the command line, so if this were # program FOO, # that line would be "|/path/FOO listname" # and the arguement here would be 'listname'! message = raw_input.lines() # Variable 'message' is assigned the entire message # which is piped to the program by the alias definition # such as: # foolist:"|/pathtoprogram/programname foolist" # now we must determine the sender and see if they are in # the subscriber file! # still got to learn more about how this thing handles # parsing the incoming message, but smtp and rfc822 # are dep sorcery on this material. from = message["From"] # we must dig out the 'from: ' field and read it's contents. # Note we already know who it is TO - 'listname' ! # Remember, the mail ssytem fed it here with a command # line arguement, after sorting it out to a known identity, # so the list's defining alias contains that info. def gangstrip(str): # ok, everybody STRIP! STR is a list variable index = 0 # We want to strip off all leading and while index Message-ID: Is 80 chars per line really that much to ask enough-of-the-line-noise-ly yours From glingl@aon.at Thu Dec 13 20:22:07 2001 From: glingl@aon.at (Gregor Lingl) Date: Thu, 13 Dec 2001 21:22:07 +0100 Subject: [Tutor] class envy References: <200112130623.fBD6NaS09187@ns.howlermonkey.net> Message-ID: <000901c18413$d68303c0$1664a8c0@mega> Thanks for this rare kind of second order poetry ... > ...and rfc822 > # are dep sorcery on this material. > > from = message["From"] # we must dig out the 'from: ' field and read it's contents. > # Note we already know who it is TO - 'listname' ! > # Remember, the mail ssytem fed it here with a command But here a caveat! A poet may use from deliberately as hie likes, but not so a programmer. at least under Python circumstances. A syntax-coloring editor would highlight this problem immediately ... Have a nice and/or fruitful evening Gregor From inkedmn@gmx.net Thu Dec 13 21:12:57 2001 From: inkedmn@gmx.net (Brett Kelly) Date: Thu, 13 Dec 2001 22:12:57 +0100 (MET) Subject: [Tutor] Iterating over a list for a certain character... Message-ID: <24414.1008277977@www44.gmx.net> ok, i have read a file into a list of strings, and i need to copy out all of the strings that contain a certain character, sort them, and print them. how would i do that? Thanks! Brett -- Sent through GMX FreeMail - http://www.gmx.net From shalehperry@attbi.com Thu Dec 13 22:55:26 2001 From: shalehperry@attbi.com (Sean 'Shaleh' Perry) Date: Thu, 13 Dec 2001 14:55:26 -0800 (PST) Subject: [Tutor] Iterating over a list for a certain character... In-Reply-To: <24414.1008277977@www44.gmx.net> Message-ID: On 13-Dec-2001 Brett Kelly wrote: > ok, i have read a file into a list of strings, and i need to copy out all of > the strings that contain a certain character, sort them, and print them. > > how would i do that? > take a look at: >>> c = 's' >>> c in 'streets' 1 From glingl@aon.at Thu Dec 13 23:28:04 2001 From: glingl@aon.at (Gregor Lingl) Date: Fri, 14 Dec 2001 00:28:04 +0100 Subject: [Tutor] Iterating over a list for a certain character... References: Message-ID: <017701c1842d$d09a9170$1664a8c0@mega> ----- Original Message ----- From: "Sean 'Shaleh' Perry" To: "Brett Kelly" Cc: Sent: Thursday, December 13, 2001 11:55 PM Subject: Re: [Tutor] Iterating over a list for a certain character... > > On 13-Dec-2001 Brett Kelly wrote: > > ok, i have read a file into a list of strings, and i need to copy out all of > > the strings that contain a certain character, sort them, and print them. > > > > how would i do that? > > > > take a look at: > > >>> c = 's' > >>> c in 'streets' > 1 .. or try - somewhat more sophisticated: >>> l = ['bim', 'bam', 'schrumm'] >>> filter(lambda x: 'i' in x, l) ['bim'] >>> filter(lambda x: 'b' in x, l) ['bim', 'bam'] >>> filter(lambda x: 'm' in x, l) ['bim', 'bam', 'schrumm'] >>> so you can make up the following definition: >>> def wordswith(char, lst): ... return filter(lambda x, c = char : c in x, lst) ... >>> wordswith('i',l) ['bim'] >>> wordswith('c',l) ['schrumm'] >>> wordswith('m',l) ['bim', 'bam', 'schrumm'] >>> who knows a more elegant way? Gregor From glingl@aon.at Thu Dec 13 23:42:31 2001 From: glingl@aon.at (Gregor Lingl) Date: Fri, 14 Dec 2001 00:42:31 +0100 Subject: [Tutor] Iterating over a list for a certain character... References: Message-ID: <017b01c1842f$d53e16f0$1664a8c0@mega> > > > > take a look at: > > >>> c = 's' > >>> c in 'streets' > 1 > > P.S.: In Python 2.2 the following also will work: >>> l = ['bim','bam','schrumm'] >>> def wordswith(c,l): return filter(lambda x: c in x, l) >>> wordswith('b',l) ['bim', 'bam'] >>> .. due to 'nested_scopes' in action --------------------------------------------------- Alternately you may use (already since Python 2.0 ?) >>> [word for word in l if 'b' in word] ['bim', 'bam'] >>> and consequently >>> def wordswith(c,lst): ... return [word for word in lst if c in word] ... >>> wordswith('m',l) ['bim', 'bam', 'schrumm'] >>> wordswith('b',l) ['bim', 'bam'] >>> ww('x',l) [] >>> Gregor From deliberatus@my995internet.com Fri Dec 14 05:24:42 2001 From: deliberatus@my995internet.com (Kirk Bailey) Date: Fri, 14 Dec 2001 00:24:42 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] replyto now optional Message-ID: <3C198D1A.46B67331@my995internet.com> ok, I read the page about reply-to, and I see there are good arguements for not doing this. I also know there are people who want to anyway. So, I made it optional if os.path.exists("./lists/" +listname +".replyto"): # IF this file exists, Reply_to = listname + "@" + localhost # this sets the optional reply-to field. In the lists directory, if the file listname.replyto exists, it will set the header Reply-to: listname@domainname and if the file is NOT there, it will not. Good enough? -- Respectfully, -Kirk D Bailey (C)2001 Addme! icq #27840081 end Within the sweep of his sword, Each man is an Ubar. http://www.howlermonkey.net/ http://www.sacredelectron.org/ From deliberatus@my995internet.com Fri Dec 14 06:40:05 2001 From: deliberatus@my995internet.com (Kirk Bailey) Date: Fri, 14 Dec 2001 01:40:05 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] startled Message-ID: <3C199EC5.EDE6E6E6@my995internet.com> Reviewing the accumulated debreis and layered writings of this list over the last 2 weeks, I am startled to see how far I have come in learning a new language part time from reading websites, and discussing in this list. I started thinking about this when I wrote the post mentioning taking definitions specific for the tinylist application, gathering them together, and placing them into a module for it. I must pay tribute to a friendly and very supportive populace on the list, and salute you all for it; I also must declare this is at least in part to the amazingly more acessable nature of this language over perl- or just about anything else you may care to mention. It, and this group, are simply amazing. -- Respectfully, -Kirk D Bailey (C)2001 Addme! icq #27840081 end Within the sweep of his sword, Each man is an Ubar. http://www.howlermonkey.net/ http://www.sacredelectron.org/ From karthikg@aztec.soft.net Fri Dec 14 11:31:56 2001 From: karthikg@aztec.soft.net (karthik Guru) Date: Fri, 14 Dec 2001 17:01:56 +0530 Subject: [Tutor] want to implement Workflow engine using python In-Reply-To: <017b01c1842f$d53e16f0$1664a8c0@mega> Message-ID: hi all, I want to do a full fledged project to come to grips with this language. Though i have managed to learn the features, i realize i w'd be in a better position if i do a project. Can someone point to some good sites which w'd help me to devise a work flow engine. I dont' want to provide any great features , simple ones do Any tips? what all i might have to use in addition to core python? Database for sure...xml? thanks for the help, karthik. From alan.gauld@bt.com Fri Dec 14 11:26:24 2001 From: alan.gauld@bt.com (alan.gauld@bt.com) Date: Fri, 14 Dec 2001 11:26:24 -0000 Subject: [Tutor] Iterating over a list for a certain character... Message-ID: <5104D4DBC598D211B5FE0000F8FE7EB20E66C1BB@mbtlipnt02.btlabs.bt.co.uk> > ok, i have read a file into a list of strings, and i need to > copy out all of the strings that contain a certain > character, Try the string.find() function or if its more complex the re.search() function. > sort them, list.sort() You can provide your own comparison function too. > and print them. print However there is a module designed to make this kind of thing easier, its called: fileinput And allows you to do: import fileinput for line in fileinput.input(): process(line) So it handles all the file opening etc. It also allows you to process multiple files as if they were one big one. Which might help you... Finally you might like to read my file handling topic on my web tutor Alan g. Author of the 'Learning to Program' web site http://www.freenetpages.co.uk/hp/alan.gauld From kalle@gnupung.net Fri Dec 14 11:50:31 2001 From: kalle@gnupung.net (Kalle Svensson) Date: Fri, 14 Dec 2001 12:50:31 +0100 Subject: [Tutor] Iterating over a list for a certain character... In-Reply-To: <24414.1008277977@www44.gmx.net> References: <24414.1008277977@www44.gmx.net> Message-ID: <20011214125031.B10589@proton.lysator.liu.se> [Brett Kelly] > ok, i have read a file into a list of strings, and i need to copy out all of > the strings that contain a certain character, sort them, and print them. To read a file to a list of strings, check out the readlines and xreadlines methods of file objects. http://www.python.org/doc/current/lib/bltin-file-objects.html To see if a character is in a string, use the in statement: >>> "r" in "bar" 1 >>> "r" in "foo" 0 If you want to check for more complex things than characters, like strings or regular expressions, check out string methods (especially find) and the re module. http://www.python.org/doc/current/lib/string-methods.html http://www.python.org/doc/current/lib/module-re.html Sorting is done with the list method sort. More info: http://www.python.org/doc/current/lib/typesseq-mutable.html Looping can be done with for loops or, quite elegantly, with list comprehensions: >>> words = ["omph", "foo", "fum"] >>> matches = [w for w in words if "o" in w] >>> matches ['omph', 'foo'] >>> matches.sort() >>> matches ['foo', 'omph'] Peace, Kalle -- Kalle Svensson (kalle@gnupung.net) - Laziness, impatience, hubris: Pick two! English: http://www.gnupung.net/ Svenska: http://www.lysator.liu.se/~kalle/ Stuff: ["http://www.%s.org/" % x for x in "gnu debian python emacs".split()] From karthikg@aztec.soft.net Fri Dec 14 13:35:42 2001 From: karthikg@aztec.soft.net (karthik Guru) Date: Fri, 14 Dec 2001 19:05:42 +0530 Subject: [Tutor] What is the problem in this import?? Newbie In-Reply-To: <017b01c1842f$d53e16f0$1664a8c0@mega> Message-ID: hi all, os: windows nt i installed qt2.3.0 from trolltech.com then i installed pyqt from thekompany website and i get the error i have pasted below. I found that libqtc.pyd is present in the d:\\python21\dlls folder. sys.path has an entry for that. Still it failed why?? >>> from qt import * Traceback (most recent call last): File "", line 1, in ? File "d:\python21\lib\qt.py", line 44, in ? import libqtc ImportError: DLL load failed: The specified module could not be found. >>> import sys >>> sys.path ['', 'd:\\python21\\pythonwin', 'd:\\python21\\win32', 'd:\\python21\\win32\\lib', 'd:\\py thon21', 'd:\\python21\\dlls', 'd:\\python21\\lib', 'd:\\python21\\lib\\plat-win', 'd:\\py thon21\\lib\\lib-tk'] >>> thanks in advance, karthik From boud@valdyas.org Fri Dec 14 13:40:15 2001 From: boud@valdyas.org (Boudewijn Rempt) Date: Fri, 14 Dec 2001 14:40:15 +0100 (CET) Subject: [Tutor] What is the problem in this import?? Newbie In-Reply-To: Message-ID: On Fri, 14 Dec 2001, karthik Guru wrote: > hi all, > > os: windows nt > > i installed > qt2.3.0 from trolltech.com > > then i installed pyqt from thekompany website and i get the error i have > pasted below. > > I found that libqtc.pyd is present in the > I think that that you forgot to install qt itself - I think it's not packaged with PyQt, but that you must get it from Trolltech: ftp://ftp.trolltech.com/qt/non-commercial/QtWin230-NonCommercial.exe This requirement isn't particular clearly stated on the TheKompany website, I notice... Anyway, if you need more help, you might be interested in the PyKDE mailing list, which can be found at: http://mats.gmd.de/mailman/listinfo/pykde Have fun, and let me know how you're doing! -- Boudewijn Rempt | http://www.valdyas.org From karthikg@aztec.soft.net Fri Dec 14 14:02:21 2001 From: karthikg@aztec.soft.net (karthik Guru) Date: Fri, 14 Dec 2001 19:32:21 +0530 Subject: [Tutor] What is the problem in this import?? Newbie In-Reply-To: Message-ID: thanks! But i actually installed qt from exactly the same place you have mentioned. (Though the website does'nt mention this, your book does :-)) is there anything else i need to do. it is under d:\\qt there is an environment variable QTDIR which points to d:\\qt. do i need to do some other tweaking?? thanks karthik. -----Original Message----- From: Boudewijn Rempt [mailto:boud@valdyas.org] Sent: Friday, December 14, 2001 7:10 PM To: karthik Guru Cc: tutor@python.org Subject: Re: [Tutor] What is the problem in this import?? Newbie On Fri, 14 Dec 2001, karthik Guru wrote: > hi all, > > os: windows nt > > i installed > qt2.3.0 from trolltech.com > > then i installed pyqt from thekompany website and i get the error i have > pasted below. > > I found that libqtc.pyd is present in the > I think that that you forgot to install qt itself - I think it's not packaged with PyQt, but that you must get it from Trolltech: ftp://ftp.trolltech.com/qt/non-commercial/QtWin230-NonCommercial.exe This requirement isn't particular clearly stated on the TheKompany website, I notice... Anyway, if you need more help, you might be interested in the PyKDE mailing list, which can be found at: http://mats.gmd.de/mailman/listinfo/pykde Have fun, and let me know how you're doing! -- Boudewijn Rempt | http://www.valdyas.org From boud@valdyas.org Fri Dec 14 18:02:05 2001 From: boud@valdyas.org (Boudewijn Rempt) Date: Fri, 14 Dec 2001 19:02:05 +0100 (CET) Subject: [Tutor] What is the problem in this import?? Newbie In-Reply-To: Message-ID: On Fri, 14 Dec 2001, karthik Guru wrote: > thanks! But i actually installed qt from exactly the same place you have > mentioned. > (Though the website does'nt mention this, your book does :-)) > is there anything else i need to do. > > it is under d:\\qt > > there is an environment variable > > QTDIR which points to d:\\qt. > > do i need to do some other tweaking?? > I think it would be best to ask this question on the PyKDE mailing list, too. I haven't got access to a Windows computer at the moment (needed the partition, I'm afraid), so I can't test it at the moment. When I tried it out, I didn't have any problems. Boudewijn Rempt | http://www.valdyas.org From deliberatus@my995internet.com Fri Dec 14 18:08:37 2001 From: deliberatus@my995internet.com (Kirk Bailey) Date: Fri, 14 Dec 2001 13:08:37 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] replyto now optional References: <3C1A3752.87D48017@my995internet.com> Message-ID: <3C1A4025.58A505C5@my995internet.com> > > Blake Winton wrote: > > > > > ok, I read the page about reply-to, and I see there are good arguements > > > for not doing this. > > > I also know there are people who want to anyway. So, I made it optional > > > > That's almost always a good thing. :) (I like options.) > > > > > In the lists directory, if the file listname.replyto exists, it will set > > > the header > > > Reply-to: listname@domainname > > > and if the file is NOT there, it will not. > > > Good enough? > > > > That's kind of an odd way to do it. > OK, so I'm odd, shoot me. *BANG* Actually, I did it this way for several reasons: 1. it was easy to implement without changing all the rest of the program for sake of one feature. 2. I have used this sort of thing with other applications and itwas easy to work with. 3. in a future version, I can place CONTENT in the file, and define an alternate replyto address, such as the list owner. > > Why don't you have a configuration file? > First version of the program, and I am nerw to python, so doiing it this was was simpler. In a future version, I will look into using a config file, along with some other remarkably mind numbing features and misfeatures. > Call it "listname.config", and then you could read it in, and exec it, > and it could set variables in a Pythonic manner. Right. And a backup global config file just in case? i.e. listname.config could contain: > > replyto = true > > to set the replyto to listname@domain, or: > > replyto = "other-listname@other-domain" > > if they wanted to reply to a different list... > Or anything else they wanted. Just a thought. > And a good one. > > > Myself, I prefer XML files for configuration. > > > > > > Yo, all! Welcome to my new list! > > > > Have fun! > > Your friendly neighbourhood list-admin. > > > > other-listname@other-domain > > > > > > But that's just me, and XML processing is definately > > harder than the other options. More interesting, in > > a way, but harder. More useful, too, but harder. > > Regretfully, I have not studied xml. HTML, ssi, but not xml. Gotta do that after I finish rotohammering python through the calcium. And groking tar/gz. and snorting rfc822.py. And earning a living. and tending a sickly wife, 30 birds(parrots)... > In the mean time, I'm looking forward to seeing what > your program turns into. Have you compared it with > the earlier versions? Might be amusing... > What earlier versions? Oh, the gaget as it grew to this? Not really. Inspired by several other MLM's, notably majordomo (majorcomplexity) and minorfish. Regretfully Until I come up with it's first working complete incarnation, it's still on the workbench. Already, I am scraping together ideas and roughing out code for the membership web manager. When that is done, I borrow some code from it, some from TLposttime, and smash them together into TLemail.py, the email command processer module. Then write a doc, and smash it all together into a zip file (and a tarball if I ever learn how to properly use tar/gz- any tutorals out there gang?) and stick it on a website - www.tinylist.org. Gotta register the name. A man's reach should exceed his grasp. > > > > Later, > > Blake. > > -- > Respectfully, > -Kirk D Bailey (C)2001 > Addme! icq #27840081 > end > > Within the sweep of his sword, Each man is an Ubar. > > http://www.howlermonkey.net/ > http://www.sacredelectron.org/ -- Respectfully, -Kirk D Bailey (C)2001 Addme! icq #27840081 end Within the sweep of his sword, Each man is an Ubar. http://www.howlermonkey.net/ http://www.sacredelectron.org/ From vip333d@yahoo.com Fri Dec 14 19:49:15 2001 From: vip333d@yahoo.com (vip333d@yahoo.com) Date: Fri, 14 Dec 2001 11:49:15 -0800 (PST) Subject: [Tutor] some questions - from a complete newbie Message-ID: <20011214194915.52681.qmail@web12302.mail.yahoo.com> dear Tutor! I'm a newbie, and there are some things that I want to do with python, that aren't in the basic web tutorials I have read. My OS is win95. I: a) cannot execute the os.access(c:\.....) or the os.path.exists. the arrow points on the "c". I tried it without the c:\ and the arrow pointed on the "s" of "my documents. b) I'd like some strings that open other windows files, documents and web pages etc. c) I'd be happy to get a list of orders that get me parts of web pages, for example the headlines of the NYTimes. d) It would be great to get a list of web-oriented orders, but if it's too much to ask - it's too much to ask. thank you very very much! vip333d@yahoo.com (by the way: Python is a great language!) __________________________________________________ Do You Yahoo!? Check out Yahoo! Shopping and Yahoo! Auctions for all of your unique holiday gifts! Buy at http://shopping.yahoo.com or bid at http://auctions.yahoo.com From pythontutor@venix.com Fri Dec 14 19:59:32 2001 From: pythontutor@venix.com (Lloyd Kvam) Date: Fri, 14 Dec 2001 14:59:32 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] some questions - from a complete newbie References: <20011214194915.52681.qmail@web12302.mail.yahoo.com> Message-ID: <3C1A5A24.406@venix.com> For point a: try "c:\\my documents\\test.txt" (the back slash is the escape character for specials so you need two to get one) or use "raw strings" which exclude specials r"c:\my documents\test.txt" vip333d@yahoo.com wrote: > dear Tutor! > I'm a newbie, and there are some things that I want to > do with python, that aren't in the basic web tutorials > I have read. My OS is win95. I: > a) cannot execute the os.access(c:\.....) or the > os.path.exists. the arrow points on the "c". I tried > it without the c:\ and the arrow pointed on the "s" of > "my documents. > b) I'd like some strings that open other windows > files, documents and web pages etc. > c) I'd be happy to get a list of orders that get me > parts of web pages, for example the headlines of the > NYTimes. > d) It would be great to get a list of web-oriented > orders, but if it's too much to ask - it's too much to > ask. > > thank you very very much! > vip333d@yahoo.com > > (by the way: Python is a great language!) > > __________________________________________________ > Do You Yahoo!? > Check out Yahoo! Shopping and Yahoo! Auctions for all of > your unique holiday gifts! Buy at http://shopping.yahoo.com > or bid at http://auctions.yahoo.com > > _______________________________________________ > Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org > http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor > > -- Lloyd Kvam Venix Corp. 1 Court Street, Suite 378 Lebanon, NH 03766-1358 voice: 603-443-6155 fax: 801-459-9582 From dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu Fri Dec 14 21:52:44 2001 From: dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu (Danny Yoo) Date: Fri, 14 Dec 2001 13:52:44 -0800 (PST) Subject: [Tutor] some questions - from a complete newbie In-Reply-To: <20011214194915.52681.qmail@web12302.mail.yahoo.com> Message-ID: On Fri, 14 Dec 2001 vip333d@yahoo.com wrote: > I'm a newbie, and there are some things that I want to > do with python, that aren't in the basic web tutorials > I have read. My OS is win95. I: > a) cannot execute the os.access(c:\.....) or the > os.path.exists. the arrow points on the "c". I tried > it without the c:\ and the arrow pointed on the "s" of > "my documents. Can you show us the error message in more detail? Usually, the error underneath shows where Python starts getting confused, but the message itself is also an important debugging tool. As a wild guess, I'm guessing that you're trying: os.access(c:\foobar.txt) Python allows things like: ### >>> def square(x): return x * x ... >>> square(square(square(10))) 100000000 ### That is, we can call functions within functions --- we can call commands within commands. One consequence about this is that Python will assume that something like "c:\foobar.txt" looks like a command that should be executed. To get it to not try to execute "c:\foobar.txt", we have to quote it: os.access("c:\\foobar.txt") Quoting in Python is somewhat analogous to quoting in a human language: we use quotes to make sure no one tries to interpret them as our own words. Same principle. > b) I'd like some strings that open other windows files, documents and > web pages etc. Not quite sure about this one. There's a module called "webbrowser": http://www.python.org/doc/lib/module-webbrowser.html that will automatically get either IE or Netscape to open an url that you give it, so that might be useful. I haven't played with it too much yet. > c) I'd be happy to get a list of orders that get me parts of web > pages, for example the headlines of the NYTimes. This is possible --- many websites support a protocol called RSS: http://www.purplepages.ie/rss/ and I'm very sure that there are Python modules out there that can handle RSS. > d) It would be great to get a list of web-oriented orders, but if it's > too much to ask - it's too much to ask. You might be interested in Useless Python: http://www.lowerstandard.com/python/ There should be some scripts there that demonstrate CGI programming. Good luck to you! From deliberatus@my995internet.com Sat Dec 15 04:59:11 2001 From: deliberatus@my995internet.com (Kirk Bailey) Date: Fri, 14 Dec 2001 23:59:11 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] class and objects and such Message-ID: <3C1AD89F.1C28AAED@my995internet.com> ok, I am reading the following: http://www.ibiblio.org/obp/thinkCSpy/chap12.htm http://www.python.org/doc/current/lib/module-rfc822.html http://www.python.org/doc/current/tut/node11.html http://python.sourceforge.net/devel-docs/lib/module-multifile.html Clear as mud. It seems to be a dissertation on what is the shape of a mole of oxygen. No specific size, shape, or even function, a class defines the general properties of a entire family opf object,s and you then create specific objects with refinement of the definition of the general properties, and special bellial bells, whistles, and GONGS for that indivigual item. OK so far? arg. how do I use this? ReadREadReadReadRead... -- Respectfully, -Kirk D Bailey (C)2001 Addme! icq #27840081 end Within the sweep of his sword, Each man is an Ubar. http://www.howlermonkey.net/ http://www.sacredelectron.org/ From shalehperry@attbi.com Sat Dec 15 05:45:44 2001 From: shalehperry@attbi.com (Sean 'Shaleh' Perry) Date: Fri, 14 Dec 2001 21:45:44 -0800 (PST) Subject: [Tutor] class and objects and such In-Reply-To: <3C1AD89F.1C28AAED@my995internet.com> Message-ID: > > No specific size, shape, or even function, a class defines the general > properties of a entire family opf object,s and you then create specific > objects with refinement of the definition of the general properties, and > special bellial bells, whistles, and GONGS for that indivigual item. > > OK so far? > > arg. how do I use this? ReadREadReadReadRead... > You are attacking the probem too hard. OO is just about creating nouns and giving them the ability to act. Almost like creating little robots. It takes some practice. After you make a few bad designs you realize what works. A common example is a geometry one. In C (pascal, etc) if you wanted to draw a shape you had to call a function like 'draw_square(sq)'. If you wanted a triangle you had to call triangle functions. Each time what you were doing and what you were doing it with were tied together. If you suddenly needed trapezoids you had to go and find trapezoid functions and change you code. OO ties the verbs to the nouns. 'draw_square' becames 'square.draw'. This way you can have all of the shapes knowing how to draw themselves and the code does not care what shape it is. You may be thinking this is a little esoteric. So let's come back to a concrete example you use every day in python. When you do 'for i in thing' you are using the power of OO. The 'in' operator works by calling the __getitem__() member of thing. So as long as thing supports __getitem__ you can loop over it easily. From jrm@videotron.ca Sat Dec 15 00:22:45 2001 From: jrm@videotron.ca (Jean Montambeault) Date: Sat, 15 Dec 2001 02:22:45 +0200 Subject: [Tutor] Hummm...dubious behavior. Message-ID: <000701c184fe$9f1074e0$0100c0a8@videotron.ca> Felt ready for Guido's idea of a tutorial, tryed the examples, tryed some variations, can't help it and here's something curious : >>> tax=17.5/100 >>> price=3.50 >>> price*tax 0.61249999999999993 >>> price+_ 4.1124999999999998 >>> round(_,2) 4.1100000000000003 # in this case : trailing zeros and an error >>> ui=3.5555 >>> price*ui 12.44425 >>> round(_,2) 12.44 # here the expectec behavior >>> tax*ui 0.62221249999999995 >>> round(_,2) 0.62 # here just as well Obviously my question is what caused the difference in behavior, when must I expect it or best how to avoid it since, really, I can't imagine a use for the "long" version. Thanks gang. Jean M. From i812@iname.com Sat Dec 15 07:38:25 2001 From: i812@iname.com (Rob McGee) Date: Sat, 15 Dec 2001 01:38:25 -0600 Subject: [Tutor] class Clowning: saving references to other instances Message-ID: <20011215013825.C3310@hal> Okay, here's what I have: a class of objects placed on a grid referenced with X, Y coordinates. Need an example? Here: {code} from string import uppercase # letters A to Z class Clown: def __init__(self, location, index, gridSize=16, uppercase=uppercase): self.location = location # an integer, unique self.index = index # also unique integer self.name = uppercase[index] # uppercase letter, also unique self.coord = divmod(location, gridSize) # X, Y tuple def __str__(self): return self.name ... and so on import random def makeClowns(numClowns=16, gridSize=16): gridAvail = range(gridSize**2) # default grid of 256 clowns = [] for index in range(numClowns): # select a random number from gridAvail and remove it from the list location = gridAvail.pop(random.randrange(len(gridAvail))) clown = Clown(location, index) # create instance clowns.append(clown) # save it in a list return clowns # return list of Clowns clowns = makeClowns() {/code} (Those of you who remember my prior posts may notice that I've taken some of your suggestions. :) *** the problem *** There are other methods, including one which calculates the distance from one Clown instance to another. The distance(self, other) method uses "exec" to store the distance values in self.(other.name) and in other.(self.name) (such as "self.A" and "other.Z" for the distance between the instances named A and Z.) Because it's tied to the way I'm storing these instances, I don't like the way it works -- if I change how the data is stored I'll also have to change the class method. The reason why I'm doing this is just to save a little redundant processing. The distance() method checks for the existance of the self.A (or other such attribute) before calculating, and returns that if it exists. It's all on a pretty small scale (note the default gridSize value) so it probably doesn't matter much if I were to let it redo the calculations every time. The distance calculation is not very intense, probably: just your basic Pythagorean theorem: {code} diffX = abs(self.coord[0] - other.coord[0]) # difference in X coord. diffY = abs(self.coord[1] - other.coord[1]) # difference in Y coord. distance = ((diffX ** 2) + (diffY ** 2)) ** 0.5 {/code} One solution would be to put the "exec" code in a function rather than in the class method, but the class distance() method would still have to rely on eval() -- and thus on the external data structure! -- to retrieve the value. Am I right? Maybe rather than storing all the distances as separate attributes, I should maintain them all in a single self.distances list: [(B, 5.0), (C, 1.414), (D, 7.6645), ...] Then the distance(self, other) method filters self.distances for "x[0] == str(other)". If found, return x[1], otherwise calculate the distance and store it... self.distances.append((other.name, distance)) other.distances.append((self.name, distance)) Simple, no "exec" statement to write nor eval() function to read the values, and everything's done cleanly within the class methods. Have I figured out my own solution?!? :) ("Operator, you can forget about this call ... There's no one there I really wanted to talk to!" :)[1] Anyway, comments would be appreciated, whether they're other ideas or confirmation that I'm on the right track. Really, I figured that out while I was writing this message. It sure does some good to get away from IDLE every now and then. :) Rob - /dev/rob0 [1] from an old Jim Croce song, "Operator", appx. 1971 (?) From myuen@ucalgary.ca Sat Dec 15 08:36:35 2001 From: myuen@ucalgary.ca (Mike Yuen) Date: Sat, 15 Dec 2001 01:36:35 -0700 (MST) Subject: [Tutor] Log analyzer Message-ID: I'm trying to make a little log analyzer for myself and the problem is, I want to split each line which initially looks like: FWIN,2001/09/14,01:44:53 -6:00GMT,24.68.251.251:137,24.53.33.12:137,UDP I used the split function and got: 'FWIN,2001/09/14,01:44:53', '-6:00', 'GMT,' I want each sections boundries to be BETWEEN the commas. So, for example: FWIN is one section 2001/09/14 is another 01:44:53 -6:00GMT is yet another. * Note: each sections size will vary in size. I know I can take a another pass over the line but i've got literally 1000's of lines to process and taking 2 passes over each line really slows things done. So, is there an efficient way to split the lines? From dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu Sat Dec 15 08:48:15 2001 From: dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu (Danny Yoo) Date: Sat, 15 Dec 2001 00:48:15 -0800 (PST) Subject: [Tutor] Log analyzer In-Reply-To: Message-ID: On Sat, 15 Dec 2001, Mike Yuen wrote: > I'm trying to make a little log analyzer for myself and the problem is, I > want to split each line which initially looks like: > > FWIN,2001/09/14,01:44:53 -6:00GMT,24.68.251.251:137,24.53.33.12:137,UDP > > I used the split function and got: > 'FWIN,2001/09/14,01:44:53', '-6:00', 'GMT,' > > I want each sections boundries to be BETWEEN the commas. So, for example: > FWIN is one section > 2001/09/14 is another > 01:44:53 -6:00GMT is yet another. > > * Note: each sections size will vary in size. > > I know I can take a another pass over the line but i've got literally > 1000's of lines to process and taking 2 passes over each line really slows > things done. So, is there an efficient way to split the lines? Sounds like you want to split along the commas. The default that split() uses is whitespace, because it's a "common case" that people run into all the time. However, split() can take in an optional "delimiter" parameter. Take a look: ### >>> string.split('supercalifragilisticexpialidocious', 'i') ['supercal', 'frag', 'l', 'st', 'cexp', 'al', 'doc', 'ous'] ### Good luck! From dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu Sat Dec 15 09:03:10 2001 From: dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu (Danny Yoo) Date: Sat, 15 Dec 2001 01:03:10 -0800 (PST) Subject: [Tutor] class and objects and such [Robot wars!] In-Reply-To: Message-ID: On Fri, 14 Dec 2001, Sean 'Shaleh' Perry wrote: > > No specific size, shape, or even function, a class defines the general > > properties of a entire family opf object,s and you then create specific > > objects with refinement of the definition of the general properties, and > > special bellial bells, whistles, and GONGS for that indivigual item. > > > > OK so far? > > > > arg. how do I use this? ReadREadReadReadRead... > > > > You are attacking the probem too hard. > > OO is just about creating nouns and giving them the ability to act. > Almost like creating little robots. Hmmm... as a random note, I do remember reading about how people introduced object oriented programming through simulating robots in an arena: http://www.geocities.com/TimesSquare/6120/robots/index.html http://www.pythonpros.com/gstein/bots.html http://www.lysator.liu.se/realtimebattle/ From lonetwin@yahoo.com Sat Dec 15 09:20:51 2001 From: lonetwin@yahoo.com (lonetwin) Date: Sat, 15 Dec 2001 01:20:51 -0800 (PST) Subject: [Tutor] Log analyzer In-Reply-To: Message-ID: <20011215092051.97398.qmail@web20703.mail.yahoo.com> Hi Mike, The split function takes an optional 'sep' argument which defaults to a whitespace character. My usual way of doing things like this is: fl = [ s.strip() for s in open(filename).readlines() ] for line in fl: print line.split(',') Remember tho' that if you are using a python version < 2.0 (i think ??) you'd have to do something like: fl=[] for s in open(filename).readlines() fl.append(s.strip()) import string for line in fl: string.split(line, ',') hope that helps --- Mike Yuen wrote: > I'm trying to make a little log analyzer for myself and the problem is, I > want to split each line which initially looks like: > > FWIN,2001/09/14,01:44:53 -6:00GMT,24.68.251.251:137,24.53.33.12:137,UDP > > I used the split function and got: > 'FWIN,2001/09/14,01:44:53', '-6:00', 'GMT,' > > I want each sections boundries to be BETWEEN the commas. So, for example: > FWIN is one section > 2001/09/14 is another > 01:44:53 -6:00GMT is yet another. > > * Note: each sections size will vary in size. > > I know I can take a another pass over the line but i've got literally > 1000's of lines to process and taking 2 passes over each line really slows > things done. So, is there an efficient way to split the lines? __________________________________________________ Do You Yahoo!? Check out Yahoo! Shopping and Yahoo! Auctions for all of your unique holiday gifts! Buy at http://shopping.yahoo.com or bid at http://auctions.yahoo.com From vip333d@yahoo.com Sat Dec 15 14:46:33 2001 From: vip333d@yahoo.com (vip333d@yahoo.com) Date: Sat, 15 Dec 2001 06:46:33 -0800 (PST) Subject: [Tutor] (no subject) Message-ID: <20011215144633.60226.qmail@web12308.mail.yahoo.com> os: win95 I've read the answers to my questions - but none of them work! a) when I type in python - os.access('c:\...')- it points on the ")" and says "invalid tolken" when I write: os.access(c:\\...) - it points on the ":" and says: "syntax error: invalid syntax" b) i've tried an order that was in "www.python.org/doc/lib...": open_new(www...), and it said: "name error: open_new is not defined" thank you very much! vip333d@yahoo.com __________________________________________________ Do You Yahoo!? Check out Yahoo! Shopping and Yahoo! Auctions for all of your unique holiday gifts! Buy at http://shopping.yahoo.com or bid at http://auctions.yahoo.com From lumbricus@gmx.net Sat Dec 15 16:16:50 2001 From: lumbricus@gmx.net (Joerg Woelke) Date: Sat, 15 Dec 2001 17:16:50 +0100 Subject: [Tutor] (no subject) In-Reply-To: <20011215144633.60226.qmail@web12308.mail.yahoo.com>; from vip333d@yahoo.com on Sat, Dec 15, 2001 at 06:46:33AM -0800 References: <20011215144633.60226.qmail@web12308.mail.yahoo.com> Message-ID: <20011215171650.A3256@Laplace.localdomain> On Sat, Dec 15, 2001 at 06:46:33AM -0800, vip333d@yahoo.com wrote: > os: win95 > I've read the answers to my questions - but none of > them work! > a) when I type in python - os.access('c:\...')- it > points on the ")" and says "invalid tolken" when I > write: os.access(c:\\...) - it points on the ":" and How about 'os.access("c:\\...")'? > says: > "syntax error: invalid syntax" because colons have a special meaning. > b) i've tried an order that was in > "www.python.org/doc/lib...": open_new(www...), and it > said: "name error: open_new is not defined" > > thank you very much! > vip333d@yahoo.com > HTH, HAND and Greetings J"o! -- I hate it when my foot falls asleep during the day cause that means it's going to be up all night. -- Steven Wright From karthikg@aztec.soft.net Sat Dec 15 16:32:35 2001 From: karthikg@aztec.soft.net (karthik Guru) Date: Sat, 15 Dec 2001 22:02:35 +0530 Subject: [Tutor] apply help (newbie) In-Reply-To: <20011215144633.60226.qmail@web12308.mail.yahoo.com> Message-ID: import sys from qt import * class Button(QPushButton): def __init__(self,*args): #QPushButton.__init__(self,args) ##### This does not work apply(QPushButton.__init__,(self,)+args) ##### But this works self.setText("hello") class MainWindow(QMainWindow): def __init__(self,*args): #QMainWindow.__init__(self,args) apply(QMainWindow.__init__,(self,)+args) self.button = Button(self) self.setCentralWidget(self.button) self.button.show() if __name__ == '__main__': args = sys.argv app=QApplication(args) win= MainWindow() win.show() app.exec_loop() can someone tell me as to what is the difference between these 2 calls: QPushButton.__init__(self,args) ...1 apply(QPushButton.__init__,(self,)+args) ...2 thnx in advance, karthik. From jrm@videotron.ca Sat Dec 15 09:31:01 2001 From: jrm@videotron.ca (Jean Montambeault) Date: Sat, 15 Dec 2001 11:31:01 +0200 Subject: [Tutor] (no subject) References: <20011215144633.60226.qmail@web12308.mail.yahoo.com> Message-ID: <000d01c1854b$36a1cf60$0100c0a8@videotron.ca> ----- Original Message ----- From: To: Sent: Saturday, December 15, 2001 4:46 PM Subject: [Tutor] (no subject) > when I > write: os.access(c:\\...) - it points on the ":" and You just forgot to put the quotes this time, that'all. Should have been : os.access("c:\\.........\\..........) etc... or os.access(r"c:\..........\.......)etc... Try it and let us know. Jean M. From shalehperry@attbi.com Sat Dec 15 16:37:13 2001 From: shalehperry@attbi.com (Sean 'Shaleh' Perry) Date: Sat, 15 Dec 2001 08:37:13 -0800 (PST) Subject: [Tutor] apply help (newbie) In-Reply-To: Message-ID: > > can someone tell me as to what is the difference between these 2 calls: > > QPushButton.__init__(self,args) ...1 args is a tuple containing the options passed to Button.__init__ QPushButton does not take a tuple as its arguments I suspect > apply(QPushButton.__init__,(self,)+args) ...2 passes a tuple (self, args) to QPushButton.__init__ via apply which turns the arg tuple into the arguments QPushButton is expecting. In python 2.1 and newer you can call QPushButton.__init__(self, *args) # pass argument tuple through to function. In 1.x you have only apply() to use. From karthikg@aztec.soft.net Sat Dec 15 17:30:32 2001 From: karthikg@aztec.soft.net (karthik Guru) Date: Sat, 15 Dec 2001 23:00:32 +0530 Subject: [Tutor] apply help (newbie) In-Reply-To: Message-ID: thanks for the explanation. This is what i understood..please correct me if i'm wrong. i did a print type(*args) => turned out to be an instance of something print type(args) => a tuple as expected. so when i say , QPushButton.__init__(self,args) # i'm passing the tuple directly rather than the instance *args so it failed as QPushButton does not take a tuple but instead requires that instance (*args) in this case. >>> def func(*args): ... for arg in args: ... print arg ... >>> >>> def call(*args): ... func(args) ... >>> call(1,2,3,4) (1, 2, 3, 4) >>> def call(*args): ... func(*args) ... >>> call(1,2,3,4) 1 2 3 4 >>> def call(*args): ... apply(func,args) ... >>> call(1,2,3,4) 1 2 3 4 >>> def call(*args): ... apply(func,*args) ... >>> call(1,2,3,4) Traceback (most recent call last): File "", line 1, in ? File "", line 2, in call TypeError: apply() takes at most 3 arguments (5 given) >>> *args is instance of which class? why do i get a type error in the end when i try passing that instance to func? it's saying am passing 5 arguments when in reality am passing only one (ie *args) ? thanks , karthik. -----Original Message----- From: Sean Perry [mailto:shaleh@one.local]On Behalf Of Sean 'Shaleh' Perry Sent: Saturday, December 15, 2001 10:07 PM To: karthik Guru Cc: tutor@python.org Subject: Re: [Tutor] apply help (newbie) > > can someone tell me as to what is the difference between these 2 calls: > > QPushButton.__init__(self,args) ...1 args is a tuple containing the options passed to Button.__init__ QPushButton does not take a tuple as its arguments I suspect > apply(QPushButton.__init__,(self,)+args) ...2 passes a tuple (self, args) to QPushButton.__init__ via apply which turns the arg tuple into the arguments QPushButton is expecting. In python 2.1 and newer you can call QPushButton.__init__(self, *args) # pass argument tuple through to function. In 1.x you have only apply() to use. From shalehperry@attbi.com Sat Dec 15 17:19:42 2001 From: shalehperry@attbi.com (Sean 'Shaleh' Perry) Date: Sat, 15 Dec 2001 09:19:42 -0800 (PST) Subject: [Tutor] apply help (newbie) In-Reply-To: Message-ID: >>> def call(func, *args): ... print type(*args) ... apply(func, args) ... >>> def foo(a,b,c): ... print a, b, c ... >>> call(foo, 1, 2, 3) Traceback (most recent call last): File "", line 1, in ? File "", line 2, in call TypeError: type() takes exactly 1 argument (3 given) *args is python magic for 'expand me in place'. From shalehperry@attbi.com Sat Dec 15 17:24:56 2001 From: shalehperry@attbi.com (Sean 'Shaleh' Perry) Date: Sat, 15 Dec 2001 09:24:56 -0800 (PST) Subject: [Tutor] apply help (newbie) In-Reply-To: Message-ID: On 15-Dec-2001 Sean 'Shaleh' Perry wrote: >>>> def call(func, *args): > ... print type(*args) > ... apply(func, args) > ... >>>> def foo(a,b,c): > ... print a, b, c > ... >>>> call(foo, 1, 2, 3) > Traceback (most recent call last): > File "", line 1, in ? > File "", line 2, in call > TypeError: type() takes exactly 1 argument (3 given) > > *args is python magic for 'expand me in place'. > >>> def call(func, *args, **kwargs): ... print len(args) ... print len(kwargs) ... apply(func, args, kwargs) ... >>> call(foo, a=1, c=3, b=2) 0 3 1 2 3 Just wanted to show you the keyword args syntax while we were discussing nifty ways to call functions. From karthikg@aztec.soft.net Sat Dec 15 17:49:36 2001 From: karthikg@aztec.soft.net (karthik Guru) Date: Sat, 15 Dec 2001 23:19:36 +0530 Subject: [Tutor] apply help (newbie) In-Reply-To: Message-ID: great! thanks for the explanations: > > *args is python magic for 'expand me in place'. > this statement cleared my doubts! karthik. From james2dope@yahoo.com Sat Dec 15 17:55:52 2001 From: james2dope@yahoo.com (james middendorff) Date: Sat, 15 Dec 2001 09:55:52 -0800 (PST) Subject: [Tutor] off the subject Message-ID: <20011215175552.67794.qmail@web13903.mail.yahoo.com> I just wanted to tell everyone of something that I saw today. Now I can finally get rid of Win9x, because you can play windows games like The Sims and Diablo2 on linux boxes! Using software called WineX frin www.transgaming.com! ===== "I would kill everyone in this room for a drop of sweet beer." ----Homer Simpson---- __________________________________________________ Do You Yahoo!? Check out Yahoo! Shopping and Yahoo! Auctions for all of your unique holiday gifts! Buy at http://shopping.yahoo.com or bid at http://auctions.yahoo.com From deliberatus@my995internet.com Sat Dec 15 19:00:29 2001 From: deliberatus@my995internet.com (Kirk Bailey) Date: Sat, 15 Dec 2001 14:00:29 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] class and objects and such References: Message-ID: <3C1B9DCD.1D9D8038@my995internet.com> Ok, first, do you like to be addressed as Sean, Shaleh, Mr Perry, or something REALLY silly? Second, I have taken your gentle repremand to heart regarding line length. Here is a somewhat updated posting of the latest edition of the script, WITH SHORTER LINES. Sean 'Shaleh' Perry wrote: > > On 15-Dec-2001 Kirk Bailey wrote: > > Antacid pills? > > because you do not honour the tradition of !80! chars per line. Which is why > wordwrap is an issue. > > The common commenting style is a block of comments and then a block of code. > If a comment is required on this line it is usually a simple, short blurb. > > ## This is the setup for my cool function. > ## Preconditions: we have an open file > ## Postconditions: message will be a dictionary containing the rfc822 parsed > ## contents of the file > def myfunc(file): > .... > .... > message = Message(file) # feed the whole file to rfc822's Message class > .... > .... > > > Well, at least it is liberally commented. BEWARE WORDWRAP! it is > > attached. > > > > Ok, let's start simply. Have you read the top of rfc822.py? Which also > appears a rfc822.__doc__. > > If so, could you point out where in your code you are having problems? More > than happy to help, just need a starting point. 0--------1---------2---------3---------4---------5---------6---------7----------8---------9 #!/usr/local/bin/python # Tinylist MLM Pitchtime module. # COPYRIGHT 2002 Kirk D Bailey # And made available under the GNU GPL. ################################################################################### # You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License # # along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software # # Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA. # # Also, the GNU GPL may be viewed online at http://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html # ################################################################################### # # "The tyrant's foe, the people's friend, a free press." -Dr Benjamin Franklin. # ################################################################## # Python can be studied and aquired at http://www.python.org/ !!! ################################################################## # # This module only handles receiving and sending out postings to a list. # management of membership is handled by the favored command module # - TLwebcommand, TLemailcommand, or both. # # we now import some functions from assorted libraries. import sys, re, string, rfc822, smtplib, os.path # someday we will collect each needed function # and create a module just of those and distribute it # with tinylist. # make sure you set this to YOUR domain! localhost = 'mydomain.foo' # next line declares the path to stuff. DEFINE IT for *YOUR* server! path = '/www/www.howlermonkey.net/cgi-bin' # to the cgi-bin for your web dir, # with no trailing '/'! # note this tells TL where to start looking. # everything is either here, or under this # point in '/lists/' dir, mostly in '/lists/'. # we read a command line arguement to determine the list name listname = sys.argv[1] # Arguement 0 is the name of the script run, 1 is the # first arguement after that name in the command line, # so this tells us the name of the email identity being addressed- listname! # variable 'incoming' receives the entire incoming message # which is piped to the script on which this reads by the alias # such as: # foolist:"|/pathtoprogram/programname foolist" incoming = raw_input.lines() # this block will contain the rfc822 decoding code when we get it finished. # Using rfc822.py, we digest the message and make parts available to the program. message = rfc822.message(incoming) pass pass pass # end of dummycode. Hereafter we act as if it is decoded. # The information is in the dictionary 'message', each item keyed with the header's # name. The BODY of that dictionary is in the string 'msg'. So are any attachments. from = message.getAddr("From") # we must dig out the 'from: ' field contents # Note we already know who it is TO - 'listname' ! # Remember, the mail ssytem fed it here with a command # line arguement, after sorting it out to a known identity, # so the list's defining alias contains that info. Strip whitespace chars off every element in the list passed to this function. def gangstrip(str): # ok, everybody STRIP! index = 0 # initiate counter=0 while index Message-ID: [Jean Montambeault] > Felt ready for Guido's idea of a tutorial, tryed the examples, tryed > some variations, can't help it and here's something curious : > > >>> tax=17.5/100 > >>> price=3.50 > >>> price*tax > 0.61249999999999993 > >>> price+_ > 4.1124999999999998 > >>> round(_,2) > 4.1100000000000003 # in this case : trailing zeros and an error > >>> ui=3.5555 > >>> price*ui > 12.44425 > >>> round(_,2) > 12.44 # here the expectec behavior > >>> tax*ui > 0.62221249999999995 > >>> round(_,2) > 0.62 # here just as well > > Obviously my question is what caused the difference in behavior, > when must I expect it or best how to avoid it since, really, I can't > imagine a use for the "long" version. This kind of stuff is explained in a new (for Python 2.2) Tutorial appendix. You can read it now here: http://python.sourceforge.net/devel-docs/tut/node14.html Python 2.2 final should be released next Friday. This example in the tutorial has also been changed, but in a devious way, to use numbers that happen to display in a prettier way: >>> tax = 12.5 / 100 >>> price = 100.50 >>> price * tax 12.5625 >>> price + _ 113.0625 >>> round(_, 2) 113.06 >>> From karthikg@aztec.soft.net Sat Dec 15 18:59:13 2001 From: karthikg@aztec.soft.net (karthik Guru) Date: Sun, 16 Dec 2001 00:29:13 +0530 Subject: [Tutor] why BaseClass.__init__ needs to be called explicitly? In-Reply-To: <000d01c1854b$36a1cf60$0100c0a8@videotron.ca> Message-ID: 1. I was just wondering why does'nt python call the base class constructor automatically like in java? I noticed that it does provided i don't've a __init__() in the derived class. why do i need to make an explict call. I noticed that even perl asks us to do this explicitly. Is there any specific reaosn behind this...something to do with scripting languages? is __init__ also treated as a normal method and since we override it in derived class , it does 'nt call the base implementation automatically? 2. do we have a search facility on tutor/python-list sites? i c'd'nt find one. thanks, karthik. From jrm@videotron.ca Sat Dec 15 14:10:28 2001 From: jrm@videotron.ca (Jean Montambeault) Date: Sat, 15 Dec 2001 16:10:28 +0200 Subject: [Tutor] Hummm...dubious behavior. References: Message-ID: <000501c18572$400c5300$0100c0a8@videotron.ca> ----- Original Message ----- From: "Tim Peters" > > This example in the tutorial has also been changed, but in a devious way, to > use numbers that happen to display in a prettier way: Yah! It's going to give a bad name to the concept of deviance ;) > > >>> tax = 12.5 / 100 > >>> price = 100.50 > >>> price * tax > 12.5625 > >>> price + _ > 113.0625 > >>> round(_, 2) > 113.06 > >>> > > > _______________________________________________ > Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org > http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor From dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu Sat Dec 15 21:51:36 2001 From: dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu (Danny Yoo) Date: Sat, 15 Dec 2001 13:51:36 -0800 (PST) Subject: [Tutor] (no subject) In-Reply-To: <20011215144633.60226.qmail@web12308.mail.yahoo.com> Message-ID: On Sat, 15 Dec 2001 vip333d@yahoo.com wrote: > a) when I type in python - os.access('c:\...')- it points on the ")" > and says "invalid tolken" Can you show us the error message verbatim? You don't have to paraphrase the few lines of error messages. When we're catching bugs like this, we really do need to see everything that Python's saying, even if it looks ugly. Think of it as detective work. *grin* Don't feel bad by cutting and pasting error messages: we don't mind looking at them. For example, if we had done something like this: ## >>> os.access(c:\hello.world) ### It becomes very useful if we can see the error in its context: ### >>> os.access(c:\hello.world) File "", line 1 os.access(c:\hello.world) ^ SyntaxError: invalid syntax ### For your bug, I can imagine a few things that might cause a "Token" error like that: ### >>> os.access("c:\index.html\")) File "", line 1 os.access("c:\index.html\")) ^ SyntaxError: invalid token ### but I really don't feel comfortable guessing things, just because what I'm imagining can be pretty wild and wide off the mark. *grin* Also, try not to use '...' when you're showing us what you're doing: we really need to see exactly what you're passing into os.access(). This is particularly important with os.access(), because it takes two arguments: ### >>> os.access.__doc__ 'access(path, mode) -> 1 if granted, 0 otherwise\nTest for access to a file.' >>> os.access(".bash_profile") Traceback (most recent call last): File "", line 1, in ? TypeError: access() takes exactly 2 arguments (1 given) ### and if we try calling it with just 1, Python corrects us by saying that we need to give it 2 arguments. Here's an example call to os.access(): ### >>> os.access(".bash_profile", os.F_OK) 1 >>> os.access("the_princess_and_the_pea", os.F_OK) 0 ### The documentation here shows the modes you can use with os.access to test certain things (like existance, readibility, writability, or executability): http://www.python.org/doc/lib/os-file-dir.html > b) i've tried an order that was in > "www.python.org/doc/lib...": open_new(www...), and it > said: "name error: open_new is not defined" I see that you're using the webbrowser.open_new() function in: http://www.python.org/doc/lib/module-webbrowser.html#l2h-2158 When we're using module functions like webbrowser.open_new(), we need to say something like this: ### >>> webbrowser.open_new("http://python.org") ### If we see something like this when running the above: ### >>> webbrowser.open_new("http://python.org") Traceback (most recent call last): File "", line 1, in ? NameError: name 'webbrowser' is not defined ### it just means that we need to tell Python in advance to prepare the webbrowser module for us, by using an 'import' command: ### >>> import webbrowser >>> webbrowser.open_new("http://python.org") ### We can do searches on Tutor from Activestate's search site: http://aspn.activestate.com/ASPN/Mail/Browse/Threaded/python-Tutor Good luck to you, and please feel free to ask questions. From jrm@videotron.ca Sat Dec 15 16:16:51 2001 From: jrm@videotron.ca (Jean Montambeault) Date: Sat, 15 Dec 2001 18:16:51 +0200 Subject: [Tutor] (no subject) Message-ID: <000901c18583$e80164e0$0100c0a8@videotron.ca> ----- Original Message ----- From: "Jean Montambeault" To: ; Hmmmmm! I had a little time on my hands and tried this : >>> os.access(r"c:\essai.py", os.R_OK) 1 >>> os.access(r"c:\essai.py", os.W_OK) 1 and it works, as you can see, but: >>> os.access("c:\essai.py", os.W_OK) 1 >>> os.access("c:\essasdafis.py", os.W_OK) 0 >>> works too so the os module takes care of the backslash problem as it seems. It wouldn't work for : rich=open("c:\my file\ my beautiful file", "w") you must use the "r" or "\\" with open() there. That way I assumed that it would be the same for "os.access()" and now I'm consumed by shame. :o( This said, since it all works fine here, cut and paste your messages as Danny suggested : the solution can't be very far. Jean M. From wilson@visi.com Sat Dec 15 23:25:18 2001 From: wilson@visi.com (Timothy Wilson) Date: Sat, 15 Dec 2001 17:25:18 -0600 (CST) Subject: [Tutor] Useless (not interesting) little script Message-ID: Hi everyone, Here's something that I whipped up this afternoon. I've always found it interesting to look for dates that combine to form little arithmetic expressions. For example, Jan. 2, 2002 is one because 1 x 2 = '02. Likewise, Feb. 2, 2004 (2 + 2 = '04) and Dec. 2, 2006 (12 / 2 = '06) also work. Interestingly, I don't think it's necessary to consider leap years in this script. I can't think of any combination of 2 and 29 that would make a year this is a leap year. I put it in anyway because the extra check makes no observable difference in execution speed (for a 1,000 years or so anyway). Rob, feel free to add this to Useless Python. (I think it qualifies. :-) Try to guess how many such dates exist in the next millenium and then run the program. My guess wasn't very close. :-) -Tim #!/usr/bin/env python # # calmath.py by Tim Wilson # This program looks for dates that fit into a simple arithmetic expression. # The dates are expressed in the typical American format of # , # # Some matching dates would include: # Jan. 2, 2003 (1 + 2 = 3) # Oct. 3, 2007 (10 - 3 = 7) # Apr. 10, 2040 (4 x 10 = 40) # Aug. 2, 2004 (8 / 2 = 4) # # The program correctly takes leap years into account, but I don't think it's # actually necessary. I can't think of any combination of 2 and 29 that would # be a leap year. def isLeap(year): if year % 400 == 0: return 1 elif year % 10 == 0: return 0 elif year % 4 == 0: return 1 else: return 0 def calmath(startYear, endYear): datesFound = 0 monthNames = {1:'Jan.', 2:'Feb.', 3:'Mar.', 4:'April', 5:'May', 6:'June', 7:'July', 8:'Aug.', 9:'Sept.', 10:'Oct.', 11:'Nov.', 12:'Dec.'} daysInMonths = {1:31, 2:28, 3:31, 4:30, 5:31, 6:30, 7:31, 8:31, 9:30, 10:31, 11:30, 12:31} for year in range(startYear, endYear+1): yr = int(str(year)[-2:]) if isLeap(year): daysInMonths[2] = 29 else: daysInMonths[2] = 28 for month in range(1, 13): for day in range(1, daysInMonths[month]+1): if month+day == yr: datesFound += 1 print "%s %s, %s (%s + %s = '%s)" % \ (monthNames[month], day, year, month, day, str(year)[-2:]) if month-day == yr: datesFound += 1 print "%s %s, %s (%s - %s = '%s)" % \ (monthNames[month], day, year, month, day, str(year)[-2:]) if month*day == yr: datesFound += 1 print "%s %s, %s (%s * %s = '%s)" % \ (monthNames[month], day, year, month, day, str(year)[-2:]) if float(month)/day == yr: datesFound += 1 print "%s %s, %s (%s / %s = '%s)" % \ (monthNames[month], day, year, month, day, str(year)[-2:]) if datesFound == 0: print "\nNo dates found." elif datesFound == 1: print "\nFound one date between Jan. 1, %s and Dec. 31, %s." % \ (startYear, endYear) else: print "\n%s dates found between Jan. 1, %s and Dec. 31, %s." % \ (datesFound, startYear, endYear) def main(): startYear = raw_input("Starting year: ") endYear = raw_input("Ending year: ") if endYear == '': endYear = startYear # Search one year by hitting calmath(int(startYear), int(endYear)) if __name__ == '__main__': main() -- Tim Wilson | Visit Sibley online: | Check out: Henry Sibley HS | http://www.isd197.org | http://www.zope.com W. St. Paul, MN | | http://slashdot.org wilson@visi.com | | http://linux.com From deliberatus@my995internet.com Sun Dec 16 01:40:40 2001 From: deliberatus@my995internet.com (Kirk Bailey) Date: Sat, 15 Dec 2001 20:40:40 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] TinyList post time module update. Message-ID: <3C1BFB98.69DF9953@my995internet.com> Here is the latest spasam. Anyone want to subscribe to a list for this project? mailto:minorfish@howlermonkey.net?Subject=subscribe%20listtalk ================================================================================================================= #!/usr/local/bin/python # Tinylist MLM Pitchtime module. # COPYRIGHT 2002 Kirk D Bailey # And made available under the GNU GPL. ################################################################################### # You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License # # along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software # # Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA. # # Also, the GNU GPL may be viewed online at http://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html # ################################################################################### # # "The tyrant's foe, the people's friend, a free press." -Dr Benjamin Franklin. # ################################################################## # Python can be studied and aquired at http://www.python.org/ !!! ################################################################## # # This module only handles receiving and sending out postings to a list. # management of membership is handled by the favored command module # - TLwebcommand, TLemailcommand, or both. # # we now import some functions from assorted libraries. import sys, re, string, rfc822, smtplib, os.path # someday we will collect each needed function # and create a module just of those and distribute it # with tinylist. # make sure you set this to YOUR domain! localhost = 'mydomain.foo' # next line declares the path to stuff. DEFINE IT for *YOUR* server! path = '/www/www.howlermonkey.net/cgi-bin' # to the cgi-bin for your web dir, # with no trailing '/'! # note this tells TL where to start looking. # everything is either here, or under this # point in '/lists/' dir, mostly in '/lists/'. # we read a command line arguement to determine the list name listname = sys.argv[1] # Arguement 0 is the name of the script run, 1 is the # first arguement after that name in the command line, # so this tells us the name of the email identity being addressed- listname! # variable 'incoming' receives the entire incoming message # which is piped to the script on which this reads by the alias # such as: # foolist:"|/pathtoprogram/programname foolist" #incoming = raw_input.lines() #I commented this out for the moment to see if this is better # this block will contain the rfc822 decoding code when we get it finished. # Using rfc822.py, we digest the message and make parts available to the program. #message = rfc822.message(incoming) incoming = rfc822.Message(sys.stdin) pass pass pass # end of dummycode. Hereafter we act as if it is decoded. # The information is in the dictionary 'message', each item keyed with the header's # name. The BODY of that dictionary is in the string 'msg'. So are any attachments. sender = Message.getAddr("From") # we must dig out the 'from: ' field contents # Note we already know who it is TO - 'listname' ! # Remember, the mail ssytem fed it here with a command # line arguement, after sorting it out to a known identity, # so the list's defining alias contains that info. # Strip whitespace chars off every element in the list passed to this function. def gangstrip(str): # ok, everybody STRIP! index = 0 # initiate counter=0 while index Message-ID: <3C1BFBF7.DF9CD4F6@my995internet.com> fed it a letter, redirecting input from file testletter. AS: ns#./TLpost.py testlist3 < testletter Got these results: ns# ./TLpost.py testlist3 < testletter Traceback (innermost last): File "./TLpost.py", line 67, in ? sender = Message.getAddr("From") # we must dig out the 'from: ' fies NameError: Message ns# Hmmm... here is the latest listing. Danny, if you want to get your feet wet, email me privately and I will send a password to you off list. 1--------0---------0---------0---------0---------0---------0---------0---------0---------0---------:=P #!/usr/local/bin/python # Tinylist MLM Pitchtime module. # COPYRIGHT 2002 Kirk D Bailey # And made available under the GNU GPL. ############################################################################### #### # You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License # # along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software # # Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA. # # Also, the GNU GPL may be viewed online at http://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html # ############################################################################### #### # # "The tyrant's foe, the people's friend, a free press." -Dr Benjamin Franklin. # ################################################################## # Python can be studied and aquired at http://www.python.org/ !!! ################################################################## # # This module only handles receiving and sending out postings to a list. # management of membership is handled by the favored command module # - TLwebcommand, TLemailcommand, or both. # # we now import some functions from assorted libraries. import sys, re, string, rfc822, smtplib, os.path # someday we will collect each needed function # and create a module just of those and distribute it # with tinylist. # make sure you set this to YOUR domain! localhost = 'mydomain.foo' # next line declares the path to stuff. DEFINE IT for *YOUR* server! path = '/www/www.howlermonkey.net/cgi-bin' # to the cgi-bin for your web dir, # with no trailing '/'! # note this tells TL where to start looking. # everything is either here, or under this # point in '/lists/' dir, mostly in '/lists/'. # we read a command line arguement to determine the list name listname = sys.argv[1] # Arguement 0 is the name of the script run, 1 is the # first arguement after that name in the command line, # so this tells us the name of the email identity being addressed- listname! # variable 'incoming' receives the entire incoming message # which is piped to the script on which this reads by the alias # such as: # foolist:"|/pathtoprogram/programname foolist" #incoming = raw_input.lines() #I commented this out for the moment to see if this is better # this block will contain the rfc822 decoding code when we get it finished. # Using rfc822.py, we digest the message and make parts available to the program. #message = rfc822.message(incoming) incoming = rfc822.Message(sys.stdin) pass pass pass # end of dummycode. Hereafter we act as if it is decoded. # The information is in the dictionary 'message', each item keyed with the header's # name. The BODY of that dictionary is in the string 'msg'. So are any attachments. sender = Message.getAddr("From") # we must dig out the 'from: ' field contents # Note we already know who it is TO - 'listname' ! # Remember, the mail ssytem fed it here with a command # line arguement, after sorting it out to a known identity, # so the list's defining alias contains that info. # Strip whitespace chars off every element in the list passed to this function. def gangstrip(str): # ok, everybody STRIP! index = 0 # initiate counter=0 while index Message-ID: <3C1C0493.AEDAF6F8@my995internet.com> ARG! I am so close to having this finished it is unreal. DANNY, you there? Sean 'Shaleh' Perry wrote: > > On 16-Dec-2001 Kirk Bailey wrote: > > Glad to see you are home. Do you icq? > > msn? > > YIM? > > Tie mesages to rocks? :-) > > > > > > Carrier pigeons (-: Actually the wife is kicking me out for a party she is > throwing with her lady friends. Won't see the computer again until Monday. -- Respectfully, -Kirk D Bailey (C)2001 Addme! icq #27840081 end Within the sweep of his sword, Each man is an Ubar. http://www.howlermonkey.net/ http://www.sacredelectron.org/ From dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu Sun Dec 16 02:30:34 2001 From: dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu (Danny Yoo) Date: Sat, 15 Dec 2001 18:30:34 -0800 (PST) Subject: [Tutor] (no subject) [Escape codes / os.access()] In-Reply-To: <000901c18583$e80164e0$0100c0a8@videotron.ca> Message-ID: On Sat, 15 Dec 2001, Jean Montambeault wrote: > Hmmmmm! I had a little time on my hands and tried this : > >>> os.access(r"c:\essai.py", os.R_OK) > 1 > >>> os.access(r"c:\essai.py", os.W_OK) > 1 > > and it works, as you can see, but: > > >>> os.access("c:\essai.py", os.W_OK) > 1 > >>> os.access("c:\essasdafis.py", os.W_OK) > 0 > >>> > > works too so the os module takes care of the backslash problem as it seems. Actually, os.access() doesn't. In the particular case of figuring out what "\e" means, Python sees that it doesn't know any escape code like that, so it will let it through. Python 2.1 shows this pretty well if we use the interpreter: ### >>> "\e" '\\e' >>> "\n" '\n' ### In the first call, Python will automagically escape the backslash for us. That's why it shows the '\\e' in there, just to point out that there's a literal backslash in the string. In the second call, there is an escape code called '\n', which is the "newline" character. So that's why its representation looks different from '\e'. If your files began with an 'n' or 't', you would probably run into this problem more often. One way to get around worrying about backslashes is to dodge them altogether, and use forward slashes '/' instead. Windows will understand that we're using the forward slashes to get inside directories. So this should work: ### os.access("c:/essai.py", os.W_OK) ### > It wouldn't work for : > > rich=open("c:\my file\ my beautiful file", "w") > > you must use the "r" or "\\" with open() there. > That way I assumed that it would be the same for "os.access()" > and now I'm consumed by shame. :o( No no, you were right the first time. Handing backslashes in string literals should be consistant throughout Python. open() doesn't do anything more special with its input than os.access(). There may be another reason why your open(): > rich=open("c:\my file\ my beautiful file", "w") failed. If you can show us the error message, we may get an idea of why it didn't work. One thing: can files begin with spaces on Windows? I don't have a Windows system at the moment to check this. Talk to you later! From rw_hyde@yahoo.com Sat Dec 15 22:49:33 2001 From: rw_hyde@yahoo.com (Ryan W. Hyde) Date: Sat, 15 Dec 2001 18:49:33 -0400 Subject: [Tutor] getting started Message-ID: <00c401c185c4$b1bca8e0$0200a8c0@RYAN366> This is a multi-part message in MIME format. ------=_NextPart_000_00C0_01C18599.3CB6FBC0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset="Windows-1252" Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable how do i run a script typed up in txt format through the interpreter? -Ryan ------=_NextPart_000_00C0_01C18599.3CB6FBC0 Content-Type: text/html; charset="Windows-1252" Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable

how do i run a script typed up in txt = format=20 through the interpreter?
       =20     -Ryan
------=_NextPart_000_00C0_01C18599.3CB6FBC0-- _________________________________________________________ Do You Yahoo!? Get your free @yahoo.com address at http://mail.yahoo.com From jrm@videotron.ca Sat Dec 15 19:43:53 2001 From: jrm@videotron.ca (Jean Montambeault) Date: Sat, 15 Dec 2001 21:43:53 +0200 Subject: [Tutor] (no subject) [Escape codes / os.access()] References: Message-ID: <001101c185a0$d3f820c0$0100c0a8@videotron.ca> ----- Original Message ----- From: "Danny Yoo" To: "Jean Montambeault" There may be > another reason why your open(): > > > rich=open("c:\my file\ my beautiful file", "w") > No, I was wrong and it works. I just hope that vip is getting something useful from all that. I know I have. Thank Danny Jean M. From ak@silmarill.org Sun Dec 16 02:52:58 2001 From: ak@silmarill.org (Andrei Kulakov) Date: Sat, 15 Dec 2001 21:52:58 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] getting started In-Reply-To: <00c401c185c4$b1bca8e0$0200a8c0@RYAN366> References: <00c401c185c4$b1bca8e0$0200a8c0@RYAN366> Message-ID: <20011215215258.B22016@sill.silmarill.org> On Sat, Dec 15, 2001 at 06:49:33PM -0400, Ryan W. Hyde wrote: > how do i run a script typed up in txt format through the interpreter? > -Ryan Let's say your script is named test.py; start up your command line interface (msdos prompt), and type "python test.py" without the quotes. - Andrei -- Cymbaline: intelligent learning mp3 player - python, linux, console. get it at: cy.silmarill.org From shalehperry@attbi.com Sun Dec 16 04:10:10 2001 From: shalehperry@attbi.com (Sean 'Shaleh' Perry) Date: Sat, 15 Dec 2001 20:10:10 -0800 (PST) Subject: [Tutor] class and objects and such In-Reply-To: <3C1C0493.AEDAF6F8@my995internet.com> Message-ID: I founbd my old icq uin. 1345612 From myuen@ucalgary.ca Sun Dec 16 06:03:03 2001 From: myuen@ucalgary.ca (Mike Yuen) Date: Sat, 15 Dec 2001 23:03:03 -0700 (MST) Subject: [Tutor] Prompting and graphics Message-ID: I've got a couple of questions. First one has to do with prompting a user for data and reading it in, i'm from the C++ world and used to using cin and cout statements. Second, i've heard that I can graphically display some of my data. Is there a seperate module I have to import? Thanks, Mike From toodles@yifan.net Sun Dec 16 06:30:54 2001 From: toodles@yifan.net (Andy W) Date: Sun, 16 Dec 2001 14:30:54 +0800 Subject: [Tutor] Prompting and graphics References: Message-ID: <004601c185fb$38324a70$0300a8c0@sun> Hi Mike, > I've got a couple of questions. First one has to do with prompting a user > for data and reading it in, i'm from the C++ world and used to using cin > and cout statements. You can use either of two functions (there might be other more obscure ways): input(prompt) raw_input(prompt) They work essentially the same, but "input" evaluates the data read, whereas "raw_input" does not. This can be dangerous if your program is open to malicious users, who could (the most frequently used example i've seen) open a file for writing, thus truncating it. (by supplying the input prompt with "open('important_file','w')". Here's how raw_input works: >>> x=raw_input('!> ') !> 123 >>> x '123' Following on with "input"... >>> input('eval: ') eval: x '1' (Of course I could have put that into a variable, I just wanted to show the evaluation part) > > Second, i've heard that I can graphically display some of my data. Is > there a seperate module I have to import? There's a number of GUIs for Python. You will need to import a separate module (and in non-Tkinter cases, download too). Tkinter is the official Python GUI, but there are others such as, one which I quite like, wxPython. Tkinter resources: http://www.python.org/topics/tkinter/ wxPython: http://www.wxpython.org/ > > Thanks, > Mike HTH, Andrew > > > > _______________________________________________ > Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org > http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor > From listservb@quinceleaf.com Sun Dec 16 06:40:20 2001 From: listservb@quinceleaf.com (Quniceleaf Listservs) Date: Sun, 16 Dec 2001 01:40:20 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] Redirecting output from the HTMLParser to a file Message-ID: I'm trying to filter an HTML file through the HTMLParser, and have been experiencing trouble with what I'm attempting. I'm reading in an HTML file, then passing it to a combination of writer/formatter/HTMLparser. The various steps are omitted, as I've merely used standard scripts from various Python books. # print html body as plain text p = htmllib.HTMLParser(f) p.feed(workdata) p.close() It filters the HTML text (workdata) beautifully to the Interactive Window, but I cannot get it to feed its output into a string or file, which is the whole point of the exercise. If I try to redirect the output to an open file via a write() command, I get the error: TypeError: argument 1 must be string or read-only character buffer, not None Does anyone have any advice? Does anyone know where I can find more detailed information on the HTMLParser? The basic online documentation doesn't seem to explain it in as much detail as I seem to need. From listservb@quinceleaf.com Sun Dec 16 07:02:13 2001 From: listservb@quinceleaf.com (Quniceleaf Listservs) Date: Sun, 16 Dec 2001 02:02:13 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] Python not being found in the registry? Message-ID: I'm using Python 2.2c1 on a Win2K machine. I've repeatedly tried installing two Python addons from different sources (XIST and the MySQL-interface) that each use a Windows installer program based on distutils-1.0.2pre. Both need to locate the Python installation before proceeding with the setup, and will not allow the user to browse and specify the location themselves. Unfortunately, neither can ever find a Python installation, and thus will not install. I've tried this repeatedly with Python 2.1, 2.2b, 2.2c1, and with ActiveState's distribution. In each case the installation is reflected in the Windows registry, but only the ActiveState install appears in the setup (and due to instability issues I am sticking with the standard distribution). Has anyone else encountered this problem? - Brian From deliberatus@my995internet.com Sun Dec 16 09:02:07 2001 From: deliberatus@my995internet.com (Kirk Bailey) Date: Sun, 16 Dec 2001 04:02:07 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] smtplib Message-ID: <3C1C630F.442C1E31@my995internet.com> Quoting from the online manual in the module department, referring to smtplib, I read: sendmail(from_addr, to_addrs, msg[, mail_options, rcpt_options]) Send mail. The required arguments are an RFC 822 from-address string, a list of RFC 822 to-address strings, and a message string. The caller may pass a list of ESMTP options (such as "8bitmime") to be used in "MAIL FROM" commands as mail_options. ESMTP options (such as "DSN" commands) that should be used with all "RCPT" commands can be passed as rcpt_options. (If you need to use different ESMTP options to different recipients you have to use the low-level methods such as mail, rcpt and data to send the message.) Well, can I also pass along SUBJECT as a variable, or must I prepend that to the msg string? Any smtplib kahunas out there? -- Respectfully, -Kirk D Bailey (C)2001 Addme! icq #27840081 end Within the sweep of his sword, Each man is an Ubar. http://www.howlermonkey.net/ http://www.sacredelectron.org/ From ak@silmarill.org Sun Dec 16 15:41:43 2001 From: ak@silmarill.org (Andrei Kulakov) Date: Sun, 16 Dec 2001 10:41:43 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] Prompting and graphics In-Reply-To: References: Message-ID: <20011216104143.A25361@sill.silmarill.org> On Sat, Dec 15, 2001 at 11:03:03PM -0700, Mike Yuen wrote: > I've got a couple of questions. First one has to do with prompting a user > for data and reading it in, i'm from the C++ world and used to using cin > and cout statements. test = raw_input("type stuff here: ") print test > > Second, i've heard that I can graphically display some of my data. Is > there a seperate module I have to import? Tkinter, I guess.. > > Thanks, > Mike > > > > _______________________________________________ > Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org > http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor -- Cymbaline: intelligent learning mp3 player - python, linux, console. get it at: cy.silmarill.org From shalehperry@attbi.com Sun Dec 16 18:17:44 2001 From: shalehperry@attbi.com (Sean 'Shaleh' Perry) Date: Sun, 16 Dec 2001 10:17:44 -0800 (PST) Subject: [Tutor] smtplib In-Reply-To: <3C1C630F.442C1E31@my995internet.com> Message-ID: > > Well, can I also pass along SUBJECT as a variable, or must I prepend > that to the msg string? > > Any smtplib kahunas out there? > you add any needed headers to the message string, then send the whole string to sendmail(). From john@pertalion.org Sun Dec 16 20:13:11 2001 From: john@pertalion.org (John Pertalion) Date: Sun, 16 Dec 2001 15:13:11 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] smtplib In-Reply-To: <3C1C630F.442C1E31@my995internet.com> Message-ID: msg = "Subject:some text\r\n" + msg >From rfc822, it's looking for the CRLF or \r\n to separate the subject from the message body. >Well, can I also pass along SUBJECT as a variable, or must I prepend >that to the msg string? From i812@iname.com Sun Dec 16 21:36:40 2001 From: i812@iname.com (Rob McGee) Date: Sun, 16 Dec 2001 15:36:40 -0600 Subject: [Tutor] dictionary vs. list considerations Message-ID: <20011216153640.D3310@hal> For what I want to do a dictionary would be a little easier to use, but a list could suffice. What kind of considerations (such as performance and memory use) are there in deciding which to use? I don't mind having a little bit more code (to retrieve my objects out of a list) if it's faster or uses less memory than a dictionary. Thanks, Rob - /dev/rob0 From ak@silmarill.org Sun Dec 16 21:44:01 2001 From: ak@silmarill.org (Andrei Kulakov) Date: Sun, 16 Dec 2001 16:44:01 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] dictionary vs. list considerations In-Reply-To: <20011216153640.D3310@hal> References: <20011216153640.D3310@hal> Message-ID: <20011216164401.A26634@sill.silmarill.org> On Sun, Dec 16, 2001 at 03:36:40PM -0600, Rob McGee wrote: > For what I want to do a dictionary would be a little easier to use, but > a list could suffice. What kind of considerations (such as performance > and memory use) are there in deciding which to use? I don't mind having > a little bit more code (to retrieve my objects out of a list) if it's > faster or uses less memory than a dictionary. > > Thanks, > Rob - /dev/rob0 I think dictionary is usually faster, but it depends on circumstances. Besides, the rule of thumb is that even gurus often make mistakes when guessing performance of different approaches, so if you're concerned with speed at all, try both ways and time 'em. > > _______________________________________________ > Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org > http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor -- Cymbaline: intelligent learning mp3 player - python, linux, console. get it at: cy.silmarill.org From brian@quinceleaf.com Sun Dec 16 06:09:57 2001 From: brian@quinceleaf.com (Brian Ibbotson) Date: Sun, 16 Dec 2001 01:09:57 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] Redirecting output from the HTMLParser to a file Message-ID: I'm trying to filter an HTML file through the HTMLParser, and have been experiencing trouble with what I'm attempting. I'm reading in an HTML file, then passing it to a combination of writer/formatter/HTMLparser. The various steps are omitted, as I've merely used standard scripts from various Python books. # print html body as plain text p = htmllib.HTMLParser(f) p.feed(workdata) p.close() It filters the HTML text (workdata) beautifully to the Interactive Window, but I cannot get it to feed its output into a string or file, which is the whole point of the exercise. If I try to redirect the output to an open file via a write() command, I get the error: TypeError: argument 1 must be string or read-only character buffer, not None Does anyone have any advice? Does anyone know where I can find more detailed information on the HTMLParser? The basic online documentation doesn't seem to explain it in as much detail as I seem to need. From m_konermann@gmx.de Mon Dec 17 02:22:12 2001 From: m_konermann@gmx.de (Marcus Konermann) Date: Mon, 17 Dec 2001 03:22:12 +0100 Subject: [Tutor] Shadow Class Generation Problem Message-ID: <3C1D56D4.C786885C@gmx.de> --------------940C4D9B9E273F51B9DFD38E Content-Type: text/plain; charset=iso-8859-1 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit Hi @ All ! I generate a Python Shadow Class from an excisting c++ file using SWIG. The compiling and linking process went ok and a simanneal.py file was generated beginning in the following form: # This file was created automatically by SWIG. import simannealfilec class simanneal_varlist: def __init__(self,*args): self.this = apply(simannealfilec.new_simanneal_varlist,args) self.thisown = 1 And after using this simanneal.py by importing it the following error occurs: Traceback (most recent call last): File "C:\Python2_1_1\Pythonwin\pywin\framework\scriptutils.py", line 396, in ImportFile reload(sys.modules[modName]) File "C:\Optimierer\ext1\mainko.py", line 2, in ? import simannealfile File "C:\Optimierer\AG TEM\simannealfile.py", line 2, in ? import simannealfilec ImportError: No module named simannealfilec In the SWIG manual i read that this simannealfilec was automatically generated by SWIG and that this file is´nt visible. Has anyone an idea to avoid this error message ? Greetings Marcus --------------940C4D9B9E273F51B9DFD38E Content-Type: text/html; charset=us-ascii Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit Hi @ All !

I generate a Python Shadow Class from an excisting c++ file using SWIG. The compiling and linking process went ok and a simanneal.py file was generated beginning in the following form:

# This file was created automatically by SWIG.
import simannealfilec
class simanneal_varlist:
    def __init__(self,*args):
        self.this = apply(simannealfilec.new_simanneal_varlist,args)
        self.thisown = 1

And after using this simanneal.py by importing it the following error occurs:

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "C:\Python2_1_1\Pythonwin\pywin\framework\scriptutils.py", line 396, in ImportFile
    reload(sys.modules[modName])
  File "C:\Optimierer\ext1\mainko.py", line 2, in ?
    import simannealfile
  File "C:\Optimierer\AG TEM\simannealfile.py", line 2, in ?
    import simannealfilec
ImportError: No module named simannealfilec

In the SWIG manual i read that this simannealfilec was automatically generated by SWIG and that this file is´nt visible.
Has anyone an idea to avoid this error message ?

Greetings
Marcus --------------940C4D9B9E273F51B9DFD38E-- From deliberatus@my995internet.com Mon Dec 17 04:20:29 2001 From: deliberatus@my995internet.com (Kirk Bailey) Date: Sun, 16 Dec 2001 23:20:29 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] read a random line from a file Message-ID: <3C1D728D.7F2616F5@my995internet.com> OK, I know there is a simple way to do it, and I cannot locate the correct ommand. I want to open a flat text file, read ONE randomly selected line into a string, and close the file. I need the command for reading a line at random, and what module it is in. I understand there is such a command already defined, and it is simple to use, but canot find it again. -- Respectfully, -Kirk D Bailey (C)2001 Addme! icq #27840081 end Within the sweep of his sword, Each man is an Ubar. http://www.howlermonkey.net/ http://www.sacredelectron.org/ From ak@silmarill.org Mon Dec 17 06:25:23 2001 From: ak@silmarill.org (Andrei Kulakov) Date: Mon, 17 Dec 2001 01:25:23 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] read a random line from a file In-Reply-To: <3C1D728D.7F2616F5@my995internet.com> References: <3C1D728D.7F2616F5@my995internet.com> Message-ID: <20011217012523.A1408@sill.silmarill.org> On Sun, Dec 16, 2001 at 11:20:29PM -0500, Kirk Bailey wrote: > OK, I know there is a simple way to do it, and I cannot locate the > correct ommand. I want to open a flat text file, read ONE randomly > selected line into a string, and close the file. I need the command for > reading a line at random, and what module it is in. I understand there > is such a command already defined, and it is simple to use, but canot > find it again. #!/usr/bin/env python2 import os, sys, random proj = os.path.expanduser("~/.t/p") f = open(proj) projects = [] lines = f.readlines() for l in lines: if l.strip(): projects.append(l) print random.choice(projects), It's good if file isn't too large.. > > -- > Respectfully, > -Kirk D Bailey (C)2001 > Addme! icq #27840081 > end > > > Within the sweep of his sword, Each man is an Ubar. > > http://www.howlermonkey.net/ > http://www.sacredelectron.org/ > > _______________________________________________ > Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org > http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor -- Cymbaline: intelligent learning mp3 player - python, linux, console. get it at: cy.silmarill.org From dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu Mon Dec 17 07:52:21 2001 From: dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu (Danny Yoo) Date: Sun, 16 Dec 2001 23:52:21 -0800 (PST) Subject: [Tutor] read a random line from a file In-Reply-To: <20011217012523.A1408@sill.silmarill.org> Message-ID: On Mon, 17 Dec 2001, Andrei Kulakov wrote: > On Sun, Dec 16, 2001 at 11:20:29PM -0500, Kirk Bailey wrote: > > OK, I know there is a simple way to do it, and I cannot locate the > > correct ommand. I want to open a flat text file, read ONE randomly > > selected line into a string, and close the file. I need the command for > > reading a line at random, and what module it is in. I understand there > > is such a command already defined, and it is simple to use, but canot > > find it again. Actually, I'm not sure if it's built in at all. However, we can cook up a few definitions so that it becomes a tool we can use. To get a random line from a file, it might be useful to write something that tells us how many lines a file contains. Here's one way to do it: ### def countLines(file): """Given a file, returns the number of lines it contains. The current file position should be preserved as long as the file supports tell() and seek().""" old_position = file.tell() count = 0 while file.readline() != '': count = count + 1 file.seek(old_position) return count ### If we had a way to choose a random number between 0 and the countLines() of a file, we'd be in business. Thankfully, there is something in the library that can help us: random.randrange(): ### >>> random.randrange(10) 4 >>> random.randrange(10) 7 >>> random.randrange(10) 4 ### There is documentation on random.randrange() here: http://www.python.org/doc/lib/module-random.html if you're interested in playing around with random stuff. *grin* Also, it would be great if, when we knew which line we wanted to pull out, we could get get that particular line. There's a module called 'linecache' that can do this for us: http://www.python.org/doc/lib/module-linecache.html But if 'linecache' wasn't there, it still wouldn't be too hard to cook something up like it. With these tools, it becomes possible to write a simple random line grabber: ### def getRandomLine(filename): """Given a filename, returns a random line.""" linecount = countLines(open(filename)) chosen_line_number = random.randrange(linecount) return linecache.getline(filename, chosen_line_number) ### Writing function definitions can be a lot of fun. Hope this helps! From slime@vsnl.net Mon Dec 17 08:51:31 2001 From: slime@vsnl.net (Prahlad Vaidyanathan) Date: Mon, 17 Dec 2001 14:21:31 +0530 Subject: [Tutor] display filter slow Message-ID: <20011217085131.GA3141@localhost.localdomain> --24zk1gE8NUlDmwG9 Content-Type: multipart/mixed; boundary="h31gzZEtNLTqOjlF" Content-Disposition: inline --h31gzZEtNLTqOjlF Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii Content-Disposition: inline Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Hi, Since this is my first post to this list, a 'howdy' to everyone here. Now, I get many mails from people with really crazy quote-strings. So, as I use mutt, I decided to hack up a script to filter the mail before it is displayed in mutt's pager (using the $display_filter variable). I've attached version 0.0001 of the script. The main problem in this being, the filter takes a great deal of time. ie. # With display_filter set to this script $ time -p mutt -f =3Dinbox -e "push qq" real 0.60 user 0.52 sys 0.09 # With display_filter set to nothing $ time -p mutt -f =3Dinbox -e "push qq" real 0.22 user 0.17 sys 0.05 As you can see, the script takes nearly thrice the amount of time as without it. I'm sure there is a more efficient way of filtering my mail, so any help would be appreciated. Also, the script doesn't change the quote-string for deeper levels of quoting, ie. % # * blah> quoted text here becomes > # * blah> quoted text here not > > > > quoted text here I hope I have explained myself clearly. Actually, a similar script exists in perl (written by someone else), but I am re-inventing the wheel because I want to learn python, and I want to do some other stuff like line-wrapping, etc. which the perl script has not yet implemented. pv. --=20 Prahlad Vaidyanathan What, me worry ? http://www.symonds.net/~prahladv/ Don't Panic ! -- --h31gzZEtNLTqOjlF Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii Content-Disposition: attachment; filename="display_filter.py" #!/usr/bin/env python import sys import re file = sys.stdin # Set these accding to your needs strip_trailing_spaces = 1 # "foo bar \n" => "foo bar\n" strip_empty_quotes = 1 # "> > \n" => "\n" # REs quote_regexp = re.compile("^(-->)|^([ \t]*[A-Za-z]+>)|^([ \t\"]*[|>}%])") bad_sig = re.compile("^-{1,3}$") for line in file.readlines(): # Fix quotes if quote_regexp.match(line): line = quote_regexp.sub(">",line,10) # Strip trailing white-spaces, but not sig-dashes if strip_trailing_spaces and not re.match("^-- $",line): line = re.compile("\s+$").sub("\n",line) # String empty quoted lines if strip_empty_quotes: line = re.compile("^(>){1,}[ \t]*$").sub("",line) # Fix sig-dashes if re.match(bad_sig,line): line = re.sub(bad_sig,"-- ",line) # Display it print line, --h31gzZEtNLTqOjlF-- --24zk1gE8NUlDmwG9 Content-Type: application/pgp-signature Content-Disposition: inline -----BEGIN PGP SIGNATURE----- Version: GnuPG v1.0.4 (GNU/Linux) Comment: For info see http://www.gnupg.org iD8DBQE8HbITIKhjOSElu4YRAkhtAJ4lfgg1wABu1z8WtfBIQs37KhHxUQCfSX0+ rLI0FzhP1v6rqTRVNH7DON8= =M9PJ -----END PGP SIGNATURE----- --24zk1gE8NUlDmwG9-- From alan.gauld@bt.com Mon Dec 17 15:46:22 2001 From: alan.gauld@bt.com (alan.gauld@bt.com) Date: Mon, 17 Dec 2001 15:46:22 -0000 Subject: [Tutor] class Clowning: saving references to other instances Message-ID: <5104D4DBC598D211B5FE0000F8FE7EB20E66C1C7@mbtlipnt02.btlabs.bt.co.uk> > self.location = location # an integer, unique > self.index = index # also unique integer > self.name = uppercase[index] # uppercase letter, also Huh? index is a unique integer... but you are taking the uppercase of it? > from one Clown instance to another. The > distance(self, other) method uses "exec" > to store the distance values in self.(other.name) Oh dear, not again... ;-) Using exec for this is really not very good. A dictionary to store these would be better. self.others = {} self.others[other.name] = dist and other.others[self.name] = dist > Because it's tied to the way I'm storing these > instances, I don't like the way it works Correct, if you want to access things by a string key (name in this case) the best solution is nearly always to use a dictionary and nearly never to use exec()! > how the data is stored I'll also have to change > the class method. Not by much. > The reason why I'm doing this is just to save > a little redundant processing. But you are introducing a heap of redundant processing by calling exec! > One solution would be to put the "exec" code in a function That tidies it up a little but doesn't really help. > should maintain them all in a single self.distances list: > [(B, 5.0), (C, 1.414), (D, 7.6645), ...] Or a DICTIONARY? { "B":5.0, "C":1.414,....} > Then the distance(self, other) method filters self.distances > "x[0] == str(other)". If found, return x[1], if x.has_key(str(other)) : return x[str(other)] else: return # call distance(...) > self.distances.append((other.name, distance)) > other.distances.append((self.name, distance)) Looks a lot better, and more OO like. > Have I figured out my own solution?!? :) Getting closer, but dictionaries instead of lists would make it all much easier IMHO. > [1] from an old Jim Croce song, "Operator", appx. 1971 (?) Yeah, Nice taste in music :-) Alan g. From alan.gauld@bt.com Mon Dec 17 16:01:00 2001 From: alan.gauld@bt.com (alan.gauld@bt.com) Date: Mon, 17 Dec 2001 16:01:00 -0000 Subject: [Tutor] Hummm...dubious behavior. Message-ID: <5104D4DBC598D211B5FE0000F8FE7EB20E66C1C8@mbtlipnt02.btlabs.bt.co.uk> > >>> 0.6125 > 0.61250000000000004 > >>> > > occurs because of the fact, that the number 0.6125 > is not a power of 2 (or 1/2) and so the internal > binary representation of it *has* to be > an approximation of it. Correct. And round is not intended to change the printed representation of the numbers but to change the actual value of the number. To change the representation use string formatting codes Thus: >>> print "%5.3" % math.pi 3.142 ie 5 characters with 3 after the decimal point. > (Maybe this has something to do with the difference > between __repr__ and __str__ (?) ) Yes again. The interpreter uses one, print uses the other. (I can't remember which is which, I thing print uses str...) > >>> print 0.6125, 4.1225 > 0.6125 4.1225 > >>> print (0.6125, 4.1225) > (0.61250000000000004, 4.1224999999999996) No, its consistent, one is the __str__ of a number the other is the __str__ of a tuple. Its down to how those __str__ functions work not a discrepency in print. [ You should be able to verify this by calling the __str__ and __repr__ functions explicitly, but I haven't tried... ] Alan g. Author of the 'Learning to Program' web site http://www.freenetpages.co.uk/hp/alan.gauld From alan.gauld@bt.com Mon Dec 17 16:34:14 2001 From: alan.gauld@bt.com (alan.gauld@bt.com) Date: Mon, 17 Dec 2001 16:34:14 -0000 Subject: [Tutor] (no subject) Message-ID: <5104D4DBC598D211B5FE0000F8FE7EB20E66C1C9@mbtlipnt02.btlabs.bt.co.uk> > a) when I type in python - os.access('c:\...') Erm, this isn't meant to be cheeky but you're not literally typing in the three dots are you? ie You need to provide a valid file specification: os.access('c:/autoexec.bat') (NB forward slash works on DOS too.) If you are typing the three dots that's the problem, the os won't recognise it. Alan g. Author of the 'Learning to Program' web site http://www.freenetpages.co.uk/hp/alan.gauld From alan.gauld@bt.com Mon Dec 17 16:39:02 2001 From: alan.gauld@bt.com (alan.gauld@bt.com) Date: Mon, 17 Dec 2001 16:39:02 -0000 Subject: [Tutor] (no subject) Message-ID: <5104D4DBC598D211B5FE0000F8FE7EB20E66C1CA@mbtlipnt02.btlabs.bt.co.uk> > os.access("c:\\.........\\..........) etc... > or > os.access(r"c:\..........\.......)etc... or os.access("c:/......./.....") You can use forward slashes as path separators on Windows/DOS too. Alan g. From alan.gauld@bt.com Mon Dec 17 18:35:05 2001 From: alan.gauld@bt.com (alan.gauld@bt.com) Date: Mon, 17 Dec 2001 18:35:05 -0000 Subject: [Tutor] why BaseClass.__init__ needs to be called explicitly? Message-ID: <5104D4DBC598D211B5FE0000F8FE7EB20E66C1CD@mbtlipnt02.btlabs.bt.co.uk> > 1. I was just wondering why does'nt python call the base > class constructor automatically like in java? Theres several ways to view this, first __init__() isn't really a constructor - its called *after* the class is constructed. Its an initialisation hook... Secondly, Java is unusual in this regard if it calls superclass constructors implicitly(I didn't actually realise it did that!). C++ which does have constructors and several other compiled languages require explicit calling of the base class constructor. There is an advantage to this in that you can effectively override the base constructor, although its a fairly dangerous thing to do IMHO! > I noticed that it does provided i don't've a > __init__() in the derived class. Thats because being an initialisation function it gets called automatically after creation. Python just calls self.__init__() and that goes through the usual python tree search for a version of init() to run if none exists in the immediate object. > Is there any specific reason behind this... Its a good thing coz it offers more control to the programmer. > something to do with scripting languages? Nope, nothing to do with scripting per se. > 2. do we have a search facility on tutor/python-list sites? The ActiveState archive is searchable. Alan G From deliberatus@my995internet.com Mon Dec 17 19:39:42 2001 From: deliberatus@my995internet.com (Kirk Bailey) Date: Mon, 17 Dec 2001 14:39:42 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] latest snapshot of TLpost.py Message-ID: <3C1E49FE.D7057959@my995internet.com> Latest snapshot of TLpost. Anyone want to look? Discussion, comments, suggestions all welcome. Filthy jokes also, but they're off topic for this list (so email them to me seperately!) rfc822 still leaves me blind. However, i wrote a fuction to load a file and return one line from it. Note how the footers are handled. 1 per list, 1 rotation per list, 1 footer for the entire service, 1 rotation for the entire service. If you do not want to use something, leave it out and it is bypassed. Samo for the REPLY-TO header field. If we can simply grok the issness of rfc822, (and flesh out parsing the from address), we got this thing aced, and on to the web subscription manager. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- #!/usr/local/bin/python # Tinylist MLM Pitchtime module. # COPYRIGHT 2002 Kirk D Bailey # And made available under the GNU GPL. # #ADMIN AND LEGAL STUFF: ############################################################################### # You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License # along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software #10 # Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA. # # Also, the GNU GPL may be viewed online at # http://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html #########1#########2#########3#########4#########5#########6#########7#########8 #that line is 80 char across, try to stay within it if you can. # # "The tyrant's foe, the people's friend, a free press." -Dr Benjamin Franklin. # ############################################################################### #21 Python can be studied and aquired at http://www.python.org/ !!! ############################################################################### # # This module only handles receiving and sending out postings to a list. # management of membership is handled by the favored command module # - TLwebcommand, TLemailcommand, or both. # ############################################################################### # # DEVLOPER'S NOTES: # I have restored the old flavor of gangstrip, as the method we tried had # problems. This is larger and probably slower, but it works. -kdb # # I also have modified message processing so all the headers except to, from # are in msg itself, to comply with how sendmail() actually handles a message. # It just wants TO and FROM specified as variables, and the message as a HUGE # string with any other headers at the start of it. Recall that a body of a # letter is preceeded with a blank line after the last header- # that is, # (headlerdata)CRLFCRLFfirstlineofbodyCRLFsecondlineofbodyCRLF... # -kdb # # We also need to process the FROM address so we cook it down to a bare assed # email address with no decorations or extras. # This is 'identity@domain.type' with NOTHING ELSE. # we preserve the actual full data # (such as '"Sean 'Shaleh' Perry" ' # for politeness sake when dealing with the sending out # of a posting. -kdb # BEGIN PROCESSING PORTION ####################################################### # we now import some functions from assorted libraries. import sys, re, string, rfc822, smtplib, os.path ############################################################ # someday we will collect each needed function # and create a module just of those and distribute it # with tinylist. This will load faster, but will require # the user to place it right and do other tech things most # novices cringe from. And I don't blaim a novice from # cringing, for the most part. -kdb ############################################################ # make sure you set this to YOUR domain! localhost = 'howlermonkey.net' # next line declares the path to stuff. DO NOT use a trailing '/'! path = '/www/www.howlermonkey.net/cgi-bin' print 'path=', path # This ends the configuration portion. Hereafter only hackers need venture. ############################################################################### # # # # # # # # # # # # # # WHAT?!? Still reading? ;-) # we read a command line arguement to determine the list name listname = sys.argv[1] # Arguement #0 is the name of the script being run, # #1 is the first arguement after that name in the command line, # so this tells us the list name being addressed- listname! # we append \r\n a lot, so we create a variable to contain that. CRLF="\r\n" # variable 'incoming' receives the entire incoming message # which is piped to the script on which this reads by the alias # such as: # foolist:"|/pathtoprogram/programname foolist" # # Using rfc822.py, digest the message and make parts available to the program. Message = rfc822.Message(sys.stdin) # now some code to debug with- remove it later. type(Message) print Message # just strip off the leading and trailing whitespaces and # place the resulting value in the variable. # remember, 'FROM' is a reserved word in Python. # I suspect 'TO' is also reserved. # Extract the FROM data and copy it to a second storage variable to use later- # if there is a later. RawSender = string.strip(Message['From']) sender = RawSender # preserve RawSender for later use, # but process sender for the pure # email address for membership testing. print 'sender=', sender print 'RawSender=', RawSender # remove that print statement later. # ADDRESS PROCESSING DUMMY CODE BLOCK # We want to insert some code here replacing these lines # to reduce sender to ONLY the word BEFORE '@', # AFTER '@', and including '@' as # "me@here.foo" # amd ignore any '<', '>'. or other words not in intimate contact with # that '@' symbol. subject= string.strip(Message['Subject']) print 'Subject: ', subject # The information is in the dictionary 'Message', each item keyed with the # header's name. The BODY of that dictionary is in the string 'msg'. So are # any attachments. # # Strip whitespace chars off every element in the list passed to this function. def gangstrip(thing): # ok, everybody STRIP! index=0 # This strips out whitespace chars while index < len(thing): # define exit thing[index]=string.strip(thing[index]) index=index+1 # increase the counter # and define fileoneline, which reads a file, selects one line at random, # and returns that as it's value. def fileoneline(filename): f1=open(filename,'r') db=f1.readlines() f1.close() l=len(db) x=int(random.random()*l) return db[x] # ok, let's read that membership file. it is named (listname) # with no name extension. f1 = open(path + "/lists/" + listname, 'r') members = f1.readlines() # read all of it in. f1.close() # and close the file # then we look to see if that FROM exists in the membership. # clean it up; gangstrip(members) # strip all leading and trailing whitespace # from each element in the list 'members'. # Ok, now er can start some real data processing! msg="" # initiate a blank STRING variable for the # outgoing message. # then we look to see if the sender # is a member of the list: if sender in members : # IF sender is in members, they may post. msg = '[' + listname + ']' + subject + CRLF # Use OPIONAL reply-to field? if os.path.exists(path + "/lists/" +listname +".replyto"): msg = msg + "Reply-to: " + listname + "@" + localhost + CRLF # Break email loops with other list servers from forming. msg = msg + "X-Loop: " + listname + "@" + localhost ###################################################################### # need to add something to detect X=Loop header to STOP such posts! # # Simply ABORT the run if that header is present in the headers. # # if a message is QUOTED, it is in the BODY, ignore THAT. -kdb # ###################################################################### # append incoming message body to outgoing message. rfc822.Rewindbody(Message) # set pointer to start of body. # see http://www.python.org/doc/current/lib/message-objects.html msg = msg + Message # for more details. rewindbody() rewinds to the start of the body. # that last line should add the body of the incoming message to the msg variable. # the footer material is appended AFTER that, so if there is an attachment, all # bloody hell will erupt- which is normal for list managers. # ok, here are 4 items that are optional. # a per list footer, a per list rotation, a global footer, a global rotation. # these are turned on and off by the presence or absense of the # relevant file. # If you want more than one, duplicate that block, and change the filename # reference. Remember, hackers only down here, yer on yer own. # append the list's static footer if there is one. if os.path.exists(path + "/lists/" + listname + ".footer"): f1=open(path + "/lists/" + listname + ".footer") ftr = fi.readlinies() f1.close() msg = msg + footer + CRLF # append one line from the list's random rotation file if there is one. if os.path.exists(path + "/lists/"+listname+".random"): msg = msg + returnoneline(path + "/lists/"+listname+".random") # append the service's GLOBAL footer if there is one. if os.path.exists(path + "/lists/"+"global.footer"): f1=open(path + "/lists/" + "global.footer") f1.close() msg=msg + f1.readlines() # append one line from the GLOBAL ramdom rotation line if there is one. if os.path.exists(path + "/lists/"+"global.random"): msg = msg + returnoneline(path + "/lists/" + "global.footer") # other additions are certainly possible. # this ends processing for an acceptable posting. # Next block handles process for # REJECTED postings. #begin processing for a non member posting. else: # BUT IF THEY ARE NOT... listnamemembers = sender # put poster address as the # ONLY recipient in list! msg = "" # and clear the mesage. From_addr = "From: tinylist@" + localhost + CRLF msg = "Subject: Unauthorized posting to list: " + listname + CRLF msg = "Reply-to: postmaster@" + localhost + CRLF msg = "X-Loop: postmaster@" + localhost + CRLF msg = msg + CRLF + """To whom it may concern; Sorry, but as you are not a current member of """ + listname + """, you may not post to it. Your recent posting has been rejected and destroyed. Feel free to contact the postmaster if there is any question. Any reply to this letter should go directly to the postmaster. You can also subscribe to this list if you like. Goodbye. -Tiny the list robot. """ # End of alternate process. ABOVE IS 1 BLANK LINE, DO NOT DELETE IT! # ok, if they are not a member, THEY GET # THE REPLY SHOWN ABOVE MAILED TO THEM! # (Maybe we could read a stock answer from a file?) # now we send whatever message is to go out to # whatever is in the recipient list. server = smtplib.SMTP('localhost') # setup for a smtp run. # helo(localhost) # open a connection to the smtp server, # possibly not needed # so it is commented out. # If all else fails, use it. server.connect() # and log in to the thing 170 # as the identity this script runs as. for to_addr in listnamemembers : # for each address in 'listnamemembers', server.sendmail(from_addr, to_addr, msg) # send envlope and msg! # don't delete the above line! server.quit() # then close the connection. # make sure this script runs as a TRUSTED USER- # and NOT as root!!! You set that up in the Sendmail # Config file (sendmail.cf). # Make sure that a NON-priviliged user OWNS # this script, and that it runs as that identity! # # The TinyList community hangs out at www.tinylist.org # and is a pretty informal and friendly bunch of digiteratti. # Come visit! # # We have lists there, which only seems right somehow. # they are: # tinylist-users - discussion for all aspects of using # tinylist; frequently quite technical. # ask install and problem questions here. # # tinylist-chat - for all intrested in TL, lists, python, # email: a broad charter! # # tinylist-devlopers - devlopers use this to suport the # devlopment of new versions, features, # and bugchasing. *ROUTINELY* -VERY- # technical. NOI reccomended to the public. # # evil-humor - sick, raunchy, crusty, cynical, depraved, # deprived humor? OVER HERE! # # Fnord. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Respectfully, -Kirk D Bailey (C)2001 Addme! icq #27840081 end Within the sweep of his sword, Each man is an Ubar. http://www.howlermonkey.net/ http://www.sacredelectron.org/ From dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu Mon Dec 17 20:02:11 2001 From: dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu (Danny Yoo) Date: Mon, 17 Dec 2001 12:02:11 -0800 (PST) Subject: [Tutor] read a random line from a file (fwd) Message-ID: Hi Kirk, Let me forward this to the other people here. Your function looks good; there's just one line that might need a fix: ### x = int(1+random.random()*l) return db[x] ### Is it possible for x to be 0? The reason this is important is because db[0] is the first line in our file --- if we don't allow the possibility of returning the first line in a file, it's less random than it should be. *grin* This is an example of a "boundary" case: a "boundary" case just means to tread carefully around the edges of our problem. In this case, the edges we should think about are the first and last lines of a file --- make sure that the function can deal with them well. Good luck! ---------- Forwarded message ---------- Date: Mon, 17 Dec 2001 14:14:04 -0500 From: Kirk Bailey To: Danny Yoo Subject: Re: [Tutor] read a random line from a file This works: def fileoneline(filename): f1=open(filename,'r') db=f1.readlines() f1.close() l=len(db) x=int(1+random.random()*l) return db[x] Can it be improved? Danny Yoo wrote: > > On Mon, 17 Dec 2001, Andrei Kulakov wrote: > > > On Sun, Dec 16, 2001 at 11:20:29PM -0500, Kirk Bailey wrote: > > > OK, I know there is a simple way to do it, and I cannot locate the > > > correct ommand. I want to open a flat text file, read ONE randomly > > > selected line into a string, and close the file. I need the command for > > > reading a line at random, and what module it is in. I understand there > > > is such a command already defined, and it is simple to use, but canot > > > find it again. > > Actually, I'm not sure if it's built in at all. However, we can cook up a > few definitions so that it becomes a tool we can use. > > To get a random line from a file, it might be useful to write something > that tells us how many lines a file contains. Here's one way to do it: > > ### > def countLines(file): > """Given a file, returns the number of lines it contains. > > The current file position should be preserved as long as the file > supports tell() and seek().""" > old_position = file.tell() > count = 0 > while file.readline() != '': > count = count + 1 > file.seek(old_position) > return count > ### > > If we had a way to choose a random number between 0 and the countLines() > of a file, we'd be in business. Thankfully, there is something in the > library that can help us: random.randrange(): > > ### > >>> random.randrange(10) > 4 > >>> random.randrange(10) > 7 > >>> random.randrange(10) > 4 > ### > > There is documentation on random.randrange() here: > > http://www.python.org/doc/lib/module-random.html > > if you're interested in playing around with random stuff. *grin* > > Also, it would be great if, when we knew which line we wanted to pull out, > we could get get that particular line. There's a module called > 'linecache' that can do this for us: > > http://www.python.org/doc/lib/module-linecache.html > > But if 'linecache' wasn't there, it still wouldn't be too hard to cook > something up like it. > > With these tools, it becomes possible to write a simple random line > grabber: > > ### > def getRandomLine(filename): > """Given a filename, returns a random line.""" > linecount = countLines(open(filename)) > chosen_line_number = random.randrange(linecount) > return linecache.getline(filename, chosen_line_number) > ### > > Writing function definitions can be a lot of fun. Hope this helps! > > _______________________________________________ > Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org > http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor -- Respectfully, -Kirk D Bailey (C)2001 Addme! icq #27840081 end Within the sweep of his sword, Each man is an Ubar. http://www.howlermonkey.net/ http://www.sacredelectron.org/ From DavidCraig@pia.ca.gov Mon Dec 17 15:37:42 2001 From: DavidCraig@pia.ca.gov (DavidCraig@pia.ca.gov) Date: Mon, 17 Dec 2001 07:37:42 -0800 Subject: [Tutor] List index out of range Message-ID: I am using Idle on WIN 98. I have the following program: ###################################################### #split and interactively page a string or file of text; ###################################################### import string def more(text, numlines=15): lines=string.split(text, '\n') while lines: chunk=lines[:numlines] lines=lines[numlines:] for line in chunk:print line if lines and raw_input('More?') not in ['y', 'Y']:break if __name__=='__main__': import sys #when run, not imported more(open(sys.argv[1]).read(), 10) #page contents of file on cmdline Every time I try to run it I get the following error message. raceback (most recent call last): File "C:/Python21/Practice/more.py", line 17, in ? more(open(sys.argv[1]).read(), 10) #page contents of file on cmdline IndexError: list index out of range I am unable to find the problem. How is this out of range and what does the error message mean? TIA Dave D. H. Craig, CSM From DavidCraig@pia.ca.gov Mon Dec 17 18:02:52 2001 From: DavidCraig@pia.ca.gov (DavidCraig@pia.ca.gov) Date: Mon, 17 Dec 2001 10:02:52 -0800 Subject: [Tutor] IndexError:list index out of range Message-ID: I am using Idle on WIN 98. I have the following program: ###################################################### #split and interactively page a string or file of text; ###################################################### import string def more(text, numlines=15): lines=string.split(text, '\n') while lines: chunk=lines[:numlines] lines=lines[numlines:] for line in chunk:print line if lines and raw_input('More?') not in ['y', 'Y']:break if __name__=='__main__': import sys #when run, not imported more(open(sys.argv[1]).read(), 10) #page contents of file on cmdline Every time I try to run it I get the following error message. raceback (most recent call last): File "C:/Python21/Practice/more.py", line 17, in ? more(open(sys.argv[1]).read(), 10) #page contents of file on cmdline IndexError: list index out of range I am unable to find the problem. How is this out of range and what does the error message mean? TIA Dave D. H. Craig, CSM D. H. Craig, CSM From rick@niof.net Mon Dec 17 20:03:43 2001 From: rick@niof.net (rick@niof.net) Date: Mon, 17 Dec 2001 15:03:43 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] latest snapshot of TLpost.py In-Reply-To: <3C1E49FE.D7057959@my995internet.com> References: <3C1E49FE.D7057959@my995internet.com> Message-ID: <20011217150343.B17103@tc.niof.net> On Mon, Dec 17, 2001 at 02:39:42PM -0500, Kirk Bailey wrote: > Latest snapshot of TLpost. > > # now some code to debug with- remove it later. > type(Message) > print Message It's generally not a good idea to override a builtin function. Maybe call it MyType or MyDebug. -- You contend that I am wrong to practice Catholicism; and I contend that you are wrong to practice Lutheranism. Let us leave it to God to judge. Why should I strike at you, or why should you strike at me? If it is not good that one of us should strike the other, how can it be good that we should delegate to a third party, who controls the public police force, the authority to strike at one of us in order to please the other? -- Frédéric Bastiat (1801-1850) Rick Pasotto rickp@telocity.com http://www.niof.net From dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu Mon Dec 17 20:20:53 2001 From: dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu (Danny Yoo) Date: Mon, 17 Dec 2001 12:20:53 -0800 (PST) Subject: [Tutor] IndexError:list index out of range In-Reply-To: Message-ID: On Mon, 17 Dec 2001 DavidCraig@pia.ca.gov wrote: > > I am using Idle on WIN 98. I have the following program: > > ###################################################### > #split and interactively page a string or file of text; > ###################################################### > > import string > > def more(text, numlines=15): > lines=string.split(text, '\n') > while lines: > chunk=lines[:numlines] > lines=lines[numlines:] > for line in chunk:print line > if lines and raw_input('More?') not in ['y', 'Y']:break > > if __name__=='__main__': > import sys #when run, not imported > more(open(sys.argv[1]).read(), 10) #page contents of file on cmdline > > Every time I try to run it I get the following error message. > > raceback (most recent call last): > File "C:/Python21/Practice/more.py", line 17, in ? > more(open(sys.argv[1]).read(), 10) #page contents of file on cmdline > IndexError: list index out of range The error's probably referring to the 'sys.argv[1]' part of that line: that part is trying to get at the 2nd argument given from a command line. However, since we're running this from IDLE, and since we haven't specified a command line, the sys.argv list is probably empty. According to the IDLE documentation at: http://www.python.org/idle/doc/idle2.html """ You can of course also test files that are being developed to actually be scripts in this way as well. You can't currently set command line options and parameters when you invoke the Run script command. However, during development you can always instrument your code with a simple test function that sets sys.argv to any desired value (simulating a command line invocation) before calling your regular top level script function. """ It sounds like it recommendsy hardcoding a sys.argv value while testing the rest of your program out. Does anyone know a better solution? From dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu Mon Dec 17 20:29:36 2001 From: dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu (Danny Yoo) Date: Mon, 17 Dec 2001 12:29:36 -0800 (PST) Subject: [Tutor] class Clowning: saving references to other instances In-Reply-To: <5104D4DBC598D211B5FE0000F8FE7EB20E66C1C7@mbtlipnt02.btlabs.bt.co.uk> Message-ID: On Mon, 17 Dec 2001 alan.gauld@bt.com wrote: > > > The reason why I'm doing this is just to save > > a little redundant processing. > > But you are introducing a heap of redundant > processing by calling exec! And exec() can be extremely dangerous unless we're careful about it. We had a thread about it a while back in September: http://aspn.activestate.com/ASPN/Mail/Message/788238 There are usually alternatives to using exec() that are easier to read, evaluate more quickly, and work out more nicely. From dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu Mon Dec 17 20:34:52 2001 From: dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu (Danny Yoo) Date: Mon, 17 Dec 2001 12:34:52 -0800 (PST) Subject: [Tutor] why BaseClass.__init__ needs to be called explicitly? In-Reply-To: <5104D4DBC598D211B5FE0000F8FE7EB20E66C1CD@mbtlipnt02.btlabs.bt.co.uk> Message-ID: On Mon, 17 Dec 2001 alan.gauld@bt.com wrote: > > Is there any specific reason behind this... > > Its a good thing coz it offers more control to > the programmer. It also fits well with the "explicitness" quality that Python programs have --- Python tends to try avoiding actions that surprise programmers. There's a tongue-in-cheek list of Python design decisions here: http://python.org/doc/Humor.html#zen > > 2. do we have a search facility on tutor/python-list sites? > > The ActiveState archive is searchable. Here's the link: http://aspn.activestate.com/ASPN/Mail/Archives/python-Tutor/ From lumbricus@gmx.net Mon Dec 17 21:41:33 2001 From: lumbricus@gmx.net (Joerg Woelke) Date: Mon, 17 Dec 2001 22:41:33 +0100 Subject: [Tutor] IndexError:list index out of range In-Reply-To: ; from DavidCraig@pia.ca.gov on Mon, Dec 17, 2001 at 10:02:52AM -0800 References: Message-ID: <20011217224133.A7903@Laplace.localdomain> On Mon, Dec 17, 2001 at 10:02:52AM -0800, DavidCraig@pia.ca.gov wrote: > > I am using Idle on WIN 98. I have the following program: > > ###################################################### > #split and interactively page a string or file of text; > ###################################################### > [ snip ] > if __name__=='__main__': > import sys #when run, not imported > more(open(sys.argv[1]).read(), 10) #page contents of file on cmdline If there is no sys.argv[1] it yields IndexError. A construct like this may help you: try: what_you_want_to_do() except IndexError: print "Usage: " > > Every time I try to run it I get the following error message. > > raceback (most recent call last): > File "C:/Python21/Practice/more.py", line 17, in ? > more(open(sys.argv[1]).read(), 10) #page contents of file on cmdline ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ If this file does not exist or you are not allowed to read it, your script will yield an error too. > IndexError: list index out of range > > I am unable to find the problem. How is this out of range and what does > the error message mean? You want to read about try/except > > TIA > > Dave > > D. H. Craig, CSM HTH, HAND and Greetings J"o! -- Absence makes the heart grow frantic. From fpeavy@pop.net Mon Dec 17 21:08:32 2001 From: fpeavy@pop.net (Frank Peavy) Date: Mon, 17 Dec 2001 13:08:32 -0800 Subject: [Tutor] Division question, simple Message-ID: <5.1.0.14.0.20011217125840.00a8ada0@mail45566.popserver.pop.net> In the interactive mode: >>> 75/100 0 >>> float(75/100) 0.0 >>> x = 75 >>> y = 100 >>> float(x/y) 0.0 >>> float(75)/float(100) 0.75 In order to get 75%, I almost need to know my desired result, before I have my values. Is this how everyone handles simple division in Python? When I am dividing 100 by 25 the result is an integer of 4, fine. But, when I don't know my second value is 25... maybe it is 33, then my result would be 3.33333 BUT, Python gives me 3. How does everyone else handle this? From shalehperry@attbi.com Mon Dec 17 21:11:59 2001 From: shalehperry@attbi.com (Sean 'Shaleh' Perry) Date: Mon, 17 Dec 2001 13:11:59 -0800 (PST) Subject: [Tutor] Division question, simple In-Reply-To: <5.1.0.14.0.20011217125840.00a8ada0@mail45566.popserver.pop.net> Message-ID: On 17-Dec-2001 Frank Peavy wrote: > In the interactive mode: > >>> 75/100 > 0 > >>> float(75/100) > 0.0 > >>> x = 75 > >>> y = 100 > >>> float(x/y) > 0.0 > >>> float(75)/float(100) > 0.75 > > In order to get 75%, I almost need to know my desired result, before I have > my values. Is this how everyone handles simple division in Python? > > When I am dividing 100 by 25 the result is an integer of 4, fine. > But, when I don't know my second value is 25... maybe it is 33, then my > result would be 3.33333 > BUT, Python gives me 3. How does everyone else handle this? > if I know I want a decimal, I cast one number to a float. From glingl@aon.at Mon Dec 17 22:30:29 2001 From: glingl@aon.at (Gregor Lingl) Date: Mon, 17 Dec 2001 23:30:29 +0100 Subject: [Tutor] Division question, simple References: Message-ID: <002201c1874a$6e6dbde0$1664a8c0@mega> The answer is, that / simply performs two different kinds of division (or as some say, the / - Operator is overloaded ) depending on the type of the operands. If both operands ar of type int (or long int) (as is the case when evaluating 75/100) / delivers the integer quotient of the operands. if at least one of the operands is of type float (for instance 75.0/100 or equivalently float(75)/100) the result will also be of type float. So if you want to perform floating-point-division you have to ensure, that at least one operand is of type float. As the designers of Python recognized this to be an error-prone approach, they decided (as usual after a lengthy discussion) to change this int the __future__ and to introduce a special operator // for integer division - the / at the same time reserving to conventional division. You can take advantage of this from Dec. 21th (approx.) on - if you like - by using Python 2.2 an the statement from __future__ import division at the beginning of your modules. In any case Python 2.2 will provide the integer-division-operator //. But beware of breaking older modules which depend on the / - integer-division. (I assume there will certainly be a paragraph on this in the new Python 2.2 Documentation) Gregor ----- Original Message ----- From: "Sean 'Shaleh' Perry" To: "Frank Peavy" Cc: "tutor-python.org" Sent: Monday, December 17, 2001 10:11 PM Subject: Re: [Tutor] Division question, simple > > On 17-Dec-2001 Frank Peavy wrote: > > In the interactive mode: > > >>> 75/100 > > 0 > > >>> float(75/100) > > 0.0 > > >>> x = 75 > > >>> y = 100 > > >>> float(x/y) > > 0.0 > > >>> float(75)/float(100) > > 0.75 > > > > In order to get 75%, I almost need to know my desired result, before I have > > my values. Is this how everyone handles simple division in Python? > > > > When I am dividing 100 by 25 the result is an integer of 4, fine. > > But, when I don't know my second value is 25... maybe it is 33, then my > > result would be 3.33333 > > BUT, Python gives me 3. How does everyone else handle this? > > > > if I know I want a decimal, I cast one number to a float. > > _______________________________________________ > Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org > http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor > From glingl@aon.at Mon Dec 17 22:34:25 2001 From: glingl@aon.at (Gregor Lingl) Date: Mon, 17 Dec 2001 23:34:25 +0100 Subject: [Tutor] Hummm...dubious behavior. References: <5104D4DBC598D211B5FE0000F8FE7EB20E66C1C8@mbtlipnt02.btlabs.bt.co.uk> Message-ID: <002901c1874a$fb3a0da0$1664a8c0@mega> ----- Original Message ----- From: > Thus: > > >>> print "%5.3" % math.pi > 3.142 This should read >>> print "%5.3f" % math.pi 3.142 otherwise a ValueError would occur. Gregor From i812@iname.com Mon Dec 17 22:49:32 2001 From: i812@iname.com (Rob McGee) Date: Mon, 17 Dec 2001 16:49:32 -0600 Subject: [Tutor] class Clowning: saving references to other instances In-Reply-To: <5104D4DBC598D211B5FE0000F8FE7EB20E66C1C7@mbtlipnt02.btlabs.bt.co.uk>; from alan.gauld@bt.com on Mon, Dec 17, 2001 at 03:46:22PM -0000 References: <5104D4DBC598D211B5FE0000F8FE7EB20E66C1C7@mbtlipnt02.btlabs.bt.co.uk> Message-ID: <20011217164932.F18603@hal> On Mon, Dec 17, 2001 at 03:46:22PM -0000, alan.gauld@bt.com wrote: > > self.location = location # an integer, unique > > self.index = index # also unique integer > > self.name = uppercase[index] # uppercase letter, also > > Huh? index is a unique integer... but you are taking > the uppercase of it? I was just using that as a way of generating the name string, which has to be unique. I probably don't need to save self.index, but figured I should hang on to it in case I find a use later. :) Like for help in iterating through a list, for example. Oh, let me explain it. This was preceded by a from string import uppercase statement, so "uppercase" is a string here, and I am slicing it with the "index" (integer, 0-25) value. > > from one Clown instance to another. The > > distance(self, other) method uses "exec" > > to store the distance values in self.(other.name) > > Oh dear, not again... ;-) > Using exec for this is really not very good. No, not again. :) I think I've gotten away from exec, which was getting to be my own personal GOTO. :) > A dictionary to store these would be better. I've already given up the exec. :) I will try a dictionary instead of a list. Did you see my post about "dictionary vs. list considerations" after this one? I was thinking that dictionaries would take up a lot more memory. The one response I got indicated that speed of execution would probably be better with dictionaries. But I was afraid that they might hog a lot more memory? > Correct, if you want to access things by a string key > (name in this case) the best solution is nearly > always to use a dictionary and nearly never to use > exec()! ISTM if I switch to dictionaries I could use the objects themselves as the keys? But I don't (yet) see how that would be easier than strings as keys. The input will originate from the user, which of course means it starts out as a string. I'll have to think about it some more. > > The reason why I'm doing this is just to save > > a little redundant processing. > > But you are introducing a heap of redundant > processing by calling exec! #!/usr/bin/env python def exec(*args): print "Don't use exec!!" In all my *.py files. Does that look better? :) > > One solution would be to put the "exec" code in a function > > That tidies it up a little but doesn't really help. Yes, I figured that out while I was writing the post to which you replied. :) > > Have I figured out my own solution?!? :) > > Getting closer, but dictionaries instead of lists > would make it all much easier IMHO. Yes, I thought so too. I'll try it. Thanks for taking the time to understand the situation and reply. And to you, Danny, thanks for the link. I looked it up. In this case I don't have a security issue, but it's important to be aware of such things. On the side, I was especially pleased to find a searchable archive of this list! :) Rob - /dev/rob0 From curtis.larsen@Covance.Com Mon Dec 17 22:58:17 2001 From: curtis.larsen@Covance.Com (Curtis Larsen) Date: Mon, 17 Dec 2001 16:58:17 -0600 Subject: [Tutor] Module Files Placement? Message-ID: What is the accepted standard on adding third-party modules to your Python installation? (Where do you put the files?) Even though pretty much anywhere in PYTHONPATH would work, there has to be a system of some kind (a "/usr/local/bin" if you will) to keep them accessible, yet separate -- including all the extra modules THEY would in turn call. I know this has probably been covered Elsewhere, but I can't remember how it was done. Please point me in the right direction, or just explain what works for you. Thanks! Curtis From shalehperry@attbi.com Mon Dec 17 23:51:54 2001 From: shalehperry@attbi.com (Sean 'Shaleh' Perry) Date: Mon, 17 Dec 2001 15:51:54 -0800 (PST) Subject: [Tutor] Module Files Placement? In-Reply-To: Message-ID: On 17-Dec-2001 Curtis Larsen wrote: > What is the accepted standard on adding third-party modules to your > Python installation? (Where do you put the files?) Even though pretty > much anywhere in PYTHONPATH would work, there has to be a system of some > kind (a "/usr/local/bin" if you will) to keep them accessible, yet > separate -- including all the extra modules THEY would in turn call. > > I know this has probably been covered Elsewhere, but I can't remember > how it was done. Please point me in the right direction, or just > explain what works for you. > > this is referred to as site-packages. From karthikg@aztec.soft.net Tue Dec 18 05:09:48 2001 From: karthikg@aztec.soft.net (karthik Guru) Date: Tue, 18 Dec 2001 10:39:48 +0530 Subject: [Tutor] properties not working in 2.2 In-Reply-To: Message-ID: hi all, http://www.python.org/2.2/descrintro.html#property there is an example to use properties which is not workign for me under Python 2.2a1 class C(object): def __init__(self): print "hello world" self.__x = 0 def getx(self): print "get called" return self.__x def setx(self, x): print "set called" if x < 0: x = 0 self.__x = x x = property(getx,setx,None,"this is property") this is the trace.... File "test.py", line 13, in C x = property(getx,setx,None,"this is property") NameError: name 'property' is not defined can someone tell me as what's wrong here? ..python2.2 a1 does not have this feature?? thanx, karthik From glingl@aon.at Tue Dec 18 06:29:20 2001 From: glingl@aon.at (Gregor Lingl) Date: Tue, 18 Dec 2001 07:29:20 +0100 Subject: [Tutor] properties not working in 2.2 References: Message-ID: <001201c1878d$53942200$1664a8c0@mega> My installation of Python 2.2c1 definitely doesn't show this (or any other) error-massage when running your example instead, I got: >>> huch = C() hello world >>> huch.x get called 0 >>> but what is property - and what is it for? Gregor ----- Original Message ----- From: "karthik Guru" To: Sent: Tuesday, December 18, 2001 6:09 AM Subject: [Tutor] properties not working in 2.2 > hi all, > > http://www.python.org/2.2/descrintro.html#property > > there is an example to use properties which is not workign for me under > Python 2.2a1 > > class C(object): > def __init__(self): > print "hello world" > self.__x = 0 > def getx(self): > print "get called" > return self.__x > def setx(self, x): > print "set called" > if x < 0: x = 0 > self.__x = x > x = property(getx,setx,None,"this is property") > > > this is the trace.... > > File "test.py", line 13, in C > x = property(getx,setx,None,"this is property") > NameError: name 'property' is not defined > > can someone tell me as what's wrong here? ..python2.2 a1 does not have this > feature?? > > thanx, > karthik > > > > _______________________________________________ > Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org > http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor > From dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu Tue Dec 18 08:08:27 2001 From: dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu (Danny Yoo) Date: Tue, 18 Dec 2001 00:08:27 -0800 (PST) Subject: [Tutor] Module Files Placement? In-Reply-To: Message-ID: On Mon, 17 Dec 2001, Curtis Larsen wrote: > What is the accepted standard on adding third-party modules to your > Python installation? (Where do you put the files?) Even though > pretty much anywhere in PYTHONPATH would work, there has to be a > system of some kind (a "/usr/local/bin" if you will) to keep them > accessible, yet separate -- including all the extra modules THEY would > in turn call. External modules should live in a 'site-packages' directory underneath Python's lib directory. For example, on my computer, it's located here: /usr/local/lib/python2.1/site-packages/ Out of curiosity though: are you trying to install a module? The "distutils" are a set of tools to make installing new modules fairly automatic. Third parties often use the distutils to more easily make an installation script that works. From toodles@yifan.net Tue Dec 18 08:39:40 2001 From: toodles@yifan.net (Andy W) Date: Tue, 18 Dec 2001 16:39:40 +0800 Subject: [Tutor] properties not working in 2.2 References: <001201c1878d$53942200$1664a8c0@mega> Message-ID: <004d01c1879f$8a075250$0300a8c0@sun> > but what is property - and what is it for? > > Gregor Quoting directly from: http://www.python.org/2.2/descrintro.html#property "Properties are a neat way to implement attributes whose usage resembles attribute access, but whose implementation uses method calls. These are sometimes known as "managed attributes". In prior Python versions, you could only do this by overriding __getattr__ and __setattr__; but overriding __setattr__ slows down all attribute assignments considerably, and overriding __getattr__ is always a bit tricky to get right. Properties let you do this painlessly, without having to override __getattr__ or __setattr__." HTH, Andrew > > ----- Original Message ----- > From: "karthik Guru" > To: > Sent: Tuesday, December 18, 2001 6:09 AM > Subject: [Tutor] properties not working in 2.2 > > > > hi all, > > > > http://www.python.org/2.2/descrintro.html#property > > > > there is an example to use properties which is not workign for me under > > Python 2.2a1 > > > > class C(object): > > def __init__(self): > > print "hello world" > > self.__x = 0 > > def getx(self): > > print "get called" > > return self.__x > > def setx(self, x): > > print "set called" > > if x < 0: x = 0 > > self.__x = x > > x = property(getx,setx,None,"this is property") > > > > > > this is the trace.... > > > > File "test.py", line 13, in C > > x = property(getx,setx,None,"this is property") > > NameError: name 'property' is not defined > > > > can someone tell me as what's wrong here? ..python2.2 a1 does not have > this > > feature?? > > > > thanx, > > karthik > > > > > > > > _______________________________________________ > > Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org > > http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor > > > > > _______________________________________________ > Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org > http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor > From karthikg@aztec.soft.net Tue Dec 18 09:18:09 2001 From: karthikg@aztec.soft.net (karthik Guru) Date: Tue, 18 Dec 2001 14:48:09 +0530 Subject: [Tutor] properties not working in 2.2 In-Reply-To: <001201c1878d$53942200$1664a8c0@mega> Message-ID: class test: def __init__(self): pass __getattr__(self,name): t = test() t.age = 100 print t.age the link has a detailed explanation for properties. some of things i found very important.. __getattr__ is only called if age isn't found in the instance's dictionary. so in this case it won't be called. __setattr__ is always called when we set a value to an attribute. but in case of properties, we have the new keyword "property" with which we can qualify an attribute as a property. we can define accessor and mutator methods for that and register the same using the property keyword. Both the special methods "will" be called whenever someone tries to change / access it. so indirectly, we know when someone reads / sets an attribute and we can put our custom code there. for eg: You might want to reject some values in your set by throwing an exception. Or you might not want a particular to client to read a property .. (so that code goes into the corresponding "get"). There was just one __getattr__ available to handle all attributes earlier. But now we can have separate get and set for different atributes. Also, if you don't define a set for a property named x, then it automatically becomes read only. if someone tries to set the value to that attribute it raises an AttributeError. I have observed such a feature in MS's C# as well. This was there in C# specs long back. Can some one tell from their experience if it's present in other languages as well OR is it a MS innovation :-) please refer to this for a very good explanation. http://www.python.org/2.2/descrintro.html#property karthik. -----Original Message----- From: Gregor Lingl [mailto:glingl@aon.at] Sent: Tuesday, December 18, 2001 11:59 AM To: karthik Guru; tutor@python.org Subject: Re: [Tutor] properties not working in 2.2 My installation of Python 2.2c1 definitely doesn't show this (or any other) error-massage when running your example instead, I got: >>> huch = C() hello world >>> huch.x get called 0 >>> but what is property - and what is it for? Gregor ----- Original Message ----- From: "karthik Guru" To: Sent: Tuesday, December 18, 2001 6:09 AM Subject: [Tutor] properties not working in 2.2 > hi all, > > http://www.python.org/2.2/descrintro.html#property > > there is an example to use properties which is not workign for me under > Python 2.2a1 > > class C(object): > def __init__(self): > print "hello world" > self.__x = 0 > def getx(self): > print "get called" > return self.__x > def setx(self, x): > print "set called" > if x < 0: x = 0 > self.__x = x > x = property(getx,setx,None,"this is property") > > > this is the trace.... > > File "test.py", line 13, in C > x = property(getx,setx,None,"this is property") > NameError: name 'property' is not defined > > can someone tell me as what's wrong here? ..python2.2 a1 does not have this > feature?? > > thanx, > karthik > > > > _______________________________________________ > Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org > http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor > From karthikg@aztec.soft.net Tue Dec 18 09:19:06 2001 From: karthikg@aztec.soft.net (karthik Guru) Date: Tue, 18 Dec 2001 14:49:06 +0530 Subject: [Tutor] properties not working in 2.2 In-Reply-To: <001201c1878d$53942200$1664a8c0@mega> Message-ID: by the way i downloaded python22c1 and it's working just fine now! -----Original Message----- From: Gregor Lingl [mailto:glingl@aon.at] Sent: Tuesday, December 18, 2001 11:59 AM To: karthik Guru; tutor@python.org Subject: Re: [Tutor] properties not working in 2.2 My installation of Python 2.2c1 definitely doesn't show this (or any other) error-massage when running your example instead, I got: >>> huch = C() hello world >>> huch.x get called 0 >>> but what is property - and what is it for? Gregor From m_konermann@gmx.de Tue Dec 18 09:50:59 2001 From: m_konermann@gmx.de (Marcus Konermann) Date: Tue, 18 Dec 2001 10:50:59 +0100 Subject: [Tutor] Python Extension under Win 2000 Message-ID: <3C1F1183.69582871@gmx.de> Hi @ All ! I´ve created a python extension under windows2000 using developer studio like it is described under chapter 9 of the swig manual. I´ve also created a python shadow class and now i want to use it by importing some methods of the simannealfile.py module (the generated shadow class), but pythonwin says, that it don´t find the simannealfilec.py module. what can i do ? Greetings Marcus From alan.gauld@bt.com Tue Dec 18 11:27:11 2001 From: alan.gauld@bt.com (alan.gauld@bt.com) Date: Tue, 18 Dec 2001 11:27:11 -0000 Subject: [Tutor] properties not working in 2.2 Message-ID: <5104D4DBC598D211B5FE0000F8FE7EB20E66C1CF@mbtlipnt02.btlabs.bt.co.uk> > I have observed such a feature in MS's C# as well. > Can some one tell from their experience if it's present in > other languages Its in VB and also in Delphi. I'm not sure which did it first but it definitely seems to come from the Windows world, either via MS or Borland. In both cases it was originally used to enable intelligent GUI builders - you can instantiate a copy of the object when placing it on the form and set attributes via properties. The property events can do smart things like display live data in design mode etc. At least I think thats what they were first in vented for, my memory is getting hazy as old age sets in ;-/ In any case it turns out that they are more generally useful - for example you can define a property which is a derived field but looks like a fixed field: ### Pseudo code warning ### class X: def __init__(self,min,max): self.min b= min self.max = max def getMean(self): return (self.min-self.max)/2 property average(self.getMean,None,None, "get average") x = X(1,5) print x.min print x.max print x.average So it looks like average is a field of X but in fact is a return from a method. The same could be done for max,min and the whole thing could wrap a database table such that the min,max and average did a dynamic SQL lookup and returned the relevant values. But to the client it still looks like an attribute of the object... Alan g. From aschmidt@nv.cc.va.us Tue Dec 18 12:52:08 2001 From: aschmidt@nv.cc.va.us (Schmidt, Allen J.) Date: Tue, 18 Dec 2001 07:52:08 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] PayPal verification script Message-ID: <5CDFEBB60E7FD311B9E30000F6D6090608CB8EA0@novamail2.nv.cc.va.us> Has anyone done a PayPal Instant Payment Verification program for Python? On PayPal's site is sample code for Perl and ASP. I need something in Python (and/or Zope) to handle the payment verification part. Since its free to sign up and use PayPal including Business and Premier accounts, I hope someone will have this info or be willing/able to sign up and check it out. Thanks Allen From karthikg@aztec.soft.net Tue Dec 18 13:26:30 2001 From: karthikg@aztec.soft.net (karthik Guru) Date: Tue, 18 Dec 2001 18:56:30 +0530 Subject: [Tutor] properties not working in 2.2 In-Reply-To: <5104D4DBC598D211B5FE0000F8FE7EB20E66C1CF@mbtlipnt02.btlabs.bt.co.uk> Message-ID: this is just my observation as a beginner... i went through the changes in python2.2. i think many basic things have changed. I think newbies should learn python using python2.2!. This is just a recommendation coming from another newbie (that's me). i think it will be a lot easier to learn that way. I saw some code in python cook book recipies to emulate properties plus lots of other things. I myself experienced the problems associated with __getattr__ ( as to how it makes recursive calls). But when i look @ some of the features in python2.2, i guess we really don't've to be that smart :-) i saw that now we can write static methods. may be sometime down the lane we will have keywords like private, protected and stuff like that as well. Am not sure how others, who have been doing professional work in python for years react to this? Simply put this is my question, do you guys prefer writing the kind of code presented in the cook book or are you happy with having a construct like "property" which makes life so simple? thanks, karthik. -----Original Message----- From: alan.gauld@bt.com [mailto:alan.gauld@bt.com] Sent: Tuesday, December 18, 2001 4:57 PM To: karthikg@aztec.soft.net; glingl@aon.at; tutor@python.org Subject: RE: [Tutor] properties not working in 2.2 > I have observed such a feature in MS's C# as well. > Can some one tell from their experience if it's present in > other languages Its in VB and also in Delphi. I'm not sure which did it first but it definitely seems to come from the Windows world, either via MS or Borland. In both cases it was originally used to enable intelligent GUI builders - you can instantiate a copy of the object when placing it on the form and set attributes via properties. The property events can do smart things like display live data in design mode etc. At least I think thats what they were first in vented for, my memory is getting hazy as old age sets in ;-/ In any case it turns out that they are more generally useful - for example you can define a property which is a derived field but looks like a fixed field: ### Pseudo code warning ### class X: def __init__(self,min,max): self.min b= min self.max = max def getMean(self): return (self.min-self.max)/2 property average(self.getMean,None,None, "get average") x = X(1,5) print x.min print x.max print x.average So it looks like average is a field of X but in fact is a return from a method. The same could be done for max,min and the whole thing could wrap a database table such that the min,max and average did a dynamic SQL lookup and returned the relevant values. But to the client it still looks like an attribute of the object... Alan g. From slime@vsnl.net Tue Dec 18 05:40:41 2001 From: slime@vsnl.net (Prahlad Vaidyanathan) Date: Tue, 18 Dec 2001 11:10:41 +0530 Subject: [Tutor] Re: display filter slow In-Reply-To: <20011217085131.GA3141@localhost.localdomain> References: <20011217085131.GA3141@localhost.localdomain> Message-ID: <20011218054041.GA3263@localhost.localdomain> --qDbXVdCdHGoSgWSk Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii Content-Disposition: inline Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Hi, On Mon, 17 Dec 2001 Prahlad Vaidyanathan spewed into the ether: [-- snip --] > As you can see, the script takes nearly thrice the amount of time as > without it. I'm sure there is a more efficient way of filtering my mail, > so any help would be appreciated. I know replying to one's own post is a Bad Thing, but I found out on my own, so I thought I should post it. The reason it was taking so long to start was that the python interpreter itself was taking a very long time to load. On startup, the interpreter tries to import a whole bunch of site-packages. All the packages it tried to import had a 'bad mtime' - hence it tried to byte-compile the .py file into the .pyc equivalent. Since I didn't have write-access to the /usr/lib/python2.0 directory, it complained, but continued nonetheless. But, the delay involved in recongising and reporting this problem caused the overall delay of the script. Now, what I want to know is this : * Why did python try importing a whole bunch of site-packages when I did not give explicit instructions to import them * Why were the mtimes for the .pyc files bad (This is prolly a problem with my personal python package, but maybe it's universal) I solved this problem by just giving myself write-access to the /usr/lib/python2.0 directory. But, this is only possible on my home system where I know the root password - on other systems it is not. I would like to know how one would solve this if one didn't have root access. I hope I have been clear. I have attached a (slightly) updated version of the script I posted yesterday. It works right now, but I hope to add a few more features to it soon. Any feedback is welcome :-) pv. --=20 Prahlad Vaidyanathan What, me worry ? http://www.symonds.net/~prahladv/ Don't Panic ! -- --qDbXVdCdHGoSgWSk Content-Type: application/pgp-signature Content-Disposition: inline -----BEGIN PGP SIGNATURE----- Version: GnuPG v1.0.4 (GNU/Linux) Comment: For info see http://www.gnupg.org iD8DBQE8HtbZIKhjOSElu4YRAqXxAKCn1elBnU9VC7L/e4sioCGBYJR5dQCfUu1k 0UdZWaNjBlr7cAUf+Tge15M= =mpaN -----END PGP SIGNATURE----- --qDbXVdCdHGoSgWSk-- From dsh8290@rit.edu Tue Dec 18 15:47:34 2001 From: dsh8290@rit.edu (dman) Date: Tue, 18 Dec 2001 10:47:34 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] dictionary vs. list considerations In-Reply-To: <20011216153640.D3310@hal>; from i812@iname.com on Sun, Dec 16, 2001 at 03:36:40PM -0600 References: <20011216153640.D3310@hal> Message-ID: <20011218104734.A19265@harmony.cs.rit.edu> On Sun, Dec 16, 2001 at 03:36:40PM -0600, Rob McGee wrote: | For what I want to do a dictionary would be a little easier to use, but | a list could suffice. What kind of considerations (such as performance | and memory use) are there in deciding which to use? I don't mind having | a little bit more code (to retrieve my objects out of a list) if it's | faster or uses less memory than a dictionary. Which one better embodies the conceptual structure you want to use? Which one will make the code more readable and easier? -D -- Python is executable pseudocode. Perl is executable line noise. From dsh8290@rit.edu Tue Dec 18 15:51:15 2001 From: dsh8290@rit.edu (dman) Date: Tue, 18 Dec 2001 10:51:15 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] Re: display filter slow In-Reply-To: <20011218054041.GA3263@localhost.localdomain>; from slime@vsnl.net on Tue, Dec 18, 2001 at 11:10:41AM +0530 References: <20011217085131.GA3141@localhost.localdomain> <20011218054041.GA3263@localhost.localdomain> Message-ID: <20011218105115.B19265@harmony.cs.rit.edu> On Tue, Dec 18, 2001 at 11:10:41AM +0530, Prahlad Vaidyanathan wrote: ... | The reason it was taking so long to start was that the python | interpreter itself was taking a very long time to load. On startup, the | interpreter tries to import a whole bunch of site-packages. All the | packages it tried to import had a 'bad mtime' - hence it tried to | byte-compile the .py file into the .pyc equivalent. Since I didn't have | write-access to the /usr/lib/python2.0 directory, it complained, but | continued nonetheless. But, the delay involved in recongising and | reporting this problem caused the overall delay of the script. | | Now, what I want to know is this : | | * Why did python try importing a whole bunch of site-packages when I did | not give explicit instructions to import them It imports "site.py" unless you explicitly say not to. That script often imports a bunch of standard stuff. The site.py script is a way that an admin can customize the local installation (set sys.path or something, for example). | * Why were the mtimes for the .pyc files bad (This is prolly a problem | with my personal python package, but maybe it's universal) The mtime (last modified) of the .py file is more recent than the .pyc file. Therefore the interpreter can't assume that the .pyc file contains the code written in the .py file and must then parse and byte-compile the .py file. -D -- Better a little with righteousness than much gain with injustice. Proverbs 16:8 From dsh8290@rit.edu Tue Dec 18 15:52:23 2001 From: dsh8290@rit.edu (dman) Date: Tue, 18 Dec 2001 10:52:23 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] Python Extension under Win 2000 In-Reply-To: <3C1F1183.69582871@gmx.de>; from m_konermann@gmx.de on Tue, Dec 18, 2001 at 10:50:59AM +0100 References: <3C1F1183.69582871@gmx.de> Message-ID: <20011218105223.C19265@harmony.cs.rit.edu> On Tue, Dec 18, 2001 at 10:50:59AM +0100, Marcus Konermann wrote: | Hi @ All ! |=20 | I=B4ve created a python extension under windows2000 using developer stu= dio | like it is described under chapter 9 of the swig manual. I=B4ve also | created a python shadow class and now i want to use it by importing som= e | methods of the simannealfile.py module (the generated shadow class), | but pythonwin says, that it don=B4t find the simannealfilec.py module. | what can i do ? Add the directory containing simannealfile.py to sys.path. -D --=20 He who finds a wife finds what is good and receives favor from the Lord. Proverbs 18:22 From curtis.larsen@Covance.Com Tue Dec 18 16:03:03 2001 From: curtis.larsen@Covance.Com (Curtis Larsen) Date: Tue, 18 Dec 2001 10:03:03 -0600 Subject: [Tutor] Module Files Placement? Message-ID: Ahhh... THAT's where they go. Thanks for the "distutils" mention too -- I haven't used it at all heretofore, so I'll check it out. (Hopefull it can be found on all platforms?) Aside from a collection of modules as an app, the thing I've had problems with are the "onesy-twosy" types of modules/scripts that you find and what to use -- but can't quite determine the best place to put them. Thanks! Curtis >>> Danny Yoo 12/18/2001 2:08:27 AM >>> On Mon, 17 Dec 2001, Curtis Larsen wrote: > What is the accepted standard on adding third-party modules to your > Python installation? (Where do you put the files?) Even though > pretty much anywhere in PYTHONPATH would work, there has to be a > system of some kind (a "/usr/local/bin" if you will) to keep them > accessible, yet separate -- including all the extra modules THEY would > in turn call. External modules should live in a 'site-packages' directory underneath Python's lib directory. For example, on my computer, it's located here: /usr/local/lib/python2.1/site-packages/ Out of curiosity though: are you trying to install a module? The "distutils" are a set of tools to make installing new modules fairly automatic. Third parties often use the distutils to more easily make an installation script that works. _______________________________________________ Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor ----------------------------------------------------- Confidentiality Notice: This e-mail transmission may contain confidential or legally privileged information that is intended only for the individual or entity named in the e-mail address. If you are not the intended recipient, you are hereby notified that any disclosure, copying, distribution, or reliance upon the contents of this e-mail is strictly prohibited. If you have received this e-mail transmission in error, please reply to the sender, so that we can arrange for proper delivery, and then please delete the message from your inbox. Thank you. From jeff@ccvcorp.com Tue Dec 18 17:34:22 2001 From: jeff@ccvcorp.com (Jeff Shannon) Date: Tue, 18 Dec 2001 09:34:22 -0800 Subject: [Tutor] class Clowning: saving references to other instances References: Message-ID: <3C1F7E1E.AC9A46F@ccvcorp.com> > Rob McGee wrote: > > I will try a dictionary instead of a > list. Did you see my post about "dictionary vs. list considerations" > after this one? I was thinking that dictionaries would take up a lot > more memory. The one response I got indicated that speed of execution > would probably be better with dictionaries. But I was afraid that they > might hog a lot more memory? Dictionaries do use a bit more memory than lists, but really, it's unlikely that you have any reason to worry about it unless you are working with embedded devices or some such. On a modern (within ~5 years old) PC, you'd need to be using *thousands* of dictionaries (or a few dictionaries with many thousands of entries) before you'd be likely to be affected by memory constraints. (How many 200-300 byte structures can fit in 64MB of RAM? ;) ) The better way to decide between lists and dictionaries, is to look at which fits your problem domain better--which one makes things clearer and easier to read? If you're accessing the data in a regular, ordered sequence, or it will be convenient to look them up by a numeric index, then use a list. If you want to use some other method of looking up data, such as finding it by "name", then use a dictionary. In 99% of the circumstances you're likely to work in, the performance difference will be negligible. > ISTM if I switch to dictionaries I could use the objects themselves as > the keys? But I don't (yet) see how that would be easier than strings as > keys. The input will originate from the user, which of course means it > starts out as a string. I'll have to think about it some more. You *could* use the objects themselves as keys--*if* they are hashable. This means that they'd have to never mutate once they were in the dict, and you'd probably have to give them a __hash__() function. It's probably a lot easier to stick with using the strings. :) Jeff Shannon Technician/Programmer Credit International From beazley@cs.uchicago.edu Tue Dec 18 15:50:26 2001 From: beazley@cs.uchicago.edu (David Beazley) Date: Tue, 18 Dec 2001 09:50:26 -0600 (CST) Subject: [Tutor] [Swig] Python Extension under Win 2000 In-Reply-To: <3C1F1183.69582871@gmx.de> References: <3C1F1183.69582871@gmx.de> Message-ID: <15391.26050.264650.793350@gargoyle.cs.uchicago.edu> Marcus Konermann writes: > Hi @ All ! >=20 > I=B4ve created a python extension under windows2000 using developer = studio > like it is described under chapter 9 of the swig manual. I=B4ve also= > created a python shadow class and now i want to use it by importing = some > methods of the simannealfile.py module (the generated shadow class)= , > but pythonwin says, that it don=B4t find the simannealfilec.py modul= e. > what can i do ? >=20 Maybe you're not compiling things correctly. Did you compile the SWIG wrappers into a file 'simannealfilec.dll' as described in the SWIG manual? ^ note: extra c added Cheers, Dave From DavidCraig@pia.ca.gov Tue Dec 18 16:13:57 2001 From: DavidCraig@pia.ca.gov (DavidCraig@pia.ca.gov) Date: Tue, 18 Dec 2001 08:13:57 -0800 Subject: [Tutor] IndexError:list index out of range Message-ID: Thanks to all. It works on the command line just fine. It also works on idle if I use the reference. Dave D. H. Craig, CSM From dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu Tue Dec 18 18:44:29 2001 From: dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu (Danny Yoo) Date: Tue, 18 Dec 2001 10:44:29 -0800 (PST) Subject: [Tutor] Re: display filter slow In-Reply-To: <20011218054041.GA3263@localhost.localdomain> Message-ID: On Tue, 18 Dec 2001, Prahlad Vaidyanathan wrote: > Hi, > > On Mon, 17 Dec 2001 Prahlad Vaidyanathan spewed into the ether: > [-- snip --] > > As you can see, the script takes nearly thrice the amount of time as > > without it. I'm sure there is a more efficient way of filtering my mail, > > so any help would be appreciated. > > I know replying to one's own post is a Bad Thing, but I found out on my > own, so I thought I should post it. > > The reason it was taking so long to start was that the python > interpreter itself was taking a very long time to load. On startup, > the interpreter tries to import a whole bunch of site-packages. All > the packages it tried to import had a 'bad mtime' - hence it tried to > byte-compile the .py file into the .pyc equivalent. Since I didn't > have write-access to the /usr/lib/python2.0 directory, it complained, > but continued nonetheless. But, the delay involved in recongising and > reporting this problem caused the overall delay of the script. Ah! Put at the top of your script the following magic line: ### #!/usr/local/bin/python -S ### or something equivalent to this. The important part is the '-S' part. Every Python script implicitely does an 'import site' for site-specific customizations. By using '-S', we're telling Python that we know what we're doing, and to not do the import. Try that, and see if your load time improves. From dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu Tue Dec 18 21:30:05 2001 From: dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu (Danny Yoo) Date: Tue, 18 Dec 2001 13:30:05 -0800 (PST) Subject: [Tutor] Module Files Placement? In-Reply-To: Message-ID: On Tue, 18 Dec 2001, Curtis Larsen wrote: > Ahhh... THAT's where they go. > > Thanks for the "distutils" mention too -- I haven't used it at all > heretofore, so I'll check it out. (Hopefull it can be found on all > platforms?) Yes, 'distutils' is one of the standard library modules as of Python 1.6, so you should already have the tools you need to automate installations with it. It should be cross-platform as well. I believe one can even make Windows installers and Red Hat RPMs with 'distutils'. There's some good documentation on using it here: http://python.org/sigs/distutils-sig/doc/ Good luck! From scott@zenplex.com Tue Dec 18 22:18:53 2001 From: scott@zenplex.com (Scott Comboni) Date: 18 Dec 2001 17:18:53 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] Loggin info to syslog? In-Reply-To: <20011212175416.C10409@proton.lysator.liu.se> References: <1008168986.1685.22.camel@scoot.zenplex.com> <20011212175416.C10409@proton.lysator.liu.se> Message-ID: <1008713936.4473.246.camel@scoot.zenplex.com> Thanks Kalle, Scott On Wed, 2001-12-12 at 11:54, Kalle Svensson wrote: > [Scott Comboni] > > Is there a simple way to log info to syslog? > > Yes, use the syslog module. Check out > http://www.python.org/doc/current/lib/module-syslog.html > > Peace, > Kalle > -- > Kalle Svensson (kalle@gnupung.net) - Laziness, impatience, hubris: Pick two! > English: http://www.gnupung.net/ Svenska: http://www.lysator.liu.se/~kalle/ > Stuff: ["http://www.%s.org/" % x for x in "gnu debian python emacs".split()] > > _______________________________________________ > Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org > http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor -- ____________________________________________________________ From dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu Tue Dec 18 22:48:34 2001 From: dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu (Danny Yoo) Date: Tue, 18 Dec 2001 14:48:34 -0800 (PST) Subject: [Tutor] Re: display filter slow [pyperl and Text::Autoformat] In-Reply-To: <20011218054041.GA3263@localhost.localdomain> Message-ID: [Warning: this post mentions the use of the pyperl module; those with weak constitution to Perl should skip this message.] Perl actually has a very nice module called Text::Autoformat that does a very good job at justifying messages, especially email messages. http://search.cpan.org/doc/DCONWAY/Text-Autoformat-1.04/lib/Text/Autoformat.pm It is one of the nicest test formatters I've ever seen. One of its "downsides", though, is that it's in Perl. This shouldn't stop us from considering it, though. It's quite possible to use Perl modules in Python, through the really cool 'pyperl' module: http://downloads.activestate.com/Zope-Perl/pyperl-1.0.1.tar.gz pyperl makes using Perl modules almost transparent from Python. I've written a small wrapper below to simplify the use of Text::Autoformat in Python. ### """autoformat.py: A small Python wrapper class for Perl's Text::Autoformat module. This uses pyperl. Example use: import autoformat rawtext = '''Hello world, this is a test of the emergency broadcast system. This is only a test. muahahahahaha this is quite neat.''' ## A simple call using all defaults. formatted = autoformat(rawtext) ## Calls that override the defaults with some options. formatted = autoformat(rawtext, left=8, right=70) formatted = autoformat(rawtext, justify='right') """ import perl perl.eval("use Text::Autoformat;") def autoformat(mystring, **kwargs): kwarg_ref = perl.get_ref('%') kwarg_ref.update(kwargs) return perl.call("autoformat", mystring, kwarg_ref) ### Here's a sample session that uses this wrapper: ### >>> sample_msg = """> On Mon, 17 Dec 2001 Prahlad Vaidyanathan spewed into the ether: > [-- snip --] > > As you can see, the script takes nearly thrice the amount of time as > > without it. I'm sure there is a more efficient way of filtering my mail, > > so any help would be appreciated.""" >>> print autoformat(sample_msg, left=8, right=60, all=1) > On Mon, 17 Dec 2001 Prahlad Vaidyanathan spewed > into the ether: [-- snip --] > > As you can see, the script takes nearly thrice > > the amount of time as without it. I'm sure there > > is a more efficient way of filtering my mail, so > > any help would be appreciated. ### I thought this was pretty darn neat. *grin* Hope this helps! From pythonpython@hotmail.com Wed Dec 19 01:27:08 2001 From: pythonpython@hotmail.com (HY) Date: Wed, 19 Dec 2001 10:27:08 +0900 Subject: [Tutor] Python record delimiter / record separator Message-ID: Is there a way to set a record delimiter in Python you while reading in a file? (Like $/ in Perl) Thanks a lot. Hy From deliberatus@my995internet.com Wed Dec 19 04:35:33 2001 From: deliberatus@my995internet.com (Kirk Bailey) Date: Tue, 18 Dec 2001 23:35:33 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] TLpost.py listing now on line Message-ID: <3C201915.FB2AE6F1@my995internet.com> Rather than bore the unintrested, I have built a page with the power of SSI which lists the actual RIGHT THIS MOMENT version of TLpost.py sitting in the server. Just click this link and you will see that page. http://www.howlermonkey.net/TLpost.shtml -- Respectfully, -Kirk D Bailey (C)2001 Addme! icq #27840081 end Within the sweep of his sword, Each man is an Ubar. http://www.howlermonkey.net/ http://www.sacredelectron.org/ From inkedmn@gmx.net Wed Dec 19 04:31:18 2001 From: inkedmn@gmx.net (Brett Kelly) Date: Wed, 19 Dec 2001 05:31:18 +0100 (MET) Subject: [Tutor] while loop only executes once Message-ID: <16571.1008736278@www39.gmx.net> ok, here's my loop. it only goes through once and exits. (words is a dictionary with each letter of the alphabet corresponding to a different word) name = raw_input("Please enter your name: ") name.lower() for i in range(0, len(name)): letter = name[i] while len(name) > 0: print words[letter] name[i] = name[1:] i can't figure this out!!! please help, thanks! Brett -- Sent through GMX FreeMail - http://www.gmx.net From lha2@columbia.edu Wed Dec 19 10:43:49 2001 From: lha2@columbia.edu (Lloyd Hugh Allen) Date: Wed, 19 Dec 2001 05:43:49 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] while loop only executes once References: <16571.1008736278@www39.gmx.net> Message-ID: <3C206F64.EEACFB9E@mail.verizon.net> Brett Kelly wrote: > > ok, here's my loop. it only goes through once and exits. > (words is a dictionary with each letter of the alphabet corresponding to a > different word) > > name = raw_input("Please enter your name: ") > name.lower() > > for i in range(0, len(name)): > letter = name[i] > > while len(name) > 0: > print words[letter] > name[i] = name[1:] > > i can't figure this out!!! > > please help, thanks! > > Brett > > -- > Sent through GMX FreeMail - http://www.gmx.net > > _______________________________________________ > Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org > http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor *name is not being changed within the while loop. If you want it to be, indent name[i]=name[1:] *except that name is currently a string. Strings don't like it when you assign a slice to a character in the string (or when you assign anything to a character in the string). Is this what you want? I don't know what kind of output you are looking for, and couldn't figure out what the for loop was supposed to do. ----begin code below this line----- words = {'a':'foo', 'b':'foo2', 'c':'foo3'} name = raw_input("Please enter your name: ") name.lower() while len(name) > 0: print words[name[0]] name = name[1:] ----end code above this line------ ----begin output------ Please enter your name: abc foo foo2 foo3 ----end output-------- I have a feeling that your troubles come from using two separated loops when one will do, or from not nesting your loops if you want them to interact with each other. A for loop is probably a better choice for the above output, along the lines of for letter in name: print words[letter] (which is probably easier to understand than the double-indexed stuff in the while loop above). From toodles@yifan.net Wed Dec 19 10:53:29 2001 From: toodles@yifan.net (Andy W) Date: Wed, 19 Dec 2001 18:53:29 +0800 Subject: [Tutor] Python record delimiter / record separator References: Message-ID: <003301c1887b$66d87020$0300a8c0@sun> Hi Hy, > Is there a way to set a record delimiter in Python you while reading in a > file? > (Like $/ in Perl) (n.b. I've never used Perl, I hope I'm understanding the question correctly) Not as far as I know. You can just read in the data and split it, though. ie.:- my_file=open("the_file.extension") data=my_file.read() records=data.split(delimiter) > > > Thanks a lot. > > > Hy No worries, hope this helps! Andy > > _______________________________________________ > Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org > http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor > From toodles@yifan.net Wed Dec 19 11:14:46 2001 From: toodles@yifan.net (Andy W) Date: Wed, 19 Dec 2001 19:14:46 +0800 Subject: [Tutor] while loop only executes once References: <16571.1008736278@www39.gmx.net> <3C206F64.EEACFB9E@mail.verizon.net> Message-ID: <004701c1887e$6111ae10$0300a8c0@sun> > Brett Kelly wrote: > > > > ok, here's my loop. it only goes through once and exits. > > (words is a dictionary with each letter of the alphabet corresponding to a > > different word) > > > > name = raw_input("Please enter your name: ") > > name.lower() Also here, this doesn't assign the lowered string to name. Change it to name=name.lower() > > I have a feeling that your troubles come from using two separated loops > when one will do, or from not nesting your loops if you want them to > interact with each other. A for loop is probably a better choice for the > above output, along the lines of > > for letter in name: > print words[letter] > > (which is probably easier to understand than the double-indexed stuff in > the while loop above). I'd have to agree with that. Just remember that lower() bit, though! :) > > _______________________________________________ > Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org > http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor > From thejoness3@attbi.com Tue Dec 18 02:07:51 2001 From: thejoness3@attbi.com (Jeff Jones) Date: Mon, 17 Dec 2001 21:07:51 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] IDLE in linux References: Message-ID: <000001c188a8$dbc9c000$141af50c@attbi.com> Well, thanks to the help of many fine python tutor mail list subscribers, especially Rob for his help off list, I was finally able to properly install and configure Slackware, X, and Gnome. I thought it fitting that Python be the first program I compile with my new Linux wings, and everything went great except I cannot use IDLE. I went into /usr/local/Python2.2c1/Tools/idle and the idle command is there, but when I try to run it from bash I get "command not found". I tried to run it in X and out. I also tried at python command line without success. Thanks in advance for any assistance. I hope this is within the scope of the e-mail list... From alan.gauld@bt.com Wed Dec 19 17:51:33 2001 From: alan.gauld@bt.com (alan.gauld@bt.com) Date: Wed, 19 Dec 2001 17:51:33 -0000 Subject: [Tutor] IDLE in linux Message-ID: <5104D4DBC598D211B5FE0000F8FE7EB20E66C1E6@mbtlipnt02.btlabs.bt.co.uk> > and configure Slackware, X, and Gnome. Well done! > great except I cannot use IDLE. Assuming you built IDLE with Tkinter support built in.... > /usr/local/Python2.2c1/Tools/idle and the idle command is > there, but when I try to run it from bash I > get "command not found". How exactly did you try to run IDLE? $ python idle.py Should do it if you are in the same directory as idle.py > run it in X Yes you will need X running. > I also tried at python command line without success. That probably won't work, your best to use the Bash prompt. You could create an alias for bash: alias idle='python /idle.py' Or a link to the idle.py file from GNOME if the association of .py and python is set up. Alan G. From dvass@felis.uni-freiburg.de Wed Dec 19 18:33:00 2001 From: dvass@felis.uni-freiburg.de (Joerg Woelke) Date: Wed, 19 Dec 2001 19:33:00 +0100 Subject: [Tutor] IDLE in linux In-Reply-To: <000001c188a8$dbc9c000$141af50c@attbi.com>; from thejoness3@attbi.com on Mon, Dec 17, 2001 at 09:07:51PM -0500 References: <000001c188a8$dbc9c000$141af50c@attbi.com> Message-ID: <20011219193300.A749@Laplace.localdomain> On Mon, Dec 17, 2001 at 09:07:51PM -0500, Jeff Jones wrote: > Well, thanks to the help of many fine python tutor mail list subscribers, > especially Rob for his help off list, I was finally able to properly install > and configure Slackware, X, and Gnome. I thought it fitting that Python be > the first program I compile with my new Linux wings, and everything went > great except I cannot use IDLE. I went into > /usr/local/Python2.2c1/Tools/idle and the idle command is there, but when I > try to run it from bash I get "command not found". try "./idle" in that directory > and out. I also tried at python command line without success. Thanks in > advance for any assistance. I hope this is within the scope of the e-mail > list... > HTH,HAND and Greetings J"o! -- There's a way out of any cage. -- Captain Christopher Pike, "The Menagerie" ("The Cage"), stardate unknown. From Bruce.Lee-Shanok@cognos.com Wed Dec 19 20:54:47 2001 From: Bruce.Lee-Shanok@cognos.com (Lee-Shanok, Bruce) Date: Wed, 19 Dec 2001 15:54:47 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] Unsigned numerical literals? Message-ID: Hello all. Quick question: I'm writing a wrapper for some C calls in Python. The issue here is that the C code takes an unsigned long. Now, Python integers are, to the best of my understanding, also 32 bit, but not unsigned by default. Is there a clean way to force them to be unsigned? I'd hate to have to force the users of the Python code to write an "L" at the end of every value they bring in.... Cheers, Bruce This message may contain privileged and/or confidential information. If you have received this e-mail in error or are not the intended recipient, you may not use, copy, disseminate, or distribute it; do not open any attachments, delete it immediately from your system and notify the sender by e-mail promptly that you have done so. Thank You. From thejoness3@attbi.com Wed Dec 19 21:11:46 2001 From: thejoness3@attbi.com (Jeff Jones) Date: Wed, 19 Dec 2001 16:11:46 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] IDLE in linux References: <5104D4DBC598D211B5FE0000F8FE7EB20E66C1E6@mbtlipnt02.btlabs.bt.co.uk> Message-ID: <001501c188d1$c4d1a2e0$141af50c@attbi.com> I tried ./idle but got this error (retyped from linux to outlook): Traceback (most recent call last): File "./idle", line 5, in ? from idlelib import idleconf ImportError: No module IdleConf Thanks for all your help! I know I have seen people ask similar ?'s. Is there an archive of this list somewhere? ----- Original Message ----- From: To: ; Sent: Wednesday, December 19, 2001 12:51 PM Subject: RE: [Tutor] IDLE in linux > > and configure Slackware, X, and Gnome. > > Well done! > > > great except I cannot use IDLE. > > Assuming you built IDLE with Tkinter support built in.... > > > > /usr/local/Python2.2c1/Tools/idle and the idle command is > > there, but when I try to run it from bash I > > get "command not found". > > How exactly did you try to run IDLE? > > $ python idle.py > > Should do it if you are in the same directory as idle.py > > > run it in X > > Yes you will need X running. > > > I also tried at python command line without success. > > That probably won't work, your best to use the Bash prompt. > > You could create an alias for bash: > > alias idle='python /idle.py' > > Or a link to the idle.py file from GNOME if the association > of .py and python is set up. > > Alan G. > From arcege@speakeasy.net Wed Dec 19 23:43:16 2001 From: arcege@speakeasy.net (Michael P. Reilly) Date: Wed, 19 Dec 2001 18:43:16 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] IDLE in linux In-Reply-To: <000001c188a8$dbc9c000$141af50c@attbi.com>; from thejoness3@attbi.com on Mon, Dec 17, 2001 at 09:07:51PM -0500 References: <000001c188a8$dbc9c000$141af50c@attbi.com> Message-ID: <20011219184316.E907@speakeasy.net> On Mon, Dec 17, 2001 at 09:07:51PM -0500, Jeff Jones wrote: > Well, thanks to the help of many fine python tutor mail list subscribers, > especially Rob for his help off list, I was finally able to properly install > and configure Slackware, X, and Gnome. I thought it fitting that Python be > the first program I compile with my new Linux wings, and everything went > great except I cannot use IDLE. I went into > /usr/local/Python2.2c1/Tools/idle and the idle command is there, but when I > try to run it from bash I get "command not found". I tried to run it in X > and out. I also tried at python command line without success. Thanks in > advance for any assistance. I hope this is within the scope of the e-mail > list... You might want to check the "shebang" line (first line in the file) to make sure the pathname of the interpreter in #!/path/to/interpreter is correct (sometimes it is /usr/local/bin/python when it is really in /usr/bin/python or /usr/local/bin/python2). -Arcege From glingl@aon.at Thu Dec 20 00:35:18 2001 From: glingl@aon.at (Gregor Lingl) Date: Thu, 20 Dec 2001 01:35:18 +0100 Subject: [Tutor] Unsigned numerical literals? References: Message-ID: <005b01c188ee$332f81f0$1664a8c0@mega> ----- Original Message ----- From: "Lee-Shanok, Bruce" To: Sent: Wednesday, December 19, 2001 9:54 PM Subject: [Tutor] Unsigned numerical literals? > Hello all. Quick question: I'm writing a wrapper for some C calls in Python. > The issue here is that the C code takes an unsigned long. Now, Python > integers are, to the best of my understanding, also 32 bit, but not unsigned > by default. Is there a clean way to force them to be unsigned? I'd hate to > have to force the users of the Python code to write an "L" at the end of > every value they bring in.... > This would only make sense if you used the input-statement: If you tried: >>> a = input("any integer: ") any integer: 123412312341234 Traceback (most recent call last): File "", line 1, in ? a = input("any integer: ") OverflowError: integer literal too large >>> To avoid this, use raw_input: >>> a = long(raw_input("any integer: ")) any integer: 123412341234 >>> a 123412341234L >>> thus reading in a string and converting it immediately to a float. Gregor P.S.: Since the day after tomorrow you will get with Python V 2.2: Python 2.2c1 (#27, Dec 14 2001, 13:15:16) [MSC 32 bit (Intel)] on win32 Type "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information. IDLE 0.8 -- press F1 for help >>> a = input("any integer: ") any integer: 123412312341234 >>> a 123412312341234L >>> Python V2.2 will do the conversion int=>long automatically P.P.S.: Perhaps - depending on your application - it would be better to use: >>> try: a = long(raw_input("any integer: ")) except: # if something weird was input print "Nonsense!" any integer: 123412312341234xyz Nonsense! >>> ... to catch unplausible userinput. > Cheers, > Bruce > From glingl@aon.at Thu Dec 20 00:41:56 2001 From: glingl@aon.at (Gregor Lingl) Date: Thu, 20 Dec 2001 01:41:56 +0100 Subject: Fw: [Tutor] Unsigned numerical literals? Message-ID: <007901c188ef$2043a570$1664a8c0@mega> In my last posting, this should read: > To avoid this, use raw_input: > > >>> a = long(raw_input("any integer: ")) > any integer: 123412312341234 > >>> a > 123412312341234L > >>> > > thus reading in a string and converting it immediately to a long. ^^^^ (It' already too late here in good old Europe) Gregor From slime@vsnl.net Wed Dec 19 17:32:49 2001 From: slime@vsnl.net (Prahlad Vaidyanathan) Date: Wed, 19 Dec 2001 23:02:49 +0530 Subject: [Tutor] Re: display filter slow [pyperl and Text::Autoformat] In-Reply-To: References: <20011218054041.GA3263@localhost.localdomain> Message-ID: <20011219173249.GA2790@localhost.localdomain> --bp/iNruPH9dso1Pn Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii Content-Disposition: inline Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Hi, On Tue, 18 Dec 2001 Danny Yoo spewed into the ether: [-- snip --] > http://downloads.activestate.com/Zope-Perl/pyperl-1.0.1.tar.gz Thanks a lot ! Now to get cracking ... pv. --=20 Prahlad Vaidyanathan Make sure your code does nothing gracefully. --bp/iNruPH9dso1Pn Content-Type: application/pgp-signature Content-Disposition: inline -----BEGIN PGP SIGNATURE----- Version: GnuPG v1.0.4 (GNU/Linux) Comment: For info see http://www.gnupg.org iD8DBQE8IM9BIKhjOSElu4YRAk13AKC0KaTOt8DQW1G+SUTvMdDRqG0pWACfTuHc aok3m0WsIAqJpT3778+jGlw= =RjHz -----END PGP SIGNATURE----- --bp/iNruPH9dso1Pn-- From rufmetal@rogers.com Thu Dec 20 04:17:30 2001 From: rufmetal@rogers.com (Chris Keelan) Date: Wed, 19 Dec 2001 23:17:30 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] Passing a variable to 'import' Message-ID: <20011220043209.JBYO42229.fep01-mail.bloor.is.net.cable.rogers.com@there> I have a piece of code like so: moduleName="someModule" def import_module(someModule): import someModule Of course that gives me the following output: Traceback (most recent call last): File "", line 1, in import_module ImportError: No module named moduleName So how do I, for example, grab a module name from sys.argv and then pass it to the import command as a variable? - Chris From rufmetal@rogers.com Thu Dec 20 04:26:01 2001 From: rufmetal@rogers.com (Chris Keelan) Date: Wed, 19 Dec 2001 23:26:01 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] Passing a variable to 'import' In-Reply-To: <20011220043209.JBYO42229.fep01-mail.bloor.is.net.cable.rogers.com@there> References: <20011220043209.JBYO42229.fep01-mail.bloor.is.net.cable.rogers.com@there> Message-ID: <20011220044040.SXXM342755.fep04-mail.bloor.is.net.cable.rogers.com@there> On Wednesday 19 December 2001 11:17 pm, Chris Keelan wrote: Dang it! I should proof my messages. Try it this way: I have a piece of code like so: >>moduleName="someModule" >>def import_module(someModule): import someModule Of course that gives me the following output: >>Traceback (most recent call last): >> File "", line 1, in import_module >>ImportError: No module named someModule But you all knew what I meant, right? - Chris From deliberatus@my995internet.com Thu Dec 20 05:01:19 2001 From: deliberatus@my995internet.com (Kirk Bailey) Date: Thu, 20 Dec 2001 00:01:19 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] COMPIMER QUEST Message-ID: <3C21709F.95031F9F@my995internet.com> SHOWINg the TLpost.py code to Jim Porter, he wants to know if there is a compiler out there toconvert python to C, or compile machine language files from python. -- Respectfully, -Kirk D Bailey (C)2001 Addme! icq #27840081 end Within the sweep of his sword, Each man is an Ubar. http://www.howlermonkey.net/ http://www.sacredelectron.org/ From i812@iname.com Thu Dec 20 05:37:23 2001 From: i812@iname.com (Rob McGee) Date: Wed, 19 Dec 2001 23:37:23 -0600 Subject: [Tutor] Passing a variable to 'import' In-Reply-To: <20011220044040.SXXM342755.fep04-mail.bloor.is.net.cable.rogers.com@there>; from rufmetal@rogers.com on Wed, Dec 19, 2001 at 11:26:01PM -0500 References: <20011220043209.JBYO42229.fep01-mail.bloor.is.net.cable.rogers.com@there> <20011220044040.SXXM342755.fep04-mail.bloor.is.net.cable.rogers.com@there> Message-ID: <20011219233723.E3310@hal> On Wed, Dec 19, 2001 at 11:26:01PM -0500, Chris Keelan wrote: > >>moduleName="someModule" > > >>def import_module(someModule): > import someModule > > Of course that gives me the following output: > > >>Traceback (most recent call last): > >> File "", line 1, in import_module > >>ImportError: No module named someModule Sounds like a job for my once-beloved "exec" statement. :) {code} moduleName = 'someModule' def import_module(someModule): """Imports a module (someModule as string)""" exec 'import ' + someModule import_module(moduleName) {/code} But don't listen to me, I'm a beginner. :) IIRC there's also the execfile() function which might do it more elegantly. See the lib/built-in-funcs.html in your documentation (or online at www.python.org/doc/). HTH, sorry if it doesn't :) ... Rob - /dev/rob0 From toodles@yifan.net Thu Dec 20 05:43:27 2001 From: toodles@yifan.net (Andy W) Date: Thu, 20 Dec 2001 13:43:27 +0800 Subject: [Tutor] min() & mutable sequences Message-ID: <000501c18919$40fe2630$0300a8c0@sun> Hi people, First to give some background: I have a list of instances, each has an attributes "distance". I want to get the instance with the smallest distance. I have at present:- robots=[...] #The ... is a whole lot of instances :) closest=min([robot.distance for robot in robots]) Okay, I now have the closest *distance*. Say more than one instance has the same distance, will min() return the first instance with that smallest distance? Because if that is so, I could then just get the related instance using:- closest_index=[robot.distance for robot in robots].index(closest) #Yeah, I used that list comprehension twice, this is just for demonstration, though. closest_robot=robots[closest_index] Is there a better way to do it? I guess I could iterate over the list, and keep a smallest distance variable somewhere. I guess I've become somewhat of a list-comprehension-addict *grin* TIA, Andrew From toodles@yifan.net Thu Dec 20 05:51:16 2001 From: toodles@yifan.net (Andy W) Date: Thu, 20 Dec 2001 13:51:16 +0800 Subject: [Tutor] Passing a variable to 'import' References: <20011220043209.JBYO42229.fep01-mail.bloor.is.net.cable.rogers.com@there> Message-ID: <002f01c1891a$58aa8610$0300a8c0@sun> Hi Christ > So how do I, for example, grab a module name from sys.argv and then pass it > to the import command as a variable? > > - Chris You'll want to look at the "imp" module. http://www.python.org/doc/current/lib/module-imp.html Also, take a look at the example for the imp module. http://www.python.org/doc/current/lib/examples-imp.html HTH, Andrew > > _______________________________________________ > Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org > http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor > From toodles@yifan.net Thu Dec 20 05:58:22 2001 From: toodles@yifan.net (Andy W) Date: Thu, 20 Dec 2001 13:58:22 +0800 Subject: [Tutor] COMPIMER QUEST References: <3C21709F.95031F9F@my995internet.com> Message-ID: <003701c1891b$568c4480$0300a8c0@sun> Hiya, > SHOWINg the TLpost.py code to Jim Porter, he wants to know if there is a > compiler out there toconvert python to C, or compile machine language > files from python. Hmm there might be a couple of projects going on for C conversion/compilation, but I don't know how well they work (especially with exec calls and such things...) There are a few packages around that create executables, that take the python code, analyse what the dependencies are and glue a minimalistic python interpreter to it. Of these, I have tried and found Gordon McMillan's "installer" package to be useful. http://www.mcmillan-inc.com/install5_ann.html There's also py2exe, http://starship.python.net/crew/theller/py2exe/ HTH, Andrew > > -- > Respectfully, > -Kirk D Bailey (C)2001 > Addme! icq #27840081 > end > > > Within the sweep of his sword, Each man is an Ubar. > > http://www.howlermonkey.net/ > http://www.sacredelectron.org/ > > _______________________________________________ > Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org > http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor > From toodles@yifan.net Thu Dec 20 06:00:07 2001 From: toodles@yifan.net (Andy W) Date: Thu, 20 Dec 2001 14:00:07 +0800 Subject: [Tutor] Passing a variable to 'import' References: <20011220043209.JBYO42229.fep01-mail.bloor.is.net.cable.rogers.com@there> <002f01c1891a$58aa8610$0300a8c0@sun> Message-ID: <004101c1891b$953a9010$0300a8c0@sun> > Hi Christ Oh dear, that's got to be the best typo I've ever done. > > > So how do I, for example, grab a module name from sys.argv and then pass > it > > to the import command as a variable? > > > > - Chris > > You'll want to look at the "imp" module. > > http://www.python.org/doc/current/lib/module-imp.html > > Also, take a look at the example for the imp module. > > http://www.python.org/doc/current/lib/examples-imp.html > > HTH, > Andrew > > > > > _______________________________________________ > > Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org > > http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor > > > > > _______________________________________________ > Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org > http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor > From mark21rowe@yahoo.com Thu Dec 20 06:11:34 2001 From: mark21rowe@yahoo.com (Mark Rowe) Date: Thu, 20 Dec 2001 19:11:34 +1300 Subject: [Tutor] Passing a variable to 'import' References: <20011220043209.JBYO42229.fep01-mail.bloor.is.net.cable.rogers.com@there> Message-ID: <3C218116.10500@yahoo.com> Hi, Have a read up on the __import__ function in the Python documentation. Mark Rowe Chris Keelan wrote: >I have a piece of code like so: > >moduleName="someModule" > >def import_module(someModule): > import someModule > >Of course that gives me the following output: > >Traceback (most recent call last): > File "", line 1, in import_module >ImportError: No module named moduleName > >So how do I, for example, grab a module name from sys.argv and then pass it >to the import command as a variable? > >- Chris > _________________________________________________________ Do You Yahoo!? Get your free @yahoo.com address at http://mail.yahoo.com From i812@iname.com Thu Dec 20 06:14:53 2001 From: i812@iname.com (Rob McGee) Date: Thu, 20 Dec 2001 00:14:53 -0600 Subject: [Tutor] initializing multiple attributes to same value Message-ID: <20011220001453.F3310@hal> I tripped myself up on something like this: {code} class Whatever: def __init__(self): self.one = self.two = self.three = 0 self.listOne = self.listTwo = [] whoKnows = Whatever() someOtherObject = ['spam', 'eggs'] whoKnows.listOne.append(someOtherObject) {/code} With that I also end up with someOtherObject in whoKnows.listTwo. Presumably if I add 42 to whoKnows.one, I also add 42 to the values for two and three attributes. Is that right? So, how do I initialize multiple attributes to the same value? Would something like this ... {code} class Whatever: def __init__(self): list1 = self.one, self.two, self.three for item in list1: item = 0 list2 = self.listOne, self.listTwo for item in list2: item = [] {/code} ... keep these attributes' values distinct from one another? Thanks, Rob - /dev/rob0 From toodles@yifan.net Thu Dec 20 06:33:43 2001 From: toodles@yifan.net (Andy W) Date: Thu, 20 Dec 2001 14:33:43 +0800 Subject: [Tutor] initializing multiple attributes to same value References: <20011220001453.F3310@hal> Message-ID: <000b01c18920$46a60a10$0300a8c0@sun> Hiya, (Answer is right down the bottom) > I tripped myself up on something like this: > > {code} > class Whatever: > def __init__(self): > self.one = self.two = self.three = 0 > self.listOne = self.listTwo = [] > > whoKnows = Whatever() > > someOtherObject = ['spam', 'eggs'] > > whoKnows.listOne.append(someOtherObject) > {/code} > > With that I also end up with someOtherObject in whoKnows.listTwo. > Presumably if I add 42 to whoKnows.one, I also add 42 to the values for > two and three attributes. Is that right? > > So, how do I initialize multiple attributes to the same value? Would > something like this ... > > {code} > class Whatever: > def __init__(self): > list1 = self.one, self.two, self.three > for item in list1: > item = 0 > list2 = self.listOne, self.listTwo > for item in list2: > item = [] > {/code} > > ... keep these attributes' values distinct from one another? Well, no. That would be referring to variables not yet assigned. You could use a dictionary if you wanted to do it that way, with the keys as "one", "two", "three" etc. Another way is to use sequence unpacking, eg.:- self.one, self.two, self.three = (0,0,0) HTH, Andrew > > Thanks, > Rob - /dev/rob0 > > _______________________________________________ > Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org > http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor > From alan.gauld@bt.com Thu Dec 20 10:49:53 2001 From: alan.gauld@bt.com (alan.gauld@bt.com) Date: Thu, 20 Dec 2001 10:49:53 -0000 Subject: [Tutor] Passing a variable to 'import' Message-ID: <5104D4DBC598D211B5FE0000F8FE7EB20E66C1EA@mbtlipnt02.btlabs.bt.co.uk> > > >>moduleName="someModule" > > > > >>def import_module(someModule): > > import someModule > > Sounds like a job for my once-beloved "exec" statement. :) Rob, this time I agree with you :-) I think there may be other ways to do this using some of the internals of Python but in this case exec does seem the best option. Alan G. From alan.gauld@bt.com Thu Dec 20 10:53:23 2001 From: alan.gauld@bt.com (alan.gauld@bt.com) Date: Thu, 20 Dec 2001 10:53:23 -0000 Subject: [Tutor] Passing a variable to 'import' Message-ID: <5104D4DBC598D211B5FE0000F8FE7EB20E66C1EB@mbtlipnt02.btlabs.bt.co.uk> > > So how do I, for example, grab a module name from sys.argv > and then pass it to the import command as a variable? > > You'll want to look at the "imp" module. > > http://www.python.org/doc/current/lib/module-imp.html > Oh well, wrong again! exec isn't the best way - once more Python's "battery power" impresses me :-) Alan g. From lonetwin@yahoo.com Thu Dec 20 11:43:59 2001 From: lonetwin@yahoo.com (lonetwin) Date: Thu, 20 Dec 2001 17:13:59 +0530 Subject: [Tutor] printing out the definition of a func ++ Message-ID: <01122017135901.05475@mercury.worli> Hi everybody, A quick question, can I print out the definition of a func/class *after* I have defined it, in the python intepreter ??? ....it'd be nice to be able to do this 'cos I seem to need it pretty often (for debugging stuff)....and no, I do not use IDLE, 'cos I work at command prompt (under linux) and fire-up the intepreter there (X *crawls* on my system). In other words, I want to: =================================================== [steve@mercury ~]$ python Python 2.0 (#1, Apr 11 2001, 19:18:08) [GCC 2.96 20000731 (Linux-Mandrake 8.0 2.96-0.48mdk)] on linux-i386 Type "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information. >>> def func(foo): ....... ....... ....... >>> doStuff() >>> doSomeMore() >>> ........ >>> ........ >>> print code(func) <----- Could someone prolly show me how to write this function ??? def func(foo): / .......... {-------- This is what should happen...sorry ........... \ I forgot mentioning this =================================================== .....or am I asking for too much ?? Peace Steve -- ---------------------------------------------- I get up each morning, gather my wits. Pick up the paper, read the obits. If I'm not there I know I'm not dead. So I eat a good breakfast and go back to bed. Oh, how do I know my youth is all spent? My get-up-and-go has got-up-and-went. But in spite of it all, I'm able to grin, And think of the places my get-up has been. -- Pete Seeger ---------------------------------------------- From glingl@aon.at Thu Dec 20 12:03:35 2001 From: glingl@aon.at (Gregor Lingl) Date: Thu, 20 Dec 2001 13:03:35 +0100 Subject: [Tutor] Passing a variable to 'import' References: <5104D4DBC598D211B5FE0000F8FE7EB20E66C1EA@mbtlipnt02.btlabs.bt.co.uk> Message-ID: <3C21D397.9E9CA1A2@rg16.asn-wien.ac.at> alan.gauld@bt.com schrieb: > > > >>moduleName="someModule" > > > > > > >>def import_module(someModule): > > > import someModule > > > > Sounds like a job for my once-beloved "exec" statement. :) > > Rob, this time I agree with you :-) > > I think there may be other ways to do this using some of > the internals of Python but in this case exec does seem > the best option. > I think, this is not the case, because of the same reason, why the following doesn't work properly (). >>> def pival(): import math return math.pi >>> pival() 3.1415926535897931 >>> math.pi Traceback (most recent call last): File "", line 1, in ? math.pi NameError: name 'math' is not defined >>> (Apparently the module math is only imported locally (to the function-body)) Similarly we have: >>> def import_module(someModule): """Imports a module (someModule as string)""" exec 'import ' + someModule >>> import_module('math') >>> math.pi Traceback (most recent call last): File "", line 1, in ? math.pi NameError: name 'math' is not defined I assume that the definer of the import_module() function wants the module to be imported to the 'namespace' (?) from which the function is called. Otherwise such a function would not make much sense. (Or am I wrong?) Gregor From alan.gauld@bt.com Thu Dec 20 12:15:00 2001 From: alan.gauld@bt.com (alan.gauld@bt.com) Date: Thu, 20 Dec 2001 12:15:00 -0000 Subject: [Tutor] Passing a variable to 'import' Message-ID: <5104D4DBC598D211B5FE0000F8FE7EB20E66C1ED@mbtlipnt02.btlabs.bt.co.uk> > I assume that the definer of the import_module() > function wants the module to be imported to the > 'namespace' (?) from which the function is > called. Maybe, I assumed(*) it was just for local consumption. However as someone already pointed out the imp module looks a lot better for this. Alan G. (*) Assume = Ass + U + me :-) From jrm@videotron.ca Thu Dec 20 06:21:29 2001 From: jrm@videotron.ca (Jean Montambeault) Date: Thu, 20 Dec 2001 08:21:29 +0200 Subject: [Tutor] COMPIMER QUEST References: <3C21709F.95031F9F@my995internet.com> <003701c1891b$568c4480$0300a8c0@sun> Message-ID: <000701c1891e$9008bb00$0100c0a8@videotron.ca> ----- Original Message ----- From: "Andy W" To: "Kirk Bailey" ; > Hmm there might be a couple of projects going on for C > conversion/compilation, but I don't know how well they work (especially with > exec calls and such things...) One such project : http://homepages.ulb.ac.be/~arigo/psyco/ From lonetwin@yahoo.com Thu Dec 20 11:38:41 2001 From: lonetwin@yahoo.com (lonetwin) Date: Thu, 20 Dec 2001 17:08:41 +0530 Subject: [Tutor] printing out the definition of a func Message-ID: <01122017084100.05475@mercury.worli> Hi everybody, A quick question, can I print out the definition of a func/class *after* I have defined it, in the python intepreter ??? ....it'd be nice to be able to do this 'cos I seem to need it pretty often (for debugging stuff)....and no, I do not use IDLE, 'cos I work at command prompt (under linux) and fire-up the intepreter there (X *crawls* on my system). In other words, I want to: =================================================== [steve@mercury ~]$ python Python 2.0 (#1, Apr 11 2001, 19:18:08) [GCC 2.96 20000731 (Linux-Mandrake 8.0 2.96-0.48mdk)] on linux-i386 Type "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information. >>> def func(foo): ....... ....... ....... >>> doStuff() >>> doSomeMore() >>> ........ >>> ........ >>> print code(func) <----------- Could someone prolly show me how to write this function ??? =================================================== .....or am I asking for too much ?? Peace Steve -- ---------------------------------------------- I get up each morning, gather my wits. Pick up the paper, read the obits. If I'm not there I know I'm not dead. So I eat a good breakfast and go back to bed. Oh, how do I know my youth is all spent? My get-up-and-go has got-up-and-went. But in spite of it all, I'm able to grin, And think of the places my get-up has been. -- Pete Seeger ---------------------------------------------- From pythontutor@venix.com Thu Dec 20 13:56:01 2001 From: pythontutor@venix.com (Lloyd Kvam) Date: Thu, 20 Dec 2001 08:56:01 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] printing out the definition of a func References: <01122017084100.05475@mercury.worli> Message-ID: <3C21EDF1.7010209@venix.com> I am pretty sure that you are asking too much. Even in text mode, you should be able to switch between different sessions. Keep one session in your editor window where the source file is visible. Then have a Python session. Use: import FILENAME - the first time reload(FILENAME) - later times to get the latest changes from the source file. Rember to save to the disk from your editor. So far as I know, all Linux distributions use to switch between sessions. lonetwin wrote: > Hi everybody, > A quick question, can I print out the definition of a func/class *after* > I have defined it, in the python intepreter ??? ....it'd be nice to be able > to do this 'cos I seem to need it pretty often (for debugging stuff)....and > no, I do not use IDLE, 'cos I work at command prompt (under linux) and > fire-up the intepreter there (X *crawls* on my system). > > In other words, I want to: > =================================================== > [steve@mercury ~]$ python > Python 2.0 (#1, Apr 11 2001, 19:18:08) > [GCC 2.96 20000731 (Linux-Mandrake 8.0 2.96-0.48mdk)] on linux-i386 > Type "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information. > >>>>def func(foo): >>>> > ....... > ....... > ....... > >>>>doStuff() >>>>doSomeMore() >>>>........ >>>>........ >>>> > > >>>>print code(func) <----------- Could someone prolly show me how to write >>>> > this function ??? > =================================================== > .....or am I asking for too much ?? > > Peace > Steve > -- Lloyd Kvam Venix Corp. 1 Court Street, Suite 378 Lebanon, NH 03766-1358 voice: 603-443-6155 fax: 801-459-9582 From alan.gauld@bt.com Thu Dec 20 18:20:36 2001 From: alan.gauld@bt.com (alan.gauld@bt.com) Date: Thu, 20 Dec 2001 18:20:36 -0000 Subject: [Tutor] printing out the definition of a func Message-ID: <5104D4DBC598D211B5FE0000F8FE7EB20E66C1F0@mbtlipnt02.btlabs.bt.co.uk> > I am pretty sure that you are asking too much. Even in text mode, > you should be able to switch between different sessions. Keep one > session in your editor window where the source file is visible. > Then have a Python session. Or use CTRL-Z to suspend the editor and fg to bring python up etc, lots of options, but.... His post suggested he wanted to do it all from within the python promppt - thats a tad harder! Maybe emacs -nw would be your best bet - then you can split the screen in text mode, run a shell in one pane(running python) and edit the code in the other pane. However emacs may be as big a resource hog as X.... Just a thought, Its how I used to work on Unix before I got a workstation and had to use a real VT200.... Alan g. From Bruce.Lee-Shanok@cognos.com Thu Dec 20 20:30:55 2001 From: Bruce.Lee-Shanok@cognos.com (Lee-Shanok, Bruce) Date: Thu, 20 Dec 2001 15:30:55 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] Global variables Message-ID: Hello all, I'm trying to declare a global variable to keep count of a value without constantly passing it around. The problem I'm running into is = that it's not being recognized in any of my functions. The basic format is: totalerrors =3D 0 def CheckErrors(statuscode): if statuscode < 0: totalerrors =3D totalerrors + 1 print "Error with code", print statuscode def RunTest(): status =3D Func1() CheckErrors(status) status =3D Func2() CheckErrors(status) status =3D Func3() CheckErrors(status) status =3D Func4() CheckErrors(status) RunTest() .. is there any way for me to get totalerrors recognized? How does = Python determine where the scope of the variable ends? Bruce Lee-Shanok Access Manager (613) 738-1338 ext 5764 Cognos, Ottawa=20 [Riverside, 4th Floor, E9] Ce message peut contenir des informations prot=E9g=E9es et/ou = confidentielles. Si vous avez re=E7u ce mail par erreur ou si vous n'en =EAtes pas le destinataire, il vous est interdit d'utiliser, de copier, de diffuser = ou de distribuer les pi=E8ces qui y sont jointes. Supprimez-le et notifiez imm=E9diatement par e-mail la personne qui vous l'a envoy=E9e. Merci = d'avance. This message may contain privileged and/or confidential information. = If you have received this e-mail in error or are not the intended recipient, = you may not use, copy, disseminate, or distribute it; do not open any attachments, delete it immediately from your system and notify the = sender by e-mail promptly that you have done so. Thank You. From pythontutor@venix.com Thu Dec 20 20:59:01 2001 From: pythontutor@venix.com (Lloyd Kvam) Date: Thu, 20 Dec 2001 15:59:01 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] Global variables References: Message-ID: <3C225115.4010908@venix.com> Any variable that is the target of an assignment statement is automatical= ly marked as a local variable. You need to use the global statement first if you want to assign to a global variable. totalerrors =3D 0 def CheckErrors(statuscode): global totalerrors if statuscode < 0: ... You will need to repeat the global statement within each scope - for each function def in your example. Lee-Shanok, Bruce wrote: > Hello all, >=20 > I'm trying to declare a global variable to keep count of a value > without constantly passing it around. The problem I'm running into is t= hat > it's not being recognized in any of my functions. The basic format is: >=20 > totalerrors =3D 0 > def CheckErrors(statuscode): > if statuscode < 0: > totalerrors =3D totalerrors + 1 > print "Error with code", > print statuscode >=20 > def RunTest(): > status =3D Func1() > CheckErrors(status) > status =3D Func2() > CheckErrors(status) > status =3D Func3() > CheckErrors(status) > status =3D Func4() > CheckErrors(status) >=20 > RunTest() >=20 > .. is there any way for me to get totalerrors recognized? How does Pyth= on > determine where the scope of the variable ends? >=20 > Bruce Lee-Shanok > Access Manager > (613) 738-1338 ext 5764 > Cognos, Ottawa=20 > [Riverside, 4th Floor, E9] >=20 > Ce message peut contenir des informations prot=E9g=E9es et/ou confident= ielles. > Si vous avez re=E7u ce mail par erreur ou si vous n'en =EAtes pas le > destinataire, il vous est interdit d'utiliser, de copier, de diffuser o= u de > distribuer les pi=E8ces qui y sont jointes. Supprimez-le et notifiez > imm=E9diatement par e-mail la personne qui vous l'a envoy=E9e. Merci d'= avance. >=20 >=20 > This message may contain privileged and/or confidential information. I= f you > have received this e-mail in error or are not the intended recipient, y= ou > may not use, copy, disseminate, or distribute it; do not open any > attachments, delete it immediately from your system and notify the send= er by > e-mail promptly that you have done so. Thank You. >=20 > _______________________________________________ > Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org > http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor >=20 >=20 --=20 Lloyd Kvam Venix Corp. 1 Court Street, Suite 378 Lebanon, NH 03766-1358 voice:=20 603-443-6155 fax:=20 801-459-9582 From bwinton@tor.dhs.org Fri Dec 21 02:09:43 2001 From: bwinton@tor.dhs.org (Blake Winton) Date: Thu, 20 Dec 2001 21:09:43 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] printing out the definition of a func In-Reply-To: <5104D4DBC598D211B5FE0000F8FE7EB20E66C1F0@mbtlipnt02.btlabs.bt.co.uk> References: <5104D4DBC598D211B5FE0000F8FE7EB20E66C1F0@mbtlipnt02.btlabs.bt.co.uk> Message-ID: <20011220210943.A1694@tor.dhs.org> * alan.gauld@bt.com [011220 20:25]: > > I am pretty sure that you are asking too much. Even in text mode, > > you should be able to switch between different sessions. Keep one > > session in your editor window where the source file is visible. > > Then have a Python session. > Maybe emacs -nw would be your best bet - then you can split the > screen in text mode, run a shell in one pane(running python) > and edit the code in the other pane. However emacs may be > as big a resource hog as X.... or screen... http://www.math.fu-berlin.de/~guckes/screen/ And it's a little smaller than emacs... ;) 236404 Aug 18 1999 /usr/bin/screen 2878448 Sep 25 1999 /usr/bin/emacs Of course, I'm still kind of surprised no-one's mentioned the "dis" module yet. It doesn't seem to be exactly what the original poster wants, but it's a little closer... http://www.python.org/doc/current/lib/module-dis.html Later, Blake. -- 9:40pm up 52 days, 21:07, 2 users, load average: 0.02, 0.09, 0.07 From syrinx@simplecom.net Fri Dec 21 04:54:45 2001 From: syrinx@simplecom.net (Scott) Date: Thu, 20 Dec 2001 22:54:45 -0600 Subject: [Tutor] hash table Message-ID: <200112202256823.SM13047@there> If all I really want is an efficient hash table, should I just use a dictionary? Or is there a better way? Thanks. From deliberatus@my995internet.com Fri Dec 21 06:10:16 2001 From: deliberatus@my995internet.com (Kirk Bailey) Date: Fri, 21 Dec 2001 01:10:16 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] rfc822.rewindbody() Message-ID: <3C22D248.3CA5DB26@my995internet.com> OK, I confizedde... how do I properly use rewindbody()? -- Respectfully, -Kirk D Bailey (C)2001 Addme! icq #27840081 end Within the sweep of his sword, Each man is an Ubar. http://www.howlermonkey.net/ http://www.sacredelectron.org/ From dvass@felis.uni-freiburg.de Thu Dec 20 01:40:46 2001 From: dvass@felis.uni-freiburg.de (Joerg Woelke) Date: Thu, 20 Dec 2001 02:40:46 +0100 Subject: [Tutor] IDLE in linux In-Reply-To: <001501c188d1$c4d1a2e0$141af50c@attbi.com>; from thejoness3@attbi.com on Wed, Dec 19, 2001 at 04:11:46PM -0500 References: <5104D4DBC598D211B5FE0000F8FE7EB20E66C1E6@mbtlipnt02.btlabs.bt.co.uk> <001501c188d1$c4d1a2e0$141af50c@attbi.com> Message-ID: <20011220024046.B1287@Laplace.localdomain> On Wed, Dec 19, 2001 at 04:11:46PM -0500, Jeff Jones wrote: > I tried ./idle but got this error (retyped from linux to outlook): ^^^^^^^^ *baeh* man mutt > Traceback (most recent call last): > File "./idle", line 5, in ? > from idlelib import idleconf > ImportError: No module IdleConf Well - it does not find idleconf.py[c]. What is it? I don't have it on my system with idle installed and running. - Unix is case sensitive *duck* - Use the source Luke! > > Thanks for all your help! I know I have seen people ask similar ?'s. Is > there an archive of this list somewhere? try comp.lang.python at groups.google.com. HTH,HAND and good luck J"o! -- Man belongs wherever he wants to go. -- Wernher von Braun From dvass@felis.uni-freiburg.de Thu Dec 20 01:24:45 2001 From: dvass@felis.uni-freiburg.de (Joerg Woelke) Date: Thu, 20 Dec 2001 02:24:45 +0100 Subject: [Tutor] IDLE in linux In-Reply-To: <20011219184316.E907@speakeasy.net>; from arcege@speakeasy.net on Wed, Dec 19, 2001 at 06:43:16PM -0500 References: <000001c188a8$dbc9c000$141af50c@attbi.com> <20011219184316.E907@speakeasy.net> Message-ID: <20011220022445.A1287@Laplace.localdomain> On Wed, Dec 19, 2001 at 06:43:16PM -0500, Michael P. Reilly wrote: > to make sure the pathname of the interpreter in > #!/path/to/interpreter > > is correct (sometimes it is /usr/local/bin/python when it is really > in /usr/bin/python or /usr/local/bin/python2). How about "#!/usr/bin/env python" wich sets up the environment for you? > > -Arcege HTH,HAND and Greetings J"o! -- Man belongs wherever he wants to go. -- Wernher von Braun From wheelege@hotmail.com Fri Dec 21 08:27:06 2001 From: wheelege@hotmail.com (Glen Wheeler) Date: Fri, 21 Dec 2001 19:27:06 +1100 Subject: [Tutor] hash table References: <200112202256823.SM13047@there> Message-ID: > If all I really want is an efficient hash table, should I just use a > dictionary? Or is there a better way? > Dictionaries are very efficient - I use them all the time. I guess you could use a C hash but really...the performance difference is negligible to zero :) I am not up to scratch in C, but I think dicts are more versatile as well. HTH, Glen From lonetwin@yahoo.com Fri Dec 21 08:09:58 2001 From: lonetwin@yahoo.com (lonetwin) Date: Fri, 21 Dec 2001 13:39:58 +0530 Subject: [Tutor] printing out the definition of a func In-Reply-To: <3C21EDF1.7010209@venix.com> References: <01122017084100.05475@mercury.worli> <3C21EDF1.7010209@venix.com> Message-ID: <01122113395801.08105@mercury.worli> Hi there, Llyod, Alan, Blake, (and a note for everybody else futher down) Thanx for replying, On Thursday 20 December 2001 19:26, Llyod wrote: > I am pretty sure that you are asking too much. I thought as much > Even in text mode, > you should be able to switch between different sessions. Keep one > session in your editor window where the source file is visible. > Then have a Python session. Use: > import FILENAME - the first time > reload(FILENAME) > - later times > to get the latest changes from the source file. Rember to save to > the disk from your editor. That's how I do it .....but it's such a pain, 'cos I keep forgetting to save, or to reload.....or I just end up def-ing a function/class in the intepreter itself, before I realise it just got too long :) Alan wrote: > Maybe emacs -nw would be your best bet - then you can split the > screen in text mode, run a shell in one pane(running python) > and edit the code in the other pane. However emacs may be > as big a resource hog as X.... Emacs ......who that ??? .......me vi guy :) Blake wrote: > or screen... > http://www.math.fu-berlin.de/~guckes/screen/ Hey thanx....I didn't know about screen, it was already there on my system......looks useful :) Thanx all Ok, now everything beyond this is purely fun value....I might never use something like this actually.......but here goes (pssst Danny I think you like games .......even if they are totally pointless :) =========== ......here goes, now this is utterly stupid, but since I was so taken up by this problem .....I started writing some crap, I thought I'd write a wrapper around the python intepreter (call it wrappy.py) and use that instead ....the idea is, I fire up the intepreter as a sub process to my program, connect the stdin/stdout to the sub-process, with the stdin/stdout of my program, and monitor everything that goes thru' the stdin, as soon as I see a def or a class keyword, I start saving up the strings in a dict with the func-name/class-name as key. And when I see another keyword (say "showCode argument") I recall and print the string that was saved with "argument" as key. I don't know if I'm clear enough ??!! (tell me if I'm not) I tried using a os.popen[2/3] but didn't seem to get anywhere, I don't really know how os.pipe() works, but maybe that should serve my purpose ...I don't know !!!....an' I won't get sleep untill I get it working (then ofcourse I'll throw it away :)) ...... ......I think I need professional help :). If anyone could help me out....please do Peace Steve -- ---------------------------------------------- I get up each morning, gather my wits. Pick up the paper, read the obits. If I'm not there I know I'm not dead. So I eat a good breakfast and go back to bed. Oh, how do I know my youth is all spent? My get-up-and-go has got-up-and-went. But in spite of it all, I'm able to grin, And think of the places my get-up has been. -- Pete Seeger ---------------------------------------------- From karthikg@aztec.soft.net Fri Dec 21 11:24:23 2001 From: karthikg@aztec.soft.net (Karthik Gurumurthy) Date: Fri, 21 Dec 2001 16:54:23 +0530 Subject: [Tutor] An hour's talk on python...Suggestions required (from a newbie) In-Reply-To: <3C22D248.3CA5DB26@my995internet.com> Message-ID: hi all, Our company does'nt use python. many have'nt even heard of it. hi all, Ours is mainly a java shop. We have lots of internal training sessions @ our place. Anyone with a decent knowledge of a particular subject can take such sessions. I was planning to take an introductory session on python. I feel irrespective of how good the language is, not many w'd want to try it out unless and otherwise they can see lots of supporting tools and libraries. It has to be a 1 hour talk. Can someone give me pointers as to how this session c'd be organized? 1. functional programming in python 2. about new features that have been included in 2.2? 3. threading as for as tools/libraries are concerned, 4. GUI : Tkinter 5. xml?? : the one which ships with standard module or something else? 6. cgi: am kind of a newbie. But i want to develop some interest here @ my place. Any suggestion w'd be of great help to me. thanks and regards, karthik. -----Original Message----- From: tutor-admin@python.org [mailto:tutor-admin@python.org]On Behalf Of Kirk Bailey Sent: Friday, December 21, 2001 11:40 AM To: tutor@python.org Subject: [Tutor] rfc822.rewindbody() OK, I confizedde... how do I properly use rewindbody()? -- Respectfully, -Kirk D Bailey (C)2001 Addme! icq #27840081 end Within the sweep of his sword, Each man is an Ubar. http://www.howlermonkey.net/ http://www.sacredelectron.org/ _______________________________________________ Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor From ylee12@uiuc.edu Fri Dec 21 16:34:34 2001 From: ylee12@uiuc.edu (Young-Jin Lee) Date: Fri, 21 Dec 2001 10:34:34 -0600 Subject: [Tutor] [Q] Install Python in RedHat Message-ID: <010201c18a3d$5fcf3de0$95757e82@visit2> Hi, I have a question on how to install Python in redhat linux. (I was using Python in windows and now I want to use it on linux.) I downloaded the latest version of Python (2.2c1) into home directory. I, then, did gunzip, tar xvf, ".configure", and make. After I tried to run python interpreter after installation, I still got the python 1.5.2, not python 2.2.2 rc1. I guess the reason is I should install the new python in the right place. I downloaded it into my user directory and did above things on that directory. Where is the right place to install the newer version of Python? What should I do to make the newer version to be a default Python interpreter for the linux? TIA. Young-Jin From mazaraul@hotmail.com Fri Dec 21 17:20:36 2001 From: mazaraul@hotmail.com (Raul) Date: Fri, 21 Dec 2001 12:20:36 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] do not send anymore email to this address Message-ID: This is a multi-part message in MIME format. ------=_NextPart_000_001A_01C18A19.E5266A00 Content-Type: text/plain; charset="iso-8859-1" Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable do not send anymore email to this address ------=_NextPart_000_001A_01C18A19.E5266A00 Content-Type: text/html; charset="iso-8859-1" Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable

do not send anymore email to this=20 address

------=_NextPart_000_001A_01C18A19.E5266A00-- From wilson@visi.com Fri Dec 21 17:11:23 2001 From: wilson@visi.com (Timothy Wilson) Date: Fri, 21 Dec 2001 11:11:23 -0600 (CST) Subject: [Tutor] unpickling a class Message-ID: Hi everyone, I'm going to try to ask this question in a general enough way to avoid getting bogged down in specifics. My students are just finishing a program that keeps track of the performance of a collection of stocks in an investment portfolio (http://www.isd197.org/sibley/cs/icp/assignments/portfolio_html). We're about to start object-oriented programming (OOP) and I'm in the process of converting my version of the portfolio program to use objects. I thought this might make a good comparison study for them. I'm having trouble building a constructor method for the Portfolio class that allows me to *either* create a portfolio instance from scratch or load one from disk using the pickle module. Any hints or do I need to post some code? -Tim -- Tim Wilson | Visit Sibley online: | Check out: Henry Sibley HS | http://www.isd197.org | http://www.zope.com W. St. Paul, MN | | http://slashdot.org wilson@visi.com | | http://linux.com From toodles@yifan.net Fri Dec 21 17:29:33 2001 From: toodles@yifan.net (Andy W) Date: Sat, 22 Dec 2001 01:29:33 +0800 Subject: [Tutor] unpickling a class References: Message-ID: <003301c18a45$13b8f6f0$0300a8c0@sun> Hi Tim, > I'm having trouble building a constructor method for the Portfolio class > that allows me to *either* create a portfolio instance from scratch or > load one from disk using the pickle module. How about something like: import pickle class Portfolio: def __init__(self,pickle_file=None): if pickle_file is not None: pickled_instance=pickle.load(pickle_file) ... extract whatever you need from it else: ... continue as normal I'm not sure if there's a way to make an instance become equal to another value within the constructor, perhaps someone else can enlighten you (and me at the same time! :) HTH, Andrew > > Any hints or do I need to post some code? > > -Tim > > -- > Tim Wilson | Visit Sibley online: | Check out: > Henry Sibley HS | http://www.isd197.org | http://www.zope.com > W. St. Paul, MN | | http://slashdot.org > wilson@visi.com | | http://linux.com > > > _______________________________________________ > Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org > http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor > From dsh8290@rit.edu Fri Dec 21 17:54:41 2001 From: dsh8290@rit.edu (dman) Date: Fri, 21 Dec 2001 12:54:41 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] Unsigned numerical literals? In-Reply-To: ; from Bruce.Lee-Shanok@cognos.com on Wed, Dec 19, 2001 at 03:54:47PM -0500 References: Message-ID: <20011221125441.A1680@harmony.cs.rit.edu> On Wed, Dec 19, 2001 at 03:54:47PM -0500, Lee-Shanok, Bruce wrote: | Hello all. Quick question: I'm writing a wrapper for some C calls in Python. | The issue here is that the C code takes an unsigned long. Now, Python | integers are, to the best of my understanding, also 32 bit, but not unsigned | by default. Is there a clean way to force them to be unsigned? I'd hate to | have to force the users of the Python code to write an "L" at the end of | every value they bring in.... How about : >>> import struct >>> s = struct.pack( "L" , 123 ) >>> i = struct.unpack( "L" , s ) >>> print i (123L,) The struct module allows you to treat a string as a bunch of binary data. It may be helpful for you to use it to turn the python objects into binary data. You may want to just convert the numbers to longs and ensure the value is positive. -D -- the nice thing about windoze is - it does not just crash, it displays a dialog box and lets you press 'ok' first. From dsh8290@rit.edu Fri Dec 21 17:56:55 2001 From: dsh8290@rit.edu (dman) Date: Fri, 21 Dec 2001 12:56:55 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] Passing a variable to 'import' In-Reply-To: <20011220043209.JBYO42229.fep01-mail.bloor.is.net.cable.rogers.com@there>; from rufmetal@rogers.com on Wed, Dec 19, 2001 at 11:17:30PM -0500 References: <20011220043209.JBYO42229.fep01-mail.bloor.is.net.cable.rogers.com@there> Message-ID: <20011221125655.B1680@harmony.cs.rit.edu> On Wed, Dec 19, 2001 at 11:17:30PM -0500, Chris Keelan wrote: | So how do I, for example, grab a module name from sys.argv and then pass it | to the import command as a variable? the_mod = __import__( sys.argv[1] ) -D -- If we claim we have not sinned, we make Him out to be a liar and His Word has no place in our lives. I John 1:10 From vcardon@siue.edu Fri Dec 21 17:56:45 2001 From: vcardon@siue.edu (Victor R. Cardona) Date: Fri, 21 Dec 2001 11:56:45 -0600 Subject: [Tutor] string replacements using dictionaries Message-ID: <20011221115645.A21968@client156-52.ll.siue.edu> --ReaqsoxgOBHFXBhH Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii Content-Disposition: inline Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Hi everyone, I am having a bit of a problem with string replacements. I am writing a cgi script that reads in a html file and subtitutes all of the '%(key)s' markers for the values in a dictionary. There are five such markers containing four different keys. The dictionary has values assigned for the four keys. However, when I run the script I get "TypeError: Not enough arguements for format string" Does anyone have any idea as to what I am doing wrong? Thanks, Victor --=20 Victor R. Cardona Powered by SuSE Linux 7.1 (i386) Professional GPG key ID E81B3A1C Key fingerprint =3D 0147 A234 99C3 F4C5 BC64 F501 654F DB49 E81B 3A1C --ReaqsoxgOBHFXBhH Content-Type: application/pgp-signature Content-Disposition: inline -----BEGIN PGP SIGNATURE----- Version: GnuPG v1.0.6 (GNU/Linux) Comment: For info see http://www.gnupg.org iD8DBQE8I3fdZU/bSegbOhwRAjdcAKCDYAfNf3k4/XrY3Zak7bccfogVxACeLXVW rvTji5AonIvM3Zp6hJX5AZI= =vrcE -----END PGP SIGNATURE----- --ReaqsoxgOBHFXBhH-- From dsh8290@rit.edu Fri Dec 21 18:05:04 2001 From: dsh8290@rit.edu (dman) Date: Fri, 21 Dec 2001 13:05:04 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] min() & mutable sequences In-Reply-To: <000501c18919$40fe2630$0300a8c0@sun>; from toodles@yifan.net on Thu, Dec 20, 2001 at 01:43:27PM +0800 References: <000501c18919$40fe2630$0300a8c0@sun> Message-ID: <20011221130504.C1680@harmony.cs.rit.edu> On Thu, Dec 20, 2001 at 01:43:27PM +0800, Andy W wrote: | Hi people, | | First to give some background: I have a list of instances, each has an | attributes "distance". I want to get the instance with the smallest | distance. | | I have at present:- | | robots=[...] #The ... is a whole lot of instances :) | closest=min([robot.distance for robot in robots]) | | Okay, I now have the closest *distance*. | Say more than one instance has the same distance, will min() return the | first instance with that smallest distance? Because if that is so, I could | then just get the related instance using:- No. min() returns the smallest object in the list. In this case the object is a number, not a robot. | closest_index=[robot.distance for robot in robots].index(closest) | #Yeah, I used that list comprehension twice, this is just for demonstration, | though. | closest_robot=robots[closest_index] This could be done, but I think it is inefficient. How about defining __lt__ in your class? Then you don't need to create separate lists using the distances. | Is there a better way to do it? | | I guess I could iterate over the list, and keep a smallest distance variable | somewhere. I guess I've become somewhat of a list-comprehension-addict | *grin* This should do it : m = robots[0] d = m.distance for r in robots[1:] : if r.distance < d : m = r print m certainly there are other ways, though. I'm kinda surprised that min() doesn't take a comparison function like sort does. Say, I just thought of : robots.sort( lamda a , b : a.distance < b.distance ) print robots[0] If you sort it, the minimum will be the first element in the list :-). -D -- If your company is not involved in something called "ISO 9000" you probably have no idea what it is. If your company _is_ involved in ISO 9000 then you definitely have no idea what it is. (Scott Adams - The Dilbert principle) From dsh8290@rit.edu Fri Dec 21 18:08:26 2001 From: dsh8290@rit.edu (dman) Date: Fri, 21 Dec 2001 13:08:26 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] initializing multiple attributes to same value In-Reply-To: <20011220001453.F3310@hal>; from i812@iname.com on Thu, Dec 20, 2001 at 12:14:53AM -0600 References: <20011220001453.F3310@hal> Message-ID: <20011221130826.D1680@harmony.cs.rit.edu> On Thu, Dec 20, 2001 at 12:14:53AM -0600, Rob McGee wrote: | I tripped myself up on something like this: | | {code} | class Whatever: | def __init__(self): | self.one = self.two = self.three = 0 This works as intended because integers are immutable. | self.listOne = self.listTwo = [] If you then try self.listOne.append( "foo" ) you'll see that both names refer to the same object, and you just changed that object. | def __init__(self): | list1 = self.one, self.two, self.three | for item in list1: | item = 0 | list2 = self.listOne, self.listTwo | for item in list2: | item = [] This won't work because you are assigning to the name 'item', not 'self.listOne'. Also, 'self.listOne' must exist before you can put it in a tuple. -D -- "GUIs normally make it simple to accomplish simple actions and impossible to accomplish complex actions." --Doug Gwyn (22/Jun/91 in comp.unix.wizards) From lumbricus@gmx.net Fri Dec 21 18:14:27 2001 From: lumbricus@gmx.net (Joerg Woelke) Date: Fri, 21 Dec 2001 19:14:27 +0100 Subject: [Tutor] [Q] Install Python in RedHat In-Reply-To: <010201c18a3d$5fcf3de0$95757e82@visit2>; from ylee12@uiuc.edu on Fri, Dec 21, 2001 at 10:34:34AM -0600 References: <010201c18a3d$5fcf3de0$95757e82@visit2> Message-ID: <20011221191427.A4028@Laplace.localdomain> On Fri, Dec 21, 2001 at 10:34:34AM -0600, Young-Jin Lee wrote: [ snip ] > Where is the right place to install the newer version of Python? > What should I do to make the newer version to be a default Python > interpreter for the linux? $ ls -l `which python` lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 24 Aug 17 20:12 /usr/bin/python -> \ /usr/local/bin/python2.0 $ or man alias or copy the python2.0 to python somewhere in your $PATH. > > TIA. > > Young-Jin HTH,HAND and greetings J"o! -- I don't believe there really IS a GAS SHORTAGE.. I think it's all just a BIG HOAX on the part of the plastic sign salesmen -- to sell more numbers!! From dsh8290@rit.edu Fri Dec 21 18:14:04 2001 From: dsh8290@rit.edu (dman) Date: Fri, 21 Dec 2001 13:14:04 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] [Q] Install Python in RedHat In-Reply-To: <010201c18a3d$5fcf3de0$95757e82@visit2>; from ylee12@uiuc.edu on Fri, Dec 21, 2001 at 10:34:34AM -0600 References: <010201c18a3d$5fcf3de0$95757e82@visit2> Message-ID: <20011221131404.E1680@harmony.cs.rit.edu> On Fri, Dec 21, 2001 at 10:34:34AM -0600, Young-Jin Lee wrote: | Hi, I have a question on how to install Python in redhat linux. (I was using | Python in windows and now I want to use it on linux.) | I downloaded the latest version of Python (2.2c1) into home directory. I, | then, did gunzip, tar xvf, ".configure", and make. After I tried to run | python interpreter after installation, I still got the python 1.5.2, not | python 2.2.2 rc1. I guess the reason is I should install the new python in | the right place. I downloaded it into my user directory and did above things | on that directory. | Where is the right place to install the newer version of Python? # make install I suggest getting package instead, though. Someone has surely made an rpm of it, or you can make your own if you find a srpm. | What should I do to make the newer version to be a default Python | interpreter for the linux? That depends. How does python get run, *by all scripts or programs that run it*? For Debian systems there is a policy that allows multiple simultaneous python installes. For example I have the python2.1' and 'python2.2' packages installed. Thus I have /usr/bin/python2.1 and /usr/bin/python2.2 (/usr/bin/python is a symlink to python2.1). Scripts can then either specify the version they want or use the default. HTH, -D -- Bugs come in through open windows. Keep Windows shut! From dsh8290@rit.edu Fri Dec 21 18:16:45 2001 From: dsh8290@rit.edu (dman) Date: Fri, 21 Dec 2001 13:16:45 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] string replacements using dictionaries In-Reply-To: <20011221115645.A21968@client156-52.ll.siue.edu>; from vcardon@siue.edu on Fri, Dec 21, 2001 at 11:56:45AM -0600 References: <20011221115645.A21968@client156-52.ll.siue.edu> Message-ID: <20011221131645.F1680@harmony.cs.rit.edu> On Fri, Dec 21, 2001 at 11:56:45AM -0600, Victor R. Cardona wrote: | Hi everyone, | | I am having a bit of a problem with string replacements. I am writing a | cgi script that reads in a html file and subtitutes all of the '%(key)s' | markers for the values in a dictionary. There are five such markers | containing four different keys. The dictionary has values assigned for | the four keys. However, when I run the script I get "TypeError: Not | enough arguements for format string" Does anyone have any idea as to | what I am doing wrong? Not without seeing the code. This works fine for me : (on one line) >>> print "%(foo)s %(bar)s %(spam)s %(eggs)s" % { "foo":1 , "bar":2, "eggs":4, "spam":3 } 1 2 3 4 >>> -D -- "He is no fool who gives up what he cannot keep to gain what he cannot lose." --Jim Elliot From vcardon@siue.edu Fri Dec 21 18:28:28 2001 From: vcardon@siue.edu (Victor R. Cardona) Date: Fri, 21 Dec 2001 12:28:28 -0600 Subject: [Tutor] string replacements using dictionaries In-Reply-To: <20011221131645.F1680@harmony.cs.rit.edu>; from dsh8290@rit.edu on Fri, Dec 21, 2001 at 01:16:45PM -0500 References: <20011221115645.A21968@client156-52.ll.siue.edu> <20011221131645.F1680@harmony.cs.rit.edu> Message-ID: <20011221122828.A22113@client156-52.ll.siue.edu> --SUOF0GtieIMvvwua Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii Content-Disposition: inline Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable On Fri, Dec 21, 2001 at 01:16:45PM -0500, dman wrote: > On Fri, Dec 21, 2001 at 11:56:45AM -0600, Victor R. Cardona wrote: > | Hi everyone, > |=20 > | I am having a bit of a problem with string replacements. I am writing a > | cgi script that reads in a html file and subtitutes all of the '%(key)s' > | markers for the values in a dictionary. There are five such markers > | containing four different keys. The dictionary has values assigned for > | the four keys. However, when I run the script I get "TypeError: Not > | enough arguements for format string" Does anyone have any idea as to > | what I am doing wrong? >=20 > Not without seeing the code. This works fine for me : >=20 > (on one line) > >>> print "%(foo)s %(bar)s %(spam)s %(eggs)s" % > { "foo":1 , "bar":2, "eggs":4, "spam":3 } > 1 2 3 4 > >>> Yeah, that works for me too. I have included the code below. %(title)s
%(blank)s %(items)s

%(head)s

%(blank)s
#!/usr/local/bin/python # # This script will read in the todo.txt fule, and the template.html files,= =20 # and create an html document from the two. import textproc template =3D '/usr/local/www/data/sysconfig/template2.html' content =3D '/usr/local/www/data/sysconfig/todo.txt' templateString =3D open(template, 'r').read() dataList =3D open(content, 'r').readlines() data =3D {'title':'To Do', 'head':'System Configurator -- To Do'} for i in range(len(dataList)): str =3D dataList[i] str =3D '
  • ' + str[:-1] + '
    • \n' dataList[i] =3D str newStr =3D '
      \n' for str in dataList: newStr =3D newStr + str newStr =3D newStr + '
    ' data['items'] =3D newStr data['blank'] =3D '' textproc.print_file(template % data) Thanks, Victor --=20 Victor R. Cardona Powered by SuSE Linux 7.1 (i386) Professional GPG key ID E81B3A1C Key fingerprint =3D 0147 A234 99C3 F4C5 BC64 F501 654F DB49 E81B 3A1C --SUOF0GtieIMvvwua Content-Type: application/pgp-signature Content-Disposition: inline -----BEGIN PGP SIGNATURE----- Version: GnuPG v1.0.6 (GNU/Linux) Comment: For info see http://www.gnupg.org iD8DBQE8I39MZU/bSegbOhwRAmHqAKCsTKOvlX24kLIkNZG+xH4R+nWYBgCeLpHq C9eM0ukvBUz+Gbv6Wm49HSk= =nf/H -----END PGP SIGNATURE----- --SUOF0GtieIMvvwua-- From vcardon@siue.edu Fri Dec 21 18:52:56 2001 From: vcardon@siue.edu (Victor R. Cardona) Date: Fri, 21 Dec 2001 12:52:56 -0600 Subject: [Tutor] string replacements using dictionaries In-Reply-To: <20011221122828.A22113@client156-52.ll.siue.edu>; from vcardon@siue.edu on Fri, Dec 21, 2001 at 12:28:28PM -0600 References: <20011221115645.A21968@client156-52.ll.siue.edu> <20011221131645.F1680@harmony.cs.rit.edu> <20011221122828.A22113@client156-52.ll.siue.edu> Message-ID: <20011221125256.A22278@client156-52.ll.siue.edu> --MGYHOYXEY6WxJCY8 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii Content-Disposition: inline Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable On Fri, Dec 21, 2001 at 12:28:28PM -0600, Victor R. Cardona wrote: > On Fri, Dec 21, 2001 at 01:16:45PM -0500, dman wrote: > > On Fri, Dec 21, 2001 at 11:56:45AM -0600, Victor R. Cardona wrote: > > | Hi everyone, > > |=20 > > | I am having a bit of a problem with string replacements. I am writing= a > > | cgi script that reads in a html file and subtitutes all of the '%(key= )s' > > | markers for the values in a dictionary. There are five such markers > > | containing four different keys. The dictionary has values assigned for > > | the four keys. However, when I run the script I get "TypeError: Not > > | enough arguements for format string" Does anyone have any idea as to > > | what I am doing wrong? > >=20 > > Not without seeing the code. This works fine for me : > >=20 > > (on one line) > > >>> print "%(foo)s %(bar)s %(spam)s %(eggs)s" % > > { "foo":1 , "bar":2, "eggs":4, "spam":3 } > > 1 2 3 4 > > >>> >=20 > Yeah, that works for me too. I have included the code below. >=20 > > PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" > "DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> > > > %(title)s > > > >=20 > >
    > %(blank)s > > > > %(items)s >

    > %(head)s >

    >
    > %(blank)s >
    > > >=20 >=20 > #!/usr/local/bin/python > # > # This script will read in the todo.txt fule, and the template.html files= ,=20 > # and create an html document from the two. > import textproc >=20 > template =3D '/usr/local/www/data/sysconfig/template2.html' > content =3D '/usr/local/www/data/sysconfig/todo.txt' >=20 > templateString =3D open(template, 'r').read() > dataList =3D open(content, 'r').readlines() >=20 > data =3D {'title':'To Do', 'head':'System Configurator -- To Do'} >=20 > for i in range(len(dataList)): > str =3D dataList[i] > str =3D '
  • ' + str[:-1] + '
    • \n' > dataList[i] =3D str >=20 > newStr =3D '
      \n' >=20 > for str in dataList: > newStr =3D newStr + str >=20 > newStr =3D newStr + '
    ' > data['items'] =3D newStr > data['blank'] =3D '' >=20 > textproc.print_file(template % data) The last line should read: textproc.print_file(templateString % data) -v --=20 Victor R. Cardona Powered by SuSE Linux 7.1 (i386) Professional GPG key ID E81B3A1C Key fingerprint =3D 0147 A234 99C3 F4C5 BC64 F501 654F DB49 E81B 3A1C --MGYHOYXEY6WxJCY8 Content-Type: application/pgp-signature Content-Disposition: inline -----BEGIN PGP SIGNATURE----- Version: GnuPG v1.0.6 (GNU/Linux) Comment: For info see http://www.gnupg.org iD8DBQE8I4UIZU/bSegbOhwRAhGbAJsHKcj+yLkf07LsDyUbZsqBNgEKHwCfbAoi 3ldB8wFNdB5NbhD1a1EGsDE= =ltK4 -----END PGP SIGNATURE----- --MGYHOYXEY6WxJCY8-- From lkvam@venix.com Fri Dec 21 14:17:50 2001 From: lkvam@venix.com (Lloyd Kvam) Date: Fri, 21 Dec 2001 09:17:50 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] An hour's talk on python...Suggestions required (from a newbie) References: Message-ID: <3C23448E.6060502@venix.com> For a Java shop, you'd probably want to include an example of Jython fitting in with your existing Java classes. While most modules are available for Jython, there are exceptions. To the extent you are using Python to supplement Java, you don't want to tout modules that aren't available for Jython. Karthik Gurumurthy wrote: > hi all, > > Our company does'nt use python. many have'nt even heard of it. > hi all, > > Ours is mainly a java shop. > > We have lots of internal training sessions @ our place. > Anyone with a decent knowledge of a particular subject can take such > sessions. > I was planning to take an introductory session on python. > > I feel irrespective of how good the language is, not many > w'd want to try it out unless and otherwise they can see lots of > supporting tools and libraries. > > It has to be a 1 hour talk. > Can someone give me pointers as to how this session c'd be organized? > > 1. functional programming in python > 2. about new features that have been included in 2.2? > 3. threading as for as tools/libraries are concerned, > 4. GUI : Tkinter > 5. xml?? : the one which ships with standard module or something else? > 6. cgi: > > am kind of a newbie. > But i want to develop some interest here @ my place. > Any suggestion w'd be of great help to me. > > thanks and regards, > karthik. > > > > -----Original Message----- > From: tutor-admin@python.org [mailto:tutor-admin@python.org]On Behalf Of > Kirk Bailey > Sent: Friday, December 21, 2001 11:40 AM > To: tutor@python.org > Subject: [Tutor] rfc822.rewindbody() > > > OK, I confizedde... how do I properly use rewindbody()? > > -- > Respectfully, > -Kirk D Bailey (C)2001 > Addme! icq #27840081 > end > > > Within the sweep of his sword, Each man is an Ubar. > > http://www.howlermonkey.net/ > http://www.sacredelectron.org/ > > _______________________________________________ > Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org > http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor > > _______________________________________________ > Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org > http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor > > -- Lloyd Kvam Venix Corp. 1 Court Street, Suite 378 Lebanon, NH 03766-1358 voice: 603-443-6155 fax: 801-459-9582 From dsh8290@rit.edu Fri Dec 21 19:57:20 2001 From: dsh8290@rit.edu (dman) Date: Fri, 21 Dec 2001 14:57:20 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] string replacements using dictionaries In-Reply-To: <20011221122828.A22113@client156-52.ll.siue.edu>; from vcardon@siue.edu on Fri, Dec 21, 2001 at 12:28:28PM -0600 References: <20011221115645.A21968@client156-52.ll.siue.edu> <20011221131645.F1680@harmony.cs.rit.edu> <20011221122828.A22113@client156-52.ll.siue.edu> Message-ID: <20011221145720.A2107@harmony.cs.rit.edu> On Fri, Dec 21, 2001 at 12:28:28PM -0600, Victor R. Cardona wrote: | On Fri, Dec 21, 2001 at 01:16:45PM -0500, dman wrote: | > On Fri, Dec 21, 2001 at 11:56:45AM -0600, Victor R. Cardona wrote: | > | Hi everyone, | > | | > | I am having a bit of a problem with string replacements. I am writing a | > | cgi script that reads in a html file and subtitutes all of the '%(key)s' | > | markers for the values in a dictionary. There are five such markers | > | containing four different keys. The dictionary has values assigned for | > | the four keys. However, when I run the script I get "TypeError: Not | > | enough arguements for format string" Does anyone have any idea as to | > | what I am doing wrong? | > | > Not without seeing the code. This works fine for me : | Yeah, that works for me too. I have included the code below. Ok, I found the problem : | \n' | dataList[i] = str If you want, this could be dataList = [ ('
  • '+s[:-1]+'
    • \n') for s in dataList] ('str' is a built-in name, so it is preferred not to use it) | newStr = '' I don't think this is what you want : I think you want just newStr = '' -D -- "GUIs normally make it simple to accomplish simple actions and impossible to accomplish complex actions." --Doug Gwyn (22/Jun/91 in comp.unix.wizards) From dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu Fri Dec 21 19:57:56 2001 From: dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu (Danny Yoo) Date: Fri, 21 Dec 2001 11:57:56 -0800 (PST) Subject: [Tutor] printing out the definition of a func [dis/inspect] In-Reply-To: <01122017084100.05475@mercury.worli> Message-ID: On Thu, 20 Dec 2001, lonetwin wrote: > A quick question, can I print out the definition of a func/class > *after* I have defined it, in the python intepreter ??? ....it'd be > nice to be able to do this 'cos I seem to need it pretty often (for > debugging stuff)....and no, I do not use IDLE, 'cos I work at command > prompt (under linux) and fire-up the intepreter there (X *crawls* on > my system). I don't think this will be easy to do. Python does give us access to a "code" object for a function: ### >>> def hello(): print "Hello world" ... >>> hello.func_code ", line 1> ### but this func_code is something that's already been digested by Python's byte compiler. We can take a look at it more closely by using the 'dis' module: http://www.python.org/doc/lib/module-dis.html ### >>> dis.dis(hello) 0 SET_LINENO 1 3 SET_LINENO 1 6 LOAD_CONST 1 ('Hello world') 9 PRINT_ITEM 10 PRINT_NEWLINE 11 LOAD_CONST 0 (None) 14 RETURN_VALUE ### but by then, it's already a bit uglified. Wait, wait, I spoke too soon. It is possible! Take a look at: http://www.python.org/doc/lib/inspect-source.html Hope this helps! From dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu Fri Dec 21 20:07:56 2001 From: dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu (Danny Yoo) Date: Fri, 21 Dec 2001 12:07:56 -0800 (PST) Subject: [Tutor] hash table In-Reply-To: Message-ID: On Fri, 21 Dec 2001, Glen Wheeler wrote: > > > If all I really want is an efficient hash table, should I just use a > > dictionary? Or is there a better way? > > > > Dictionaries are very efficient - I use them all the time. I guess you > could use a C hash but really...the performance difference is negligible to > zero :) My impression was that a Python dictionary is the same thing as a "hashtable". All things that can be used as keys in a dictionary need to support the hash() function: ### >>> hash(42) 42 >>> hash("lothlorien") -435310080 >>> hash(['no', 'good']) Traceback (innermost last): File "", line 1, in ? TypeError: unhashable type ### From dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu Fri Dec 21 20:24:42 2001 From: dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu (Danny Yoo) Date: Fri, 21 Dec 2001 12:24:42 -0800 (PST) Subject: [Tutor] min() & mutable sequences In-Reply-To: <20011221130504.C1680@harmony.cs.rit.edu> Message-ID: On Fri, 21 Dec 2001, dman wrote: > On Thu, Dec 20, 2001 at 01:43:27PM +0800, Andy W wrote: > | closest=min([robot.distance for robot in robots]) > | > | Okay, I now have the closest *distance*. > | Say more than one instance has the same distance, will min() return the > | first instance with that smallest distance? Because if that is so, I could > | then just get the related instance using:- > > No. min() returns the smallest object in the list. In this case the > object is a number, not a robot. > > | closest_index=[robot.distance for robot in robots].index(closest) > | #Yeah, I used that list comprehension twice, this is just for demonstration, > | though. > | closest_robot=robots[closest_index] > > > I'm kinda surprised that min() doesn't take a comparison function like > sort does. Here's an example of writing our own mymin() function that does take a comparision function: ### def mymin(elements, cmp_func=cmp): if len(elements) == 0: raise ValueError, 'mymin() of empty sequence' current_min = elements[0] for e in elements[1:]: if cmp_func(e, current_min) < 0: current_min = e return current_min ### This mymin() is useful because now we can tell it what it means for one thing to be 'smaller' than another. Take a look: ### >>> def cmpByLength(x, y): return cmp(len(x), len(y)) >>> mymin(['i', 'am', 'the', 'wind']) 'am' >>> mymin(['i', 'am', 'the', 'wind'], cmpByLength) 'i' ### Happy holidays! From vcardon@siue.edu Fri Dec 21 20:32:16 2001 From: vcardon@siue.edu (Victor R. Cardona) Date: Fri, 21 Dec 2001 14:32:16 -0600 Subject: [Tutor] string replacements using dictionaries In-Reply-To: <20011221145720.A2107@harmony.cs.rit.edu>; from dsh8290@rit.edu on Fri, Dec 21, 2001 at 02:57:20PM -0500 References: <20011221115645.A21968@client156-52.ll.siue.edu> <20011221131645.F1680@harmony.cs.rit.edu> <20011221122828.A22113@client156-52.ll.siue.edu> <20011221145720.A2107@harmony.cs.rit.edu> Message-ID: <20011221143216.A22698@client156-52.ll.siue.edu> --gKMricLos+KVdGMg Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii Content-Disposition: inline Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable On Fri, Dec 21, 2001 at 02:57:20PM -0500, dman wrote: > On Fri, Dec 21, 2001 at 12:28:28PM -0600, Victor R. Cardona wrote: > | On Fri, Dec 21, 2001 at 01:16:45PM -0500, dman wrote: > | > On Fri, Dec 21, 2001 at 11:56:45AM -0600, Victor R. Cardona wrote: > | > | I am having a bit of a problem with string replacements. I am writi= ng a > | > | cgi script that reads in a html file and subtitutes all of the '%(k= ey)s' > | > | markers for the values in a dictionary. There are five such markers > | > | containing four different keys. The dictionary has values assigned = for > | > | the four keys. However, when I run the script I get "TypeError: Not > | > | enough arguements for format string" Does anyone have any idea as to > | > | what I am doing wrong? > | >=20 > | > Not without seeing the code. This works fine for me : >=20 > | Yeah, that works for me too. I have included the code below. >=20 > Ok, I found the problem : Thanks! I will make the changes. -v --=20 Victor R. Cardona Powered by SuSE Linux 7.1 (i386) Professional GPG key ID E81B3A1C Key fingerprint =3D 0147 A234 99C3 F4C5 BC64 F501 654F DB49 E81B 3A1C --gKMricLos+KVdGMg Content-Type: application/pgp-signature Content-Disposition: inline -----BEGIN PGP SIGNATURE----- Version: GnuPG v1.0.6 (GNU/Linux) Comment: For info see http://www.gnupg.org iD8DBQE8I5xQZU/bSegbOhwRArmRAKCsRvZWZz64YfsoJyaUogKqFH/hDACeIMNQ FsOeWrHfBUWh3wQqlEER+Ew= =uIGP -----END PGP SIGNATURE----- --gKMricLos+KVdGMg-- From dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu Fri Dec 21 20:39:42 2001 From: dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu (Danny Yoo) Date: Fri, 21 Dec 2001 12:39:42 -0800 (PST) Subject: [Tutor] initializing multiple attributes to same value In-Reply-To: <20011220001453.F3310@hal> Message-ID: On Thu, 20 Dec 2001, Rob McGee wrote: > I tripped myself up on something like this: > > {code} > class Whatever: > def __init__(self): > self.one = self.two = self.three = 0 > self.listOne = self.listTwo = [] What you're running into has more to do with the way that lists work than member attributes. For example: ### >>> universities = colleges = ['berkeley', 'stanford'] >>> universities ['berkeley', 'stanford'] >>> colleges ['berkeley', 'stanford'] >>> universities.append('ucla') >>> universities ['berkeley', 'stanford', 'ucla'] >>> colleges ['berkeley', 'stanford', 'ucla'] ### And you're right; the lists are being shared. In the example above, colleges and universites both refer to the "same" list. It might help if we visualize variable names as ways of pointing our fingers at a list object, sorta like this: colleges -------------------> ['berkeley', 'stanford', 'ucla'] ^ | universities -----------------+ What you probably want, instead, is something like this: colleges -------------------> ['berkeley', 'stanford', 'ucla'] universities ---------------> ['berkeley', 'stanford', 'ucla'] That is, the two variables refer to lists that have the same stuff, but are, nevertheless, different lists. For that, we need to make a "copy" of the list. There are several ways to do this. One way is to just hardcode it. ### universities = ['berkeley', 'stanford', 'ucla'] colleges = ['berkeley', 'stanford', 'ucla'] ### Another way to copy lists is to take a full slice of a list: ### universities = ['berkeley', 'stanford', 'ucla'] colleges = universities[:] ### Don't worry if this doesn't make complete sense yet; please feel free to ask more questions about this. Good luck! From dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu Fri Dec 21 20:59:32 2001 From: dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu (Danny Yoo) Date: Fri, 21 Dec 2001 12:59:32 -0800 (PST) Subject: [Tutor] rfc822.rewindbody() In-Reply-To: <3C22D248.3CA5DB26@my995internet.com> Message-ID: On Fri, 21 Dec 2001, Kirk Bailey wrote: > OK, I confizedde... how do I properly use rewindbody()? Let's say that we have a sample message, like this: ### m = """From sclaus@northpole.com Tue Dec 25 15:49:13 2001 -0800 Date: Tue, 25 Dec 2001 15:49:13 -0800 (PST) From: Santa To: Ebenezer Here. Have a lump of coal. """ ### When we have something like this, rfc822.Message can parse it out into a bunch of headers and the message body. Since we're making a message from a string, we need to wrap it with StringIO to make it look like a file: ### >>> msg = rfc822.Message(StringIO.StringIO(m)) ### Now that we have this parsed message, we can read it's contents! The message body becomes accessible through an 'fp' attribute: ### >>> msg.fp.read() 'Here. Have a lump of coal. \012' >>> msg.fp.read() '' ### But notice that we can only read it once(); if we want to read it again, we need to rewindbody() back: ### >>> msg.rewindbody() >>> msg.fp.read() 'Here. Have a lump of coal. \012' ### What's nice about rfc822.Message is that the headers are all there for us too: ### >>> msg.getheader('from') 'Santa ' >>> msg.getheader('to') 'Ebenezer ' >>> msg.getheader('date') 'Tue, 25 Dec 2001 15:49:13 -0800 (PST)' ### Happy holidays! From wilson@visi.com Fri Dec 21 22:49:41 2001 From: wilson@visi.com (Timothy Wilson) Date: Fri, 21 Dec 2001 16:49:41 -0600 (CST) Subject: [Tutor] unpickling a class In-Reply-To: <003301c18a45$13b8f6f0$0300a8c0@sun> Message-ID: On Sat, 22 Dec 2001, Andy W wrote: > > I'm having trouble building a constructor method for the Portfolio class > > that allows me to *either* create a portfolio instance from scratch or > > load one from disk using the pickle module. > > How about something like: > > import pickle > > class Portfolio: > def __init__(self,pickle_file=None): > if pickle_file is not None: > pickled_instance=pickle.load(pickle_file) > ... extract whatever you need from it > else: > ... continue as normal OK, this make sense. I'm puzzled about the "... extract whatever you need from it" part. It doesn't seem as though the attributes that have been pickled are automatically unpickled. Here's my constructor method: class Portfolio: def __init__(self, file=None): if file is not None: if fileExists(file): f = open(file, 'r') self = pickle.load(f) self.filename = file self.modified = 0 else: print "File '%s' does not exist." % file else: self.owner = raw_input("Your name: ") self.account= raw_input("Account # ") self.contents = [] self.modified = 0 self.filename = '' It would be nice if the 'self = pickle.load(f)' would automatically regenerate all the instance's attributes. I looked in the file and I know that "owner" and "account" attributes were there. Any pointers? -Tim -- Tim Wilson | Visit Sibley online: | Check out: Henry Sibley HS | http://www.isd197.org | http://www.zope.com W. St. Paul, MN | | http://slashdot.org wilson@visi.com | | http://linux.com From rufmetal@rogers.com Fri Dec 21 23:57:03 2001 From: rufmetal@rogers.com (Chris Keelan) Date: Fri, 21 Dec 2001 18:57:03 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] Passing a variable to 'import' In-Reply-To: <3C218116.10500@yahoo.com> References: <20011220043209.JBYO42229.fep01-mail.bloor.is.net.cable.rogers.com@there> <3C218116.10500@yahoo.com> Message-ID: <20011222001245.MHAF399509.fep02-mail.bloor.is.net.cable.rogers.com@there> On Thursday 20 December 2001 01:11 am, Mark Rowe wrote: > Hi, > > Have a read up on the __import__ function in the Python documentation. That's probably the nicest way that anyone's ever told me to RTFM ;o) You were right. There's lots of info and I'll make the docs my first stop from now on. Yet another way that Python comes with batteries included. - Chris From rufmetal@rogers.com Fri Dec 21 23:58:10 2001 From: rufmetal@rogers.com (Chris Keelan) Date: Fri, 21 Dec 2001 18:58:10 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] Passing a variable to 'import' In-Reply-To: <004101c1891b$953a9010$0300a8c0@sun> References: <20011220043209.JBYO42229.fep01-mail.bloor.is.net.cable.rogers.com@there> <002f01c1891a$58aa8610$0300a8c0@sun> <004101c1891b$953a9010$0300a8c0@sun> Message-ID: <20011222001352.GFZH342755.fep04-mail.bloor.is.net.cable.rogers.com@there> On Thursday 20 December 2001 01:00 am, Andy W wrote: > > Hi Christ > > Oh dear, that's got to be the best typo I've ever done. I've been called worse. > > You'll want to look at the "imp" module. > > > > http://www.python.org/doc/current/lib/module-imp.html > > > > Also, take a look at the example for the imp module. > > > > http://www.python.org/doc/current/lib/examples-imp.html > > > > HTH, Yes it does. Thanks for the links. They've solved my immediate problem. - Chris From prjoshi@ntc.net.np Sat Dec 22 01:29:39 2001 From: prjoshi@ntc.net.np (Pravin Raj Joshi) Date: Sat, 22 Dec 2001 06:59:39 +0530 Subject: [Tutor] About Tkinter Message-ID: Hi, I am a new user of Python. I would like to know how to use the clipboard for temporary data to use in menu items like copy, paste, etc. I looked around the documentation and archives, but all I could find was reference to clipboard_append and clipboard_clear. Thanks. PRJoshi From dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu Sat Dec 22 04:05:18 2001 From: dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu (Danny Yoo) Date: Fri, 21 Dec 2001 20:05:18 -0800 (PST) Subject: [Tutor] [Q] Install Python in RedHat In-Reply-To: <010201c18a3d$5fcf3de0$95757e82@visit2> Message-ID: On Fri, 21 Dec 2001, Young-Jin Lee wrote: > Hi, I have a question on how to install Python in redhat linux. (I was > using Python in windows and now I want to use it on linux.) > > I downloaded the latest version of Python (2.2c1) into home directory. (By the way, Python 2.2 final is released today! Woohoo! *grin*) > I, then, did gunzip, tar xvf, ".configure", and make. After I tried to > run python interpreter after installation, I still got the python > 1.5.2, not python 2.2.2 rc1. Did you do 'make install' afterwards? The 'make' step will compile and prepare the Python files, but it doesn't copy them to your '/usr/local' directory until you do 'make install'. You may need to use your root user account to do this step. By default, Python will install in '/usr/local' if you're on a Linux system. This can be redirected to a different location if you use the '--prefix' option during the 'configure' step. > Where is the right place to install the newer version of Python? What > should I do to make the newer version to be a default Python > interpreter for the linux? You may need to check to see that your PATH puts preference of '/usr/local/bin' over '/usr/bin'. Make sure that '/usr/local/bin' comes first in your PATH, and things should work ok. Good luck to you. From toodles@yifan.net Sat Dec 22 06:12:16 2001 From: toodles@yifan.net (Andy W) Date: Sat, 22 Dec 2001 14:12:16 +0800 Subject: [Tutor] unpickling a class References: Message-ID: <004b01c18aaf$9c3392a0$0300a8c0@sun> > OK, this make sense. I'm puzzled about the "... extract whatever you > need from it" part. It doesn't seem as though the attributes that have > been pickled are automatically unpickled. Sorry I'm confusing at best. What I meant was, because as self=pickle.load(...) doesn't work (as you found out), you'd need to manually take the attributes from the unpickled instance. The easiest way that I can think of... > class Portfolio: > def __init__(self, file=None): > if file is not None: > if fileExists(file): > f = open(file, 'r') unpickled_instance = pickle.load(f) self.__dict__.update(unpickled_instance.__dict__) #copies attributes from unpickled_instance to self Perhaps there's a better way though. Sorry for giving incomprehensible answers! HTH, Andrew From dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu Sat Dec 22 06:14:20 2001 From: dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu (Danny Yoo) Date: Fri, 21 Dec 2001 22:14:20 -0800 (PST) Subject: [Tutor] hash table In-Reply-To: <20011221221141.SM13047@there> Message-ID: On Fri, 21 Dec 2001, Scott wrote: > > Hmm. I was thinking that a hashtable was like a dictionary, except > that it was more of an index "decoupled" from the data items. But > since, in Python, variables don't designate an actual memory address, > but instead reference data located *somewhere* in memory, this becomes > a distinction without a difference, as they say. Do I have that about > right? A dictionary is a container that makes it very quick to look up particular things. The "quick lookup" part is the big reason why we have dictionaries. Let's pretend, for the moment, that we didn't have dictionaries at all: Would we still be able to do without them? Let's try it: ### defns = [('slang', 'informal language'), ('jargon', 'denotes "slangy" language peculiar to hackers'), ('techspeak', 'formal technical vocabulary of programming')] ### Here is a list of terms and their definitions. We could have done this with a dictionary: ### defns_as_a_dict = { 'slang' : 'informal language', 'jargon' : 'denotes "slangy" ...' 'techspeak' : 'formal technical vocabulary' } ### but let's keep pretending for a moment that we don't know about dictionaries yet. There's one main thing we really need to do with dictionaries: we need to know how to look things up with them, if we have some sort of keyword. How can we look up things in this 'defns' list? ### def lookup(target, key_value_list): for key, value in key_value_list: if key == target: return value raise KeyError, "Can't find %s in key_value_list." % target ### (Don't worry about the last line if you haven't seen exception handling yet.) Now that we have this definition, let's try it out, just to make sure it sorta works: ### >>> lookup('slang', defns) 'informal language' >>> lookup('foobar', defns) Traceback (innermost last): File "", line 1, in ? File "", line 5, in lookup KeyError: Can't find foobar in key_value_list. ### So looking things up works. And it's not too hard to cook up something that can add an entry in this structure. (I have the overwhelming temptation to say "Exercise for the Reader". *grin*) So on a first glance, we don't need dictionaries to record keys and their values. It's only after we've played around with these key-value-pair lists a bit that we notice something: it takes quite a long time to find anything in there! In an average sense, when we lookup() through a key-value-pair list, we have to march through half of the elements to find anything. Very very slow. One strategy we can use to make looking up things faster is to organize and make sense out of the chaos. A language dictionary, for example, organizes things by alphabetical order. Many English dictionaries, in fact, make section divisions based on the first letter of a word: there's the section for words starting with 'A', words starting with 'B', and so on. This makes looking up definitions a bit easier, since we have less to search through. By putting words in different sections, we can put reasonable limits on where we can find something. In normal language, dictionaries have sections that differ based on their first letter. In techspeak, Python dictionaries have "bins" that differ based on their "hash" value. > Hmm. I was thinking that a hashtable was like a dictionary, except > that it was more of an index "decoupled" from the data items. But Yes, the index 'keys' don't have to be directly coupled with the data item 'values'. But the same idea goes with lists: ### l1 = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4] l2 = ['four', 'three', 'two', 'one', 'zero'] ### In the first list, it does appear that there's a relationship between l1[0] and 0 itself, but that's just a coincidence, since in l2, if we grab at l[1], we get the string 'three'. I believe that the term "hashtable" and "dictionary" is synonymous; I can't think of anything that distinguishes one from the other. > I'm really enjoying tinkering with Python, but sometimes these little > distinctions get me downright confused! Keep asking questions on tutor; we'll try to make sure it gets less confusing over time. *grin* From dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu Sat Dec 22 06:18:08 2001 From: dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu (Danny Yoo) Date: Fri, 21 Dec 2001 22:18:08 -0800 (PST) Subject: [Tutor] rfc822.rewindbody() In-Reply-To: <3C241287.B5C87BF5@my995internet.com> Message-ID: yOn Fri, 21 Dec 2001, Kirk Bailey wrote: > BTW, here is the new and improved(?) line of intrest: > > msg = msg + string.join(l, Message.fp.read()) Looking better. You don't need to string.join(), since what comes out of Message.fp.read() will give us back a single string. That string might itself contain a bunch of newline characters in it, but it's still just a string. From toodles@yifan.net Sat Dec 22 06:25:42 2001 From: toodles@yifan.net (Andy W) Date: Sat, 22 Dec 2001 14:25:42 +0800 Subject: [Tutor] About Tkinter References: Message-ID: <005401c18ab1$7c6ae7f0$0300a8c0@sun> Hello, > Hi, > I am a new user of Python. I would like to know how to use the clipboard for > temporary data to use in menu items like copy, paste, etc. I looked around > the documentation and archives, but all I could find was reference to > clipboard_append and clipboard_clear. > Thanks. > PRJoshi I did a search on google, and came up with a couple of different answers. One was to generate a "", which I can't say I like much, but if it works for you... :) I also got this from the python-list archive. HTH, Andrew ### Hi there, > >I was wondering how to use the clipboard from Tkinter. I noticed there >are some methods for clearing and appending to the clipboard, but none >to retreive something from it... Is there no way at all to retreive >data from the clipboard using Tkinter? I'm writing a small texteditor >that has to work cross-platform, so the Tkinter-way would be a lot >easier than using the windows-clipboard lib. If there's no way to do >it using Tkinter, though, could you people tell me how to work with >the clipboard in X? 'Cause I did not find anything about that either >:) > >Thanx a bunch, > >Guido Wesdorp, Holland It is quite simple atlhough not at all obvious. For example from an event handler: def onRightClick(self, event): data = event.widget.selection_get(selection="CLIPBOARD")) print data Bob From wheelege@hotmail.com Sat Dec 22 08:21:57 2001 From: wheelege@hotmail.com (Glen Wheeler) Date: Sat, 22 Dec 2001 19:21:57 +1100 Subject: [Tutor] hash table References: Message-ID: > My impression was that a Python dictionary is the same thing as a > "hashtable". All things that can be used as keys in a dictionary need to > support the hash() function: > Yep... I just wasn't absolutely sure. So I kinda left it open :) From lonetwin@yahoo.com Sat Dec 22 07:52:22 2001 From: lonetwin@yahoo.com (lonetwin) Date: Sat, 22 Dec 2001 13:22:22 +0530 Subject: [Tutor] printing out the definition of a func In-Reply-To: References: Message-ID: <01122213222200.04031@mercury.worli> Hi Blake, Danny, Thanx !! ....thanx a lot.....I simply love this language !!! :) (...and this list) Blake replied : > > the idea is, I fire up the intepreter as a sub process to > > my program, connect the stdin/stdout to the sub-process, > > with the stdin/stdout of my program > > Oh, that sounds really complicated... Oh yeah....I realised that today morn, after returning to do what I wanted to (btw, that "I won't get sleep" was all just to grab some attention and replies....I slept soundly :)). > Why don't you use something like the "code" module to > process the Python lines? > > http://www.python.org/doc/current/lib/module-code.html That looks nice ........but could someone post an example ...I just can't figure the "how" or rather the "what-is-it-for" of it. > I wrote something similar for Jython. You can find my > code at: http://tor.dhs.org/~bwinton/Jython.jar Never used Jython.......but I will check what it's all about ........sometime ;o) And finally Danny : > Wait, wait, I spoke too soon. It is possible! Take a look at: > http://www.python.org/doc/lib/inspect-source.html U cool mann !! ......I mean although I'm using python 2.0, I guess even if I was using 2.1, I'm sure I wouldn't have found it without help, you sure do go out of your way to help. > Hope this helps, > Blake & Danny Sure does, not what I was hoping to do....but I learned a lot !!! Thanx Steve -- ---------------------------------------------- I get up each morning, gather my wits. Pick up the paper, read the obits. If I'm not there I know I'm not dead. So I eat a good breakfast and go back to bed. Oh, how do I know my youth is all spent? My get-up-and-go has got-up-and-went. But in spite of it all, I'm able to grin, And think of the places my get-up has been. -- Pete Seeger ---------------------------------------------- From lha2@columbia.edu Sat Dec 22 16:01:03 2001 From: lha2@columbia.edu (Lloyd Hugh Allen) Date: Sat, 22 Dec 2001 11:01:03 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] unpickling a class References: <003301c18a45$13b8f6f0$0300a8c0@sun> Message-ID: <3C24AE3F.658C394A@mail.verizon.net> Andy W wrote: > if pickle_file is not None: Can this be abbreviated to if pickle_file: ? From toodles@yifan.net Sat Dec 22 16:29:13 2001 From: toodles@yifan.net (Andy W) Date: Sun, 23 Dec 2001 00:29:13 +0800 Subject: [Tutor] unpickling a class References: <003301c18a45$13b8f6f0$0300a8c0@sun> <3C24AE3F.658C394A@mail.verizon.net> Message-ID: <000501c18b05$cc3cab70$0300a8c0@sun> > > if pickle_file is not None: > > Can this be abbreviated to > > if pickle_file: > > ? Yep. I think I gained "is not None" through osmosis...I see it in a lot of programs, that argue its use for readability/comprehensibility. It's certainly not necessary though. Andy > > _______________________________________________ > Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org > http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor > From Daniel.Kinnaer@Advalvas.be Sat Dec 22 17:49:36 2001 From: Daniel.Kinnaer@Advalvas.be (Daniel Kinnaer) Date: Sat, 22 Dec 2001 18:49:36 +0100 Subject: [Tutor] ExpandFileName Message-ID: Hello, In Delphi there's this lovely function called ExpandFileName, which converts the relative file name into a fully qualified path name by merging in the current drive and directory. I suppose in Python there's the same kind of function, but, unfortunately, I cannot find it (using python 2.2). Can anyone help me with this? Thanks, Daniel From karthikg@aztec.soft.net Sat Dec 22 18:12:03 2001 From: karthikg@aztec.soft.net (Karthik Gurumurthy) Date: Sat, 22 Dec 2001 23:42:03 +0530 Subject: [Tutor] ExpandFileName In-Reply-To: Message-ID: import os.path os.path.abspath(fileName) ae you looking for this? karthik -----Original Message----- From: tutor-admin@python.org [mailto:tutor-admin@python.org]On Behalf Of Daniel Kinnaer Sent: Saturday, December 22, 2001 11:20 PM To: tutor@python.org Subject: [Tutor] ExpandFileName Hello, In Delphi there's this lovely function called ExpandFileName, which converts the relative file name into a fully qualified path name by merging in the current drive and directory. I suppose in Python there's the same kind of function, but, unfortunately, I cannot find it (using python 2.2). Can anyone help me with this? Thanks, Daniel _______________________________________________ Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor From gary@stokeson.freeserve.co.uk Sat Dec 22 10:46:43 2001 From: gary@stokeson.freeserve.co.uk (gary) Date: Sat, 22 Dec 2001 10:46:43 -0000 Subject: [Tutor] concerned Message-ID: <006401c18ad5$f3d6eae0$8e80883e@oemcomputer> This is a multi-part message in MIME format. ------=_NextPart_000_0061_01C18AD5.F2228420 Content-Type: text/plain; charset="iso-8859-1" Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Hello, I am a little concerned regarding an email I recieved AND opened = from a Pijus Virketis SUBJECT: Re: [Tutor]Creating a path for Python to = walk along (this is the subject title of an email I sent to Python Tutor = some time ago. On replying, to the email (Pijus') I recieved this answer: This message was created automatically by mail delivery software: A message that you sent could not be delivered to one or more of its recipients. The following address(es) failed: ddjupdate@drdobbs.email-publisher.com: This message has been rejected because it has an apparently executable attachment "NEWS_DOC.DOC.scr" This is a virus prevention measure. If you meant to send this file then please package it up as a zip file and resend it. Have I let a virus in, then, d'ya think as a result of this. Please say that Pijus Virketis is a bona fida member of your team! ------=_NextPart_000_0061_01C18AD5.F2228420 Content-Type: text/html; charset="iso-8859-1" Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable
    Hello, I am a  little concerned = regarding an=20 email I recieved AND opened from a Pijus Virketis SUBJECT: Re: = [Tutor]Creating a=20 path for Python to walk along (this is the subject title of an email I = sent to=20 Python Tutor some time ago.
    On replying, to the email (Pijus') I = recieved this=20 answer:
     
    This message was created automatically by mail delivery = software:

    A=20 message that you sent could not be delivered to one or more of=20 its
    recipients. The following address(es) failed:

      ddjupdate@drdobbs.e= mail-publisher.com:
       =20 This message has been rejected because it has
    an apparently = executable=20 attachment "NEWS_DOC.DOC.scr"
    This is a virus prevention = measure.
    If you=20 meant to send this file then please
    package it up as a zip file and = resend=20 it.
     
    Have I let a virus in, then, d'ya think = as a result=20 of this.
    Please say that Pijus Virketis is a = bona fida=20 member of your team!

    ------=_NextPart_000_0061_01C18AD5.F2228420-- From virketis@fas.harvard.edu Sat Dec 22 20:15:55 2001 From: virketis@fas.harvard.edu (Pijus Virketis) Date: Sat, 22 Dec 2001 22:15:55 +0200 Subject: [Tutor] concerned References: <006401c18ad5$f3d6eae0$8e80883e@oemcomputer> Message-ID: <001701c18b25$7911b920$100f3bd4@virketis2> This is a multi-part message in MIME format. ------=_NextPart_000_0014_01C18B36.39F27390 Content-Type: text/plain; charset="iso-8859-1" Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Please say that Pijus Virketis is a bona fida member of your team! I dunno about "bona fida", but I would like to flatter myself and think = that I am some sort of a member of the tutor list team (albeit often the = one most often on the receiving end). :) A few hours ago my new box, on = which I had not had time to replace Windows with Mandrake, got infected = with a worm, and it mailed itself out right and left. I appologise for = this lapse of list security. :( Thankfully, the thing does not seem to = cause much damage (besides aggravation) and can be caught by any = anti-virus software updated in the last two weeks.=20 Cheers and happy Xmass! -P ------=_NextPart_000_0014_01C18B36.39F27390 Content-Type: text/html; charset="iso-8859-1" Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable
       Please say that Pijus Virketis is a bona fida member of your=20 team!
    I dunno about "bona fida", but I would = like to=20 flatter myself and think that I am some sort of a member of the tutor = list team=20 (albeit often the one most often on the receiving end). :) A few hours = ago my=20 new box, on which I had not had time to replace Windows with Mandrake, = got=20 infected with a worm, and it mailed itself out right and left. I = appologise for=20 this lapse of list security. :( Thankfully, the thing does not seem = to=20 cause much damage (besides aggravation) and can be caught by any = anti-virus=20 software updated in the last two weeks.
     
    Cheers and happy Xmass!
     
    -P

    ------=_NextPart_000_0014_01C18B36.39F27390-- From jrm@videotron.ca Sat Dec 22 13:37:19 2001 From: jrm@videotron.ca (Jean Montambeault) Date: Sat, 22 Dec 2001 15:37:19 +0200 Subject: [Tutor] concerned References: <006401c18ad5$f3d6eae0$8e80883e@oemcomputer> <001701c18b25$7911b920$100f3bd4@virketis2> Message-ID: <000e01c18aed$c774fe20$0100c0a8@videotron.ca> ----- Original Message ----- From: "Pijus Virketis" To: "gary" Cc: Sent: Saturday, December 22, 2001 10:15 PM Subject: Re: [Tutor] concerned Please say that Pijus Virketis is a bona fida member of your team! I dunno about "bona fida", but I would like to flatter myself and think that I am some sort of a member of the tutor list team (albeit often the one most often on the receiving end). :) A few hours ago my new box, on which I had not had time to replace Windows with Mandrake, got infected with a worm, and it mailed itself out right and left. I appologise for this lapse of list security. :( Thankfully, the thing does not seem to cause much damage (besides aggravation) and can be caught by any anti-virus software updated in the last two weeks. Cheers and happy Xmass! -P Those things happens but they are preventable. I got the infected post myself almost at the same time I received another wormy email, from a personnal friend this time. So it was a massive attack. The security in Outlook Express is set to a maximum here and .scr file won't open by themselves. That was protection enough. From kalle@gnupung.net Sat Dec 22 23:56:05 2001 From: kalle@gnupung.net (Kalle Svensson) Date: Sun, 23 Dec 2001 00:56:05 +0100 Subject: [Tutor] ExpandFileName In-Reply-To: References: Message-ID: <20011223005605.B28485@sandra.lysator.liu.se> [Daniel Kinnaer] > In Delphi there's this lovely function called ExpandFileName, which converts > the relative file name into a fully qualified path name by merging in the > current drive and directory. I suppose in Python there's the same kind of > function, but, unfortunately, I cannot find it (using python 2.2). Can > anyone help me with this? [Karthik Gurumurthy] > import os.path > os.path.abspath(fileName) os.path is full of nice functions. shutil is another good module to know about, as is glob. The documentation, as always, available on http://www.python.org/doc/current/lib/ Peace, Kalle -- Kalle Svensson (kalle@gnupung.net) - Laziness, impatience, hubris: Pick two! English: http://www.gnupung.net/ Svenska: http://www.lysator.liu.se/~kalle/ Stuff: ["http://www.%s.org/" % x for x in "gnu debian python emacs".split()] From deliberatus@my995internet.com Sun Dec 23 00:55:26 2001 From: deliberatus@my995internet.com (Kirk Bailey) Date: Sat, 22 Dec 2001 19:55:26 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] IT is Finished Message-ID: <3C252B7E.1DE40175@my995internet.com> Well, maybe a little polishing, but it is a working unit. http://www.howlermonkey.net/TLpost.shtml -- Respectfully, -Kirk D Bailey (C)2001 Addme! icq #27840081 end Within the sweep of his sword, Each man is an Ubar. http://www.howlermonkey.net/ http://www.sacredelectron.org/ From kev@sat.net Sun Dec 23 05:59:34 2001 From: kev@sat.net (Kevin McCormick) Date: Sat, 22 Dec 2001 23:59:34 -0600 Subject: [Tutor] classes and names Message-ID: <3C2572C6.2040101@sat.net> Greetings all! I am writing a module of spreadsheet type date functions and I would like to do some things with the function names. Some of the functions are written really for supporting the actually useful functions and I don't quite understand the __function__(arg), __function(arg), and _function(arg) conventions. Also, it would be useful to set the main date function as a class object, since my design copies the time module and puts date information into a tuple. I want all this in the same file too, so I am asking for a lot. Lastly, an exceptions class would be really useful. I have read all the basic tutorial stuff on classes, but what would be really cool is a simple class that has this tuple and a way of being identified by my module level functions. What I think I want would be something like: class datefuncExceptions: # whatever goes into one of these type classes # like invalid argument, function x choked on arg y, etc class dateObject(date, arg2): # call module functions to interpret date argument # attributes are tuple (y, m, d, serial, day) def function(arg): # # val = __evaluate(arg) # # perform function tasks with val # # errors are datefuncExceptions def __evaluate(arg): # if arg is dateObject: pass it back # else: decipher arg and resolve into dateObject # # return val The idea is to understand many date formats as arguments and provide functions like yearfrac, days360, workdays, daysbetween, weeksbetween, eomonth, etc. at the module level so the class objects are small and two can easily be used as function arguments. Thanks for any comments. Kevin From adidas69_59@hotmail.com Sun Dec 23 07:16:33 2001 From: adidas69_59@hotmail.com (Shawn Long) Date: Sun, 23 Dec 2001 01:16:33 -0600 Subject: [Tutor] (no subject) Message-ID: Adidas69_59@hotmail.com _________________________________________________________________ Get your FREE download of MSN Explorer at http://explorer.msn.com/intl.asp. From taenchiki@hotmail.com Sun Dec 23 17:04:23 2001 From: taenchiki@hotmail.com (Taenchiki Said) Date: Sun, 23 Dec 2001 17:04:23 Subject: [Tutor] writing a script file in Python - Help please Message-ID: Hi there, I'm very new in Python and programming in general. I just started a self-learning on how to program. I was learning C++ for 3 months now but I decided to switch to Python because it appears much easier. Could you please tell me how to write a simple script, save it and run it in Python 2.2 in a windows or DOS environnement? Thanks in advance for helping me get started. S. Taenchiki _________________________________________________________________ Chat with friends online, try MSN Messenger: http://messenger.msn.com From lkvam@venix.com Sun Dec 23 17:07:16 2001 From: lkvam@venix.com (Lloyd Kvam) Date: Sun, 23 Dec 2001 12:07:16 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] classes and names References: <3C2572C6.2040101@sat.net> Message-ID: <3C260F44.5060701@venix.com> For date time processing you should probably look at mxDateTime. It is not part of the Python distribution. http://www.lemburg.com/files/python/mxDateTime.html It is VERY comprehensive. Kevin McCormick wrote: > Greetings all! I am writing a module of spreadsheet type date functions > and I would like to do some things with the function names. Some of > the functions are written really for supporting the actually useful > functions and I don't quite understand the __function__(arg), > __function(arg), and _function(arg) conventions. Also, it would be > useful to set the main date function as a class object, since my design > copies the time module and puts date information into a tuple. I want > all this in the same file too, so I am asking for a lot. Lastly, an > exceptions class would be really useful. I have read all the basic > tutorial stuff on classes, but what would be really cool is a simple > class that has this tuple and a way of being identified by my module > level functions. > > What I think I want would be something like: > > class datefuncExceptions: > # whatever goes into one of these type classes > # like invalid argument, function x choked on arg y, etc > > class dateObject(date, arg2): > # call module functions to interpret date argument > > # attributes are tuple (y, m, d, serial, day) > > def function(arg): > # > # val = __evaluate(arg) > # > # perform function tasks with val > # > # errors are datefuncExceptions > > def __evaluate(arg): > # if arg is dateObject: > pass it back > # else: > decipher arg and resolve into dateObject > # > # return val > > The idea is to understand many date formats as arguments and provide > functions like yearfrac, days360, workdays, daysbetween, weeksbetween, > eomonth, etc. at the module level so the class objects are small and two > can easily be used as function arguments. > > Thanks for any comments. > Kevin > > > _______________________________________________ > Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org > http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor > -- Lloyd Kvam Venix Corp. 1 Court Street, Suite 378 Lebanon, NH 03766-1358 voice: 603-443-6155 fax: 801-459-9582 From dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu Sun Dec 23 21:05:51 2001 From: dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu (Danny Yoo) Date: Sun, 23 Dec 2001 13:05:51 -0800 (PST) Subject: [Tutor] writing a script file in Python - Help please In-Reply-To: Message-ID: On Sun, 23 Dec 2001, Taenchiki Said wrote: > I'm very new in Python and programming in general. I just started a > self-learning on how to program. Welcome aboard! Please feel free to ask questions here; we'll do what we can to help. > I was learning C++ for 3 months now but I decided to switch to Python > because it appears much easier. > > Could you please tell me how to write a simple script, save it and run > it in Python 2.2 in a windows or DOS environnement? Sure! You'll want to use a text editor to write your Python program. Notepad is usable, but not recommended, since it isn't really tailored for programming. There is another text editor called IDLE that should be installed when you installed Python 2.2, and it supports Python programming very well. I have a small introduction to IDLE here (I hope it isn't obsolete yet!): http://hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu/~dyoo/python/idle_intro Good luck to you. From apython101@yahoo.com Sun Dec 23 21:18:25 2001 From: apython101@yahoo.com (john public) Date: Sun, 23 Dec 2001 13:18:25 -0800 (PST) Subject: [Tutor] books Message-ID: <20011223211825.3048.qmail@web21103.mail.yahoo.com> --0-516737577-1009142305=:1253 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii I am a newbie programmer learning Python. I live in Eastern Europe and no books on Python are available in English. My goal is to learn to be a competent programmer in Python in a year. I would also like to be familiar with some Jpython and XML by that time. I am going to America in two weeks and will by some books. These books and the Internet will be my only teachers. Most important in my library will be the books that get me from beggining level to knowing something. Any and all comments welcome from Newbie and advanced progammers alike. I am definitely getting: Progamming Python by Mark Lutz Learning Python by Mark Lutz Python Pocket reference by Mark Lutz I am thinking of getting: Python Essential reference by David Beazley Python and XML by Christopher Jones XML processing with Perl,Python, and PHP by Martin Brown Python pocket reference Mark Lutz Python standard library by Lundh Thanx!! --------------------------------- Do You Yahoo!? Send your FREE holiday greetings online at Yahoo! Greetings. --0-516737577-1009142305=:1253 Content-Type: text/html; charset=us-ascii

    I am a newbie programmer learning Python. I live in Eastern Europe and no books on Python are available in English. My goal is to learn to be a competent programmer in Python in a year. I would also like to be familiar with some Jpython and XML by that time. I am going to America in two weeks and will by some books.

     These books and the Internet will be my only teachers.

    Most important in my library will be the books that get me from beggining level to knowing something. Any and all comments welcome from Newbie and advanced progammers alike.

    I am definitely getting:

    Progamming Python by Mark Lutz

    Learning Python by       Mark Lutz

    Python Pocket reference by Mark Lutz

    I am thinking of getting:

    Python Essential reference by David Beazley

    Python and XML by Christopher Jones

    XML processing with Perl,Python, and PHP by Martin Brown

    Python pocket reference Mark Lutz

    Python standard library by Lundh

     Thanx!!


    Do You Yahoo!?
    Send your FREE holiday greetings online at Yahoo! Greetings. --0-516737577-1009142305=:1253-- From dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu Sun Dec 23 21:36:08 2001 From: dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu (Danny Yoo) Date: Sun, 23 Dec 2001 13:36:08 -0800 (PST) Subject: [Tutor] classes and names [__function__(arg)] In-Reply-To: <3C2572C6.2040101@sat.net> Message-ID: On Sat, 22 Dec 2001, Kevin McCormick wrote: > Greetings all! I am writing a module of spreadsheet type date > functions and I would like to do some things with the function names. > Some of the functions are written really for supporting the actually > useful functions and I don't quite understand the __function__(arg), The '__function__(arg)' stuff are "magical" functions --- there are a preset number of them, described here: http://www.python.org/doc/current/ref/specialnames.html The reason they're magical is because they get called when we do unusual stuff. For example, let's say that we're trying to represent Red/Green/Blue color triples in some program: ### >>> class Color: ... def __init__(self, r, g, b): ... self.r, self.g, self.b = r, g, b ... def add(self, other): ... return Color(self.r + other.r, ... self.g + other.g, ... self.b + other.b) ... >>> c1 = Color(0, 0, 0) >>> c2 = Color(3, 4, 7) >>> c3 = c1.add(c2) >>> c3.r, c3.g, c3.b (3, 4, 7) ### It might be nice to be able to say something like: ### >>> c3 = c1 + c2 Traceback (innermost last): File "", line 1, in ? TypeError: __add__ nor __radd__ defined for these operands ### but, as the error message suggests, Python doesn't know what it means to '+' two things together... that is, until we define an __add__ method: ### >>> class Color: ... def __init__(self, r, g, b): ... self.r, self.g, self.b = r, g, b ... def add(self, other): ... return Color(self.r + other.r, ... self.g + other.g, ... self.b + other.b) ... def __add__(self, other): return self.add(other) ... >>> c1 = Color(1, 2, 3) >>> c2 = Color(4, 5, 6) >>> c3 = c1 + c2 >>> c3.r, c3.g, c3.b (5, 7, 9) ### And now it works! "__function__(arg)" functions are hooks to make things like addition look more natural. Take a look at the documentation on the link above, and you'll see a bunch of interesting stuff. (In the C++ language, we're "overloading operators".) > __function(arg), and _function(arg) conventions. The single underscore '_function(arg)', is meant to tell someone reading the code to not fiddle around with it too much --- a '_function(arg)' implies to a person that it's supposed to be for internal use only by the class. For example, if we were to write a Fraction class: ### def gcd(a, b): if b == 0: return a return gcd(b, a % b) class Fraction: def __init__(self, n, d): self.n, self.d = n, d self._reduce() def __add__(self, other): return Fraction(self.n * other.d + other.n*self.d, self.d * other.d) def _reduce(self): denom = gcd(self.n, self.d) self.n = self.n / denom self.d = self.d / denom ### The single leading underscore in '_reduce' tells someone not to call _reduce() explicitly; it's a small utility member of the Fraction class, and we shouldn't have to call it ourselves when using a Fraction. '__function(arg)" implies the same kind of protection, but doubly so: it gets Python to mangle up the function names so that it becomes very hard for the outside to directly call '__function(arg)'. To tell the truth, I've never reallly felt the need to use this. Hope this helps! From glingl@aon.at Sun Dec 23 22:24:35 2001 From: glingl@aon.at (Gregor Lingl) Date: Sun, 23 Dec 2001 23:24:35 +0100 Subject: [Tutor] books References: <20011223211825.3048.qmail@web21103.mail.yahoo.com> Message-ID: <001701c18c00$9a5820c0$1664a8c0@mega> Dear Public! (Is this a name from Eastern Europe?) I'd like to direct you towards two or three online-resources: First, study the descriptions and links to turorials at the Python Website: http://www.python.org/doc/Intros.html I consider How to Think Like a Computer Scientist at http://www.ibiblio.org/obp/ to be especially valuable. You also may have a look at http://www.python.org/doc/NonEnglish.html which contains links to several online-publications in non-English, also slavic languages. For instance Jak se naučit programovat is a translation of Alan Gauld's Learning to Program. at http://www.freenetpages.co.uk/hp/alan.gauld/czech/ ----- Original Message ----- From: john public To: tutor@python.org Sent: Sunday, December 23, 2001 10:18 PM Subject: [Tutor] books I am a newbie programmer learning Python. .... Most important in my library will be the books that get me from beggining level to knowing something. Besides the certainly good books you mention below, I recommend you strongly ta have a look at Python: Visual QuickStart Guide by Chris Fehily I had a look at it in a bookstore an I found it - despite its somewhat strange title (a series?) - very thoroughly guiding the reader to develop the habit of exploring the Python language interactively. It covers 'Core-Python' only, that means only the fundamentals of the language, but this in a very complete, readable way. In my opinion books always are at least to 50% a matter of taste and reading habits - so you always have to decide yourself if you could learn and work with it well. Hav a nice trip to America (and its book stores) Gregor From apython101@yahoo.com Mon Dec 24 01:07:12 2001 From: apython101@yahoo.com (john public) Date: Sun, 23 Dec 2001 17:07:12 -0800 (PST) Subject: [Tutor] more-books and Zope Message-ID: <20011224010712.43933.qmail@web21104.mail.yahoo.com> --0-1935548789-1009156032=:43239 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii I had a look at it in a bookstore an I found it - despite its somewhat strange title (a series?) - very thoroughly guiding the reader to develop the habit of exploring the Python language interactively. It covers 'Core-Python' only, that means only the fundamentals of the language, but this in a very complete, readable way. ************************************************************************* EXACTLY WHAT I WAS LOOOKING 4! And of the two customers who reviewed it on Amazon both gave it five stars and ranted about how good and readable it was. Thanx Gregor! Do U know anything about Zope? My goal with in a year is to make at least $10 an hour programming never leaving my home and have fun doing it. I figure one thing I might end up doing is building web pages. I noticed a book on Zope when I looked up Fehily's book. If I am programming in Python is Zope a good thing to learn for building web pages? If so what books do you recommend for Newbies? I am an American. I am in the witness protection program. They put me in suspended animation for 20 years and then I woke up in Bulgaria. At least this is what my landlord tells me. I figure it is true since I get a monthly check from the State Department. I can't remember much. I wish I knew who I testified against. I hate it when that happens! John Q. Public --------------------------------- Do You Yahoo!? Send your FREE holiday greetings online at Yahoo! Greetings. --0-1935548789-1009156032=:43239 Content-Type: text/html; charset=us-ascii

    I had a look at it in a bookstore an I found it
    - despite its somewhat strange title (a series?) -
    very thoroughly guiding the reader to develop
    the habit of exploring the Python language
    interactively.

    It covers 'Core-Python' only, that means only the
    fundamentals of the language, but this in a very
    complete, readable way.
    *************************************************************************
    EXACTLY WHAT I WAS LOOOKING 4!

    And of the two customers who reviewed it on Amazon both gave it  five stars and ranted about how good and readable it was.

    Thanx Gregor! Do U know anything about Zope? My goal with in a year is to make at least $10 an hour  programming never leaving my home and have fun doing it. I figure one thing I might end up doing is building web pages. I noticed a book on Zope when I looked up Fehily's book. If I am programming in Python is Zope a good thing to learn for building web pages? If so what books do you recommend for Newbies?

     I am an American. I am in the witness protection program. They put me in suspended animation for 20 years and then I woke up in Bulgaria. At least this is what my landlord tells me. I figure it is true since I get a monthly check from the State Department. I can't remember much. I wish I knew who I testified against. I hate it when that happens!

    John Q. Public


    Do You Yahoo!?
    Send your FREE holiday greetings online at Yahoo! Greetings. --0-1935548789-1009156032=:43239-- From alan.gauld@bt.com Mon Dec 24 10:51:00 2001 From: alan.gauld@bt.com (alan.gauld@bt.com) Date: Mon, 24 Dec 2001 10:51:00 -0000 Subject: [Tutor] An hour's talk on python...Suggestions required (fro m a newbie) Message-ID: <5104D4DBC598D211B5FE0000F8FE7EB20E66C1F9@mbtlipnt02.btlabs.bt.co.uk> > Ours is mainly a java shop. So definitely include Jython and how you can use all those familiar Java class libraries while writing the code in the much higher level Python... Some examples should quite easily show a 30-50% code reduction in Jython vv Java... Thus a perfect prototyping language for Java heads. > I was planning to take an introductory session on python. There are several slide presentations on the python web site that you could 'learn from' - ie plagiarise... > w'd want to try it out unless and otherwise they can see lots of > supporting tools and libraries. How about all the Java stuff plus the 100+ standard modules plus another 100 or so on the web? > 1. functional programming in python Good article on the IBM site > 2. about new features that have been included in 2.2? Read the 'whats new papers' > 3. threading as for as tools/libraries are concerned, Not quite sure what you mean here... > 4. GUI : Tkinter Yes, Or AWT if they want to keep with Java Or pyQt/PyGTK if they are Linux fans. Or even all three to show how easy core functionality can be ported over different GUIs. - a bit more work there tho' > 5. xml?? : the one which ships with standard module or something else? > 6. cgi: If you must, but web stuff is a bit passe now. Might be better looking at SOAP or XML/RPC. Python is blindingly good at the latter compared to Java! > But i want to develop some interest here @ my place. > Any suggestion w'd be of great help to me. IMHO The real advantages of Python are that it is a scripting tool that can handle large projects so you get all the advantages of scripting languages like Perl but with the control and organisation of compiled languages like C++/Java/Delphi etc. Its brilliant for prototyping and for tool building. And as your list of topics proves, extremely versatile. Alan G. From alan.gauld@bt.com Mon Dec 24 11:47:49 2001 From: alan.gauld@bt.com (alan.gauld@bt.com) Date: Mon, 24 Dec 2001 11:47:49 -0000 Subject: [Tutor] printing out the definition of a func [dis/inspect] Message-ID: <5104D4DBC598D211B5FE0000F8FE7EB20E66C1FA@mbtlipnt02.btlabs.bt.co.uk> > Wait, wait, I spoke too soon. It is possible! Take a look at: > > http://www.python.org/doc/lib/inspect-source.html Version 2.1 onwards unfortunately but OTOH the fact it's possible is amazing. Python blows me away once more. BTW It's the inspect module you need, and it only works on files not the interpreter: >>> import inspect >>> import foo >>> print inspect.getsource(foo) def foo(): print 'hello' return 42 def bar(): print 'bar' return 42 * 42 >>> print inspect.getsource(foo.foo) def foo(): print 'hello' return 42 >>> Well spotted Danny. Alan G. From alan.gauld@bt.com Mon Dec 24 16:19:07 2001 From: alan.gauld@bt.com (alan.gauld@bt.com) Date: Mon, 24 Dec 2001 16:19:07 -0000 Subject: FW: [Tutor] printing out the definition of a func [dis/inspect] Message-ID: <5104D4DBC598D211B5FE0000F8FE7EB20E66C1FD@mbtlipnt02.btlabs.bt.co.uk> Oops, meant to hit reply-all... > -----Original Message----- > To: 'Kirk Bailey'; > Subject: RE: [Tutor] printing out the definition of a func > > > Pardon this humble novice, but is the interpeter not a file? > > The interpreter itself is a file. What I meant was the code > that you type at the Python interactive prompt. > > Thus: > > >>> import inspect > >>> def foo(): > ... print 'foo' > ... > >>> print inspect.getsource(foo) > > will generate an error. It only works if the code for foo is > in a file external to the interpreter. > > Alan G. > > > > BTW It's the inspect module you need, and it only works on > > > files not the interpreter: > > > > > > >>> import inspect > > > >>> import foo > > > >>> print inspect.getsource(foo) > > > def foo(): > > > print 'hello' > > > return 42 > > > > > > def bar(): > > > print 'bar' > > > return 42 * 42 > > > > > > >>> print inspect.getsource(foo.foo) > > > def foo(): > > > print 'hello' > > > return 42 > > > > > > >>> > > > > > > Well spotted Danny. > > > > > > Alan G. > > > > > > _______________________________________________ > > > Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org > > > http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor > > > From alan.gauld@bt.com Mon Dec 24 17:10:29 2001 From: alan.gauld@bt.com (alan.gauld@bt.com) Date: Mon, 24 Dec 2001 17:10:29 -0000 Subject: [Tutor] books Message-ID: <5104D4DBC598D211B5FE0000F8FE7EB20E66C201@mbtlipnt02.btlabs.bt.co.uk> ------_=_NextPart_001_01C18C9D.E37DA160 Content-type: text/plain; charset="iso-8859-1" > I am a newbie programmer learning Python. I live in Eastern Europe > and no books on Python are available in English. Do Amazon not operate in Eastern Europe? They can provide most books most anywhere... It takes a few weeks but even including postage it usually works out no more than buying in a high street bookshop - often less! I am definitely getting: Progamming Python by Mark Lutz Learning Python by Mark Lutz Both good books. Python Pocket reference by Mark Lutz This is now seriously out of date and less useful. Get Python Essential reference by David Beazley this instead. Its the best reference book on Python at the moment IMHO. Python and XML by Christopher Jones XML processing with Perl,Python, and PHP by Martin Brown I can't comment on these... Python standard library by Lundh Similar to Beazley in some ways but more cookbook style. Personally I just search google news archive... Lundh is a fount of knowlege but in do wish he'd completed and published his Tkinter stuff instead of this one... We are still crying out for a decent intro to Tkinter in book form, Grayson not withstanding. Alan g. Author of the 'Learning to Program' web site http://www.freenetpages.co.uk/hp/alan.gauld ------_=_NextPart_001_01C18C9D.E37DA160 Content-type: text/html; charset="iso-8859-1"
    >  I am a newbie programmer learning Python. I live in Eastern Europe  
    >  and no books on Python are available in English.  
     
    Do Amazon not operate in Eastern Europe? They can provide most
    books most anywhere... It takes a few weeks but even including
    postage it usually works out no more than buying in a high
    street bookshop - often less!
     
    I am definitely getting:

    Progamming Python by Mark Lutz

    Learning Python by  Mark Lutz 

    Both good books.

    Python Pocket reference by Mark Lutz 

    This is now seriously out of date and less useful.

    Get

     Python Essential reference by David Beazley  

    this instead. Its the best reference book on Python
    at the moment IMHO.

    Python and XML by Christopher Jones

    XML processing with Perl,Python, and PHP by Martin Brown 

    I can't comment on these... 

    Python standard library by Lundh 

    Similar to Beazley in some ways but more cookbook style.
    Personally I just search google news archive... 

    Lundh is a fount of knowlege but in do wish he'd
    completed and published his Tkinter stuff instead
    of this one... We are still crying out for a decent
    intro to Tkinter in book form, Grayson not
    withstanding.

    Alan g.
    Author of the 'Learning to Program' web site
    http://www.freenetpages.co.uk/hp/alan.gauld

     

    ------_=_NextPart_001_01C18C9D.E37DA160-- From sentinel805@netscape.net Mon Dec 24 18:22:08 2001 From: sentinel805@netscape.net (nova812) Date: Mon, 24 Dec 2001 13:22:08 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] Just for fun I wrote Message-ID: <3C277250.6020809@netscape.net> I wrote this to help me ( a long time BASIC programmer) convert to python. In case this helps any one else start programming with python, here is what I wrote. It is some basic BASIC string functions writen in python. these functions are.. left, right, mid, instr, ucase. Of course I already know about the String lib that already comes with python, this was a learning exercise for me. here is the code. http://www.geocities.com/swinux/bString.html Ron From sentinel805@netscape.net Mon Dec 24 18:30:57 2001 From: sentinel805@netscape.net (nova812) Date: Mon, 24 Dec 2001 13:30:57 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] A little help please Message-ID: <3C277461.2010401@netscape.net> I'm in need of a function that will work on both a linux box and a windows box that, from the command line, will detect a key hit on the keyboard. the function should return -1 for no key hit detected and the ascii code for any other key hit. I realize the limitation of this function would be function keys. But something this simple( to use, maybe not to write) would really be handy for me. Will any one help me write this or perhaps tell me what I need to study to make this happen?? I need this function to work 'command line'. Gui programming won't be helpfull for this project. Ron From ehoute@zeelandnet.nl Mon Dec 24 19:14:46 2001 From: ehoute@zeelandnet.nl (Ewald van Houte) Date: Mon, 24 Dec 2001 20:14:46 +0100 Subject: [Tutor] Re: Tutor digest, Vol 1 #1245 - 11 msgs Message-ID: <20011224191312.CF66D568C1@mail.zeelandnet.nl> PlNlbmQgVHV0b3IgbWFpbGluZyBsaXN0IHN1Ym1pc3Npb25zIHRvDQo+CXR1dG9yQHB5dGhvbi5v cmcNCj4NCj5UbyBzdWJzY3JpYmUgb3IgdW5zdWJzY3JpYmUgdmlhIHRoZSBXb3JsZCBXaWRlIFdl YiwgdmlzaXQNCj4JaHR0cDovL21haWwucHl0aG9uLm9yZy9tYWlsbWFuL2xpc3RpbmZvL3R1dG9y DQo+b3IsIHZpYSBlbWFpbCwgc2VuZCBhIG1lc3NhZ2Ugd2l0aCBzdWJqZWN0IG9yIGJvZHkgJ2hl bHAnIHRvDQo+CXR1dG9yLXJlcXVlc3RAcHl0aG9uLm9yZw0KPg0KPllvdSBjYW4gcmVhY2ggdGhl IHBlcnNvbiBtYW5hZ2luZyB0aGUgbGlzdCBhdA0KPgl0dXRvci1hZG1pbkBweXRob24ub3JnDQo+ DQo+V2hlbiByZXBseWluZywgcGxlYXNlIGVkaXQgeW91ciBTdWJqZWN0IGxpbmUgc28gaXQgaXMg bW9yZSBzcGVjaWZpYw0KPnRoYW4gIlJlOiBDb250ZW50cyBvZiBUdXRvciBkaWdlc3QuLi4iDQo+ DQo+DQo+VG9kYXkncyBUb3BpY3M6DQo+DQo+ICAgMS4gUmU6IFB5dGhvbiAtIGh0bWwgdGFibGVz 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Message-ID: <20011224201809Z234648-13237+2@bureau8.utcc.utoronto.ca> Hi all, I wanna use python GUI's , like wxPython or Tkinter. Which one would be easy to learn, or what 's advantage of using wxPython than Tkinter? Thanks From egorbrandt@hotmail.com Mon Dec 24 21:05:22 2001 From: egorbrandt@hotmail.com (Egor Brandt) Date: Mon, 24 Dec 2001 22:05:22 +0100 Subject: [Tutor] unsuscribe Message-ID: ------=_NextPart_001_0000_01C18CC7.150F7680 Content-Type: text/plain; charset="iso-8859-1" Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Every hour wounds. The last one kills. - Old SayingGet more from the Web. FREE MSN Explorer download : http://e= xplorer.msn.com ------=_NextPart_001_0000_01C18CC7.150F7680 Content-Type: text/html; charset="iso-8859-1" Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable


    Every = hour wounds. The last one kills.
    - Old Saying

    Get more from the Web. FREE MSN Explorer download : http://explorer.msn.com

    ------=_NextPart_001_0000_01C18CC7.150F7680-- From shalehperry@attbi.com Mon Dec 24 20:50:09 2001 From: shalehperry@attbi.com (Sean 'Shaleh' Perry) Date: Mon, 24 Dec 2001 12:50:09 -0800 (PST) Subject: [Tutor] wxPython? In-Reply-To: <20011224201809Z234648-13237+2@bureau8.utcc.utoronto.ca> Message-ID: On 24-Dec-2001 Karshi Hasanov wrote: > Hi all, > > I wanna use python GUI's , like wxPython or Tkinter. > Which one would be easy to learn, or what 's advantage of using wxPython > than Tkinter? wxPython is newer and snazzy. It also uses nicer looking widgets. However it is more likely to change and grow as it is still be actively developed. Either one is fairly easy although there are more docs for tkinter. From ilflexi2@hotmail.com Mon Dec 24 03:11:38 2001 From: ilflexi2@hotmail.com (Iain Long) Date: Mon, 24 Dec 2001 03:11:38 +0000 Subject: [Tutor] (no subject) Message-ID: I was reading about instant hacking so i clicked the windows icon and run and typed in notepad... and did an example that was shown... radius = 30 print radius*radius*3.14 .... i don't know what to do next _________________________________________________________________ Get your FREE download of MSN Explorer at http://explorer.msn.com/intl.asp. From civic525@hotmail.com Mon Dec 24 17:21:41 2001 From: civic525@hotmail.com (Ted R.) Date: Mon, 24 Dec 2001 11:21:41 -0600 Subject: [Tutor] pyhton Message-ID: This is a multi-part message in MIME format. ------=_NextPart_000_000A_01C18C6D.29B164E0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset="iso-8859-1" Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable hello my name is ted and i have a few questions about pyhton. i have = never worked with programing but i have worked with computers for a = while. i am 15 so i have done more jovinial "cracking" like gameshark = codes and gameshark hacking etc. after a while i got bored so i dicided = to go into somthing were i could expand to a future carrier, so i = started to look at computer programing, and a herd that python was the = easieats and all around best. but to my question do you know any were it = gives more "hands on traingin" and more in depth help. also i cannot get this program to work maby you can tell me whats wrong? >>>input("what is your name?") if ted print"hello ted" else: print"who = are you?" thank you =20 TeD ------=_NextPart_000_000A_01C18C6D.29B164E0 Content-Type: text/html; charset="iso-8859-1" Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable
    hello my name is ted and i have a few = questions=20 about pyhton. i have never worked with programing but i have worked with = computers for a while. i am 15 so i have done more jovinial "cracking" = like=20 gameshark codes and gameshark hacking etc. after a while i got bored so = i=20 dicided to go into somthing were i could expand to a future carrier, so = i=20 started to look at computer programing, and a herd that python was the = easieats=20 and all around best. but to my question do you know any were it gives = more=20 "hands on traingin" and more in depth help.
     
    also i cannot get this program to work = maby you can=20 tell me whats wrong?
     
     
    >>>input("what is your name?") = if ted=20 print"hello ted" else: print"who are you?"
     
     
     
    thank you    =
              &nbs= p;   =20 TeD
    ------=_NextPart_000_000A_01C18C6D.29B164E0-- From deliberatus@my995internet.com Mon Dec 24 23:12:28 2001 From: deliberatus@my995internet.com (Kirk Bailey) Date: Mon, 24 Dec 2001 18:12:28 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] (no subject) References: Message-ID: <3C27B65C.2834299E@my995internet.com> WEll, try this: def square(x) x*x Then, try this: pi = 3.1415926 def areacircle(x) return pi * square(x) then, after you type those in, try this: R = input("Please input the radius of the circle please?") # That input will BOMB if you input anything but a number! print areacircle(R) Try it. Are we having fun yet? Iain Long wrote: > > I was reading about instant hacking so i clicked the windows icon and run > and typed in notepad... and did an example that was shown... > radius = 30 > > print radius*radius*3.14 .... i don't know what to do next > > _________________________________________________________________ > Get your FREE download of MSN Explorer at http://explorer.msn.com/intl.asp. > > _______________________________________________ > Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org > http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor -- Respectfully, -Kirk D Bailey (C)2001 Addme! icq #27840081 end Within the sweep of his sword, Each man is an Ubar. http://www.howlermonkey.net/ http://www.sacredelectron.org/ From glingl@aon.at Tue Dec 25 08:39:09 2001 From: glingl@aon.at (Gregor Lingl) Date: Tue, 25 Dec 2001 09:39:09 +0100 Subject: [Tutor] (no subject) References: <3C27B65C.2834299E@my995internet.com> Message-ID: <002b01c18d1f$9f8412a0$1664a8c0@mega> ----- Original Message ----- From: "Kirk Bailey" To: "Iain Long" Cc: Sent: Tuesday, December 25, 2001 12:12 AM Subject: Re: [Tutor] (no subject) Unfortunately there are several flaws concerning sytax as well as logic in the code below, so it will not work: > WEll, try this: > > def square(x) > x*x 1. firsdt line needs an ":" at the end 2. second line has to be idented 3. This line will return the special object None instead of the desired square of x Therefore the codeline in areacircle will raise an error Correctly it should read: def square(x): return x*x > > Then, try this: > > pi = 3.1415926 This is ok, but Remark: instead of this you could also write from math import pi (just in case you cannot remember the desired number of decimals of pi) > > > def areacircle(x) > return pi * square(x) > Again: 1. add ":" in the def-line 2. indent second line def areacircle(x): return pi * square(x) > then, after you type those in, try this: > > R = input("Please input the radius of the circle please?") > # That input will BOMB if you input anything but a number! > print areacircle(R) > > Try it. Are we having fun yet? > > > > Iain Long wrote: > > > > I was reading about instant hacking so i clicked the windows icon and run > > and typed in notepad... and did an example that was shown... > > radius = 30 > > > > print radius*radius*3.14 .... i don't know what to do next > > I suppose, Iain, your problem is another one: You want to know how to execute those two statements above. It does not suffice to type it into an editor. You may use either of two ways: In any case you have to have installed you Python-interpreter. (You can get it from http://www.python.org) 1. way: ------- If you start it, you will see a prompt: >>> There you can input Python statements >>> radius = 30 >>> (If you doubt, that this changes something in your computer, you may type: >>> radius 30 >>> So this value 30 is stored in a variable called radius) Then continue: >>> print radius*radius*4.14 2826.0 ... prints the interpreter 2. way: ------- Youo save, what you typed into notepad as a Python-script, for instance as circle.py Then you ask your interpreter to execute it: open the MSDOS-prompt (or a terminal, a shell or whatever if you doesn't use Windows) and type c:\Python21>python circle.py This will result in displaying 2826.0 Hope that helps Gregor _________________________________________________________________ > > Get your FREE download of MSN Explorer at http://explorer.msn.com/intl.asp. > > > > _______________________________________________ > > Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org > > http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor > > -- > Respectfully, > -Kirk D Bailey (C)2001 > Addme! icq #27840081 > end > > > Within the sweep of his sword, Each man is an Ubar. > > http://www.howlermonkey.net/ > http://www.sacredelectron.org/ > > _______________________________________________ > Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org > http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor > From dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu Tue Dec 25 19:13:27 2001 From: dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu (Danny Yoo) Date: Tue, 25 Dec 2001 11:13:27 -0800 (PST) Subject: [Tutor] (no subject) [Starting Python] In-Reply-To: Message-ID: On Mon, 24 Dec 2001, Iain Long wrote: > I was reading about instant hacking so i clicked the windows icon and > run and typed in notepad... and did an example that was shown... > > radius = 30 > > print radius*radius*3.14 .... i don't know what to do next Hi Iain, Glad to hear that you're starting to learn Python. Please feel free to ask questions here on Tutor; we'll try to answer them as well as we can! About your question: it depends on what you want to do. It sounds like you'd like to start fiddling around with Python. You can take a tour through Python with this link: http://python.org/doc/Newbies.html This link is connected to many good Python tutorials, and you'll get a better feeling for what we can do with Python here. If you haven't been able to get: > radius = 30 > > print radius*radius*3.14 working yet, you might find this introduction useful: http://hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu/~dyoo/python/idle_intro It shows, step by step, how to use the text editor that comes with Python. Best of wishes to you. From dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu Tue Dec 25 19:28:10 2001 From: dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu (Danny Yoo) Date: Tue, 25 Dec 2001 11:28:10 -0800 (PST) Subject: [Tutor] pyhton In-Reply-To: Message-ID: On Mon, 24 Dec 2001, Ted R. wrote: > hello my name is ted and i have a few questions about pyhton. i have Hi Ted, welcome to Tutor! > never worked with programing but i have worked with computers for a > while. i am 15 so i have done more jovinial "cracking" like gameshark > codes and gameshark hacking etc. after a while i got bored so i > dicided to go into somthing were i could expand to a future carrier, > so i started to look at computer programing, and a herd that python > was the easieats and all around best. but to my question do you know > any were it gives more "hands on traingin" and more in depth help. We'll do what we can to help you; please feel free to ask questions anytime. > also i cannot get this program to work maby you can tell me whats > wrong? > > > >>>input("what is your name?") if ted print"hello ted" else: print"who > are you?" Hmmm... can you try this from the IDLE editor? Here's a web site that might help you get started: http://hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu/~dyoo/python/idle_intro Also, is that command all on one line? You might want to do this instead: ### name = raw_input("what is your name?") if name == "ted": print "hello ted" else: print "who are you?" ### (I'm putting pound signs here to separate it from the message here; you don't have to type them) I've changed some of the commands so that they work better --- raw_input() is easier to get working right than input(), and we can talk about this more when you want. Also, in Python, indentation matters, so it does make a difference when we put things in lines and columns. Tell us if this works for you. Good luck! Again, if you have questions, please feel free to talk to us. We might be a little less responsive than usual since it's the holidays, but we'll try to reply quickly. From dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu Tue Dec 25 19:32:52 2001 From: dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu (Danny Yoo) Date: Tue, 25 Dec 2001 11:32:52 -0800 (PST) Subject: [Tutor] wxPython? In-Reply-To: <20011224201809Z234648-13237+2@bureau8.utcc.utoronto.ca> Message-ID: On Mon, 24 Dec 2001, Karshi Hasanov wrote: > I wanna use python GUI's , like wxPython or Tkinter. > Which one would be easy to learn, or what 's advantage of using wxPython > than Tkinter? Both are pretty nice. I think that Tkinter is easier to learn, but many people feel that Tkinter looks ugly. *grin* Tkinter is also installed by default when we install Python, so it's used quite a lot. Have you seen Fredrik Lungh's 'An Introduction to Tkinter' web site? http://www.pythonware.com/library/tkinter/introduction/ It's a great tutorial on Tkinter programming. Take a look at it, and see if Tkinter is a good fit. Good luck! From dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu Tue Dec 25 20:02:31 2001 From: dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu (Danny Yoo) Date: Tue, 25 Dec 2001 12:02:31 -0800 (PST) Subject: [Tutor] A little help please In-Reply-To: <3C277461.2010401@netscape.net> Message-ID: On Mon, 24 Dec 2001, nova812 wrote: > I'm in need of a function that will work on both a linux box and a > windows box that, from the command line, will detect a key hit on the > keyboard. If it were only Linux, I'd recommend the "curses" module: http://www.python.org/doc/lib/module-curses.html However, I'm not sure how successfully the 'curses' module works on Windows systems. There's an introductory article on curses here: http://www-106.ibm.com/developerworks/linux/library/l-python6.html > the function should return -1 for no key hit detected and the ascii > code for any other key hit. This is possible to do. By default, if no key hasn't been hit yet, the getch() function raises an exception, but we can write a small wrapper function that does something more reasonable. ### import curses stdscr = curses.initscr() curses.cbreak() def getKey(): try: return stdscr.getch() except: return -1 ### Good luck! From karthikg@aztec.soft.net Wed Dec 26 06:44:17 2001 From: karthikg@aztec.soft.net (Karthik Gurumurthy) Date: Wed, 26 Dec 2001 12:14:17 +0530 Subject: [Tutor] list as a first class citizen in python? In-Reply-To: <20011224201809Z234648-13237+2@bureau8.utcc.utoronto.ca> Message-ID: I found this quote on the web..regarding python... >>>>>>> Because everything is a reference, and there's no way to dereference that reference, it turns out that there is no trivial way to copy a list! This fails: x = [1,2] y = x Because you don't get a new list there, just a copy to an old one. Suggested work-arounds include y = x[0:] y = x[:] y = x + [] y = x * 1 This forces people to think about references, again. So much for lists being first class citizens! Compare this with Perl's @x = (1,2); @y = @x; Or even with references: $x = [1,2]; $y = [ @$x ]; or @y = @$x; >>>>>>>> what's wrong with working with a reference. can someone explain the argument here? java does a similar thing. In java i would do a clone() to get a copy of an arraylist and in python i will import copy copy.deepcopy(l) if something is a first class citizen , should it support "copying" using simple assignments ? / how are first class citizens expected to behave ? :-) thanks, karthik. From dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu Wed Dec 26 08:16:41 2001 From: dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu (Danny Yoo) Date: Wed, 26 Dec 2001 00:16:41 -0800 (PST) Subject: [Tutor] list as a first class citizen in python? [language comparisons!] In-Reply-To: Message-ID: [Warning; this message has quite a bit of Perl code in it. It also borders on silly language war stuff. My apologies!] On Wed, 26 Dec 2001, Karthik Gurumurthy wrote: > Because everything is a reference, and there's no way to dereference > that reference, it turns out that there is no trivial way to copy > a list! This fails: > x = [1,2] > y = x > Because you don't get a new list there, just a copy to an > old one. The wording is getting REALLY loose here. There is no "copy" to talk about: 'y' and 'x' are refering to the same list. For example: ### >>> x = [1, 2] >>> y = x >>> id(x) 135040592 >>> id(y) 135040592 ### id() is something of a low-level function, so it's not really important in casual Python use. id() tells us where in memory an object is located. In the example above, we can see that 'x' and 'y' are just names for the list value '[1, 2]', because they have the same "id". > Suggested work-arounds include > y = x[0:] > y = x[:] > y = x + [] > y = x * 1 > This forces people to think about references, again. Python doesn't automatically create new lists until we tell it to. This can be both an advantage and a disadvantage. I consider it a design decision, not a flaw as the word 'work-around' suggests... *grin* I'm not quite sure what they mean about not being able to copy a list "trivially" though. The 'copy' module, http://www.python.org/doc/lib/module-copy.html is a nice way of abstracting the shallow copying of a data structure: ### >>> y = copy.copy(x) >>> id(y) 135041912 >>> id(x) 135040592 ### and works uniformly on the standard Python data types. > So much for lists being first class citizens! Again, I'm not quite sure what they mean here. If they mean "first class" as in: http://mitpress.mit.edu/sicp/full-text/book/book-Z-H-12.html#%_idx_1218 then I personally don't see anything about Python lists that doesn't make it "first class". > Compare > this with Perl's > @x = (1,2); > @y = @x; > Or even with references: > $x = [1,2]; > $y = [ @$x ]; > or > @y = @$x; > >>>>>>>> > > what's wrong with working with a reference. > > can someone explain the argument here? I don't think it's an argument; I think it's more of a language preference thing. Perl does make it nice to work with flat data structures, but as soon as we get into nested data structures, Perl programmers have to worry about the exact same details about copying that Python programmers think about. Here's an example in Perl that's similar to the situation the author was pointing out: ### # Perl code use Data::Dumper; @x = ([1,2], [3, 4]); @y = @x; $x[0][0] = 42; print Dumper(@x); print Dumper(@y); ### This shows that Perl programmers do need to deal with the same issues as Python programmers. There is no magical cure here, nor just one best way to approach things. One other advantage of having everything as a "reference" in Python is that Python functions don't need to do anything special when taking in many lists as parameters: ### def myzip(l1, l2): results = [] for i in range(len(l1)): results.append(l1[i]) results.append(l2[i]) return results ### ### >>> myzip([1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]) [1, 4, 2, 5, 3, 6] ### But to get the same thing to work in Perl, we have to think twice. A first attempt: ### ## test.pl. sub buggy_myzip { my (@l1, @l2) = @_; my @results; for my $i (0..scalar(@l1)) { push(@results, $l1[$i]); push(@results, $l2[$i]); } return @results; } @l1 = (1, 2, 3); @l2 = (4, 5, 6); print join " ", buggy_myzip(@l1, @l2), "\n"; ### won't work the way a beginner might expect! Take a look: ### [dyoo@hkn dyoo]$ perl test.pl 1 2 3 4 5 6 ### Here's a fixed version: ### sub myzip { my ($l1, $l2) = @_; my @results; for my $i (0..scalar(@$l1)) { push(@results, $l1->[$i]); push(@results, $l2->[$i]); } return @results; } @l1 = (1, 2, 3); @l2 = (4, 5, 6); print join " ", myzip(\@l1, \@l2), "\n"; ### And this works. But to make this "simple" function work, a Perl programmer does need to be aware of array references. I'd better stop before I offend the Python and Perl Gods any further. *grin* Hope this helps! From dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu Wed Dec 26 08:29:59 2001 From: dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu (Danny Yoo) Date: Wed, 26 Dec 2001 00:29:59 -0800 (PST) Subject: [Tutor] list as a first class citizen in python? [language comparisons!] In-Reply-To: Message-ID: > But to get the same thing to work in Perl, we have to think twice. A > first attempt: > > ### > ## test.pl. > sub buggy_myzip { > my (@l1, @l2) = @_; > my @results; > for my $i (0..scalar(@l1)) { ^^^^^^^^^^ Yikes. This is buggy for another reason. Python's range() function is exclusive: it goes up to, but doesn't include the right endpoint: ### >>> range(0, 10) [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9] ### However, Perl's equivlant expression does include that right endpoint. Sorry, I forgot! This line should have been: ### Perl for my $i (0..#@l1)) { ### From dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu Wed Dec 26 08:36:53 2001 From: dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu (Danny Yoo) Date: Wed, 26 Dec 2001 00:36:53 -0800 (PST) Subject: [Tutor] list as a first class citizen in python? [language comparisons!] In-Reply-To: Message-ID: On Wed, 26 Dec 2001, Danny Yoo wrote: > However, Perl's equivlant expression does include that right endpoint. > Sorry, I forgot! This line should have been: > > ### Perl > for my $i (0..#@l1)) { Doh. I meant: > for my $i (0..$#l1)) { My fingers slipped. When I goof up, I goof up big. *sigh* Ok, I'd better stop talking about Perl and get back to Python. From karthikg@aztec.soft.net Wed Dec 26 09:05:10 2001 From: karthikg@aztec.soft.net (Karthik Gurumurthy) Date: Wed, 26 Dec 2001 14:35:10 +0530 Subject: [Tutor] list as a first class citizen in python? [languagecomparisons!] In-Reply-To: Message-ID: thanks , from your code snippet, the list thing in perl seems odd though. everything gets flattened out in the end? unless i do somethign about it. So this w'd work in perl then?? //function definition def func(a,b): //arguments args = [1,2] //call function func(args) so they don't need an apply as we do in python? now am not sure which one is better. having learnt java first, i w'd go with python :-) am not qualified enough to make comparisons, but i was confused by these lines i found... >This forces people to think about references, again >So much for lists being first class citizens! thanks. have to do a read up on the "first class" things though. karthik. From karthikg@aztec.soft.net Wed Dec 26 09:11:38 2001 From: karthikg@aztec.soft.net (Karthik Gurumurthy) Date: Wed, 26 Dec 2001 14:41:38 +0530 Subject: [Tutor] list as a first class citizen in python? [languagecomparisons!] In-Reply-To: Message-ID: oops sorry ! am not sure if the code is ok with perl. i just wanted to ask if a function expects 2 arguments, i can send in a list w/o using an apply. they don't have to be specified separately while making the function call. karthik. -----Original Message----- From: karthik Guru [mailto:karthikg@aztec.soft.net] Sent: Wednesday, December 26, 2001 2:35 PM To: Danny Yoo Cc: tutor@python.org Subject: RE: [Tutor] list as a first class citizen in python? [languagecomparisons!] Importance: High thanks , from your code snippet, the list thing in perl seems odd though. everything gets flattened out in the end? unless i do somethign about it. So this w'd work in perl then?? //function definition def func(a,b): //arguments args = [1,2] //call function func(args) so they don't need an apply as we do in python? now am not sure which one is better. having learnt java first, i w'd go with python :-) am not qualified enough to make comparisons, but i was confused by these lines i found... >This forces people to think about references, again >So much for lists being first class citizens! thanks. have to do a read up on the "first class" things though. karthik. From dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu Wed Dec 26 09:10:32 2001 From: dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu (Danny Yoo) Date: Wed, 26 Dec 2001 01:10:32 -0800 (PST) Subject: [Tutor] Pointer to learn.perl.org In-Reply-To: Message-ID: On Wed, 26 Dec 2001, Karthik Gurumurthy wrote: > from your code snippet, the list thing in perl seems odd though. > everything gets flattened out in the end? unless i do somethign about it. I didn't mean to get into Perl so much here. Yes, Perl will flatten arrays automatically when they're passed as arguments. > am not sure if the code is ok with perl. i just wanted to ask if a > function expects 2 arguments, i can send in a list w/o using an apply. > they don't have to be specified separately while making the function > call. The way that Perl passes arguments to a function makes something like Python's apply()... inapplicable in Perl. If you'd like to learn more about Perl, the Perl folks have a nice web site with resources: http://learn.perl.org with an equivalent "Beginners" mailing list. If you want to talk more about Perl, the people there would be happy to discuss this sort of stuff. As it is, I'm feeling very uncomfortable about explaining Perl parameter passing on Python-Tutor. *grin* Happy holidays! From karthikg@aztec.soft.net Wed Dec 26 11:04:54 2001 From: karthikg@aztec.soft.net (Karthik Gurumurthy) Date: Wed, 26 Dec 2001 16:34:54 +0530 Subject: [Tutor] my __new__ not getting called before __init__ In-Reply-To: <20011224201809Z234648-13237+2@bureau8.utcc.utoronto.ca> Message-ID: Is something wrong with this code? when i run it using python2.2 Singleton's __init__ is getting called and not HoldThis's __init__. http://www.python.org/2.2/descrintro.html says the __new__ is always called before __init__. thanks, karthik. class HoldThis: def __init__(self,arg): print "KeepThis called with " + arg self.val = arg def func(self): print self.val class Singleton: __instance=None def __init__(self,arg): print "Singleton called" def __new__(cls,arg): print "__new__ called" if not Singleton.__instance: Singleton.__instance = HoldThis(arg) else: Singleton.__instance.val = arg return Singleton.__instance def __getattr__(self,name): return getattr(Singleton.__instance,name) def __setattr__(self,name,value): setattr(Singleton.__instance,name,value) From r.b.rigilink@chello.nl Wed Dec 26 12:03:42 2001 From: r.b.rigilink@chello.nl (Roeland Rengelink) Date: Wed, 26 Dec 2001 13:03:42 +0100 Subject: [Tutor] my __new__ not getting called before __init__ References: Message-ID: <3C29BC9E.68190A2@chello.nl> Hi Karthik, For this to work you must make sure that Singleton is a new style class by deriving it from object This works partially: class HoldThis: def __init__(self,arg): # note ',' instead of '+' on next line print "KeepThis called with ", arg self.val = arg def func(self): print self.val class Singleton(object): __instance=None def __init__(self,arg): print "Singleton called" def __new__(cls,arg): print "__new__ called" if not Singleton.__instance: Singleton.__instance = HoldThis(arg) else: Singleton.__instance.val = arg return Singleton.__instance def __getattr__(self,name): return getattr(Singleton.__instance,name) def __setattr__(self,name,value): setattr(Singleton.__instance,name,value) Singleton(1) Singleton(1) It gives the following result: __new__ called KeepThis called with 1 __new__ called HoldThis.__init__ is called because of the line Singleton.__instance = HoldThis(arg) If you also derive HoldThis from 'object' You get the following result: __new__ called KeepThis called with 1 KeepThis called with 1 __new__ called KeepThis called with 1 Which is in line with the descriptor doc (__new__ called before __init__), although maybe not in the way you might expect (Holdhis.__init__ is calles, not Singleton.__init__). Object instantiation (new style) is implemented roughly equivalent to: def __call__(cls, *args, **kwargs): instance = cls.__new__(*args, **kwargs) type(instance).__init__(instance, *args, **kwargs) return instance Note that type(HoldThis()) in the classic case is InstanceType, which has only a default (no-op) __init__ method. In the new style case type(HoldThis()) is HoldThis No idea if this works as an explanation. Let me know if you need additional clarification Roeland Karthik Gurumurthy wrote: > > Is something wrong with this code? > when i run it using python2.2 Singleton's __init__ is getting called > and not HoldThis's __init__. > That was because Singleton.__new__ was not being called > http://www.python.org/2.2/descrintro.html > > says the __new__ is always called before __init__. > > thanks, > karthik. > > [snip] > Roeland -- r.b.rigilink@chello.nl "Half of what I say is nonsense. Unfortunately I don't know which half" From kp87@lycos.com Wed Dec 26 13:29:21 2001 From: kp87@lycos.com (kevin parks) Date: Wed, 26 Dec 2001 22:29:21 +0900 Subject: [Tutor] Re: file filter Message-ID: Hi all, Happy Holidays. I am trying to write a some python code that will copy a file to a new file but with certain lines filtered out. Let's say that i want the new file to have all lines except those that start with a semicolon or a letter c. So that an input file that has these lines: ;i1 0 1 2 3 2 i1 6 8 7 9 ci2 99 0 0 0 2 i1 2 3 4 i2 3 4 4 ci1 3 4 4 5 ;i3 929 92 2 i4 2 8 9 1 would yield: i1 2 3 4 i2 3 4 4 i4 2 8 9 1 i can get the copy part. It is just the filter part i am confused about. You see, if the line begins with 'c' or ';' i want to ignore the whole line. cheers, kevin def boksa(infilename, outfilename): """this will copy a file exactly, args are: 'infile' and 'outfile'""" infile = open(infilename, 'r') f = open(outfilename, 'w') for aLine in infile.xreadlines() : f.write( aLine ) infile.close() f.close() if __name__ == '__main__': boksa() -- Click here for your very own create-a-date adventure from MatchMaker Go to http://ecard.matchmaker.com/dating.html From karthikg@aztec.soft.net Wed Dec 26 13:49:34 2001 From: karthikg@aztec.soft.net (Karthik Gurumurthy) Date: Wed, 26 Dec 2001 19:19:34 +0530 Subject: [Tutor] my __new__ not getting called before __init__ In-Reply-To: <3C29BC9E.68190A2@chello.nl> Message-ID: yep it helped! thanks for sending in the code for the way instantiation works! i need to admit this group is so helpful! karthik. -----Original Message----- From: roeland@param.aztec.soft.net [mailto:roeland@param.aztec.soft.net]On Behalf Of Roeland Rengelink Sent: Wednesday, December 26, 2001 5:34 PM To: Karthik Gurumurthy Cc: tutor@python.org Subject: Re: [Tutor] my __new__ not getting called before __init__ Hi Karthik, For this to work you must make sure that Singleton is a new style class by deriving it from object This works partially: class HoldThis: def __init__(self,arg): # note ',' instead of '+' on next line print "KeepThis called with ", arg self.val = arg def func(self): print self.val class Singleton(object): __instance=None def __init__(self,arg): print "Singleton called" def __new__(cls,arg): print "__new__ called" if not Singleton.__instance: Singleton.__instance = HoldThis(arg) else: Singleton.__instance.val = arg return Singleton.__instance def __getattr__(self,name): return getattr(Singleton.__instance,name) def __setattr__(self,name,value): setattr(Singleton.__instance,name,value) Singleton(1) Singleton(1) It gives the following result: __new__ called KeepThis called with 1 __new__ called HoldThis.__init__ is called because of the line Singleton.__instance = HoldThis(arg) If you also derive HoldThis from 'object' You get the following result: __new__ called KeepThis called with 1 KeepThis called with 1 __new__ called KeepThis called with 1 Which is in line with the descriptor doc (__new__ called before __init__), although maybe not in the way you might expect (Holdhis.__init__ is calles, not Singleton.__init__). Object instantiation (new style) is implemented roughly equivalent to: def __call__(cls, *args, **kwargs): instance = cls.__new__(*args, **kwargs) type(instance).__init__(instance, *args, **kwargs) return instance Note that type(HoldThis()) in the classic case is InstanceType, which has only a default (no-op) __init__ method. In the new style case type(HoldThis()) is HoldThis No idea if this works as an explanation. Let me know if you need additional clarification Roeland Karthik Gurumurthy wrote: > > Is something wrong with this code? > when i run it using python2.2 Singleton's __init__ is getting called > and not HoldThis's __init__. > That was because Singleton.__new__ was not being called > http://www.python.org/2.2/descrintro.html > > says the __new__ is always called before __init__. > > thanks, > karthik. > > [snip] > Roeland -- r.b.rigilink@chello.nl "Half of what I say is nonsense. Unfortunately I don't know which half" From karthikg@aztec.soft.net Wed Dec 26 13:55:02 2001 From: karthikg@aztec.soft.net (Karthik Gurumurthy) Date: Wed, 26 Dec 2001 19:25:02 +0530 Subject: [Tutor] Re: file filter In-Reply-To: Message-ID: startswith method should help here.. def boksa(infilename, outfilename): """this will copy a file exactly, args are: 'infile' and 'outfile'""" infile = open(infilename, 'r') f = open(outfilename, 'w') for aLine in infile.xreadlines() : if not (aLine.startswith(';') or aLine.startswith('c')): f.write( aLine ) infile.close() f.close() string module has lots of helpful methods. karthik. -----Original Message----- From: tutor-admin@python.org [mailto:tutor-admin@python.org]On Behalf Of kevin parks Sent: Wednesday, December 26, 2001 6:59 PM To: tutor@python.org Subject: [Tutor] Re: file filter Hi all, Happy Holidays. I am trying to write a some python code that will copy a file to a new file but with certain lines filtered out. Let's say that i want the new file to have all lines except those that start with a semicolon or a letter c. So that an input file that has these lines: ;i1 0 1 2 3 2 i1 6 8 7 9 ci2 99 0 0 0 2 i1 2 3 4 i2 3 4 4 ci1 3 4 4 5 ;i3 929 92 2 i4 2 8 9 1 would yield: i1 2 3 4 i2 3 4 4 i4 2 8 9 1 i can get the copy part. It is just the filter part i am confused about. You see, if the line begins with 'c' or ';' i want to ignore the whole line. cheers, kevin def boksa(infilename, outfilename): """this will copy a file exactly, args are: 'infile' and 'outfile'""" infile = open(infilename, 'r') f = open(outfilename, 'w') for aLine in infile.xreadlines() : f.write( aLine ) infile.close() f.close() if __name__ == '__main__': boksa() -- Click here for your very own create-a-date adventure from MatchMaker Go to http://ecard.matchmaker.com/dating.html _______________________________________________ Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor From i812@iname.com Wed Dec 26 14:05:07 2001 From: i812@iname.com (Rob McGee) Date: Wed, 26 Dec 2001 08:05:07 -0600 Subject: [Tutor] Modules/Setup in 2.2 source package Message-ID: <20011226080507.G3310@hal> I'm a little confused about Modules/Setup in Python 2.2. If I do nothing to it, does that mean I get none of those modules? That seems like an unusual amount of manual labor for configuring a package. :) I'm upgrading from 2.0.1 which came with Slackware 8. I think I built 2.0 from source before that, and I don't recall having to do so much to it to make it work. But maybe that was because I didn't do much with it. Thanks, Rob - /dev/rob0 From alan.gauld@bt.com Wed Dec 26 16:27:06 2001 From: alan.gauld@bt.com (alan.gauld@bt.com) Date: Wed, 26 Dec 2001 16:27:06 -0000 Subject: [Tutor] A little help please Message-ID: <5104D4DBC598D211B5FE0000F8FE7EB20E66C203@mbtlipnt02.btlabs.bt.co.uk> > I'm in need of a function that will work on both a linux box and a > windows box that, from the command line, will detect a key hit > on the keyboard. There is no portable way of doing this(*) in standard Python but you can do it by using two distinct modules: msvcrt for Windows and curses for Linux They both have similar getch() functions and you could test for the OS at the top of the function. Something like: def getkey(): if os == windows or NT or DOS: return msvcrt.getch() elif os == posix: return curses.wgetch() else: return raw_input() # don't know how to read instant keys... I suspect you will need to write an init function for the curses stuff to set up the virtual screen that cureses uses. Note that the functions will wait for input (ie not like BASIC INKEY$) but do not wait for an ENTER key. > -1 for no key hit detected and the ascii code for any other > key hit. To get the -1 for no key hit you will need to do something clever to arrange a timeout.... Maybe launching a thread then killing it after a delay, thats getting trickier... > of this function would be function keys. The msvcrt.getch works with function keys etc, I don't remember how curses.wgetch works. You might like to take a peek at my online tutor under Event Driven programming to see an example, if you can find a copy of my book even better since it shows msvcrt.getch in action. HTH, Alan G. (*) Fred Lundh has a console module that tries to be OS independant but I can't recall if it has a getch function. From alan.gauld@bt.com Wed Dec 26 16:33:57 2001 From: alan.gauld@bt.com (alan.gauld@bt.com) Date: Wed, 26 Dec 2001 16:33:57 -0000 Subject: [Tutor] wxPython? Message-ID: <5104D4DBC598D211B5FE0000F8FE7EB20E66C204@mbtlipnt02.btlabs.bt.co.uk> > I wanna use python GUI's , like wxPython or Tkinter. > Which one would be easy to learn, See my online tutor under GUI program for a very gentle intro to both. For Tkinter theres a full tutor if you follow the links from the Tkinter area of the python web site. wxPython has a basic tutor on its main site but it requires a bit of experience in GUI programming in general IMHO. > what 's advantage of using wxPython > than Tkinter? wxPython looks slightly nicer and has a richer set of widgets. Tkinter is arguably more portable across both platforms and languages and is indisputably better documented in both books and online documents. Alan g. From alan.gauld@bt.com Wed Dec 26 16:42:59 2001 From: alan.gauld@bt.com (alan.gauld@bt.com) Date: Wed, 26 Dec 2001 16:42:59 -0000 Subject: [Tutor] pyhton Message-ID: <5104D4DBC598D211B5FE0000F8FE7EB20E66C205@mbtlipnt02.btlabs.bt.co.uk> ------_=_NextPart_001_01C18E2C.60F13410 Content-type: text/plain; charset="iso-8859-1" > hello my name is ted and i have a few questions about pyhton. i have never > worked with programing but i have worked with computers for a while. Thats my target audience on my web tutor :-) > do you know any were it gives more "hands on traingin" and more in depth help. Visit the Python web site and go to the Intros and Begginers sections where several tutors exist, including mine. also i cannot get this program to work maby you can tell me whats wrong? >>>input("what is your name?") if ted print"hello ted" else: print"who are you?" Split it onto several lines: >>> name = raw_input("Whats your name? ") #use raw_input for characters Whats your name? ted >>> if name == "ted": # must have a colon ':' after the test ... print "Hello ted" ... else: print "Who are you?" ... Hello ted >>> You are very close but there's a few concepts missing. Try one of the tutors and don't rush it, there's a lot of things to pick up at the beginning, if you miss them early on it will just make life harder later on as you have to unlearn bad habits. Alan g. Author of the 'Learning to Program' web site http://www.freenetpages.co.uk/hp/alan.gauld ------_=_NextPart_001_01C18E2C.60F13410 Content-type: text/html; charset="iso-8859-1"
    >  hello my name is ted and i have a few questions about pyhton. i have never  
    >  worked with programing but i have worked with computers for a while.  
     
    Thats my target audience on my web tutor :-)
     
     > do you know any were it gives more "hands on traingin" and more in depth help. 
     
    Visit the Python web site and go to the Intros and Begginers
    sections where several tutors exist, including mine. 
    also i cannot get this program to work maby you can tell me whats wrong?
     
    >>>input("what is your name?") if ted print"hello ted" else: print"who are you?"
     
    Split it onto several lines:
     
    >>> name = raw_input("Whats your name? ")   #use raw_input for characters
    Whats your name? ted
    >>> if name == "ted":   # must have a colon ':' after the test
    ...       print "Hello ted"
    ... else: print "Who are you?"
    ...
    Hello ted
    >>>
     
    You are very close but there's a few concepts missing. Try one of the tutors and
    don't rush it, there's a lot of things to pick up at the beginning, if you miss them
    early on it will just make life harder later on as you have to unlearn bad habits.

    Alan g.
    Author of the 'Learning to Program' web site
    http://www.freenetpages.co.uk/hp/alan.gauld

    ------_=_NextPart_001_01C18E2C.60F13410-- From alan.gauld@bt.com Wed Dec 26 16:53:26 2001 From: alan.gauld@bt.com (alan.gauld@bt.com) Date: Wed, 26 Dec 2001 16:53:26 -0000 Subject: [Tutor] list as a first class citizen in python? Message-ID: <5104D4DBC598D211B5FE0000F8FE7EB20E66C206@mbtlipnt02.btlabs.bt.co.uk> > So much for lists being first class citizens! Compare > this with Perl's > .... > Or even with references: > $y = [ @$x ]; Looks a lot like y = x[:] to me ;-) > what's wrong with working with a reference. Nothing. > can someone explain the argument here? When all you've got is Perl every problem looks like a shell ;-) Dont worry about it language myopia is not new and neither is it very productive! Use what works for you. Alan G. From alan.gauld@bt.com Wed Dec 26 17:02:42 2001 From: alan.gauld@bt.com (alan.gauld@bt.com) Date: Wed, 26 Dec 2001 17:02:42 -0000 Subject: [Tutor] Re: file filter Message-ID: <5104D4DBC598D211B5FE0000F8FE7EB20E66C207@mbtlipnt02.btlabs.bt.co.uk> > i can get the copy part. It is just the filter part i am > confused about. You see, if the line begins with 'c' or ';' i > want to ignore the whole line. > def boksa(infilename, outfilename): > ... > for aLine in infile.xreadlines() : if aLine[0] not in ';c' #sequence of tested chars > f.write( aLine ) > infile.close() > f.close() Should do it. You could do more sophisticated things by using the string.find() function or the re module. But the principle is the same, just test the line before writing it. Alan G. From arcege@speakeasy.net Wed Dec 26 17:16:40 2001 From: arcege@speakeasy.net (Michael P. Reilly) Date: Wed, 26 Dec 2001 12:16:40 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] list as a first class citizen in python? In-Reply-To: ; from karthikg@aztec.soft.net on Wed, Dec 26, 2001 at 12:14:17PM +0530 References: <20011224201809Z234648-13237+2@bureau8.utcc.utoronto.ca> Message-ID: <20011226121640.C2524@speakeasy.net> On Wed, Dec 26, 2001 at 12:14:17PM +0530, Karthik Gurumurthy wrote: > I found this quote on the web..regarding python... > > >>>>>>> > Because everything is a reference, and there's no way to dereference > that reference, it turns out that there is no trivial way to copy > a list! This fails: > x = [1,2] > y = x > Because you don't get a new list there, just a copy to an > old one. Suggested work-arounds include > y = x[0:] > y = x[:] > y = x + [] > y = x * 1 > This forces people to think about references, again. > So much for lists being first class citizens! Compare > this with Perl's > @x = (1,2); > @y = @x; > Or even with references: > $x = [1,2]; > $y = [ @$x ]; > or > @y = @$x; > >>>>>>>> > > what's wrong with working with a reference. > can someone explain the argument here? > java does a similar thing. In java i would do a clone() to get a copy of an > arraylist and in python i will > > import copy > copy.deepcopy(l) > > if something is a first class citizen , should it support "copying" using > simple assignments ? / how are first class citizens expected to behave ? :-) Don't think of them as references, think of them as just names. The key here is that Python does not have variables, it has name bindings. Perl has the advantage and the drawback that everything there is a variable, or more exactly, a memory allocation. In fact, the documentation in Perl calls things "lists", which can be cast to either a hash or an array. As an object, there is no hash and no array, there is only memory allocation (variables). The references are in Perl so you can pass around references to those variables, and to pass them back from subroutines. However with Python, an object is an object.. just with multiple names. And the object is passed around and manipulated. The article quoted is wrong in that it applies that you _must_ be able to deference objects in Python to do things. Python hides that you even have a reference to an object, in the classical sense of the term. Perl, as you see above, has the problem that you cannot have two names to the same object. That you must create a reference to access the same object. Python: x = [1, 2] y = x # same object x[0], y[0] Perl: @x = (1, 2); $y = \@x; # same memory allocation $x[0], $$y[0]; The $y is not an array but a scalar, so now you must do something different to access it. My thought is that if you have a first class object, it should be that you need to do something to copy it (either with the x[:] or x.copy() or something similar). After all, the U.S. Congress doesn't want cloning easily. ;) -Arcege From deliberatus@my995internet.com Wed Dec 26 17:18:09 2001 From: deliberatus@my995internet.com (Kirk Bailey) Date: Wed, 26 Dec 2001 12:18:09 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] subject screw Message-ID: <3C2A0651.77C76577@my995internet.com> ok, found a bug! When a letter has no header field, rfc822 barks like a dog and aborts. Discovered this when testing TLpost. SOME letters came through, some did not. The bombes, had no subject field. SO I sent a letter to an alias to save the incoming letter as a file, and ran the script locally, redirecting input from the file. This way I could watch error messages on the console screen. Very informative, I got back: ------------------------------------------------------------------------ ns# ./TLpost.py testlist3 < testfile Traceback (innermost last): File "./TLpost.py", line 159, in ? subject= string.strip(Message['Subject']) File "/usr/local/lib/python1.5/rfc822.py", line 356, in __getitem__ return self.dict[string.lower(name)] KeyError: subject ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Apparently when there is NO subject, no kidding we really mean it, it omits this header. When rfc822 receives such a leter, it screws the pooch and crashes, albeit politely. Reworking rfc822 to handle a non fatal error such as this is WAY beyond my expertise. Please forward this to the appropriate kahuna. -- Respectfully, -Kirk D Bailey (C)2001 Addme! icq #27840081 end Within the sweep of his sword, Each man is an Ubar. http://www.howlermonkey.net/ http://www.sacredelectron.org/ From printers@sendme.cz Wed Dec 26 17:40:58 2001 From: printers@sendme.cz (A) Date: Wed, 26 Dec 2001 18:40:58 +0100 Subject: [Tutor] How to solve a problem? Message-ID: <3C2A19BA.17732.1AE6EE@localhost> Hi, My program downloads regularly some files and it takes some time so I need to shorten this downloading time. As most of these files are the same, many times when the program downloads these files, I would like to download only those that are not the same or are newer. What is the best solution? Many thanks for help. Ladislav From jeff@ccvcorp.com Wed Dec 26 18:05:38 2001 From: jeff@ccvcorp.com (Jeff Shannon) Date: Wed, 26 Dec 2001 10:05:38 -0800 Subject: [Tutor] Re: file filter References: Message-ID: <3C2A1171.93EBBF27@ccvcorp.com> > "kevin parks" asked: > Happy Holidays. I am trying to write a some python code that will copy a file to a new file but with certain lines filtered out. Let's say that i want the new file to have all lines except those that start with a semicolon or a letter c. .... > i can get the copy part. It is just the filter part i am confused about. You see, if the line begins with 'c' or ';' i want to ignore the whole line. > > cheers, > > kevin > > def boksa(infilename, outfilename): > """this will copy a file exactly, args are: 'infile' and 'outfile'""" > infile = open(infilename, 'r') > f = open(outfilename, 'w') > for aLine in infile.xreadlines() : > f.write( aLine ) > infile.close() > f.close() > > if __name__ == '__main__': > boksa() Karthik Gurumurthy already gave you one option, by mentioning the startswith() string method. You can also use string slicing and 'if something in somelist' to good effect here. def boksa(infilename, outfilename, filterchars): """Reads file infilename, copying each line to file outfilename, except for lines that start with characters in the list filterchars.""" infile = open(infilename, 'r') outfile = open(outfilename, 'w') for line in infile.xreadlines(): startchar = line[0] # assign the first char in line to startchar if startchar not in filterchars: outfile.write(line) infile.close() outfile.close() if __name__ == '__main__': myfile = 'test.txt' newfile = 'filtered-' + myfile boksa( myfile, newfile, [ 'c', ';' ] ) This will let you filter out lines that start with just about any character, and it's really easy to add more filter-characters -- just specify them in the list that you pass to the function. (Note also that in your original example, when you called boksa() you forgot to pass it any filenames--I've corrected that in this example.) Hope that helps... Jeff Shannon Technician/Programmer Credit International From Benjamin.Schollnick@usa.xerox.com Wed Dec 26 18:16:42 2001 From: Benjamin.Schollnick@usa.xerox.com (Schollnick, Benjamin) Date: Wed, 26 Dec 2001 13:16:42 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] RE: How to solve a problem? Message-ID: There's several problems embeded here: 1) How do you tell that the files are the same? a) Filename? - What if you changed the contents but not the name? b) Filesize? - Which one is newer? c) Date/Time Stamp - Some transfer methods do not update the date/time stamp. 2) How do you plan on transfering the files? a) Http? b) FTP? c) Snailmail? d) SMB Mount? e) NFS Mount? 3) Are these out of a single directory? Or a directory tree? To point you part of the way, check the python demos for FTPMIRROR. If you are going to be doing this via FTP then FTP mirror does take date/time stamp into account. (That's assuming I'm remembering correctly.) - Benjamin -----Original Message----- From: A [mailto:printers@sendme.cz] Sent: Wednesday, December 26, 2001 12:41 PM To: python-list@python.org; tutor@python.org; activepython@listserv.ActiveState.com Subject: How to solve a problem? Hi, My program downloads regularly some files and it takes some time so I need to shorten this downloading time. As most of these files are the same, many times when the program downloads these files, I would like to download only those that are not the same or are newer. What is the best solution? Many thanks for help. Ladislav _______________________________________________ ActivePython mailing list ActivePython@listserv.ActiveState.com http://listserv.ActiveState.com/mailman/listinfo/activepython From dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu Wed Dec 26 18:57:28 2001 From: dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu (Danny Yoo) Date: Wed, 26 Dec 2001 10:57:28 -0800 (PST) Subject: [Tutor] pyhton (fwd) Message-ID: Hi Ted, Let me forward this to the rest of Tutor. Talk to you later! ---------- Forwarded message ---------- Date: Wed, 26 Dec 2001 13:00:48 -0600 From: Ted R. To: Danny Yoo Cc: civic525@hotmail.com Subject: Re: [Tutor] pyhton hello do ou know were i can find a chart or page telling what the different commands on pyhton do? or better yet do you know wich command "enters" or goes to the next line on python? thank you TeD From dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu Wed Dec 26 19:06:52 2001 From: dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu (Danny Yoo) Date: Wed, 26 Dec 2001 11:06:52 -0800 (PST) Subject: [Tutor] subject screw [exception handling] In-Reply-To: <3C2A0651.77C76577@my995internet.com> Message-ID: On Wed, 26 Dec 2001, Kirk Bailey wrote: > Discovered this when testing TLpost. SOME letters came through, some > did not. The bombes, had no subject field. SO I sent a letter to an > alias to save the incoming letter as a file, and ran the script > locally, redirecting input from the file. This way I could watch error > messages on the console screen. Very informative, I got back: > > ns# ./TLpost.py testlist3 < testfile > Traceback (innermost last): > File "./TLpost.py", line 159, in ? > subject= string.strip(Message['Subject']) > File "/usr/local/lib/python1.5/rfc822.py", line 356, in __getitem__ > return self.dict[string.lower(name)] > KeyError: subject > ------------------------------------------------------------------------ > > Apparently when there is NO subject, no kidding we really mean it, it > omits this header. When rfc822 receives such a leter, it screws the > pooch and crashes, albeit politely. Right; the designers of rfc822 felt that missing a header like this should be a serious error, so that's why we're seeing the KeyError. To recover gracefully from this, we can use "exception handling". On your line: subject = string.strip(Message['Subject']) we can place an "exception handler" to take care of wacky situations (such as missing Subject lines): ### try: subject = string.strip(Message['Subject']) except KeyError: subject = '' ### which says something like: "Try to assign 'subject' that message headers. On the exceptional circumstance of a KeyError, assign 'subject' to the empty string instead." It might be good to write a function that automates this exception handling for us when we grab at headers: ### def getHeader(msg, header_name): try: header = string.strip(msg[header_name]) except KeyError: header = '' return header ### This getHeader() function then guarantees that we'll at least get an empty string out of the situation. The Python tutorial gives some good information on the idea of exceptions: http://python.org/doc/current/tut/node10.html Good luck to you! From deliberatus@my995internet.com Wed Dec 26 19:22:29 2001 From: deliberatus@my995internet.com (Kirk Bailey) Date: Wed, 26 Dec 2001 14:22:29 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] subject screw [exception handling] References: Message-ID: <3C2A2375.100DFA37@my995internet.com> Thank you Danny, the script now reads: # # Let's extract the subject for later use! # try: subject= string.strip(Message['Subject']) except Keyerror: subject="(none provided by sender)" # # The information is in the dictionary 'Message', each item keyed with the # header's name. The BODY of that dictionary is in the string 'msg'. So are # any attachments. This ought to handle it, and when I come back with wife from registering her car I will install it and test it. I will let the list know how it works. Danny Yoo wrote: > > On Wed, 26 Dec 2001, Kirk Bailey wrote: > > > Discovered this when testing TLpost. SOME letters came through, some > > did not. The bombes, had no subject field. SO I sent a letter to an > > alias to save the incoming letter as a file, and ran the script > > locally, redirecting input from the file. This way I could watch error > > messages on the console screen. Very informative, I got back: > > > > ns# ./TLpost.py testlist3 < testfile > > Traceback (innermost last): > > File "./TLpost.py", line 159, in ? > > subject= string.strip(Message['Subject']) > > File "/usr/local/lib/python1.5/rfc822.py", line 356, in __getitem__ > > return self.dict[string.lower(name)] > > KeyError: subject > > ------------------------------------------------------------------------ > > > > Apparently when there is NO subject, no kidding we really mean it, it > > omits this header. When rfc822 receives such a leter, it screws the > > pooch and crashes, albeit politely. > > Right; the designers of rfc822 felt that missing a header like this > should be a serious error, so that's why we're seeing the KeyError. > > To recover gracefully from this, we can use "exception handling". On your > line: > > subject = string.strip(Message['Subject']) > > we can place an "exception handler" to take care of wacky situations (such > as missing Subject lines): > > ### > try: > subject = string.strip(Message['Subject']) > except KeyError: > subject = '' > ### > > which says something like: "Try to assign 'subject' that message headers. > On the exceptional circumstance of a KeyError, assign 'subject' to the > empty string instead." > > It might be good to write a function that automates this exception > handling for us when we grab at headers: > > ### > def getHeader(msg, header_name): > try: > header = string.strip(msg[header_name]) > except KeyError: > header = '' > return header > ### > > This getHeader() function then guarantees that we'll at least get an empty > string out of the situation. > > The Python tutorial gives some good information on the idea of exceptions: > > http://python.org/doc/current/tut/node10.html > > Good luck to you! -- Respectfully, -Kirk D Bailey (C)2001 Addme! icq #27840081 end Within the sweep of his sword, Each man is an Ubar. http://www.howlermonkey.net/ http://www.sacredelectron.org/ From dean@mndsolutions.de Wed Dec 26 21:49:47 2001 From: dean@mndsolutions.de (dean) Date: 26 Dec 2001 22:49:47 +0100 Subject: [Tutor] update a window with tkinter Message-ID: <1009403387.12132.10.camel@thor.mnd> hi guys, right, i just wanted to build a little bandwidth monitor to show the current data rates coming in and out of my machine and to update itself every few seconds. after writing the script in php, i spent an unsuccessful day trying to compile php-gtk. then i though it would be quicker to learn python.i was right. i wrote the script in an hour, but i haven't been able to get the gui working. here's the problem: i was using this loop (with the external function traffic_rate() which grabs the data from ifconfig. try: i = 1 while 1: root.mainloop(3000) if i == 1: print string.rjust('In (Kb/s)' , 10), string.rjust('Out (Kb/s)', 10) rates = traffic_rate(3) inrate = rates[0] outrate = rates[1] inrate = float(inrate / 1024) outrate = float(outrate / 1024) inrate = fpformat.fix(inrate , 2) outrate = fpformat.fix(outrate , 2) print string.center(inrate , 10), string.center(outrate, 10) output = 'In: '+inrate+'Kb/s Out: '+outrate+'Kb/s' status.set("%s", output) i = i + 1 if i == 10: i = 1 except KeyboardInterrupt: quitme() i used the following code to build the gui (i lifted the class StatusBar straight from the tkinter tutorial at www.pythonware.com): root =Tk() frame = Frame(root) frame.bind("", quitme) frame.pack() status = StatusBar(root) status.bind("", quitme) status.pack(side=BOTTOM, fill=X) text = "Dean's bandwidth monitor" status.set("%s", text) now, as you probably saw, i used root.mainloop(3000) in my loop to get it to update every 3 seconds, but none of the bindings work anymore. i can't even close the window - i have to kill the app or ctrl-c the console. however, if i use root.mainloop() anywhere, the bindings work and i can close the app, but my loop doesn't run and the window never updates. how might i solve this problem? dean p.s. unbelievable that it took me a full 2 days to program myself to an impasse. what a cool language. From wilson@visi.com Wed Dec 26 21:56:21 2001 From: wilson@visi.com (Timothy Wilson) Date: Wed, 26 Dec 2001 15:56:21 -0600 (CST) Subject: [Tutor] Law of Demeter example request Message-ID: Hi everyone, I'm looking over the early version of Bruce Eckel's _Thinking in Python_ and I've got a question about the Law of Demeter, or as Bruce puts it, "Don't talk to strangers." I *think* I get it, but it would be great if someone would post a brief example illustrating the concept. Preferably, the example should show the same short program in two versions, one obeying the law and 2nd ignoring it. -Tim -- Tim Wilson | Visit Sibley online: | Check out: Henry Sibley HS | http://www.isd197.org | http://www.zope.com W. St. Paul, MN | | http://slashdot.org wilson@visi.com | | http://linux.com From deliberatus@my995internet.com Wed Dec 26 21:56:23 2001 From: deliberatus@my995internet.com (Kirk Bailey) Date: Wed, 26 Dec 2001 16:56:23 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] membership management Message-ID: <3C2A4787.8D5AD989@my995internet.com> ok. All functions go, all tests complete, it is as bulletproof as these things ever get. I hammered on it hard, it still ticks. TLpost.py is a going module, and as soon as Sean polishes for a little more speed it goes to the public. Now, we need a membership manager. I invite input and discussion. All you email hounds, JUMP IN! If I go both web and email, I want them as seperate modules. CHOICES is our watchword, and I want toe users to be aboe to go web, email, or both, as they favor. Therefore, I request suggestions, advice, etc on any/all. If you preferr to email me direct, go for it. -- Respectfully, -Kirk D Bailey (C)2001 Addme! icq #27840081 end Within the sweep of his sword, Each man is an Ubar. http://www.howlermonkey.net/ http://www.sacredelectron.org/ From dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu Wed Dec 26 22:37:34 2001 From: dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu (Danny Yoo) Date: Wed, 26 Dec 2001 14:37:34 -0800 (PST) Subject: [Tutor] update a window with tkinter In-Reply-To: <1009403387.12132.10.camel@thor.mnd> Message-ID: On 26 Dec 2001, dean wrote: > right, i just wanted to build a little bandwidth monitor to show the > current data rates coming in and out of my machine and to update itself > every few seconds. Very cool. You might be interested in the after() and after_idle() alarm handlers: http://www.pythonware.com/library/tkinter/introduction/x9507-alarm-handlers-and-other.htm This should allow you to set things up to update every so often. From bwinton@tor.dhs.org Wed Dec 26 22:52:18 2001 From: bwinton@tor.dhs.org (Blake Winton) Date: Wed, 26 Dec 2001 17:52:18 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] Law of Demeter example request In-Reply-To: References: Message-ID: <20011226175218.A11507@tor.dhs.org> * Timothy Wilson [011226 16:55]: > I *think* I get it, but it would be great if someone would post a brief > example illustrating the Law of Demeter. Preferably, the example should > show the same short program in two versions, one obeying the law and > 2nd ignoring it. The example I saw was car.accelerate() and car.engine.fuelIntake.increaseGasToAirMixture() The problem with the second one being that if I start driving an electric car, I'm going to have to change all my code, instead of just changing the accelerate method (possibly in a subclass of car). I'm not sure if he notes the downside of the Law, which is that you might find yourself having _way_ more methods on your containing objects than you'ld like to. I'm not sure what, if any, workarounds people use. Later, Blake. -- 9:40pm up 52 days, 21:07, 2 users, load average: 0.02, 0.09, 0.07 From michael@exasource.com Wed Dec 26 22:57:02 2001 From: michael@exasource.com (Michael) Date: Wed, 26 Dec 2001 15:57:02 -0700 Subject: [Tutor] pyhton In-Reply-To: References: Message-ID: <01122615570200.05241@orion.andromeda> On Mon, 24 Dec 2001, Ted R. wrote: > > hello my name is ted and i have a few questions about pyhton. i have never > worked with programing but i have worked with computers for a while. i am > 15 so i have done more jovinial "cracking" like gameshark codes and > gameshark hacking etc. after a while i got bored so i dicided to go into > somthing were i could expand to a future carrier, so i started to look at > computer programing, and a herd that python was the easieats and all around > best. but to my question do you know any were it gives more "hands on > traingin" and more in depth help. > > also i cannot get this program to work maby you can tell me whats wrong? > > >>>input("what is your name?") if ted print"hello ted" else: print"who are > >>> you?" > > thank you > TeD Try: name = raw input("what is your name?") if name == ted; print "Hello ted" else: print "who are you" Make sure you use the proper indentation for your if else statements and use "raw input" for a string, "input" for an integer. -- Michael Lewis Exasource Inc. Phone: 970.206.4556 Email: mlewis@exasource.com "Linux - The final solution" From arcege@speakeasy.net Wed Dec 26 23:06:53 2001 From: arcege@speakeasy.net (Michael P. Reilly) Date: Wed, 26 Dec 2001 18:06:53 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] update a window with tkinter In-Reply-To: <1009403387.12132.10.camel@thor.mnd>; from dean@mndsolutions.de on Wed, Dec 26, 2001 at 10:49:47PM +0100 References: <1009403387.12132.10.camel@thor.mnd> Message-ID: <20011226180653.E2524@speakeasy.net> On Wed, Dec 26, 2001 at 10:49:47PM +0100, dean wrote: > hi guys, > > right, i just wanted to build a little bandwidth monitor to show the > current data rates coming in and out of my machine and to update itself > every few seconds. > > after writing the script in php, i spent an unsuccessful day trying to > compile php-gtk. > > then i though it would be quicker to learn python.i was right. i wrote > the script in an hour, but i haven't been able to get the gui working. > here's the problem: > > i was using this loop (with the external function traffic_rate() which > grabs the data from ifconfig. > > try: > i = 1 > while 1: > root.mainloop(3000) > if i == 1: > print string.rjust('In (Kb/s)' , 10), string.rjust('Out (Kb/s)', 10) > rates = traffic_rate(3) > inrate = rates[0] > outrate = rates[1] > inrate = float(inrate / 1024) > outrate = float(outrate / 1024) > inrate = fpformat.fix(inrate , 2) > outrate = fpformat.fix(outrate , 2) > print string.center(inrate , 10), string.center(outrate, 10) > output = 'In: '+inrate+'Kb/s Out: '+outrate+'Kb/s' > status.set("%s", output) > i = i + 1 > if i == 10: > i = 1 > > except KeyboardInterrupt: > quitme() > > i used the following code to build the gui (i lifted the class StatusBar > straight from the tkinter tutorial at www.pythonware.com): > > root =Tk() > frame = Frame(root) > frame.bind("", quitme) > frame.pack() > status = StatusBar(root) > status.bind("", quitme) > status.pack(side=BOTTOM, fill=X) > text = "Dean's bandwidth monitor" > status.set("%s", text) > > now, as you probably saw, i used root.mainloop(3000) in my loop to get > it to update every 3 seconds, but none of the bindings work anymore. i > can't even close the window - i have to kill the app or ctrl-c the > console. however, if i use root.mainloop() anywhere, the bindings work > and i can close the app, but my loop doesn't run and the window never > updates. Depending on what system you are using, a lot of events could be handled in 3000 milliseconds, maybe too many for you to be seeing. But that seems doubtful. It may be better to put this into a function and use the after method, which tells Tkinter to run a function every so often. I'm not sure what you have for the widget of the StatusBar, i.e. if the "set" method works correctly. But try this: def update_status(status_widget): rates = traffic_rate(3) inrate = rates[0] outrate = rates[1] inrate = float(inrate / 1024) outrate = float(outrate / 1024) inrate = fpformat.fix(inrate , 2) outrate = fpformat.fix(outrate , 2) print string.center(inrate , 10), string.center(outrate, 10) output = 'In: '+inrate+'Kb/s Out: '+outrate+'Kb/s' status_widget.set("%s", output) root.after(3000, update_status, (status,)) root.mainloop() It may be possible that traffic_rate takes too long to run. If that is the case, then both bits of code won't get back to Tkinter to update events, including to responding to bindings. -Arcege From deliberatus@my995internet.com Thu Dec 27 00:37:14 2001 From: deliberatus@my995internet.com (Kirk Bailey) Date: Wed, 26 Dec 2001 19:37:14 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] ok, I want to read a dir. Message-ID: <3C2A6D3A.CF9BE816@my995internet.com> I want to read a dir. I spedify a path and a name pattern, such as '*.info', and read all examples of that pattern into a list. So, if in /www/cgi-bin/lists there is: a.info b.info c.info along with many other files, ONLY a.info, b.info, c.info get reported back to me. How I do dat? -- Respectfully, -Kirk D Bailey (C)2001 Addme! icq #27840081 end Within the sweep of his sword, Each man is an Ubar. http://www.howlermonkey.net/ http://www.sacredelectron.org/ From dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu Thu Dec 27 01:24:26 2001 From: dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu (Danny Yoo) Date: Wed, 26 Dec 2001 17:24:26 -0800 (PST) Subject: [Tutor] ok, I want to read a dir. In-Reply-To: <3C2A6D3A.CF9BE816@my995internet.com> Message-ID: On Wed, 26 Dec 2001, Kirk Bailey wrote: > I want to read a dir. I spedify a path and a name pattern, such as > '*.info', and read all examples of that pattern into a list. Ah! Take a look at the glob module: http://www.python.org/doc/lib/module-glob.html Hope this helps! From deliberatus@my995internet.com Thu Dec 27 02:13:56 2001 From: deliberatus@my995internet.com (Kirk Bailey) Date: Wed, 26 Dec 2001 21:13:56 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] ok, I want to read a dir. References: Message-ID: <3C2A83E4.2C5F1D4E@my995internet.com> ok, it worked. Too well, it worked. It returned the file names, and included in the return is the path! Lookee: ns# ./TLwebmgr.py TinyList Web Manager ['./lists/testlist3.info', './lists/tinylist-devlopers.info', './lists/evil-humor.info'] Here is the content of 'filelist': ['./lists/testlist3.info', './lists/tinylist-devlopers.info


    ./lists/testlist3.info - A testing list for devlopment of TinyList

    ./lists/tinylist-devlopers.info The Devloper's discussion list for Tinylist- TECHNICAL!

    ./lists/evil-humor.info EVIL HUMOR- sick, cynical, jaded, peverse, howlingly funny! ADULTS ONL!


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    ns# See, those lines should be the bare name of the thing, a space, then the firstline of the info file. Well, ir read the info file pretty slick. Accessed the riretory structure just fine. Seems I want to massage the elements in the list, or at least in A list, so everything but the first part of the file is GONE. Strip off the path, then strip off the .info part, leaving us with pure NAME. That name is the name of a list. That btw is in my server now, and those are the info files for 3 lists NOW working with TLpost.py NOW. snurklechortlegloat... I love this list. Danny Yoo wrote: > > On Wed, 26 Dec 2001, Kirk Bailey wrote: > > > I want to read a dir. I spedify a path and a name pattern, such as > > '*.info', and read all examples of that pattern into a list. > > Ah! Take a look at the glob module: > > http://www.python.org/doc/lib/module-glob.html > > Hope this helps! > > _______________________________________________ > Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org > http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor -- Respectfully, -Kirk D Bailey (C)2001 Addme! icq #27840081 end Within the sweep of his sword, Each man is an Ubar. http://www.howlermonkey.net/ http://www.sacredelectron.org/ From chrislubrecht@home.com Thu Dec 27 02:27:54 2001 From: chrislubrecht@home.com (ccl) Date: Wed, 26 Dec 2001 21:27:54 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] IP sorting Message-ID: <5.1.0.14.0.20011226210936.00a74e60@pop3.norton.antivirus> This may be somewhere, and I am just being lazy, but its something I need to fix... I am currently writing a script to analyze proxy server logs. One section of the script scrubs out the IP addresses, counts them and sorts them and prints them in a nice ordered way with the IP, then the number of hits. (ie. "192.168.1.5 ----- 356 hits") Basically, what I am doing is creating a dictionary with the IP as the key, and the result of string.count() as the entry. then I do... dead_bishop = ip_dictionary.keys() dead_bishop.sort() for item in dead_bishop: print item," ---- ",ip_dictionary[item]," hits" All is good, it works well, however it only sorts to the second place of the last octet. For example... 192.168.100.118 --- 5 hits 192.168.100.119 --- 10 hits 192.168.100.12 --- 3 hits 192.168.100.120 --- 22 hits How do I get the 192.168.100.12 to go where it supposed to (at the beginning)? From arcege@speakeasy.net Thu Dec 27 02:37:15 2001 From: arcege@speakeasy.net (Michael P. Reilly) Date: Wed, 26 Dec 2001 21:37:15 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] ok, I want to read a dir. In-Reply-To: <3C2A83E4.2C5F1D4E@my995internet.com>; from deliberatus@my995internet.com on Wed, Dec 26, 2001 at 09:13:56PM -0500 References: <3C2A83E4.2C5F1D4E@my995internet.com> Message-ID: <20011226213715.F2524@speakeasy.net> On Wed, Dec 26, 2001 at 09:13:56PM -0500, Kirk Bailey wrote: > ok, it worked. Too well, it worked. > > It returned the file names, and included in the return is the path! > > Lookee: [lookee snipped] > See, those lines should be the bare name of the thing, a space, then the > firstline of the info file. Well, ir read the info file pretty slick. > Accessed the riretory structure just fine. Seems I want to massage the > elements in the list, or at least in A list, so everything but the first > part of the file is GONE. Strip off the path, then strip off the .info > part, leaving us with pure NAME. That name is the name of a list. That > btw is in my server now, and those are the info files for 3 lists NOW > working with TLpost.py NOW. snurklechortlegloat... Then you might want to look at what the glob module is doing. It uses os.listdir and the fnmatch module. def nopath_glob(dir, pattern): import os, fnmatch files = os.listdir(dir) results = [] for fname in files: if fnmatch.fnmatch(fname, pattern): results.append(fname) return results About the only real difference is that the glob function joins the directory and file names together first. This is just the pedantic version.. the same thing is done with glob.glob1. -Arcege From deliberatus@my995internet.com Thu Dec 27 03:58:33 2001 From: deliberatus@my995internet.com (Kirk Bailey) Date: Wed, 26 Dec 2001 22:58:33 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] ok, I want to read a dir. References: <3C2A83E4.2C5F1D4E@my995internet.com> <20011226213715.F2524@speakeasy.net> Message-ID: <3C2A9C69.3D974E25@my995internet.com> Say, looking this over, FILTER looks like a good candidate for this job. files=os.listdir('./lists/') # this creates a raw dir listing filelist=[] # create an empty list fnmatch.filter(filelist, "*.info") # return the subset of list which match! this is not right, but close. What is the right way to use fnmatch and filter? This is the error I get: ns# ./TLpost.py Traceback (innermost last): File "./TLpost.py", line 189, in ? listname = sys.argv[1] IndexError: list index out of range ns# And that puzzles hell out of me. "Michael P. Reilly" wrote: > > On Wed, Dec 26, 2001 at 09:13:56PM -0500, Kirk Bailey wrote: > > ok, it worked. Too well, it worked. > > > > It returned the file names, and included in the return is the path! > > > > Lookee: > [lookee snipped] > > > See, those lines should be the bare name of the thing, a space, then the > > firstline of the info file. Well, ir read the info file pretty slick. > > Accessed the riretory structure just fine. Seems I want to massage the > > elements in the list, or at least in A list, so everything but the first > > part of the file is GONE. Strip off the path, then strip off the .info > > part, leaving us with pure NAME. That name is the name of a list. That > > btw is in my server now, and those are the info files for 3 lists NOW > > working with TLpost.py NOW. snurklechortlegloat... > > Then you might want to look at what the glob module is doing. It uses > os.listdir and the fnmatch module. > > def nopath_glob(dir, pattern): > import os, fnmatch > > files = os.listdir(dir) > results = [] > for fname in files: > if fnmatch.fnmatch(fname, pattern): > results.append(fname) > return results > > About the only real difference is that the glob function joins the > directory and file names together first. > > This is just the pedantic version.. the same thing is done with > glob.glob1. > > -Arcege > > _______________________________________________ > Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org > http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor -- Respectfully, -Kirk D Bailey (C)2001 Addme! icq #27840081 end Within the sweep of his sword, Each man is an Ubar. http://www.howlermonkey.net/ http://www.sacredelectron.org/ From deliberatus@my995internet.com Thu Dec 27 04:15:06 2001 From: deliberatus@my995internet.com (Kirk Bailey) Date: Wed, 26 Dec 2001 23:15:06 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] webmgr part 1 thus far Message-ID: <3C2AA04A.F19DFD31@my995internet.com> ok, take a look and tell me where I am wrong: ----------------------------------------------------------------------- ns# list TLwebmgr.py Listing of file TLwebmgr.py in directory:/www/www.howlermonkey.net/cgi-bin #!/usr/local/bin/python # # You must define the next lien for the WEB path to your server's web directory! # ALL web scripts must live in the cgi-bin UNDER this dir! # THAT IS WHERE TL LIVES! /lists lives UNDER that dir in the tree! # webpath="http://www.howlermonkey.net" import string, sys, os, fnmatch, cgi # forminput=sys.stdin f1=open('html.header','r') header=string.join(f1.readlines()) f1.close() f1=open('html.footer','r') footer=string.join(f1.readlines()) f1.close() filelist=[] print "Content-Type: text/html" # HTML is following print header # CRLF="\r\n" # def descriptor(filename): # Read 1st line in file named. f1=open('./lists/'+filename,'r') #open the file named, info=string.strip(f1.readline()) # read the first line in the file f1.close() # close the file return info # and exit returning the 1 line read # files=os.listdir('./lists/') # this creates a raw dir listing filelist=[] # create an empty list fnmatch.filter(filelist, "*.info") # return the subset of list which match! print filelist # testcode, remove later index=0 # we will now strip any whitespaces for x in filelist: # filelist lists all the available info files print "" + x + " ", descriptor(x)+"

    " print "


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    " print footer ns# ----------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Respectfully, -Kirk D Bailey (C)2001 Addme! icq #27840081 end Within the sweep of his sword, Each man is an Ubar. http://www.howlermonkey.net/ http://www.sacredelectron.org/ From karthikg@aztec.soft.net Thu Dec 27 04:34:26 2001 From: karthikg@aztec.soft.net (Karthik Gurumurthy) Date: Thu, 27 Dec 2001 10:04:26 +0530 Subject: [Tutor] IP sorting In-Reply-To: <5.1.0.14.0.20011226210936.00a74e60@pop3.norton.antivirus> Message-ID: sort is doing a string comparison of the ip addresses you have which are infact strings in your list. so '192.168.100.12' > '192.168.100.110' because '12' > '110' you have an option to specify a function object along with sort which would do the comparison according to your needs Something along the following lines should work. def func(a,b): l1 = map(int,a.split('.')) l2 = map(int,b.split('.')) for i in range(len(l1)): first = l1[i] sec = l2[i] if first == sec: continue; elif first > sec: return 1 else: return -1 else: return 0 dead_bishop = ip_dictionary.keys() dead_bishop.sort(func) this should work. karthik. -----Original Message----- From: tutor-admin@python.org [mailto:tutor-admin@python.org]On Behalf Of ccl Sent: Thursday, December 27, 2001 7:58 AM To: tutor@python.org Subject: [Tutor] IP sorting This may be somewhere, and I am just being lazy, but its something I need to fix... I am currently writing a script to analyze proxy server logs. One section of the script scrubs out the IP addresses, counts them and sorts them and prints them in a nice ordered way with the IP, then the number of hits. (ie. "192.168.1.5 ----- 356 hits") Basically, what I am doing is creating a dictionary with the IP as the key, and the result of string.count() as the entry. then I do... dead_bishop = ip_dictionary.keys() dead_bishop.sort() for item in dead_bishop: print item," ---- ",ip_dictionary[item]," hits" All is good, it works well, however it only sorts to the second place of the last octet. For example... 192.168.100.118 --- 5 hits 192.168.100.119 --- 10 hits 192.168.100.12 --- 3 hits 192.168.100.120 --- 22 hits How do I get the 192.168.100.12 to go where it supposed to (at the beginning)? _______________________________________________ Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor From grimmtoothtoo@yahoo.com Thu Dec 27 04:23:58 2001 From: grimmtoothtoo@yahoo.com (Grimmtooth) Date: Wed, 26 Dec 2001 23:23:58 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] IP sorting In-Reply-To: <5.1.0.14.0.20011226210936.00a74e60@pop3.norton.antivirus> Message-ID: > All is good, it works well, however it only sorts to the second place of > the last octet. For example... > > 192.168.100.118 --- 5 hits > 192.168.100.119 --- 10 hits > 192.168.100.12 --- 3 hits > 192.168.100.120 --- 22 hits > > How do I get the 192.168.100.12 to go where it supposed to (at > the beginning)? Actually, it *is* sorting to the fourth octet. Look at what you have: 118 119 12 120 If you asked Python to compare '12' and '120' it would tell you that the former is 'less' than the latter. In order to get a true numerical sort, you need to convert the octets (all of them, not just the fourth) to actual numbers when sorting. Or, more kludgey, convert two-digit octets to three with a leading zero. _________________________________________________________ Do You Yahoo!? Get your free @yahoo.com address at http://mail.yahoo.com From shalehperry@attbi.com Thu Dec 27 04:33:55 2001 From: shalehperry@attbi.com (Sean 'Shaleh' Perry) Date: Wed, 26 Dec 2001 20:33:55 -0800 (PST) Subject: [Tutor] Law of Demeter example request In-Reply-To: Message-ID: On 26-Dec-2001 Timothy Wilson wrote: > Hi everyone, > > I'm looking over the early version of Bruce Eckel's _Thinking in Python_ > and I've got a question about the Law of Demeter, or as Bruce puts it, > "Don't talk to strangers." > > I *think* I get it, but it would be great if someone would post a brief > example illustrating the concept. Preferably, the example should show > the same short program in two versions, one obeying the law and 2nd > ignoring it. > class MoneyJar: def __init__(self, value): self.__value = value def addMoney(self, value): self.__value = self.__value + value def subtractMoney(self, value): self.__value = self.__value - value def getTotal(self): return self.__value This class has one variable: __value. It is accessed by 3 methods. class MoneyJar: def __init__(self, value): self.value = value This too has one variable. However the only way to access it is directly. jar = MoneyJar(10) # start with 10 units jar.value = 5 # steal 5 units Without a method in the middle the client can do anything to your class. jar.value = "5 dollars" amount = jar.value subtotal = amount - (amount * tax) What happens when jar.value is not a number? Using methods lets you define how each item is accessed. That was the safety aspect. However the total gains are less obvious. What if you need to keep a running register of each transaction. def addMoney(self, value): self.register.addTransaction(addition, value) self.__value = self.__value + value def subtractMoney(self, value): self.register.addTransaction(deletion, value) self.__value = self.__value - value easily done. Without the methods it is up to the client to remember to call the register functions each time. Then you add a database, then there are two other programs trying to read the jar at the same time, ..... as you can see a little design up front saves you in the end. Safety is the obvious gain from not talking to strangers, but there are many others. From rnd@onego.ru Thu Dec 27 06:15:57 2001 From: rnd@onego.ru (Roman Suzi) Date: Thu, 27 Dec 2001 09:15:57 +0300 (MSK) Subject: [Tutor] IP sorting In-Reply-To: Message-ID: Nice problem! Here is my solution (for Python 2.x) iplist = [ "195.168.1.123", "192.168.1.123", "192.168.1.111", "192.168.1.11", ] lot = [tuple(map(int, ip.split("."))) for ip in iplist] lot.sort() iplist1 = [".".join(map(str, addr)) for addr in lot] print iplist1 Sincerely yours, Roman A.Suzi -- - Petrozavodsk - Karelia - Russia - mailto:rnd@onego.ru - From dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu Thu Dec 27 06:20:07 2001 From: dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu (Danny Yoo) Date: Wed, 26 Dec 2001 22:20:07 -0800 (PST) Subject: [Tutor] IP sorting In-Reply-To: Message-ID: On Thu, 27 Dec 2001, Karthik Gurumurthy wrote: > you have an option to specify a function object along with sort which > would do the comparison according to your needs Something along the > following lines should work. > > def func(a,b): > > l1 = map(int,a.split('.')) > l2 = map(int,b.split('.')) > > for i in range(len(l1)): > first = l1[i] > sec = l2[i] > > if first == sec: > continue; > elif first > sec: > return 1 > else: > return -1 > else: > return 0 Here's a a simplification of the code: ### def cmpIPAddresses(a, b): l1 = map(int, a.split('.')) l2 = map(int, b.split('.')) return cmp(l1, l2) ### This relies on the fact that Python knows how to compare two sequences: ### >>> cmp([1, 2, 3], [1, 2, 3]) 0 >>> cmp([1, 2, 3], [1, 2, 4]) -1 >>> cmp([3, 2, 1], [1, 2, 3]) 1 >>> cmp([3, 2, 1], [1, 2, 3]) ### Let Python do the work. *grin* From karthikg@aztec.soft.net Thu Dec 27 06:47:34 2001 From: karthikg@aztec.soft.net (Karthik Gurumurthy) Date: Thu, 27 Dec 2001 12:17:34 +0530 Subject: [Tutor] IP sorting In-Reply-To: Message-ID: this one is cool and so was danny's. i have a question here though. why do we need to convert to a tuple? lot = [tuple(map(int, ip.split("."))) for ip in iplist] is there any specific reason. Python does not know to sort a list of lists? karthik. -----Original Message----- From: tutor-admin@python.org [mailto:tutor-admin@python.org]On Behalf Of Roman Suzi Sent: Thursday, December 27, 2001 11:46 AM To: tutor@python.org Subject: RE: [Tutor] IP sorting Nice problem! Here is my solution (for Python 2.x) iplist = [ "195.168.1.123", "192.168.1.123", "192.168.1.111", "192.168.1.11", ] lot = [tuple(map(int, ip.split("."))) for ip in iplist] lot.sort() iplist1 = [".".join(map(str, addr)) for addr in lot] print iplist1 Sincerely yours, Roman A.Suzi -- - Petrozavodsk - Karelia - Russia - mailto:rnd@onego.ru - _______________________________________________ Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor From sentinel805@netscape.net Thu Dec 27 06:54:11 2001 From: sentinel805@netscape.net (sentinel805) Date: Thu, 27 Dec 2001 01:54:11 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] more free code and thanks for your help Message-ID: <3C2AC593.3050508@netscape.net> Thanks for the help offered to solve my getch( ) problem. I'm working on a all-in-one solution now. wish me luck. In the mean time , here is some more free code to any one who can use it. It shows one way to lay out a window. The window contains 2 Text objects that will resize with the window and 3 buttons that will remain centered at the bottom of the window. It has more comment than code, but thats because I did it for my own learning/referance. Coded useing Tkinter. http://www.geocities.com/swinux/GuiApp.html Ron From rnd@onego.ru Thu Dec 27 07:15:12 2001 From: rnd@onego.ru (Roman Suzi) Date: Thu, 27 Dec 2001 10:15:12 +0300 (MSK) Subject: [Tutor] IP sorting In-Reply-To: Message-ID: On Thu, 27 Dec 2001, Karthik Gurumurthy wrote: > this one is cool and so was danny's. > i have a question here though. > > why do we need to convert to a tuple? > > lot = [tuple(map(int, ip.split("."))) for ip in iplist] > > is there any specific reason. Python does not know to sort a list of lists? Tuple is a constant list. It is slightly faster to deal with tuples. In my version I am using standard sort() method, which is much faster "as is" than when it is using ANY cmp function. "lot" is a list. I am applying .sort() to it to sort it. IP adresses has sort order different from their string representation. Another way to sort them is: ---------------------------------------------------- from socket import inet_aton, inet_ntoa iplist = [ "195.168.1.123", "192.168.1.123", "192.168.1.111", "192.168.1.11", ] lot = map(inet_aton, iplist) lot.sort() iplist1 = map(inet_ntoa, lot) print iplist1 ------------------------------------------------------ Of course, it is possible to write cmp function as easy as: def cmpIPAddresses(a, b): return cmp(inet_aton(a), inet_aton(b)) That is, one can use the most compact version of IP-addresses comparison: from socket import inet_aton iplist.sort(lambda a, b: cmp(inet_aton(a), inet_aton(b))) Function socket.inet_aton converts symbolical IP-address into 4-byte string, which can be compared by common rules. > karthik. Sincerely yours, Roman A.Suzi -- - Petrozavodsk - Karelia - Russia - mailto:rnd@onego.ru - From rnd@onego.ru Thu Dec 27 07:29:40 2001 From: rnd@onego.ru (Roman Suzi) Date: Thu, 27 Dec 2001 10:29:40 +0300 (MSK) Subject: [Tutor] IP sorting In-Reply-To: Message-ID: For those who would like another programming problem: How to sort domain names AND IP addresses? NB. Domain names better to sort starting from level 1. bbb.aa aaa.bb ccc.cc ... Sincerely yours, Roman A.Suzi -- - Petrozavodsk - Karelia - Russia - mailto:rnd@onego.ru - From dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu Thu Dec 27 09:09:16 2001 From: dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu (Danny Yoo) Date: Thu, 27 Dec 2001 01:09:16 -0800 (PST) Subject: [Tutor] Modules/Setup in 2.2 source package In-Reply-To: <20011226080507.G3310@hal> Message-ID: On Wed, 26 Dec 2001, Rob McGee wrote: > I'm a little confused about Modules/Setup in Python 2.2. If I do > nothing to it, does that mean I get none of those modules? That seems > like an unusual amount of manual labor for configuring a package. :) Think of it more like manual override. The './configure' step on setting up Python on a Unix system should autodetect everything. The Modules/Setup file is for unusual situations where the autodetect isn't seeing anything. > I'm upgrading from 2.0.1 which came with Slackware 8. I think I built > 2.0 from source before that, and I don't recall having to do so much > to it to make it work. But maybe that was because I didn't do much > with it. I remember that on older versions of Python (1.52), I had to uncomment sections of Modules/Setup when I wanted to get Tkinter working. Thankfully, Python configuration is a little smarter now, so you probably don't need to touch Modules/Setup. Good night! From dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu Thu Dec 27 09:53:37 2001 From: dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu (Danny Yoo) Date: Thu, 27 Dec 2001 01:53:37 -0800 (PST) Subject: [Tutor] Re: file filter [Python 2.2 iterators] In-Reply-To: Message-ID: On Wed, 26 Dec 2001, kevin parks wrote: > Happy Holidays. Hey Kevin, long time no see. Glad to hear from you again. > I am trying to write a some python code that will copy a file to a new > file but with certain lines filtered out. Let's say that i want the > new file to have all lines except those that start with a semicolon or > a letter c. So that an input file that has these lines: > > ;i1 0 1 2 3 2 > i1 6 8 7 9 > ci2 99 0 0 0 2 > i1 2 3 4 > i2 3 4 4 > ci1 3 4 4 5 > ;i3 929 92 2 > i4 2 8 9 1 > > would yield: > > i1 2 3 4 > i2 3 4 4 > i4 2 8 9 1 Hmmm! This sounds interesting! I thought I might brush up on the new Iterator stuff that's part of Python 2.2. Here's something that may help you: ### class FilterIterator: """This wraps a filtering wrapper right on top of an iterator.""" def __init__(self, filter_func, input_iter): """Initializes a filterer of a given input iterator. filter_func should be a boolean function that's true on the elements that we want to maintain.""" self.filter_func, self.input_iter = filter_func, input_iter def __iter__(self): return self def next(self): while 1: next_value = self.input_iter.next() if self.filter_func(next_value): return next_value ### In your code before: > for aLine in infile.xreadlines() : xreadlines() is a function that returns an "iterator" --- some object that returns lines on-demand whenever we call next(). FilterIterator is meant to sit right on top of an existing iterator, and act as the gatekeeper. If all goes well, it should only let lines that look ok to pass through. Iterators are explained in gory detail here: http://python.sourceforge.net/peps/pep-0234.html but as a result of its newness, it's very Python 2.2 specific. (We can recode the idea to work with older Python versions in another message if you'd like.) Let's test to see if it works: ### >>> lines = ['hello', 'world', 'this', 'is', 'a', 'test'] >>> def isEvenLength(x): ... return len(x) % 2 == 0 ... >>> myiter = FilterIterator(isEvenLength, iter(lines)) >>> myiter.next() 'this' >>> myiter.next() 'is' >>> myiter.next() 'test' >>> myiter.next() Traceback (most recent call last): File "", line 1, in ? File "/usr/tmp/python-25824Hte", line 17, in next StopIteration ### Yes. *grin* Wow, that actually worked! We can train FilterIterator to do something similar to filter out anything that starts with a 'c' or ';', like this: ### def isGoodLine(l): """A line is "good" if it doesn't begin with 'c' or ';'.""" return l[0] not in ('c', ';') def boksa(infilename, outfilename): """this will copy a file exactly, args are: 'infile' and 'outfile'""" infile = open(infilename, 'r') f = open(outfilename, 'w') for aLine in FilterIterator(isGoodLine, iter(infile)): f.write( aLine ) infile.close() f.close() ### This allows you to filter out lines in your files with minimal changes to your code's logic. I'm still a newbie myself with this iterator stuff, so FilterIterator could probably be improved. Still, I hope this helps! From alan.gauld@bt.com Thu Dec 27 13:55:06 2001 From: alan.gauld@bt.com (alan.gauld@bt.com) Date: Thu, 27 Dec 2001 13:55:06 -0000 Subject: [Tutor] Law of Demeter example request Message-ID: <5104D4DBC598D211B5FE0000F8FE7EB20E66C20A@mbtlipnt02.btlabs.bt.co.uk> > and I've got a question about the Law of Demeter, or as Bruce puts it, > "Don't talk to strangers." OK, The other way of stating it is that objects should 'do it to themselves'... For example, if we have a diary object that contains a list of appointments. Maybe the diary has a method moveAppointment(self, Appointment, deltaTime) We could implement it like this: def moveAppointment(self, Appointment, deltaTime): App = self.Appointments.find(Appointment) T = App.getTime() T = T + deltaTime App.setTime(T) Or we could do: def moveAppointment(self, Appointment, deltaTime): App = self.Appointments.find(Appointment) App.changeTime(deltaTime) Thus the diary knows how to manage appointment objects but leaves the Appointments themselves to manage the details like their time etc. Of course we'd be in an even worse state if the diary was setting the Appointments internal state variables directly! But no one would be daft enough to do that, would they? ;-) It means building more low level methods but the end result is much more resilient to change and the low level objects more liable to be reusable. > example illustrating the concept. Preferably, the example should show > the same short program in two versions, one obeying the law and 2nd > ignoring it. I've tried... Alan G. From alan.gauld@bt.com Thu Dec 27 13:57:54 2001 From: alan.gauld@bt.com (alan.gauld@bt.com) Date: Thu, 27 Dec 2001 13:57:54 -0000 Subject: [Tutor] ok, I want to read a dir. Message-ID: <5104D4DBC598D211B5FE0000F8FE7EB20E66C20B@mbtlipnt02.btlabs.bt.co.uk> > I want to read a dir. I spedify a path and a name pattern, such as > '*.info', and read all examples of that pattern into a list. Look at the glob module. Yeah I know its a silly name and you'd never guess it, but its a historical Unix thing.... Alan g. From arcege@speakeasy.net Thu Dec 27 14:38:33 2001 From: arcege@speakeasy.net (Michael P. Reilly) Date: Thu, 27 Dec 2001 09:38:33 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] ok, I want to read a dir. In-Reply-To: <3C2A9C69.3D974E25@my995internet.com>; from deliberatus@my995internet.com on Wed, Dec 26, 2001 at 10:58:33PM -0500 References: <3C2A83E4.2C5F1D4E@my995internet.com> <20011226213715.F2524@speakeasy.net> <3C2A9C69.3D974E25@my995internet.com> Message-ID: <20011227093833.G2524@speakeasy.net> On Wed, Dec 26, 2001 at 10:58:33PM -0500, Kirk Bailey wrote: > Say, looking this over, FILTER looks like a good candidate for this job. > > > files=os.listdir('./lists/') # this creates a raw dir listing > filelist=[] # create an empty list > fnmatch.filter(filelist, "*.info") # return the subset of list > which match! > > this is not right, but close. What is the right way to use fnmatch and > filter? filelist = fnmatch.filter(os.listdir('./lists'), "*.info") or going back to the glob module: filelist = glob.glob1('./lists', "*.info") > This is the error I get: > > ns# ./TLpost.py > Traceback (innermost last): > File "./TLpost.py", line 189, in ? > listname = sys.argv[1] > IndexError: list index out of range > ns# > > And that puzzles hell out of me. This is a different error. The sys.argv is a list with the words from the command line. $ cat showargs.py import sys print sys.argv $ python showargs.py ['showargs.py'] $ python showargs.py hi there ['showargs.py', 'hi', 'there'] $ python showargs.py "hi there" ['showargs.py', 'hi there'] Your command has only the program name and no other arguments. So sys.argv[1] would be out of bounds in the list (there is only one element). You might want to put a try-except around the statement. try: listname = sys.argv[1] except IndexError: raise SystemExit("list name argument required") And if you ever want to add command-line options, you might want to look into the getopt module. -Arcege From i812@iname.com Thu Dec 27 14:50:32 2001 From: i812@iname.com (Rob McGee) Date: Thu, 27 Dec 2001 08:50:32 -0600 Subject: [Tutor] Modules/Setup in 2.2 source package [and IDLE in Slackware] In-Reply-To: ; from dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu on Thu, Dec 27, 2001 at 01:09:16AM -0800 References: <20011226080507.G3310@hal> Message-ID: <20011227085032.A19199@zs> As always, thanks for the reply, Danny. I'll also be replying to an old post from Jeff, because I think I may have a clue on what went wrong for him over a week ago. On Thu, Dec 27, 2001 at 01:09:16AM -0800, Danny Yoo wrote: > > I'm a little confused about Modules/Setup in Python 2.2. If I do > > nothing to it, does that mean I get none of those modules? That seems > > like an unusual amount of manual labor for configuring a package. :) > > Think of it more like manual override. The './configure' step on setting > up Python on a Unix system should autodetect everything. The > Modules/Setup file is for unusual situations where the autodetect isn't > seeing anything. My Modules/Setup.config didn't have much in it. Only two things: threads and signals modules. Autodetection seems to be a bit weak on Slackware. (I guess I'm not surprised. :) > > I'm upgrading from 2.0.1 which came with Slackware 8. I think I built > > 2.0 from source before that, and I don't recall having to do so much > > to it to make it work. But maybe that was because I didn't do much > > with it. > > I remember that on older versions of Python (1.52), I had to uncomment > sections of Modules/Setup when I wanted to get Tkinter working. I went through and uncommented what was appropriate for Tkinter. I got IDLE to start and thus confirmed that Tkinter was working. However, IDLE died with a segfault when I tried to close its help ("press F1") window using the widget from the window manager (IceWM 1.0.8.) I haven't played with it any more than that so I don't know more yet. An interesting thing to note: IDLE from 2.0.1 doesn't work with the 2.2 interpreter. It crashed with a SyntaxError: import * is not allowed in function 'main' because it contains a nested function with free variables BTW, I don't really expect you or anyone here to know the solution to the problems Jeff and I are having with IDLE. I'm just posting for the record and possibly for Jeff's benefit. > Thankfully, Python configuration is a little smarter now, so you probably > don't need to touch Modules/Setup. I really don't know. :) I can't afford to take a chance because I don't have enough time or CPU power to go recompiling things. I went ahead and edited mine. Other than Tkinter I also got GNU readline working. I guess the fact that everything compiled without errors tends to indicate that I edited things correctly. (Actually I did have one mistake on which "make" choked, but I fixed that.) On Wed, Dec 19, 2001 at 04:11:46PM -0500, Jeff Jones wrote: > I tried ./idle but got this error (retyped from linux to outlook): > > Traceback (most recent call last): > File "./idle", line 5, in ? > from idlelib import idleconf > ImportError: No module IdleConf I believe this is a PYTHONPATH problem. The "IdleConf" module it's trying to load is not in a directory in your $PYTHONPATH variable. I'm sure you can easily fix this in a number of ways. The way that worked for me was simply to run "./idle.py" instead of just "idle". Apparently by doing that I caused it to search the current directory in addition to my non-existent PYTHONPATH variable. Other (probably better) ways to fix it include to start IDLE from a shell script which sets PYTHONPATH before the "idle" command, or to dig through the Makefile and see if you can compile in some default values. I think there's something about PYTHONPATH in Modules/Setup, too (it's actually an extension of the Makefile, I think.) > Thanks for all your help! I know I have seen people ask similar ?'s. Is > there an archive of this list somewhere? I don't know the full URL but I've seen it at www.activestate.com. That archive isn't completely up-to-date; I think it must only be updated once a month. Jeff, let me know if you want me to send my Modules/Setup file. That might help you restore some other missing functionality. In the meantime you might want to "make uninstall" and revert to 2.0.1 -- that's what I plan to do if I can't get IDLE working reliably. It also might not hurt to ask on the Slackware newsgroup if anyone has gotten Python 2.2 to work with all the bells and whistles (and the "batteries included". :) I still don't have my own Usenet access set up, though. :( HTH, Rob - /dev/rob0 From grimmtoothtoo@yahoo.com Thu Dec 27 15:31:54 2001 From: grimmtoothtoo@yahoo.com (Grimmtooth) Date: Thu, 27 Dec 2001 10:31:54 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] IP sorting In-Reply-To: Message-ID: > How to sort domain names AND IP addresses? NB. Domain names better to sort > starting from level 1. > > bbb.aa > aaa.bb > ccc.cc I'm sure someone more familiar with Python than I will have a slicker solution, but I believe that if you split() the components of such things into an array of tuples [(bbb,aa), (aaa,bb), (ccc.cc)] then you can compare each tuple directly, e.g. (bbb,aa) > (aaa,bb). From there it should be a fairly easy excercise to do the actual sort. _________________________________________________________ Do You Yahoo!? Get your free @yahoo.com address at http://mail.yahoo.com From ylee12@uiuc.edu Thu Dec 27 15:30:31 2001 From: ylee12@uiuc.edu (Young-Jin Lee) Date: Thu, 27 Dec 2001 09:30:31 -0600 Subject: [Tutor] [Q] Installing Python 2.2 on Redhat Message-ID: <00e901c18eeb$6b7baa90$95757e82@visit2> Hi, I have a problem installing Python 2.2 on Redhat. I tried to install Python 2.2 using RPM in the python web site, but it didn't work. When I tried to install python2-2.2-2.i386.rpm, I got "python 2 = 2.1.1-2 is needed by python-devel-2.1.1-2. I also got "python 2 = 2.2 is needed by python2-devel-2.2-2" error message when I tried to install python2-devel-2.2-2.i386.rpm. How can I solve this problem? TIA. YJ From jeff@ccvcorp.com Thu Dec 27 18:03:19 2001 From: jeff@ccvcorp.com (Jeff Shannon) Date: Thu, 27 Dec 2001 10:03:19 -0800 Subject: [Tutor] IP sorting References: Message-ID: <3C2B6267.8C1BCD@ccvcorp.com> > "Grimmtooth" wrote: > > > How to sort domain names AND IP addresses? NB. Domain names better to sort > > starting from level 1. > > > > bbb.aa > > aaa.bb > > ccc.cc > > I'm sure someone more familiar with Python than I will have a slicker > solution, but I believe that if you split() the components of such things > into an array of tuples [(bbb,aa), (aaa,bb), (ccc.cc)] then you can compare > each tuple directly, e.g. (bbb,aa) > (aaa,bb). From there it should be a > fairly easy excercise to do the actual sort. Yes, but it'll sort them in the "wrong" order--you want all *.com names to come before all *.net names (or so sayeth the spec given by Roman Suzi ;) ). In order to do this *just* for symbolic domain names, you could try this: def sort_domains(domainlist): templist = [item.split('.') for item in domainlist] for line in templist: line.reverse() templist.sort() for line in templist: line.reverse() return ['.'.join(line) for line in templist] This should sort domain names such that 'news.somename.com' will be right next to 'www.somename.com', but likely some distance from 'www.somename.net', which seems to be the most appropriate sorting order for domain names. However, this still doesn't fulfill the original spec, which asked to sort a mixed list of domain names and numeric IP addresses... I suppose that one could do something like: def sort_domains_and_IPs(unsortedlist): list1, list2 = segregate_IPs(unsortedlist) list1 = sort_IPs(list1) list2 = sort_domains(list2) list1.extend(list2) return list1 wherein I assume that all numeric IP addresses should sort before all named domains (and use previously discussed sorting for IPs). The implementation of segregate_IPs() is the only problem remaining--I suppose that one could try map(int, addr.split('.')), and if a ValueError is raised, assume it's a named domain... def segregate_IPs(addresses): IPs = [] domains = [] for addr in addresses: try: l = map(int, addr.split('.')) except ValueError: domains.append(addr) else: IPs.append(addr) return IPs, domains This looks like it ought to work, but it's untested and strictly off the top of my head. It's also probably horribly inefficient. :) Jeff Shannon Technician/Programmer Credit International From prjoshi@ntc.net.np Thu Dec 27 12:55:12 2001 From: prjoshi@ntc.net.np (Pravin Raj Joshi) Date: Thu, 27 Dec 2001 18:25:12 +0530 Subject: [Tutor] RE...Two Questions.........from PRJoshi Message-ID: Hi, I have a couple of questions. 1. I am currently using the latest realese of Python(Python 2.2). It does not support the import command for my script i.e. when I divide my program into a series of classes and keep each class in a new page, I cannot import the pages to other pages. I get a message which says that module is not found. I had the same problem with Python 2.2 beta. Can anyone tell me what am I doing wrong. 2. I want to change the icon of my Tkinter program window. I read somewhere that the icon in a root window cannot be changed. So I changed all my windows to a Toplevel window and still I cannot change the icons. I copied the code that is available for tkSimpleDialog (root/python/lib/lib-tk) and tried and still it does not work. But the code works in the SimpleDialog(changes icon to whatever is written in the title). Please let me know of any solutions. Thanks. Pravin From aleaxit@yahoo.com Thu Dec 27 13:54:22 2001 From: aleaxit@yahoo.com (Alex Martelli) Date: Thu, 27 Dec 2001 14:54:22 +0100 Subject: [Tutor] Re: [Python-Help] RE...Two Questions.........from PRJoshi References: Message-ID: <006101c18edd$fd74ee60$102b2bc1@cadlab.it> "Pravin Raj Joshi" writes: ... > 1. I am currently using the latest realese of Python(Python 2.2). It does > not support the import command for my script i.e. when I divide my program > into a series of classes and keep each class in a new page, I cannot import > the pages to other pages. I get a message which says that module is not > found. I had the same problem with Python 2.2 beta. Can anyone tell me what > am I doing wrong. Not sure what you mean by "pages", but, anyway, the issue is most likely that you're placing your whatever.py files in directories that are not amongst those listed in sys.path. When one of your modules does import whatever then file whatever.py must be on one of sys.path's directories. Fix this either by moving your files to the appropriate directories, ones that are already on sys.path, or by adding the directories you want to use to sys.path. For the latter's purposes, you have many possible approaches, depending on what control, in detail, you have about your machine. > 2. I want to change the icon of my Tkinter program window. I read somewhere > that the icon in a root window cannot be changed. So I changed all my > windows to a Toplevel window and still I cannot change the icons. I copied > the code that is available for tkSimpleDialog (root/python/lib/lib-tk) and > tried and still it does not work. But the code works in the > SimpleDialog(changes icon to whatever is written in the title). You're saying that SimpleDialog, copied IDENTICALLY, works or fails to work for you depending on what directory you put it in? Maybe it's again a sys.path problem. But I didn't think SimpleDialog had a function to change its icon...? Maybe I haven't looked at it recently enough. Anyway, you're not meant to COPY SimpleDialog, and you don't have to: the best way to reuse its code is to INHERIT from it. Please keep discussion on both issues on python-help@python.org, NOT on my personal mailbox, so other volunteer helpers get a chance to see and help, thanks. Alex From dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu Thu Dec 27 19:49:15 2001 From: dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu (Danny Yoo) Date: Thu, 27 Dec 2001 11:49:15 -0800 (PST) Subject: [Tutor] [Q] Installing Python 2.2 on Redhat In-Reply-To: <00e901c18eeb$6b7baa90$95757e82@visit2> Message-ID: On Thu, 27 Dec 2001, Young-Jin Lee wrote: > Hi, I have a problem installing Python 2.2 on Redhat. > I tried to install Python 2.2 using RPM in the python web site, but it > didn't work. > When I tried to install python2-2.2-2.i386.rpm, I got "python 2 = 2.1.1-2 is > needed by python-devel-2.1.1-2. > I also got "python 2 = 2.2 is needed by python2-devel-2.2-2" error message > when I tried to install python2-devel-2.2-2.i386.rpm. > How can I solve this problem? What happens when you try to install both at the same time? Try: rph -Uvh python2-*.rpm so that the packaging system can see that both components are being upgraded. Redhat's package mangager is trying to make sure that your system's not in an inconsistant state. Good luck to you! From dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu Thu Dec 27 20:01:25 2001 From: dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu (Danny Yoo) Date: Thu, 27 Dec 2001 12:01:25 -0800 (PST) Subject: [Tutor] Modules/Setup in 2.2 source package [and IDLE in Slackware] In-Reply-To: <20011227085032.A19199@zs> Message-ID: On Thu, 27 Dec 2001, Rob McGee wrote: > > I remember that on older versions of Python (1.52), I had to uncomment > > sections of Modules/Setup when I wanted to get Tkinter working. > > I went through and uncommented what was appropriate for Tkinter. I got > IDLE to start and thus confirmed that Tkinter was working. However, > IDLE died with a segfault when I tried to close its help ("press F1") Yikes! That's a serious problem; IDLE should never segfault that that. You might want to see if the same thing happens with the IDLEfork version of IDLE: http://idlefork.sourceforge.net/ and if the same crash occurs, this is something that needs to be reported to the IDLE developers. > An interesting thing to note: IDLE from 2.0.1 doesn't work with the 2.2 > interpreter. It crashed with a SyntaxError: > import * is not allowed in function 'main' because it contains a > nested function with free variables Yes; this is a result of the new scoping rules that were introduced in Python 2.1: http://www.amk.ca/python/2.1/index.html#SECTION000300000000000000000 """One side effect of the change is that the from module import * and exec statements have been made illegal inside a function scope under certain conditions. The Python reference manual has said all along that from module import * is only legal at the top level of a module, but the CPython interpreter has never enforced this before.""" They're enforcing it now. *grin* Best of wishes! From dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu Thu Dec 27 20:13:53 2001 From: dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu (Danny Yoo) Date: Thu, 27 Dec 2001 12:13:53 -0800 (PST) Subject: [Tutor] pyhton (fwd) In-Reply-To: Message-ID: On Wed, 26 Dec 2001, Danny Yoo wrote: > hello do ou know were i can find a chart or page telling what the > different commands on pyhton do? Hello! There's a 'Library Reference' that gives a list of the commands you can use in Python: http://www.python.org/doc/lib/ However, it is very densely packed information, and if you're starting to learn Python, I'd recommend not going through it like Cliff Notes. You might find the tutorials at: http://python.org/doc/Newbies.html more useful --- they may have the kind of summary that you're looking for. > or better yet do you know wich command "enters" or goes to the next > line on python? I'm not sure I understand what you mean. When we run Python programs, we go from top-down, executing each statement in turn. For example: ### print 1 print 2 print 3 ### should print out: ### 1 2 3 ### without having to tell it to run the next line. Please feel free to ask more questions on Tutor. Good luck to you! From grimmtoothtoo@yahoo.com Thu Dec 27 20:23:06 2001 From: grimmtoothtoo@yahoo.com (Grimmtooth) Date: Thu, 27 Dec 2001 15:23:06 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] IP sorting In-Reply-To: <3C2B6267.8C1BCD@ccvcorp.com> Message-ID: > Yes, but it'll sort them in the "wrong" order--you want all *.com > names to come > before all *.net names (or so sayeth the spec given by Roman Suzi > ;) ). In order to > do this *just* for symbolic domain names, you could try this: Okay, then plan 'B'. Instead of a simple > < comparison, use a function to compare and have the function return a value based on a custom comparison where it first compares the TLD then the actual address octets. This is by no means a definitive means of doing it, but it works, I've done it for similar data, yadda yadda. Basically, it's a bubble sort with a custom comparison function. the variable 'Array' is all the elements that you want to sort. swap_flag = 1: while swap_flag == 1: for i in range(0,len(array)-1) if compare(array(i), array(i+1)) == 1: # 1 means we want to swap x = array(i) array(i) = array(i+1) array(i+1) = x def compare(a,b) # first, split a and b into tuples using the split() function # then compare the TLDs. I don't know what your criteria is here, but # you should return '1' if you want to swap, and continue otherwise. # then you iterate through the four octet values for the two elements. # return '1' if you want to swap, else continue to the next octet # until you're out of octets. # if you get here, return '0'. A good candidate for sorting octets would be: for j in range(1,4): # assuming element 0 is the TLD and the # remainder are the octets if int(a[j]) > int(b[j]: # if we're sorting ascending, we need to swap return(1) elif int(a[j]) < int(b[j]: # No need to swap, but don't continue return(-1) # if we got through all four iterations and still no difference, return # 0 to indicate equality return(0) Those familiar with such things will realize that this is a basic bubble sort. I am not yet familiar enough with the deep gizzards of Python libraries to know if there's an inbuilt sorting function that's better or faster. If there's something like the ansi C lib's qsort(), the outline of the compare() function would be perfect. The above is suitable for an array of elements that are in the format tld.octet1.octet2.octet3.octet4 Obviously I haven't sussed the actual format quite yet :-) > However, this still doesn't fulfill the original spec, which > asked to sort a mixed > list of domain names and numeric IP addresses... I suppose that > one could do > something like: > > def sort_domains_and_IPs(unsortedlist): > list1, list2 = segregate_IPs(unsortedlist) > list1 = sort_IPs(list1) > list2 = sort_domains(list2) > list1.extend(list2) > return list1 > > wherein I assume that all numeric IP addresses should sort before > all named domains The above compare function could be altered to prioritiz the octets before the tlds, of course (by detecting alpha characters), but another -- SLOW -- alternative might be to use Python's internet libraries to RESOLVE the TLD addresses and then replace them in the array with thier octets. This is incredibly slow for purposes of analyzing a log in real-time, but might be well-suited for a background task that kicked off on a copy of the day's logs. *** or *** :-) Create two lists, one with numerics and one without. Do two sorts, and present them in TWO seperate outputs. If it were me, this is the way I would do it because it would be far more readable (IMHO). > This looks like it ought to work, but it's untested and strictly > off the top of my > head. It's also probably horribly inefficient. :) Yeah, double for me :-) But if our primary concern was efficiency, a different language might be more appropriate anyway, but if it goes along smartly on my wimpy 400 MHz machine, I'm sure that the only bottleneck on a more modern machine would be the file I/O anyway. :-) Big megahertz are a wonderful thing :-D _________________________________________________________ Do You Yahoo!? Get your free @yahoo.com address at http://mail.yahoo.com From dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu Thu Dec 27 20:25:06 2001 From: dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu (Danny Yoo) Date: Thu, 27 Dec 2001 12:25:06 -0800 (PST) Subject: [Tutor] IP sorting In-Reply-To: Message-ID: On Thu, 27 Dec 2001, Grimmtooth wrote: > Okay, then plan 'B'. Instead of a simple > < comparison, use a function to > compare and have the function return a value based on a custom comparison > where it first compares the TLD then the actual address octets. You'll like this one: Python's sort() function works very similarly to C's qsort() --- we can give sort() a 'comparison function' to make the sort do things our way. Once we have something like your compare() function: > def compare(a,b) > for j in range(1,4): # assuming element 0 is the TLD and the > # remainder are the octets > if int(a[j]) > int(b[j]: # if we're sorting ascending, we need to swap > return(1) > elif int(a[j]) < int(b[j]: # No need to swap, but don't continue > return(-1) > return(0) Python can use this to do the sort: ip_addresses.sort(compare) From grimmtoothtoo@yahoo.com Thu Dec 27 21:16:53 2001 From: grimmtoothtoo@yahoo.com (Grimmtooth) Date: Thu, 27 Dec 2001 16:16:53 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] IP sorting In-Reply-To: Message-ID: > You'll like this one: Python's sort() function works very similarly to C's > qsort() --- we can give sort() a 'comparison function' to make the sort do > things our way. I figured, but I'm too lazy to open another doc window sometimes. Now if I can only remember when I need it ... :-) _________________________________________________________ Do You Yahoo!? Get your free @yahoo.com address at http://mail.yahoo.com From deliberatus@my995internet.com Thu Dec 27 21:53:25 2001 From: deliberatus@my995internet.com (Kirk Bailey) Date: Thu, 27 Dec 2001 16:53:25 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] WHY IT DI DIS? Message-ID: <3C2B9855.651AEF8D@my995internet.com> OK, WHY DOES IT DO THIS? ns# ./TLwebmgr.py File "./TLwebmgr.py", line 35 print "' + x + " ", descriptor(x) + '

    ' ^ SyntaxError: invalid token -- Respectfully, -Kirk D Bailey (C)2001 Addme! icq #27840081 end Within the sweep of his sword, Each man is an Ubar. http://www.howlermonkey.net/ http://www.sacredelectron.org/ From chrislubrecht@home.com Thu Dec 27 23:35:02 2001 From: chrislubrecht@home.com (ccl) Date: Thu, 27 Dec 2001 18:35:02 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] Config files & getopt() Message-ID: <5.1.0.14.0.20011227182747.00a71a80@pop3.norton.antivirus> First, thanks for the help on IP sorting. I added it to the program and it runs great. If it gets to the point I like it, I may post it here as an example of how -NOT- to do data reduction and generate statistical data on a million+ line file :) Anyway... I am still tinkering with other stuff too... As a background, I have -0- programming experience and am learning both Python and programming from scratch. So far so good, however I am having problems understanding two things I need for something I am writing. The first is getopt(). I just don't get it. Can someone give a better description of it, other than is presented in the module, (with examples too! :) )? I have tried that one, the O'Reily book and searching online..and I am still kinda lost...although I do know getopt(arg,option(,long options)) :) The second, is I would like to add a config file to program..something along the lines of an apache httpd.conf file, to specify directories and the like. I checked out ConfigParser...and I just dont get it.. Ok..so I am feeling moronic today :) Any kind soul wanna hand hold a true newbie? Thanks in advance.. Chris From arcege@speakeasy.net Thu Dec 27 23:40:17 2001 From: arcege@speakeasy.net (Michael P. Reilly) Date: Thu, 27 Dec 2001 18:40:17 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] WHY IT DI DIS? In-Reply-To: <3C2B9855.651AEF8D@my995internet.com>; from deliberatus@my995internet.com on Thu, Dec 27, 2001 at 04:53:25PM -0500 References: <3C2B9855.651AEF8D@my995internet.com> Message-ID: <20011227184017.A911@speakeasy.net> On Thu, Dec 27, 2001 at 04:53:25PM -0500, Kirk Bailey wrote: > OK, WHY DOES IT DO THIS? > > > ns# ./TLwebmgr.py > File "./TLwebmgr.py", line 35 > print "' + x + " ", descriptor(x) + '

    ' > > ^ > SyntaxError: invalid token > The + \" + expression is incorrect. Quoting a double quote only works withing a string. In a more simple form you can have: print "" + x + " ", descriptor(x) + "

    " Or with string formats and single quotes, print '%s %s

    ' % \ ( webpath, x, x, descriptor(x) ) The only place where you may want to be more distinguishing is at the '%scgi' part. But then for that one URL concatenation, I'd be using urlparse.urljoin myself. :) -Arcege From deliberatus@my995internet.com Fri Dec 28 00:50:01 2001 From: deliberatus@my995internet.com (Kirk Bailey) Date: Thu, 27 Dec 2001 19:50:01 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] ok, I want to read a dir. References: <3C2A83E4.2C5F1D4E@my995internet.com> <20011226213715.F2524@speakeasy.net> <3C2A9C69.3D974E25@my995internet.com> <20011227093833.G2524@speakeasy.net> <3C2BBCF3.226C09D6@my995internet.com> <20011227194107.B911@speakeasy.net> Message-ID: <3C2BC1B9.A5A5F69F@my995internet.com> HAH! Our messages crossed! I just noticed this reading the reference, and wrote to you. So how do we do this and not invoke functions not in 1.5.2? "Michael P. Reilly" wrote: > > On Thu, Dec 27, 2001 at 07:29:39PM -0500, Kirk Bailey wrote: > > it got me this: > > > > Traceback (innermost last): > > File "./TLwebmgr.py", line 31, in ? > > filelist = fnmatch.filter(os.listdir('./lists'), "*.info") > > AttributeError: filter > > ns# > > > > AttributeError: filter??? Hmmm? > > The fnmatch.filter funciton was added only in Python 2.2. The glob.glob1 > function I mentioned has been in Python since before 1.5.2. > > -Arcege > > -- > +----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ > | Michael P. Reilly | arcege@speakeasy.net | > | Ailment info: http://www.speakeasy.org/~arcege/michaelwatch.html | -- Respectfully, -Kirk D Bailey (C)2001 Addme! icq #27840081 end Within the sweep of his sword, Each man is an Ubar. http://www.howlermonkey.net/ http://www.sacredelectron.org/ From dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu Fri Dec 28 01:34:06 2001 From: dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu (Danny Yoo) Date: Thu, 27 Dec 2001 17:34:06 -0800 (PST) Subject: [Tutor] pyhton (fwd) Message-ID: Hi Ted, It's usually a better idea to send your replies to 'tutor@python.org' instead of me directly. I don't want to be the weakest link here... *grin* Seriously though, it helps to send messages to the Tutor group because it allows any one of the volunteers here to reply when others are busy. I'll forward your message to the others on Tutor. ----- Original Message ----- From: "Danny Yoo" To: Cc: Sent: Thursday, December 27, 2001 2:13 PM Subject: Re: [Tutor] pyhton (fwd) > On Wed, 26 Dec 2001, Danny Yoo wrote: > > > hello do ou know were i can find a chart or page telling what the > > different commands on pyhton do? > > Hello! There's a 'Library Reference' that gives a list of the commands > you can use in Python: > > http://www.python.org/doc/lib/ > > However, it is very densely packed information, and if you're starting to > learn Python, I'd recommend not going through it like Cliff Notes. > > > You might find the tutorials at: > > http://python.org/doc/Newbies.html > > more useful --- they may have the kind of summary that you're looking for. > > > > > or better yet do you know wich command "enters" or goes to the next > > line on python? > > I'm not sure I understand what you mean. When we run Python programs, we > go from top-down, executing each statement in turn. For example: > > ### > print 1 > print 2 > print 3 > ### > > should print out: > > ### > 1 > 2 > 3 > ### > > without having to tell it to run the next line. > > Please feel free to ask more questions on Tutor. Good luck to you! > i tried that but i just sead ### >>>1 >>>print 2 >>>2 >>>print 3 >>>3 if you know whats wrong please help me From dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu Fri Dec 28 01:37:10 2001 From: dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu (Danny Yoo) Date: Thu, 27 Dec 2001 17:37:10 -0800 (PST) Subject: [Tutor] [Q] Installing Python 2.2 on Redhat (fwd) Message-ID: Hi Young-Jin, Let me forward your question to the rest of the Tutor list; I'll take a look after dinner. ---------- Forwarded message ---------- Date: Thu, 27 Dec 2001 15:44:56 -0600 From: Young-Jin Lee To: Danny Yoo Subject: Re: [Tutor] [Q] Installing Python 2.2 on Redhat > What happens when you try to install both at the same time? Try: > > rph -Uvh python2-*.rpm I tried to double-click them in the Konqueror one by one and I got the errors. (I'm new to Redhat.) The Redhat linux installed on my computer does not have "rph". How can I solve it in this situation? TIA ----- Original Message ----- From: "Danny Yoo" To: "Young-Jin Lee" Cc: Sent: Thursday, December 27, 2001 1:49 PM Subject: Re: [Tutor] [Q] Installing Python 2.2 on Redhat > On Thu, 27 Dec 2001, Young-Jin Lee wrote: > > > Hi, I have a problem installing Python 2.2 on Redhat. > > I tried to install Python 2.2 using RPM in the python web site, but it > > didn't work. > > When I tried to install python2-2.2-2.i386.rpm, I got "python 2 = 2.1.1-2 is > > needed by python-devel-2.1.1-2. > > I also got "python 2 = 2.2 is needed by python2-devel-2.2-2" error message > > when I tried to install python2-devel-2.2-2.i386.rpm. > > How can I solve this problem? > > What happens when you try to install both at the same time? Try: > > rph -Uvh python2-*.rpm > > so that the packaging system can see that both components are being > upgraded. Redhat's package mangager is trying to make sure that your > system's not in an inconsistant state. > > Good luck to you! > From deliberatus@my995internet.com Fri Dec 28 01:45:50 2001 From: deliberatus@my995internet.com (Kirk Bailey) Date: Thu, 27 Dec 2001 20:45:50 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] ok, I want to read a dir. References: <3C2A83E4.2C5F1D4E@my995internet.com> <20011226213715.F2524@speakeasy.net> <3C2A9C69.3D974E25@my995internet.com> <20011227093833.G2524@speakeasy.net> <3C2BBCF3.226C09D6@my995internet.com> <20011227194107.B911@speakeasy.net> Message-ID: <3C2BCECE.53A402A5@my995internet.com> ok, this is improving, still WRONG, but much closer. Here is the new version: ns# list TLwebmgr.py Listing of file TLwebmgr.py in directory:/www/www.howlermonkey.net/cgi-bin #!/usr/local/bin/python # # You must define the next lien for the WEB path to your server's web directory! # ALL web scripts must live in the cgi-bin UNDER this dir! # THAT IS WHERE TL LIVES! /lists lives UNDER that dir in the tree! # webpath="http://www.howlermonkey.net/" import string, sys, os, glob # CRLF="\r\n" forminput=sys.stdin filelist=[] print "Content-Type: text/html" # HTML is following print "Content-Type: text/html" # HTML is following print # blank line, end of headers print " TinyList WebManager menu page" # tells the browser the title print " " print " " # this is the end of the head print "

    " print "

    TinyList membership management menu


    " print "Here are all the lists we host here:

    " print "

    " # def descriptor(filename): # Read 1st line in file named. f1=open(filename,'r') #open the file named, info=string.strip(f1.readline()) # read the first line in the file f1.close() # close the file return info # and exit returning the 1 line read # filelist = glob.glob('./lists/*.info') # for x in filelist: # filelist lists all the available info files # print "" + x + " ", descriptor(x) +'

    ' #which means: # print 'a href="http://www.howlermonkey.net/cgi-bin/commander.py?list=(listname)"> (description)

    ' # # print "


    " print "Please click a name to read the entire description and to access the form to subscribe or subscribe for that list.


    " print "


    Powered by TinyList!


    " and it is in the server. Click this link to see it's output: http://www.howlermonkey.net/cgi-bin/TLwebmgr.py and this one should let you view the current source code: http://www.howlermonkey.net/TLwebmgr.shtml Now, the thing is working, but still supplies me with more than desired in the text. I want to take this by the forlock and cut off the extranious stuff, at least for display purposes. I am taking the liberty of posting this also to tutor list. "Michael P. Reilly" wrote: > > On Thu, Dec 27, 2001 at 07:29:39PM -0500, Kirk Bailey wrote: > > it got me this: > > > > Traceback (innermost last): > > File "./TLwebmgr.py", line 31, in ? > > filelist = fnmatch.filter(os.listdir('./lists'), "*.info") > > AttributeError: filter > > ns# > > > > AttributeError: filter??? Hmmm? > > The fnmatch.filter funciton was added only in Python 2.2. The glob.glob1 > function I mentioned has been in Python since before 1.5.2. > > -Arcege > > -- > +----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ > | Michael P. Reilly | arcege@speakeasy.net | > | Ailment info: http://www.speakeasy.org/~arcege/michaelwatch.html | -- Respectfully, -Kirk D Bailey (C)2001 Addme! icq #27840081 end Within the sweep of his sword, Each man is an Ubar. http://www.howlermonkey.net/ http://www.sacredelectron.org/ From i812@iname.com Fri Dec 28 02:22:53 2001 From: i812@iname.com (Rob McGee) Date: Thu, 27 Dec 2001 20:22:53 -0600 Subject: [Tutor] [Q] Installing Python 2.2 on Redhat (fwd) In-Reply-To: ; from dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu on Thu, Dec 27, 2001 at 05:37:10PM -0800 References: Message-ID: <20011227202253.B19199@zs> > ---------- Forwarded message ---------- > Date: Thu, 27 Dec 2001 15:44:56 -0600 > From: Young-Jin Lee > To: Danny Yoo > Subject: Re: [Tutor] [Q] Installing Python 2.2 on Redhat > > > What happens when you try to install both at the same time? Try: > > > > rph -Uvh python2-*.rpm > > I tried to double-click them in the Konqueror one by one and I got the > errors. > (I'm new to Redhat.) The Redhat linux installed on my computer does not have > "rph". > How can I solve it in this situation? "rph" is a typo. "rpm" is the correct program (Redhat Package Manager.) Don't click anything -- log in at the console or open some kind of X terminal ("Konsole" is a good choice.) Then type the command. Note, I don't do RedHat so I can't help any more than this. I don't even know if the "-Uvh" parameters are correct. But you could look it up on your own by typing "man rpm" in the console (or Konsole.) Free software is all about empowering users to solve their own problems. :) HTH, Rob - /dev/rob0 From i812@iname.com Fri Dec 28 02:28:52 2001 From: i812@iname.com (Rob McGee) Date: Thu, 27 Dec 2001 20:28:52 -0600 Subject: [Tutor] [Q] Installing Python 2.2 on Redhat In-Reply-To: ; from dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu on Thu, Dec 27, 2001 at 11:49:15AM -0800 References: <00e901c18eeb$6b7baa90$95757e82@visit2> Message-ID: <20011227202852.C19199@zs> One other thing I forgot to mention before: running rpm to install or remove software requires root privileges. If you're using your user account, as you should, you will need to become root to run rpm. "su" can do this for you -- just type the root password when prompted. And Konsole has its built-in "root console" feature; you can have a root prompt in the same session. Rob - /dev/rob0 From grimmtoothtoo@yahoo.com Fri Dec 28 03:46:11 2001 From: grimmtoothtoo@yahoo.com (Grimmtooth) Date: Thu, 27 Dec 2001 22:46:11 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] WHY IT DI DIS? In-Reply-To: <3C2B9855.651AEF8D@my995internet.com> Message-ID: > OK, WHY DOES IT DO THIS? > > ns# ./TLwebmgr.py > File "./TLwebmgr.py", line 35 > print "' + x + " ", descriptor(x) + '

    ' > > ^ > SyntaxError: invalid token Looks like a mismatched quote, MAYBE, hard to tell for sure. It MIGHT help to use substitution rather than concatenating all that stuff together. It has bitten me in the backside more times than I care to tell :-) If you're familiar with 'c' formatting codes, it follows pretty much the same pattern except in how the arguments are indicated. Example (and not necessarilly what you intended): print "%s%s

    " % (webpath, x, x, descriptor(x)) Each of the items in the parenthesis goes into the 'bucket' designated by a %s in the string itself, respectively in order of appearance, so to speak. _________________________________________________________ Do You Yahoo!? Get your free @yahoo.com address at http://mail.yahoo.com From dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu Fri Dec 28 04:22:33 2001 From: dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu (Danny Yoo) Date: Thu, 27 Dec 2001 20:22:33 -0800 (PST) Subject: [Tutor] [Q] Installing Python 2.2 on Redhat (fwd) In-Reply-To: <20011227202253.B19199@zs> Message-ID: On Thu, 27 Dec 2001, Rob McGee wrote: > > > What happens when you try to install both at the same time? Try: > > > > > > rph -Uvh python2-*.rpm > > > > I tried to double-click them in the Konqueror one by one and I got the > > errors. > > (I'm new to Redhat.) The Redhat linux installed on my computer does not have > > "rph". > > How can I solve it in this situation? > > "rph" is a typo. "rpm" is the correct program (Redhat Package > Manager.) Don't click anything -- log in at the console or open some > kind of X terminal ("Konsole" is a good choice.) Then type the > command. Thanks for the correction, and apologies for my mistake! The keyboard that I'm using at the moment is much stickier than the one back home. 'rpm' is the "Redhat Package Manager' --- it's what the Redhat Linux distribution uses to manage all the software in its distribution. > Note, I don't do RedHat so I can't help any more than this. I don't > even know if the "-Uvh" parameters are correct. But you could look it > up on your own by typing "man rpm" in the console (or Konsole.) Free > software is all about empowering users to solve their own problems. :) I picked up those set of parameters as a habit, but I think they stand for: -U: Upgrade -v: be Verbose about it -h: show Hash marks to indicate how much has been done. This is like a progress bar. Good luck to you! From karthikg@aztec.soft.net Fri Dec 28 04:42:35 2001 From: karthikg@aztec.soft.net (Karthik Gurumurthy) Date: Fri, 28 Dec 2001 10:12:35 +0530 Subject: [Tutor] Config files & getopt() In-Reply-To: <5.1.0.14.0.20011227182747.00a71a80@pop3.norton.antivirus> Message-ID: see of this is useful... it creates a config file and then reads from it. >>> from ConfigParser import * >>> fp = open("test.conf","w+") >>> c = ConfigParser() >>> c.add_section("server") >>> c.set("server","dsn","octago") >>> c.set("server","password","octago") >>> c.set("server","userid","octago") >>> c.add_section("properties") >>> c.set("properties","log","d:\\temp\\logs") >>> c.set("properties","templates","d:\\temp\\templates") >>> c.write(fp) >>> fp.close() ........Now read from the same..... >>> f = open("test.conf","r") >>> c.readfp(f) >>> c.sections() ['server', 'properties'] >>> c.get('server','dsn') 'octago' >>> c.get('server','password') 'octago' >>> c.get('server','userid') 'octago' >>> c.get('properties','log') 'd:\\temp\\logs' >>> c.get('properties','templates') 'd:\\temp\\templates' >>> [server] userid = octago password = octago dsn = octago [properties] log = d:\temp\logs templates = d:\temp\templates never used getopt though karthik. -----Original Message----- From: tutor-admin@python.org [mailto:tutor-admin@python.org]On Behalf Of ccl Sent: Friday, December 28, 2001 5:05 AM To: tutor@python.org Subject: [Tutor] Config files & getopt() First, thanks for the help on IP sorting. I added it to the program and it runs great. If it gets to the point I like it, I may post it here as an example of how -NOT- to do data reduction and generate statistical data on a million+ line file :) Anyway... I am still tinkering with other stuff too... As a background, I have -0- programming experience and am learning both Python and programming from scratch. So far so good, however I am having problems understanding two things I need for something I am writing. The first is getopt(). I just don't get it. Can someone give a better description of it, other than is presented in the module, (with examples too! :) )? I have tried that one, the O'Reily book and searching online..and I am still kinda lost...although I do know getopt(arg,option(,long options)) :) The second, is I would like to add a config file to program..something along the lines of an apache httpd.conf file, to specify directories and the like. I checked out ConfigParser...and I just dont get it.. Ok..so I am feeling moronic today :) Any kind soul wanna hand hold a true newbie? Thanks in advance.. Chris _______________________________________________ Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor From dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu Fri Dec 28 04:29:23 2001 From: dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu (Danny Yoo) Date: Thu, 27 Dec 2001 20:29:23 -0800 (PST) Subject: [Tutor] pyhton (fwd) In-Reply-To: Message-ID: On Thu, 27 Dec 2001, Danny Yoo wrote: > i tried that but i just sead > ### > >>>1 > >>>print 2 > >>>2 > >>>print 3 > >>>3 > if you know whats wrong please help me Ok, I think I understand a little better. Yes, what you're running is Python's "interpreter" --- it will run commands the moment you type them in. It's analogous to an interactive calculator, just much more powerful. The interpreter is good for experimentation, but it's not meant for writing whole programs. What's happening is that, as soon as you enter in a command, Python executes it --- that's why it appears that the interpreter is interrupting you. Instead, you'll probably want to write your program in a text file, and then run Python over that text file. You can write text files using Notepad, but there's a much nicer text editor called IDLE that should be installed on your computer. Here's a small introduction that may help you: http://hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu/~dyoo/python/idle_intro I hope it clears things up! If you have more questions, please email tutor@python.org. From alan.gauld@bt.com Fri Dec 28 11:48:02 2001 From: alan.gauld@bt.com (alan.gauld@bt.com) Date: Fri, 28 Dec 2001 11:48:02 -0000 Subject: [Tutor] pyhton (fwd) Message-ID: <5104D4DBC598D211B5FE0000F8FE7EB20E66C20E@mbtlipnt02.btlabs.bt.co.uk> >> Python programs, we go from top-down, executing each statement >> in turn. For example: >> ### >> print 1 >> print 2 >> print 3 >> ### >> >> should print out: >> >> ### >> 1 >> 2 >> 3 >> ### > i tried that but i just sead > ### > >>>1 > >>>print 2 > >>>2 > >>>print 3 > >>>3 Thats coz you are using pythons interactive mode. If you type your program into a file using notepad say, or better still in IDLE use File|New menu item. Then run that file using python from the DOS command line (or using Ctrl-F5 in IDLE) it will act as Danny suggested. To reiterate: use notepad to create a file called prints.py containing: print 1 print 2 print 3 Now start an MS DOS window and at the C:\> prompt type: C:\> python prints.py You should then see 1 2 3 displayed as output. OR in IDLE use File|Open to open a new window and type in the same 3 lines. Use File|SaveAs... to save the file as prints.py Now hit Ctrl-F5 and in the original IDLE window you will see the output: 1 2 3 As before. HTH, Alan G. From karthikg@aztec.soft.net Fri Dec 28 12:13:17 2001 From: karthikg@aztec.soft.net (Karthik Gurumurthy) Date: Fri, 28 Dec 2001 17:43:17 +0530 Subject: [Tutor] module objects In-Reply-To: Message-ID: hi!, i remember reading that a module in python is also an object. so if i define a file test.py , i have a test module object. i observed that sys.modules is a dict containing many modules. if i add my module also to this dictionary what can i achieve? i guess am not able to put it properly but my question is that what can i do with it? some examples w'd help. import test import sys sys.modules['test'] = test TIA, karthik. From alan.gauld@bt.com Fri Dec 28 11:54:22 2001 From: alan.gauld@bt.com (alan.gauld@bt.com) Date: Fri, 28 Dec 2001 11:54:22 -0000 Subject: [Tutor] RE...Two Questions.........from PRJoshi Message-ID: <5104D4DBC598D211B5FE0000F8FE7EB20E66C20F@mbtlipnt02.btlabs.bt.co.uk> > not support the import command for my script i.e. when I > divide my program into a series of classes and keep each > class in a new page, I cannot import You need to save them into a folder on your PYTHONPATH PYTHONPATH is an environment variable that you need to set up - via AUTOEXEC.BAT if Win9x or via a ControlPanel|System|???? dialog box on NT/2000/XP > 2. I want to change the icon of my Tkinter program window. I > read somewhere that the icon in a root window cannot be > changed. So far as I know you can't change that icon on any window under Windows - its a Tk bug not Tkinter. If anyone does know how I'd love to know... > the code that is available for tkSimpleDialog I think that is used on Unix systems but has no effect on Windows because... > tried and still it does not work. But the code works in the > SimpleDialog(changes icon to whatever is written in the title). SimpleDialog on windows actually calls the standard Windows message boxes rather than building them from scratch in Tk. Thus Windows correctly applies the required icon. Thus Tk apps on Windows not only have the wrong icon, they aren't even consistently wrong! At least thats what I think is going on... Alan g. From scarblac@pino.selwerd.nl Fri Dec 28 12:43:08 2001 From: scarblac@pino.selwerd.nl (Remco Gerlich) Date: Fri, 28 Dec 2001 13:43:08 +0100 Subject: [Tutor] module objects In-Reply-To: ; from karthikg@aztec.soft.net on Fri, Dec 28, 2001 at 05:43:17PM +0530 References: Message-ID: <20011228134308.A5415@pino.selwerd.nl> On 0, Karthik Gurumurthy wrote: > i remember reading that a module in python is also an object. > so if i define a file test.py , i have a test module object. > i observed that sys.modules is a dict containing many modules. > if i add my module also to this dictionary what can i achieve? > i guess am not able to put it properly but my question is > that what can i do with it? some examples w'd help. > > import test > import sys > sys.modules['test'] = test The first time you do 'import test', the module is loaded and automatically put into sys.modules (so it's of no use to do it by hand). If you later import test again (say, in another module), it's simply retrieved from sys.modules and doesn't have to be loaded from the file all over again. This means that if you had put it into sys.modules as some other name, you could have imported that name as well: import test import sys sys.modules['test2'] = test import test2 print test is test2 # prints 1 -- Remco Gerlich From arcege@speakeasy.net Fri Dec 28 15:22:42 2001 From: arcege@speakeasy.net (Michael P. Reilly) Date: Fri, 28 Dec 2001 10:22:42 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] ok, I want to read a dir. In-Reply-To: <3C2BCECE.53A402A5@my995internet.com>; from deliberatus@my995internet.com on Thu, Dec 27, 2001 at 08:45:50PM -0500 References: <3C2A83E4.2C5F1D4E@my995internet.com> <20011226213715.F2524@speakeasy.net> <3C2A9C69.3D974E25@my995internet.com> <20011227093833.G2524@speakeasy.net> <3C2BBCF3.226C09D6@my995internet.com> <20011227194107.B911@speakeasy.net> <3C2BCECE.53A402A5@my995internet.com> Message-ID: <20011228102242.A919@speakeasy.net> On Thu, Dec 27, 2001 at 08:45:50PM -0500, Kirk Bailey wrote: > > ok, this is improving, still WRONG, but much closer. > [beginning code snipped] > def descriptor(filename): # Read 1st line in file > named. > f1=open(filename,'r') #open the file named, > info=string.strip(f1.readline()) # read the first line in > the file > f1.close() # close the file > return info # and exit returning the > 1 line read > # > > filelist = glob.glob('./lists/*.info') > # > for x in filelist: # filelist lists all the > available info files > # > print "" + x + " ", descriptor(x) +'

    ' > #which means: > # print 'a > href="http://www.howlermonkey.net/cgi-bin/commander.py?list=(listname)"> > (description)

    ' > # [rest snipped] Okay, you need the pathname to get the descriptor, but you do not want the path in the HTML. Got it finally. :) filelist = glob.glob('./lists/*.info') for path in filelist: fname = os.path.basename(path) # get just '*.info' url = webpath + 'cgi-bin/commander.py?list=' + fname # I would # put this on a separate line for clarity print '%s' % (url, fname), descriptor(path) + "

    " It might also be that you want to get rid of the '.info' portion in the anchor tag itself. filelist = glob.glob('./lists/*.info') for path in filelist: fname = os.path.basename(path) # get just '*.info' basename = os.path.splitext(fname)[0] # take off '.info' # I would put this on a separate variable for clarity url = webpath + 'cgi-bin/commander.py?list=' + fname print '%s' % (url, basename), descriptor(path) + '

    ' You might also want to put some code in if there are no files in the filelist list. -Arcege From prjoshi@ntc.net.np Fri Dec 28 11:02:48 2001 From: prjoshi@ntc.net.np (Pravin Raj Joshi) Date: Fri, 28 Dec 2001 16:32:48 +0530 Subject: [Tutor] Re...From PRJoshi Message-ID: This is a multi-part message in MIME format. ------=_NextPart_000_0000_01C18FBD.49EC5320 Content-Type: multipart/alternative; boundary="----=_NextPart_001_0001_01C18FBD.49EC5320" ------=_NextPart_001_0001_01C18FBD.49EC5320 Content-Type: text/plain; charset="iso-8859-1" Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit Hi, Sorry for not being very clear with my last questions. I seem to have solved the problem for the pages and files. But I would like to clearify my second question. What I want to do is change the icon of my windows. (I have inserted a photo of what I want to do!) Basically I want to change the TK icon with something else. I read somewhere it was not possible to change that for the root, but it was possible for the toplevel. How to change that? Thanks PRJoshi ------=_NextPart_001_0001_01C18FBD.49EC5320 Content-Type: text/html; charset="iso-8859-1" Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable

    Hi,

    Sorry for not being very clear with my last = questions.
    I seem=20 to have solved the problem for the pages and files.
    But I would like = to=20 clearify my second question.
    What I want to do is change the icon of = my=20 windows. (I have inserted a photo of what I want to do!)

    3D""

    Basically I want to change the TK icon = with something=20 else. I read somewhere it was not possible to change that for the root, = but it=20 was possible for the toplevel.

    How to change that?

    Thanks

    PRJoshi

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(I have inserted a photo > of what I want to do!) ... > Basically I want to change the TK icon with something else. I read somewhere > it was not possible to change that for the root, but it was possible for the > toplevel. > > How to change that? I think that, like all toplevel window-decoration issues, this too depends on "negotiating" with the specific window-manager in use. And I don't know how this can be done from within Tkinter for Microsoft Windows in particular, or even if there is ANY way (without resorting to very low level, Windows specific programming). Perhaps posting to the general Python list, by letting many more people see your question, might help you get a response. Attachments are not allowed. Be specific about what window managers and system configurations you need to support -- it probably does make a difference. Alex From alan.gauld@bt.com Fri Dec 28 15:50:05 2001 From: alan.gauld@bt.com (alan.gauld@bt.com) Date: Fri, 28 Dec 2001 15:50:05 -0000 Subject: [Tutor] module objects Message-ID: <5104D4DBC598D211B5FE0000F8FE7EB20E66C214@mbtlipnt02.btlabs.bt.co.uk> > i remember reading that a module in python is also an object. Almost everything in Python is an object - especially in V2.2! [ But note that an object is not necessarily the same thing as an instance of a class ] > so if i define a file test.py , i have a test module object. Correct. > i observed that sys.modules is a dict containing many modules. It contains the list of modules currently imported. > if i add my module also to this dictionary what can i achieve? Not a lot! Python uses that list, its not really for programmers to mess with unless you really know what you're doing - and even then you probably shouldn't! You should only add to the list by importing your module as in: import test > that what can i do with it? some examples w'd help. You can do spome freaky things to python's internal operations, but you probably shouldn't... > import test > import sys > sys.modules['test'] = test Is redundant since the import already did that for you. Alan g. From karshi.hasanov@utoronto.ca Fri Dec 28 16:08:06 2001 From: karshi.hasanov@utoronto.ca (Karshi) Date: Fri, 28 Dec 2001 11:08:06 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] Python_debug_lib? Message-ID: <20011228160921Z238885-4365+3@bureau6.utcc.utoronto.ca> Hi all, How do find out what's python's debug library( python22_d or python_22_d.lib?) For example, if I have Python2.2 installed on Wondows2000 and the programm I am using asks for the python debug library . Where do I get it? Thanks From jeff@ccvcorp.com Fri Dec 28 17:57:23 2001 From: jeff@ccvcorp.com (Jeff Shannon) Date: Fri, 28 Dec 2001 09:57:23 -0800 Subject: [Tutor] ok, I want to read a dir. References: Message-ID: <3C2CB282.FD1F9490@ccvcorp.com> > Kirk Bailey wrote: > > print "" + x + " ", descriptor(x) +'

    ' > #which means: > # print 'a > href="http://www.howlermonkey.net/cgi-bin/commander.py?list=(listname)"> > (description)

    ' Do yourself (and us! ;) ) a favor, and learn to use string formatting. Adding strings together like you do above, is both slow and error-prone. It hurts my head just looking at that line and trying to figure out which parts are string and which parts are variable and which quotation marks go with which chunks and..... :) If you use string formatting instead, that line becomes: print '%s%s

    ' % (webpath, x, x, descriptor(x)) Every place in the main string that you see a %s, Python will replace that with the string value of the corresponding variable from the final tuple. This has several advantages over the multiple-concatenation that you were doing. For one, it's a *lot* cleaner and easier to read. And it's much faster and more efficient--it creates a single new string object, and all the substitution is done in C code in the interpreter. Your example creates almost a dozen new string objects, only to throw them away almost immediately, not to mention setup and type checks and such that have to be done with each and every addition... If you are doing *any* work with text or strings, then the string-formatting operator is your friend. Learn to know it well, and it will help you immensely. :) Jeff Shannon Technician/Programmer Credit International From jimajima9@yahoo.com Fri Dec 28 21:45:46 2001 From: jimajima9@yahoo.com (Jim Angstadt) Date: Fri, 28 Dec 2001 13:45:46 -0800 (PST) Subject: [Tutor] Multi-line statements with comments Message-ID: <20011228214546.52772.qmail@web14008.mail.yahoo.com> Hi all, situation = [ 'win98se', 'python 2.1.1', 'very newbie user' ] An earlier thread pointed out to me the value of the string formatting operator. That was very helpful. It used this statement: print '%s%s

    ' % (webpath, x, x, descriptor(x)) [Somehow the continuation character, '\', was dropped. Maybe by my mail program.] However, the use of the continuation character does not permit one to have comments within the string. In regular expressions, there is a way to disreguard whitespace within the RE, and add comments, which makes a lengthy expression more readable. ( I'm referring to VERBOSE in python or x in perl. ) What is a good technique for commenting multi-line statements that are not REs? --- Jim __________________________________________________ Do You Yahoo!? Send your FREE holiday greetings online! http://greetings.yahoo.com From deliberatus@my995internet.com Fri Dec 28 22:16:14 2001 From: deliberatus@my995internet.com (Kirk Bailey) Date: Fri, 28 Dec 2001 17:16:14 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] ok, got a primitive but workable solution Message-ID: <3C2CEF2E.C9FF437F@my995internet.com> I wanted to trim a statement down to give me ONLY the name of the list. I got it. Probably not the best solution, but it works, and works in python 1.5.2 which is what is in my server. 'list' is a string, such as: './lists/testlist3.info' I want to extract the pure list name so I can display ONLY that. This works. def getname(list): a=string.split(list,'/') b=a[2] c=string.split(b,'.') return c[0] >>> a ['.', 'lists', 'mylist.info'] >>> list './lists/mylist.info' >>> string.split(list) ['./lists/mylist.info'] >>> string.split(list,'/') ['.', 'lists', 'mylist.info'] >>> def getname: SyntaxError: invalid syntax >>> def getname(list): a=string.split(list,'/') b=a[2] c=string.split(b,'.') return c[0] >>> list './lists/mylist.info' >>> getname(list) 'mylist' >>> -- Respectfully, -Kirk D Bailey (C)2001 Addme! icq #27840081 end Within the sweep of his sword, Each man is an Ubar. http://www.howlermonkey.net/ http://www.sacredelectron.org/ From arcege@speakeasy.net Fri Dec 28 22:51:44 2001 From: arcege@speakeasy.net (Michael P. Reilly) Date: Fri, 28 Dec 2001 17:51:44 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] Multi-line statements with comments In-Reply-To: <20011228214546.52772.qmail@web14008.mail.yahoo.com>; from jimajima9@yahoo.com on Fri, Dec 28, 2001 at 01:45:46PM -0800 References: <20011228214546.52772.qmail@web14008.mail.yahoo.com> Message-ID: <20011228175144.B919@speakeasy.net> On Fri, Dec 28, 2001 at 01:45:46PM -0800, Jim Angstadt wrote: > Hi all, > > situation = [ 'win98se', 'python 2.1.1', > 'very newbie user' ] > > An earlier thread pointed out to me the value of the > string formatting operator. That was very helpful. It > used this statement: > > print ' href="%scgi=bin/commander.py?list=%s">%s%s

    ' % > (webpath, x, x, descriptor(x)) > > [Somehow the continuation character, '\', was dropped. > > Maybe by my mail program.] > > However, the use of the continuation character does > not permit one to have comments within the string. In > regular expressions, there is a way to disreguard > whitespace within the RE, and add comments, which > makes a lengthy expression more readable. ( I'm > referring to VERBOSE in python or x in perl. ) > > What is a good technique for commenting multi-line > statements that are not REs? Line continuation cannot be used because the newline after it is, in essence, being quoted by the backslash ('\'). But parentheses can be used to do this too. But do not compare what new forms of regular expressions do with what a computer language does. The RE takes a single string and parses it internally. Python won't let you do the same within a string. print ( # let's get busy '%s%s

    ' # base format % (webpath, x, x, descriptor(x)) # rest of expression ) But there IS a neat thing you can do with strings: message = ('hi there\n' # notice no operator to join the strings 'how are you?\n' # no comma, no plus 'have a good day'# just the comment afterward ) # but we use the parentheses to get the multi-line print message This makes an expression with only one value, no operators. Syntactically, this is equivalent to: message = 'hi there\nhow are you\nhave a good day' print message Enjoy. -Arcege From shalehperry@attbi.com Fri Dec 28 22:58:26 2001 From: shalehperry@attbi.com (Sean 'Shaleh' Perry) Date: Fri, 28 Dec 2001 14:58:26 -0800 (PST) Subject: [Tutor] ok, got a primitive but workable solution In-Reply-To: <3C2CEF2E.C9FF437F@my995internet.com> Message-ID: On 28-Dec-2001 Kirk Bailey wrote: > I wanted to trim a statement down to give me ONLY the name of the list. > I got it. > > Probably not the best solution, but it works, and works in python 1.5.2 > which is what is in my server. > > 'list' is a string, such as: './lists/testlist3.info' > > I want to extract the pure list name so I can display ONLY that. This > works. > > def getname(list): > a=string.split(list,'/') > b=a[2] > c=string.split(b,'.') > return c[0] > apparently you missed my mail. def getname(thing): # list is A BAD NAME TO USE import os.path name = os.path.basename(thing) name, ext = os.path.splitext(name) return name From deliberatus@my995internet.com Sat Dec 29 00:17:05 2001 From: deliberatus@my995internet.com (Kirk Bailey) Date: Fri, 28 Dec 2001 19:17:05 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] ok, got a primitive but workable solution References: Message-ID: <3C2D0B81.975675B@my995internet.com> ok, got it working right- assuming my primitive understanding of cgi is 'right'. Take a look. outputted page: http://www.howlermonkey.net/cgi-bin/TLwebmgr.py Sourcecode: http://sss.howlermonkey.net/TLwebmgr.shtml This is the master page, the one listing all lists ( which have a info file, nudge nudge, wink wink) hosted on the service. It reads the first line of the (listname).info file, which is to be a 1 line description of the list. To read the FULL description (and access the form to subscribe or unsubscribe) they are to click a list name, and this sends in a command request to TLcommander.py which reads the information from the request using GET. IT's not a lot of info, so get is sufficent for this. This works, and it works in 1.5.2 python, so is downward compatible from the latest version, which is cool, as there many still using, even STUCK using, 1.5.foo! Sean 'Shaleh' Perry wrote: > > On 28-Dec-2001 Kirk Bailey wrote: > > I wanted to trim a statement down to give me ONLY the name of the list. > > I got it. > > > > Probably not the best solution, but it works, and works in python 1.5.2 > > which is what is in my server. > > > > 'list' is a string, such as: './lists/testlist3.info' > > > > I want to extract the pure list name so I can display ONLY that. This > > works. > > > > def getname(list): > > a=string.split(list,'/') > > b=a[2] > > c=string.split(b,'.') > > return c[0] > > > > apparently you missed my mail. > > def getname(thing): # list is A BAD NAME TO USE > import os.path > name = os.path.basename(thing) > name, ext = os.path.splitext(name) > return name > > _______________________________________________ > Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org > http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor -- Respectfully, -Kirk D Bailey (C)2001 Addme! icq #27840081 end Within the sweep of his sword, Each man is an Ubar. http://www.howlermonkey.net/ http://www.sacredelectron.org/ From eskimopauk@hotmail.com Sat Dec 29 00:54:53 2001 From: eskimopauk@hotmail.com (jonathan charlie) Date: Fri, 28 Dec 2001 15:54:53 -0900 Subject: [Tutor] remove me Message-ID: ------=_NextPart_001_0001_01C18FB7.FD184D60 Content-Type: text/plain; charset="iso-8859-1" Get more from the Web. FREE MSN Explorer download : http://explorer.msn.com ------=_NextPart_001_0001_01C18FB7.FD184D60 Content-Type: text/html; charset="iso-8859-1" Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable



    =
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    ------=_NextPart_001_0001_01C18FB7.FD184D60-- From dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu Sat Dec 29 01:28:00 2001 From: dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu (Danny Yoo) Date: Fri, 28 Dec 2001 17:28:00 -0800 (PST) Subject: [Tutor] remove me In-Reply-To: Message-ID: Hi Jonathan, It sounds like you're trying to unsubscribe from Tutor. If so, you can unsubscribe yourself by visiting the web page you used to subscribe to Tutor: http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor If you do down to the bottom of the page, you'll see an "Edit Options" form. From there, you should be able to edit your own options, and unsubscribe. Best of wishes to you. From shalehperry@attbi.com Sat Dec 29 01:30:09 2001 From: shalehperry@attbi.com (Sean 'Shaleh' Perry) Date: Fri, 28 Dec 2001 17:30:09 -0800 (PST) Subject: [Tutor] ok, got a primitive but workable solution In-Reply-To: <3C2D0B81.975675B@my995internet.com> Message-ID: > > This works, and it works in 1.5.2 python, so is downward compatible from > the latest version, which is cool, as there many still using, even STUCK > using, 1.5.foo! > unless i really need something spiffy, I write all of my code in 1.5 style. From prjoshi@ntc.net.np Sat Dec 29 01:35:35 2001 From: prjoshi@ntc.net.np (Pravin Raj Joshi) Date: Sat, 29 Dec 2001 07:05:35 +0530 Subject: [Tutor] RE...Quest from PRJoshi Message-ID: Hi, Here is a small problem again. I have two classes. Below are the codes and the file names. #--------------------------------------------------------- trailabout.py #--------------------------------------------------------- from Tkinter import * class abouttrail: def __init__(self,root=None): self.frame = frame = Frame(root) self.button = button = Button(frame,text="Press") frame.pack() button.pack() def trail(): root = Tk() mainwin = abouttrail(root=root) root.mainloop() if __name__ == '__main__': trail() #------------------------------------------------------- test.py #------------------------------------------------------- from Tkinter import * from trailabout import abouttrail root = Tk() mainwin = abouttrail(root=root) root.mainloop() ------------------------------------------------------- I have both the files in the following path: c:\python\nepali_converter\ When I compile them from outside Idle (using command-line interpreter) they work perfect, but from inside Idle here is the message I get and the program fails. I am using the one that comes with Python 2.2. #------------------------------------------------------ >>> Traceback (most recent call last): File "C:\Python\nepali_converter\test.py", line 2, in ? from trailabout import abouttrail ImportError: No module named trailabout #------------------------------------------------------ Could anyone let me know what is wrong. Thanks. PRJoshi From dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu Sat Dec 29 01:41:44 2001 From: dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu (Danny Yoo) Date: Fri, 28 Dec 2001 17:41:44 -0800 (PST) Subject: [Tutor] Multi-line statements with comments In-Reply-To: <20011228214546.52772.qmail@web14008.mail.yahoo.com> Message-ID: On Fri, 28 Dec 2001, Jim Angstadt wrote: > However, the use of the continuation character does not permit one to > have comments within the string. In regular expressions, there is a > way to disreguard whitespace within the RE, and add comments, which > makes a lengthy expression more readable. ( I'm referring to VERBOSE > in python or x in perl. ) > > What is a good technique for commenting multi-line statements that are > not REs? We can cook up a simple function that allows us to do something like this: ### comment_re = re.compile(r'#[^\n]*?\n') def removeComments(s): return comment_re.sub('\n', s) ### Here's an example of how to use this function: ### >>> removeComments('''this is # a test ... hello world ## foo! ... ''') 'this is \012hello world \012' ### However, there's one big deficiency in the regular expression as it stands: what happens if we give it soething like this? ### s = removeComments("hello # why doesn't this comment disappear?") print s ### So there's definitely room to improve this. Hope this helps! From deliberatus@my995internet.com Sat Dec 29 02:40:14 2001 From: deliberatus@my995internet.com (Kirk Bailey) Date: Fri, 28 Dec 2001 21:40:14 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] environment data Message-ID: <3C2D2D0E.F83F894F@my995internet.com> ok, I want to read a environment variable in a script. This contains 'everything after the first "?" in the url' according to my reading. My application will have 1 word there. The url is http://www.howlermonkey.net/cgi-bin/commander.py?(listname) where (listname) is replaced by a 1 word string, the name of the list of intrest. cgi module leaves me baffled, but if I can just read the bloddy environment variable I can run with it from there. How I do that? -- Respectfully, -Kirk D Bailey (C)2001 Addme! icq #27840081 end Within the sweep of his sword, Each man is an Ubar. http://www.howlermonkey.net/ http://www.sacredelectron.org/ From shalehperry@attbi.com Sat Dec 29 02:50:35 2001 From: shalehperry@attbi.com (Sean 'Shaleh' Perry) Date: Fri, 28 Dec 2001 18:50:35 -0800 (PST) Subject: [Tutor] environment data In-Reply-To: <3C2D2D0E.F83F894F@my995internet.com> Message-ID: On 29-Dec-2001 Kirk Bailey wrote: > ok, I want to read a environment variable in a script. > This contains 'everything after the first "?" in the url' according to > my reading. > My application will have 1 word there. > The url is > http://www.howlermonkey.net/cgi-bin/commander.py?(listname) > where (listname) is replaced by a 1 word string, the name of the list of > intrest. > > cgi module leaves me baffled, but if I can just read the bloddy > environment variable I can run with it from there. > import os.environ print os.environ['MY_DATA'] The cgi module for python passes os.environ as a parameter: environ = os.environ environ['REQUEST_METHOD'] cgi.py is a lot like rfc822, it parses headers and other data storing them in a dictionary and giving you access to them as if the returned item was a dictionary itself. From kojo@hal-pc.org Sat Dec 29 04:44:25 2001 From: kojo@hal-pc.org (Kojo Idrissa) Date: Fri, 28 Dec 2001 22:44:25 -0600 Subject: [Tutor] Building Python Source with Cygwin? Message-ID: <5.1.0.14.0.20011228224026.00afe508@Pop3.norton.antivirus> I know this is sort of off-topic, but I figured someone here might know. I recently installed a lot of the Cygwin stuff on my machine (GCC, etc...). Can I take the Python source from any of my Linux CD's and build it for Win2K with Cygwin? I'm pretty sure source is source, but I'm just wondering if I can now take any related source (SWIG, Jython, etc...) from anywhere and build it on my Win2K box or partition. That would be helpful. God knows I've got plenty of source CDs floating around... Just wondering, **************************** Kojo Idrissa kojo@hal-pc.org http://www.hal-pc.org/~kojo/ **************************** From grimmtoothtoo@yahoo.com Sat Dec 29 05:46:22 2001 From: grimmtoothtoo@yahoo.com (Grimmtooth) Date: Sat, 29 Dec 2001 00:46:22 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] Building Python Source with Cygwin? In-Reply-To: <5.1.0.14.0.20011228224026.00afe508@Pop3.norton.antivirus> Message-ID: > I know this is sort of off-topic, but I figured someone here might know. > > I recently installed a lot of the Cygwin stuff on my machine > (GCC, etc...). > > Can I take the Python source from any of my Linux CD's and build it for > Win2K with Cygwin? I'm pretty sure source is source, but I'm just Unless you're doing it for jollies, there's already a Python.exe included with CygWin. But as I understand it, you can compile the *nix source with little or no modification. _________________________________________________________ Do You Yahoo!? Get your free @yahoo.com address at http://mail.yahoo.com From dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu Sat Dec 29 06:45:02 2001 From: dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu (Danny Yoo) Date: Fri, 28 Dec 2001 22:45:02 -0800 (PST) Subject: [Tutor] environment data [CGI] In-Reply-To: Message-ID: On Fri, 28 Dec 2001, Sean 'Shaleh' Perry wrote: > > cgi module leaves me baffled, but if I can just read the bloddy > > environment variable I can run with it from there. > > > > import os.environ > > print os.environ['MY_DATA'] > > The cgi module for python passes os.environ as a parameter: > > environ = os.environ > > environ['REQUEST_METHOD'] > > cgi.py is a lot like rfc822, it parses headers and other data storing > them in a dictionary and giving you access to them as if the returned > item was a dictionary itself. The documentation hides a nice example of the cgi module in action here: http://www.python.org/doc/lib/node295.html ### form = cgi.FieldStorage() if not (form.has_key("name") and form.has_key("addr")): print "

    Error

    " print "Please fill in the name and addr fields." return print "

    name:", form["name"].value print "

    addr:", form["addr"].value ### So cgi.FieldStorage() almost behaves like a dictionary, with the exception that to get at the actual value, we need to do something like 'form[key].value' instead of just 'form[key]'. Why? There are good reasons for this: forms can have more than strings! Their values can be uploaded files as well, and the bottom of the link: http://www.python.org/doc/lib/node295.html talks about this in more detail. That's one big reason why cgi.FieldStorage() is a little more awkward to use than a dictionary. Also, there's a lot of resources you can look at for more CGI examples. Here are two that may interest you: http://python.org/topics/web/basic-cgi.html http://www.devshed.com/Server_Side/Python/CGI/page1.html The devshed.com article is especially good, as it has a lot of examples with commentary. From dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu Sat Dec 29 06:52:38 2001 From: dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu (Danny Yoo) Date: Fri, 28 Dec 2001 22:52:38 -0800 (PST) Subject: [Tutor] Building Python Source with Cygwin? In-Reply-To: <5.1.0.14.0.20011228224026.00afe508@Pop3.norton.antivirus> Message-ID: On Fri, 28 Dec 2001, Kojo Idrissa wrote: > I know this is sort of off-topic, but I figured someone here might know. > > I recently installed a lot of the Cygwin stuff on my machine (GCC, etc...). > > Can I take the Python source from any of my Linux CD's and build it > for Win2K with Cygwin? I'm pretty sure source is source, but I'm just > wondering if I can now take any related source (SWIG, Jython, etc...) > from anywhere and build it on my Win2K box or partition. Yes, this should work, as there is one unified source code distribution (the .tgz file) available on Python.org for each version release. However, before doing anything, you'll really want to look at the README file that's in the root of the source code distribution --- it talks a lot about compilation issues that you might want to look at before tearing your hair out in frustration. *grin* I've heard that a lot of compilation issues have been resolved in the more recent Python releases, so you might want to try Python 2.1 or 2.2 in preference over older releases. If you have compilation problems, you can ask questions on comp.lang.python --- the Visual C++ wizards on the newsgroup can help you. Good luck to you! From urnerk@qwest.net Sat Dec 29 15:42:05 2001 From: urnerk@qwest.net (Kirby Urner) Date: Sat, 29 Dec 2001 07:42:05 -0800 Subject: [Tutor] Multi-line statements with comments In-Reply-To: Message-ID: <000201c1907f$628193b0$c03b0404@JACK> Kirby Urner, 4D Solutions -----Original Message----- From: tutor-admin@python.org [mailto:tutor-admin@python.org] On Behalf Of Danny Yoo Sent: Friday, December 28, 2001 5:42 PM To: Jim Angstadt Cc: tutor@python.org Subject: Re: [Tutor] Multi-line statements with comments On Fri, 28 Dec 2001, Jim Angstadt wrote: > However, the use of the continuation character does not permit one to > have comments within the string. In regular expressions, there is a > way to disreguard whitespace within the RE, and add comments, which > makes a lengthy expression more readable. ( I'm referring to VERBOSE > in python or x in perl. ) > > What is a good technique for commenting multi-line statements that are > not REs? Note: you can also have comments in multi-lines where the goal is to define a sequence or mapping. >>> j = [ 1,2, # this is a 3,4 # list ] >>> j [1, 2, 3, 4] So if you have your heart set on commenting each line of a string, spread across multiple lines, you could do something like: >>> mylist = ["here we", # beginning of string " are testing", # middle of string " a way to comment", # etc. " string formations" # finis ] then join it all together at the end (comments automagically gone): >>> thestring = ''.join(mylist) >>> thestring 'here we are testing a way to comment string formations' Kirby From urnerk@qwest.net Sat Dec 29 15:51:50 2001 From: urnerk@qwest.net (Kirby Urner) Date: Sat, 29 Dec 2001 07:51:50 -0800 Subject: [Tutor] Multi-line statements with comments In-Reply-To: <000201c1907f$628193b0$c03b0404@JACK> Message-ID: <000301c19080$beb151b0$c03b0404@JACK> I just realized that, even simpler than joining a string split into a list of substrings, in order to comment each part, is to take advantage of the syntax which concatenates strings if they simply appear in sequence e.g. "hello " "world" becomes "hello world". Combine this feature with the grouping characters ( ), which give you multilines without use of \, and you've got a way to comment a multi-line string sans use of join(): >>> mystr = ("the" # another way to comment " " # a multiline string "end") # check it out! >>> mystr 'the end' Kirby From urnerk@qwest.net Sat Dec 29 16:26:09 2001 From: urnerk@qwest.net (Kirby Urner) Date: Sat, 29 Dec 2001 08:26:09 -0800 Subject: [Tutor] Multi-line statements with comments In-Reply-To: <000301c19080$beb151b0$c03b0404@JACK> Message-ID: <000101c19085$8a32a6f0$c03b0404@JACK> >>> mystr = ("the" # another way to comment " " # a multiline string "end") # check it out! >>> mystr 'the end' However, the above "discovery" is exactly what the docs suggest for defining a regular expression across multi-lines -- something I thought was acknowledged at the top of this thread (not sure): re.compile("[A-Za-z_]" # letter or underscore "[A-Za-z0-9_]*" # letter, digit or underscore ) So I haven't added anything new here. Oh well. Kirby From glingl@aon.at Sat Dec 29 14:53:15 2001 From: glingl@aon.at (Gregor Lingl) Date: Sat, 29 Dec 2001 15:53:15 +0100 Subject: [Tutor] Multi-line statements with comments References: Message-ID: <003201c19078$8c1339b0$1664a8c0@mega> ... > > def removeComments(s): > return comment_re.sub('\n', s) > ### > ... > > However, there's one big deficiency in the regular expression as it > stands: what happens if we give it soething like this? > > ### > s = removeComments("hello # why doesn't this comment disappear?") > print s > ### > > > So there's definitely room to improve this. > Would you consider this to be an appropriate proposition: def removeComments(s): return comment_re.sub('\n', s+'\n')[:-1] ? Gregor From bwinton@tor.dhs.org Sat Dec 29 15:05:10 2001 From: bwinton@tor.dhs.org (Blake Winton) Date: Sat, 29 Dec 2001 10:05:10 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] environment data [CGI] In-Reply-To: References: Message-ID: <20011229100510.A16533@tor.dhs.org> * Danny Yoo [011229 01:48]: > On Fri, 28 Dec 2001, Sean 'Shaleh' Perry wrote: > > > cgi module leaves me baffled, but if I can just read the bloddy > > > environment variable I can run with it from there. > So cgi.FieldStorage() almost behaves like a dictionary, with the exception > that to get at the actual value, we need to do something like > 'form[key].value' instead of just 'form[key]'. Why? My question is why I can't get the "aaa" from the url http://tor.dhs.org/cgi-bin/daily.py?aaa&name=Source the "name=Source" comes through fine, but the aaa is lost. Later, Blake. -- 9:40pm up 52 days, 21:07, 2 users, load average: 0.02, 0.09, 0.07 From kojo@hal-pc.org Sat Dec 29 15:14:00 2001 From: kojo@hal-pc.org (Kojo Idrissa) Date: Sat, 29 Dec 2001 09:14:00 -0600 Subject: [Tutor] Building Python Source with Cygwin? In-Reply-To: References: <5.1.0.14.0.20011228224026.00afe508@Pop3.norton.antivirus> Message-ID: <5.1.0.14.0.20011229090550.00afeae8@Pop3.norton.antivirus> At 12:46 AM 12/29/2001 -0500, "Grimmtooth" wrote: >Unless you're doing it for jollies, there's already a Python.exe included >with CygWin. But as I understand it, you can compile the *nix source with >little or no modification. Yeah, pretty much for jollies. I've recently been playing with the "build your own binary with different options turned on " features of software (ie build Python 1.5.2 with thread support under Linux). Just wondering if I'd be able to do the same type of stuff on my Win2K box/partition now that I've got the GNU development tools installed there. Actually, it seems like this could be another selling point for Python (and most Free/Open software) to be used on Win32 platforms...the ability to get customized versions at no cost (free/cheap source with free/cheap development tools to build the source). Not a new idea of course, but it's my first time playing with this stuff on my Win partition. Anyway, enough with the Free Software discussion. Back to Python. Thanks for the response. You too Danny. **************************** Kojo Idrissa kojo@hal-pc.org http://www.hal-pc.org/~kojo/ **************************** From pythontutor@venix.com Sat Dec 29 18:50:35 2001 From: pythontutor@venix.com (Lloyd Kvam) Date: Sat, 29 Dec 2001 13:50:35 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] environment data [CGI] References: <20011229100510.A16533@tor.dhs.org> Message-ID: <3C2E107B.5040604@venix.com> try saying ...?aaa=1&name=Source So far as I know, unset variables don't make it through to cgi scripts (at least under apache). Obviously, a lot of settings could affect this. Blake Winton wrote: > * Danny Yoo [011229 01:48]: > >>On Fri, 28 Dec 2001, Sean 'Shaleh' Perry wrote: >> >>>>cgi module leaves me baffled, but if I can just read the bloddy >>>>environment variable I can run with it from there. >>>> >>So cgi.FieldStorage() almost behaves like a dictionary, with the exception >>that to get at the actual value, we need to do something like >>'form[key].value' instead of just 'form[key]'. Why? >> > > My question is why I can't get the "aaa" from the url > http://tor.dhs.org/cgi-bin/daily.py?aaa&name=Source > the "name=Source" comes through fine, but the aaa is lost. > > Later, > Blake. > -- Lloyd Kvam Venix Corp. 1 Court Street, Suite 378 Lebanon, NH 03766-1358 voice: 603-443-6155 fax: 801-459-9582 From jimajima9@yahoo.com Sat Dec 29 19:53:12 2001 From: jimajima9@yahoo.com (Jim Angstadt) Date: Sat, 29 Dec 2001 11:53:12 -0800 (PST) Subject: [Tutor] Multi-line statements with comments In-Reply-To: <000101c19085$8a32a6f0$c03b0404@JACK> Message-ID: <20011229195312.11165.qmail@web14007.mail.yahoo.com> Many thanks for all who responded to my question on multi-line statements with comments. Here's a summary of what I learned: * pure string literal => use triple quotes. If there are no operators or variables, just pure text, then I'll use triple quotes. I have not found the need to comment my own comments. * embedded operators and variables => use something like the following: # ----- print ( # let's get busy # comments 'noise %s noise %s noise\n' # base format # comments 'pure text' operators variables \ more operators, vars, string, etc \ and the end of statement. # comments % ( x, y ) # rest of expression # comments ) # ----- In other words, I'll use continuation characters to keep my lines short, for readability. Then comment before and or after. * functions to remove comments => not yet. I tend to want to write code that is well-commented and easy to read, with a minimum of abstraction. For now, another function seems a little to much, an unnecessary amount of logic that others may not pick up on. It also may make my code harder to share, without some cut and paste for readability. Once again, I appreciate all the responses, thanks very much. --- Jim __________________________________________________ Do You Yahoo!? Send your FREE holiday greetings online! http://greetings.yahoo.com From dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu Sat Dec 29 20:03:27 2001 From: dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu (Danny Yoo) Date: Sat, 29 Dec 2001 12:03:27 -0800 (PST) Subject: [Tutor] RE...Quest from PRJoshi [fixing IDLE] In-Reply-To: Message-ID: This message is in MIME format. The first part should be readable text, while the remaining parts are likely unreadable without MIME-aware tools. Send mail to mime@docserver.cac.washington.edu for more info. --545280650-578560010-1009656207=:13114 Content-Type: TEXT/PLAIN; charset=US-ASCII On Sat, 29 Dec 2001, Pravin Raj Joshi wrote: > I have both the files in the following path: > c:\python\nepali_converter\ When I compile them from outside Idle > (using command-line interpreter) they work perfect, but from inside > Idle here is the message I get and the program fails. I am using the > one that comes with Python 2.2. > > #------------------------------------------------------ > >>> > Traceback (most recent call last): > File "C:\Python\nepali_converter\test.py", line 2, in ? > from trailabout import abouttrail > ImportError: No module named trailabout Ok, I just checked this out. Nothing's wrong with your program. Instead, this feels like an IDLE bug to me. Try "Import Module" instead --- it's right next to the Run Script command in the window. It appears to behave more nicely. I wonder why? Let me check on this... Hmmm...*shuffle shuffle* .... Ah! The problem is that "Run Script" uses Python's 'execfile()' function to run a script. The bug is that IDLE doesn't add "C:\Python\nepali_converter" to the sys.path directory list. What this means is that when your file tries to import 'abouttrail', IDLE has no clue where to find it. IDLE is itself written in Python, so if we feel brave, we can fix this problem if we're willing to look at the source. The file 'ScriptBinding.py' within the IDLE directory has a function called "run_script_event()" which does the work when we "Run Script". Take a look: ### def run_script_event(self, event): filename = self.getfilename() if not filename: return flist = self.editwin.flist shell = flist.open_shell() interp = shell.interp if (not sys.argv or os.path.basename(sys.argv[0]) != os.path.basename(filename)): # XXX Too often this discards arguments the user just set... sys.argv = [filename] interp.execfile(filename) ### The important part is right at the bottom: it just calls execfile(), but doesn't fix sys.path before doing this. A possible fix for this would be to forcefully set up sys.path to do the right thing: ### def run_script_event(self, event): filename = self.getfilename() if not filename: return flist = self.editwin.flist shell = flist.open_shell() interp = shell.interp if (not sys.argv or os.path.basename(sys.argv[0]) != os.path.basename(filename)): # XXX Too often this discards arguments the user just set... sys.argv = [filename] old_syspath = sys.path[:] sys.path.append(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(filename))) interp.execfile(filename) sys.path = old_syspath ### and this appears to fix the problem. I've attached the fixed ScriptBinding.py file to this message. You can copy this to "C:\Python2.2\Tools\idle" directory (but make a backup copy of ScriptBinding.py just in case I messed up). Afterwards, if you restart IDLE, things should work. I'll send this message also to the IDLE folks too and see if they like this approach. 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EVERYTHING after the first '?' in a url is sent to the environment variable QUERY_STRING. ok, here's a sample link: foo ok, 'listname=foo' should be deposited in QUERY_STRING, says so right here. Sure. Right. Check. -- Respectfully, -Kirk D Bailey (C)2001 Addme! icq #27840081 end Within the sweep of his sword, Each man is an Ubar. http://www.howlermonkey.net/ http://www.sacredelectron.org/ From deliberatus@my995internet.com Sun Dec 30 03:22:25 2001 From: deliberatus@my995internet.com (Kirk Bailey) Date: Sat, 29 Dec 2001 22:22:25 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] woopie!!! References: <200112300315.fBU3FAM01048@ns.howlermonkey.net> Message-ID: <3C2E8871.9C67917F@my995internet.com> YAY! ok, I bound a hysenbug and a typo. It seems, SOME header sequences are more reliable than others. MOST people send out the email in a certain sequence of headers, more or less, and this seems to work better than the older flavor- but even then, your milage may vary. WORSE, I found a missing '+' so instead of msg=msg+ (foo), it was msg=msg(evaluating true, and tossed away), then + subject+CRLF which, having HEADER definition field, was ignored. The field definition literal ("Subject ") was BEFORE this part, and omitted by the missing '+'. Sigh. ok, that solved some oddities, and got out names back into the FROM field. YAY! ON ANOTHER FRONT THE REPLY TO FEATURE IS NOW IN AND WORKING. That means not only can you have reply-to set to the list, it can be set to a THIRD PARTY, making a MODERATED list simple. Set the reply to to the moderator. They forward to list if approved, trash it if not. Are we having fun yet? Kirk Bailey wrote: > > test. first line of body, there should be a single blank line above this one > in the file, but not in your received copy. > > That blank line serves to seperate headers from body in the message. > > -- > > Respectfully, > -Kirk D Bailey (C)2001 > Addme! icq #27840081 > end > > Within the sweep of his sword, Each man is an Ubar. > > http://www.howlermonkey.net/ > http://www.sacredelectron.org/ > > this is the very last line of the message, not even an extra CRLF > follows this. > > -testlist3.footer=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- > click [REPLY] to reply to sender > Click [REPLYALL] to reply to the list and poster > Click RESET for education on computers > > lastline footer > > List random #3 > > Hosted by http://www.howlermonkey.net/ ! Free Email and Lists! > > 36How would YOU spend $200? At NepFlip EVERYONE get's paid!
    -- Respectfully, -Kirk D Bailey (C)2001 Addme! icq #27840081 end Within the sweep of his sword, Each man is an Ubar. http://www.howlermonkey.net/ http://www.sacredelectron.org/ From RWolfson@home.com Sun Dec 30 03:55:55 2001 From: RWolfson@home.com (Ross Wolfson) Date: Sat, 29 Dec 2001 22:55:55 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] BaseHTTPServer Tutorial Message-ID: Does anyone know of a good BaseHTTPServer tutorial? It seems like a great library since Edna (http://edna.sourceforge.net) was written using it, but I wonder how they learned how to use it. I've tried google and I can't get any real tutorials on BaseHTTPServer. (One showing how to make a simple 'hello world' webpage might be nice). Ednas source is also way too complex for a simple hello world to come from it. (I also don't know anything about http programming and headers etc) -Ross W. P.S. - Heres my nonworking source to a hello world attempt(don't try to execute it, it doesn't work)(To be safe, I included every library edna did, and I also copied a lot of source) import SocketServer import BaseHTTPServer import ConfigParser import sys import string import os import cgi import urllib import socket import re import stat import random import time import struct # determine which mixin to use: prefer threading, fall back to forking. try: import thread mixin = SocketServer.ThreadingMixIn except ImportError: if not hasattr(os, 'fork'): print "ERROR: your platform does not support threading OR forking." sys.exit(1) mixin = SocketServer.ForkingMixIn class myserver(mixin,BaseHTTPServer.HTTPServer): def __init__(self): self.port=80 SocketServer.TCPServer.__init__(self,('', self.port),myrequesthandler) def server_bind(self): # set SO_REUSEADDR (if available on this platform) if hasattr(socket, 'SOL_SOCKET') and hasattr(socket, 'SO_REUSEADDR'): self.socket.setsockopt(socket.SOL_SOCKET, socket.SO_REUSEADDR, 1) BaseHTTPServer.HTTPServer.server_bind(self) """ def acl_ok(self, ipaddr): if not self.acls: return 1 ipaddr = dot2int(ipaddr) for allowed, mask in self.acls: if (ipaddr & mask) == (allowed & mask): return 1 return 0 """ class myrequesthandler(BaseHTTPServer.BaseHTTPRequestHandler): def do_GET(self): self._perform_GET() def _perform_GET(self): if not self.server.acl_ok(self.client_address[0]): self.send_error(403, 'Forbidden') return path = self.translate_path() if path is None: self.send_error(400, 'Illegal URL construction') return self.send_response(200) self.send_header("Content-Type", 'text/html') self.end_headers() self.wfile.write('TestingTesting 1 2 3...') self.wfile.write('


    ') self.wfile.write(`self.client_address[0]`) print self.client_address[0] if __name__ == '__main__': print 'working!' svr=myserver() svr.serve_forever() From lha2@columbia.edu Sun Dec 30 13:45:06 2001 From: lha2@columbia.edu (Lloyd Hugh Allen) Date: Sun, 30 Dec 2001 08:45:06 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] Re...From PRJoshi References: Message-ID: <3C2F1A62.46D9D205@mail.verizon.net> If no one gets back to you on how to do this within Tkinter, check out wxWindows, which does allow you to change that icon. It appears that an MS Windows icon is standard, but the demo uses a custom icon. Sorry if this is not responsive--I don't know wxWindows well enough to know its ease of use compared to Tkinter, just ran the demo and saw that the code for doing what you want is already written (for wxWindows). > Pravin Raj Joshi wrote: > > Hi, > > Sorry for not being very clear with my last questions. > I seem to have solved the problem for the pages and files. > But I would like to clearify my second question. > What I want to do is change the icon of my windows. (I have inserted a > photo of what I want to do!) > > (photo indicating that PRJoshi doesn't like the red cursive "Tk" in the > top left corner of each Tkinter window) > > Basically I want to change the TK icon with something else. I read > somewhere it was not possible to change that for the root, but it was > possible for the toplevel. > > How to change that? > > Thanks > > PRJoshi From dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu Sun Dec 30 22:02:41 2001 From: dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu (Danny Yoo) Date: Sun, 30 Dec 2001 14:02:41 -0800 (PST) Subject: [Tutor] sci heacaches In-Reply-To: <3C2E658F.92F43726@my995internet.com> Message-ID: On Sat, 29 Dec 2001, Kirk Bailey wrote: > ok, I want to pass A SINGLE WORD to a script. > > EVERYTHING after the first '?' in a url is sent to the environment > variable QUERY_STRING. Yes, that what the CGI standard says is supposed to happen: the whole query string be stored in the environmental variable QUERY_STRING. It becomes the programmer's job to either pick things out of QUERY_STRING manually, or use something that other programmers have cooked up, like the 'cgi' module: http://python.org/doc/current/lib/module-cgi.html The 'cgi' module is a little complicated to use at first, but it's worth using it. The module does a lot of stuff like automatically escaping and unescaping special characters in parameters. From highprimate@howlermonkey.net Sun Dec 30 23:02:27 2001 From: highprimate@howlermonkey.net (Kirk Bailey) Date: Sun, 30 Dec 2001 18:2:27 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] ARG! @$^@$%@@$! isp email server... Message-ID: <200112302302.fBUN2OM06513@ns.howlermonkey.net> Oy Gevalt. MUTHA. My isp's email server is down, AGAIN, since around 2:30 am. fortunately, here at HowlerMonkey we aspire to superior uptime ratios, and achive them by BoB by damn by yes. oh say is the now. cgi-wiz around, for my brains are confuused, and my fingers now are brused. webform2 is the task, and it sits on it's ass, blowing errors for all, and my skills here are quite small. Should I post the thing or point you at a web page that includes it? http://www.howlermonkey.net/TLwebform2.shtml also have a web page with the web error log on display. http://www.howlermonkey.net/cgi-bin/current-error.cgi As these are ssi, they are instant by instant updates and are CURRENT. (ssi and html I got down fair to decent by now.) end In total confusion, Kirk D Bailey |----------------------------------------------------| | Consulting Agent Provecateur | | Webmaster, Howlermonkey Email services Co. | | Please visit us at http://www.howlermonkey.net/ | |----------------------------------------------------| From fallen@leveltwo.com Sun Dec 30 23:31:52 2001 From: fallen@leveltwo.com (Fred Allen) Date: Sun, 30 Dec 2001 15:31:52 -0800 Subject: [Tutor] PythonPath Stickiness Message-ID: <4BB02C541824D311921600902765DB7B445B14@LTISERVER> Dear Sirs and Mesdames: I 've recently gotten a new system, which operates under MS Windows 2000 Pro and whereupon I've installed Python 2.2 and a coterie of adjuncts. For reasons obscure to me, my PYTHONPATH environmental variable seems ignored. I believe when I enter the 'python' command, the command processor should first search my current directory and, failing to find the executable therein, proceed to search in sequence all directories listed under the 'path' environmental variable and then, still failing to find 'python.exe' proceed likewise, searching through those directories associated with the environmental variable 'PYTHONPATH.' Mine behaves otherwise, as the screen listing below attests. Microsoft Windows 2000 [Version 5.00.2195] (C) Copyright 1985-2000 Microsoft Corp. C:\>set PYTHONPATH PYTHONPATH=C:\Python22\;C:\Python22\Lib\site-packages\wxPython\demo\ C:\>python 'python' is not recognized as an internal or external command, operable program or batch file. C:\>cd Python22 C:\Python22>python Python 2.2c1 (#27, Dec 14 2001, 13:15:16) [MSC 32 bit (Intel)] on win32 Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information. >>> I'll be grateful for any help. With thanks in advance, I am, Respectfully, Fred Allen From dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu Mon Dec 31 00:20:59 2001 From: dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu (Danny Yoo) Date: Sun, 30 Dec 2001 16:20:59 -0800 (PST) Subject: [Tutor] PythonPath Stickiness In-Reply-To: <4BB02C541824D311921600902765DB7B445B14@LTISERVER> Message-ID: On Sun, 30 Dec 2001, Fred Allen wrote: > Dear Sirs and Mesdames: > > I 've recently gotten a new system, which operates under MS Windows > 2000 Pro and whereupon I've installed Python 2.2 and a coterie of > adjuncts. For reasons obscure to me, my PYTHONPATH environmental > variable seems ignored. You're probably thinking of the PATH environmental variable, which Windows uses to search for commands. You can modify the PATH variable from the Control Panel applet; I don't have Windows 2000 at the moment, but I did remember seeing something like "Environmental Variables" somewhere in there. PYTHONPATH is specific to Python's searching of library modules, not the execution of console commands. If you have more questions, please feel free to ask. From grimmtoothtoo@yahoo.com Mon Dec 31 00:49:04 2001 From: grimmtoothtoo@yahoo.com (Grimmtooth) Date: Sun, 30 Dec 2001 19:49:04 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] PythonPath Stickiness In-Reply-To: <4BB02C541824D311921600902765DB7B445B14@LTISERVER> Message-ID: > For reasons obscure to me, my PYTHONPATH environmental variable seems > ignored. I believe when I enter the 'python' command, the command PYTHONPATH is only used internally by Python itself. The location of the Python binary should be indicated in the primary PATH variable, just like everything else. PYTHONPATH tells Python where to find its goodies once it is started, so you WILL need to have that set, too. _________________________________________________________ Do You Yahoo!? Get your free @yahoo.com address at http://mail.yahoo.com From wilson@visi.com Mon Dec 31 02:30:43 2001 From: wilson@visi.com (Timothy Wilson) Date: Sun, 30 Dec 2001 20:30:43 -0600 (CST) Subject: [Tutor] Code critique please (OOP strategy) Message-ID: Hi everyone, I've done an object-oriented version of the stock portfolio tracking program I assigned to my students (http://www.isd197.org/sibley/cs/icp/assignments/portfolio_html). I plan to use this for comparison when we introduce OOP after the Winter Break. My version is available at http://www.qwerk.org/tim/ I'd like to get some feedback on the code. I've created two classes here, Portfolio and Stock. I'm specifically interested in the way the main() function interacts with the class methods. I've got a strange mix of program logic stuck in a series of elif statements and in the class methods themselves. Something doesn't seem right about it. Is there a way to create a Menu class that would help? -Tim -- Tim Wilson | Visit Sibley online: | Check out: Henry Sibley HS | http://www.isd197.org | http://www.zope.com W. St. Paul, MN | | http://slashdot.org wilson@visi.com | | http://linux.com From karthikg@aztec.soft.net Mon Dec 31 04:40:43 2001 From: karthikg@aztec.soft.net (Karthik Gurumurthy) Date: Mon, 31 Dec 2001 10:10:43 +0530 Subject: [Tutor] BaseHTTPServer Tutorial In-Reply-To: Message-ID: core python programming has this code..s'd be helpful. in the beginning ,place a plain test.html file in the directory from where you start the server and try accesing it through http://localhost/test.html wffile in BaseHTTPRequestHandler points to the output stream where we can write. this code just reads the contents of the file u tried accessing ("test.html") and writes it to that stream which can be seen on the browser. ...code... from os import curdir, sep from BaseHTTPServer import BaseHTTPRequestHandler, HTTPServer class MyHandler(BaseHTTPRequestHandler): def do_GET(self): try: f = open(curdir + sep + self.path) #self.path has /test.html self.send_response(200) self.send_header('Content-type', 'text/html') self.end_headers() self.wfile.write(f.read()) f.close() except IOError: self.send_error(404,'File Not Found: %s' % self.path) def main(): try: server = HTTPServer(('', 80), MyHandler) print 'Welcome to the machine...' server.serve_forever() except KeyboardInterrupt: print '^C received, shutting down server' server.socket.close() if __name__ == '__main__': main() -----Original Message----- From: tutor-admin@python.org [mailto:tutor-admin@python.org]On Behalf Of Ross Wolfson Sent: Sunday, December 30, 2001 9:26 AM To: tutor@python.org Subject: [Tutor] BaseHTTPServer Tutorial Does anyone know of a good BaseHTTPServer tutorial? It seems like a great library since Edna (http://edna.sourceforge.net) was written using it, but I wonder how they learned how to use it. I've tried google and I can't get any real tutorials on BaseHTTPServer. (One showing how to make a simple 'hello world' webpage might be nice). Ednas source is also way too complex for a simple hello world to come from it. (I also don't know anything about http programming and headers etc) -Ross W. P.S. - Heres my nonworking source to a hello world attempt(don't try to execute it, it doesn't work)(To be safe, I included every library edna did, and I also copied a lot of source) import SocketServer import BaseHTTPServer import ConfigParser import sys import string import os import cgi import urllib import socket import re import stat import random import time import struct # determine which mixin to use: prefer threading, fall back to forking. try: import thread mixin = SocketServer.ThreadingMixIn except ImportError: if not hasattr(os, 'fork'): print "ERROR: your platform does not support threading OR forking." sys.exit(1) mixin = SocketServer.ForkingMixIn class myserver(mixin,BaseHTTPServer.HTTPServer): def __init__(self): self.port=80 SocketServer.TCPServer.__init__(self,('', self.port),myrequesthandler) def server_bind(self): # set SO_REUSEADDR (if available on this platform) if hasattr(socket, 'SOL_SOCKET') and hasattr(socket, 'SO_REUSEADDR'): self.socket.setsockopt(socket.SOL_SOCKET, socket.SO_REUSEADDR, 1) BaseHTTPServer.HTTPServer.server_bind(self) """ def acl_ok(self, ipaddr): if not self.acls: return 1 ipaddr = dot2int(ipaddr) for allowed, mask in self.acls: if (ipaddr & mask) == (allowed & mask): return 1 return 0 """ class myrequesthandler(BaseHTTPServer.BaseHTTPRequestHandler): def do_GET(self): self._perform_GET() def _perform_GET(self): if not self.server.acl_ok(self.client_address[0]): self.send_error(403, 'Forbidden') return path = self.translate_path() if path is None: self.send_error(400, 'Illegal URL construction') return self.send_response(200) self.send_header("Content-Type", 'text/html') self.end_headers() self.wfile.write('TestingTesting 1 2 3...') self.wfile.write('


    ') self.wfile.write(`self.client_address[0]`) print self.client_address[0] if __name__ == '__main__': print 'working!' svr=myserver() svr.serve_forever() _______________________________________________ Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor From shalehperry@attbi.com Mon Dec 31 08:11:02 2001 From: shalehperry@attbi.com (Sean 'Shaleh' Perry) Date: Mon, 31 Dec 2001 00:11:02 -0800 (PST) Subject: [Tutor] Code critique please (OOP strategy) In-Reply-To: Message-ID: On 31-Dec-2001 Timothy Wilson wrote: > Hi everyone, > > I've done an object-oriented version of the stock portfolio tracking > program I assigned to my students > (http://www.isd197.org/sibley/cs/icp/assignments/portfolio_html). I plan > to use this for comparison when we introduce OOP after the Winter Break. > > My version is available at http://www.qwerk.org/tim/ > > I'd like to get some feedback on the code. I've created two classes > here, Portfolio and Stock. I'm specifically interested in the way the > main() function interacts with the class methods. I've got a strange mix > of program logic stuck in a series of elif statements and in the class > methods themselves. Something doesn't seem right about it. > In my opinion, constructing a class should never cause the program to stop at a prompt. This prevents later use. If I wanted to make a list of portfolio's and then give them files to open, I see no way to do this. In C++ parlance you have no default constructor. I am also curious as to why the prices are * 100 every time. There is no comment in the code for this. > Is there a way to create a Menu class that would help? > you could make a menu class or function, but all that would do is move the code out of main. What you could do is have each menu choice be a function (or class method) and have the code do a dictionary lookup -- think symbol table. options['A'] = addNewStock options['D'] = deleteStock ... while not done: input = raw_input(prompt) try: options[input.upper()]() except KeyError: print "Invalid choice!" From karthikg@aztec.soft.net Mon Dec 31 13:50:50 2001 From: karthikg@aztec.soft.net (Karthik Gurumurthy) Date: Mon, 31 Dec 2001 19:20:50 +0530 Subject: [Tutor] overloaded methods In-Reply-To: Message-ID: just to confirm. Overloading method names(with parameters belonging to different types) is not possible in python. class Currency: pass class Dollar(Currency): pass class Euro(Currency): pass class CalculateRupeeEquivalent: def calculate(currency): //type checking of curency here? //i don't like it with lots of ifs and else. so alternative is... class CalculateRupeeEquivalentForDollar(CalculateRupeeEquivalent): def calculate(currency): //return equivalent class CalculateRupeeEquivalentForEuro(CalculateRupeeEquivalent): def calculate(currency): //return equivalent if __name__ == '__main__': calc = a.GetCalculator() curr = a.GetCurrency() calc.calculate(curr) karthik. From alan.gauld@bt.com Mon Dec 31 13:52:28 2001 From: alan.gauld@bt.com (alan.gauld@bt.com) Date: Mon, 31 Dec 2001 13:52:28 -0000 Subject: [Tutor] ok, got a primitive but workable solution Message-ID: <5104D4DBC598D211B5FE0000F8FE7EB20E66C219@mbtlipnt02.btlabs.bt.co.uk> Kirk, Just one wee suggestion: > I want to extract the pure list name so I can display > ONLY that. This works. > > def getname(list): > a=string.split(list,'/') > b=a[2] instead of using 2 how about -1 to always get the last element. If the configuration ever results in more than one level of depth your version will break. Always getting the last element shoud make it more resistant to change. Just a thought... > c=string.split(b,'.') > return c[0] Alan G. From alan.gauld@bt.com Mon Dec 31 14:10:59 2001 From: alan.gauld@bt.com (alan.gauld@bt.com) Date: Mon, 31 Dec 2001 14:10:59 -0000 Subject: [Tutor] Building Python Source with Cygwin? Message-ID: <5104D4DBC598D211B5FE0000F8FE7EB20E66C21B@mbtlipnt02.btlabs.bt.co.uk> > I recently installed a lot of the Cygwin stuff on my machine > (GCC, etc...). Me too, it's pretty cool huh? > Can I take the Python source from any of my Linux CD's and > build it for Win2K with Cygwin? Pretty much but there is an official Cygwin python that has already done that for you. Its currently at Python2.1 but 2.2 should be along real soon. It includes the readline module which makes life in a DOS box/Bash shell much easier. > wondering if I can now take any related source (SWIG, Jython, > etc...) from anywhere and build it on my Win2K box or partition. Thats the idea, once you get the LD-LIB paths and other config bits sorted out it should build fairly seamlessly, although I've not tried anything non-trivial yet myself. Alan G. From alan.gauld@bt.com Mon Dec 31 14:20:57 2001 From: alan.gauld@bt.com (alan.gauld@bt.com) Date: Mon, 31 Dec 2001 14:20:57 -0000 Subject: [Tutor] Multi-line statements with comments Message-ID: <5104D4DBC598D211B5FE0000F8FE7EB20E66C21C@mbtlipnt02.btlabs.bt.co.uk> > I tend to want to write code that is well-commented > and easy to read, with a minimum of abstraction. Thats a good aim, just be sure not to over comment it! It used to be said that 40% comment was good but more recent studies suggest that for higher level languages like Python 10-20% is better. Also don't forget to use doc strings to comment your functions/classes rather than traditional comments. With good doc strings in place you shouldn't need too many comments For > now, another function seems a little to much, an > unnecessary amount of logic that others may not pick > up on. > > It also may make my code harder to share, without some > cut and paste for readability. > > Once again, I appreciate all the responses, thanks > very much. > > --- > Jim > > > > __________________________________________________ > Do You Yahoo!? > Send your FREE holiday greetings online! > http://greetings.yahoo.com > > From alan.gauld@bt.com Mon Dec 31 14:29:36 2001 From: alan.gauld@bt.com (alan.gauld@bt.com) Date: Mon, 31 Dec 2001 14:29:36 -0000 Subject: [Tutor] Re...From PRJoshi Message-ID: <5104D4DBC598D211B5FE0000F8FE7EB20E66C21D@mbtlipnt02.btlabs.bt.co.uk> > If no one gets back to you on how to do this within Tkinter, > check out wxWindows, which does allow you to change that icon. Yes, wxWindows will do this and a lot more. > Sorry if this is not responsive--I don't know wxWindows well enough to > know its ease of use compared to Tkinter, Personally I find wxWindows layout/constraints mechanism much more complicated to use than pack/grid. Otherwise its fine. But it really needs better tutorial documentation. Unless you are happy reading C++ the included docs are hard going and the tutors/examples could be better explained. If I wasn't busy on another writing project at the moment I'd like to have a go myself! Not least as a way of educating myself on how wxWindows works :-) Alan G. PS Apologies to the group for an earlier missive about commenting being set prematurely... From wilson@visi.com Mon Dec 31 14:46:48 2001 From: wilson@visi.com (Timothy Wilson) Date: Mon, 31 Dec 2001 08:46:48 -0600 (CST) Subject: [Tutor] Code critique please (OOP strategy) In-Reply-To: Message-ID: On Mon, 31 Dec 2001, Sean 'Shaleh' Perry wrote: > In my opinion, constructing a class should never cause the program to stop at a > prompt. This prevents later use. If I wanted to make a list of portfolio's > and then give them files to open, I see no way to do this. In C++ parlance you > have no default constructor. You're talking about the Portfolio constructor, right? Should I create a separate method to unpickle the data from disk? > I am also curious as to why the prices are * 100 every time. There is no > comment in the code for this. All the prices are stored in cents. My understanding is that a lot of software that works with financial data keeps track of everything in cents and converts to dollars when necessary. This should help eliminate rounding errors. > you could make a menu class or function, but all that would do is move the > code out of main. Here's an example: The main() function contains the following code to delete a stock: elif choice.upper() == 'D': ticker = raw_input("Delete which stock (type a ticker symbol): ") for stock in p.contents: if stock.ticker == ticker.upper(): p.delStock(stock) print "Removed %s" % stock.ticker The delStock method is: def delStock(self, stock): self.contents.remove(stock) self.modified = 1 Is is correct to ask for the ticker symbol in the 'elif' or should I do that in 'delStock'? My reason for doing it the way I did was to make the code as reusable as possible. That may or may not be a valid reason in this case. I'd appreciate feedback on this point. -Tim -- Tim Wilson | Visit Sibley online: | Check out: Henry Sibley HS | http://www.isd197.org | http://www.zope.com W. St. Paul, MN | | http://slashdot.org wilson@visi.com | | http://linux.com From grimmtoothtoo@yahoo.com Mon Dec 31 15:46:02 2001 From: grimmtoothtoo@yahoo.com (Grimmtooth) Date: Mon, 31 Dec 2001 10:46:02 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] Code critique please (OOP strategy) In-Reply-To: Message-ID: > All the prices are stored in cents. My understanding is that a lot of > software that works with financial data keeps track of everything in > cents and converts to dollars when necessary. That is, as far as I know, correct, or more correct to say that it leaves out the decimal point. The main reason is that point of sale devices tend to have limited memory, so the fewer places where floating point operations are required, the better. I don't know to what extent you plan to use it, though, so be aware that not all nations use the same standard. In my company's Latin America applications, we have to allow for wandering decimal places, including NO decimal places. So if you intend to go multinational with the app, plan NOW for a wandering decimal and you'll have few problems in the future. If you have to bolt it on in the future, like we did, it's a real mess :-) _________________________________________________________ Do You Yahoo!? Get your free @yahoo.com address at http://mail.yahoo.com From shalehperry@attbi.com Mon Dec 31 18:03:36 2001 From: shalehperry@attbi.com (Sean 'Shaleh' Perry) Date: Mon, 31 Dec 2001 10:03:36 -0800 (PST) Subject: [Tutor] Code critique please (OOP strategy) In-Reply-To: Message-ID: On 31-Dec-2001 Timothy Wilson wrote: > On Mon, 31 Dec 2001, Sean 'Shaleh' Perry wrote: > >> In my opinion, constructing a class should never cause the program to stop >> at a >> prompt. This prevents later use. If I wanted to make a list of portfolio's >> and then give them files to open, I see no way to do this. In C++ parlance >> you >> have no default constructor. > > You're talking about the Portfolio constructor, right? Should I create a > separate method to unpickle the data from disk? > yes, you should. More choices that way. >> I am also curious as to why the prices are * 100 every time. There is no >> comment in the code for this. > > All the prices are stored in cents. My understanding is that a lot of > software that works with financial data keeps track of everything in > cents and converts to dollars when necessary. This should help eliminate > rounding errors. > you should document this fact. >> you could make a menu class or function, but all that would do is move the >> code out of main. > > Here's an example: > > The main() function contains the following code to delete a stock: > > elif choice.upper() == 'D': > ticker = raw_input("Delete which stock (type a ticker symbol): ") > for stock in p.contents: > if stock.ticker == ticker.upper(): > p.delStock(stock) > print "Removed %s" % stock.ticker > > The delStock method is: > > def delStock(self, stock): > self.contents.remove(stock) > self.modified = 1 > > Is is correct to ask for the ticker symbol in the 'elif' or should I do > that in 'delStock'? My reason for doing it the way I did was to make the > code as reusable as possible. That may or may not be a valid reason in > this case. I'd appreciate feedback on this point. > class methods should not prompt. You have the right idea in the current code. If you follow the example with the dictionary in my code you can clean main up quite a bit. From arcege@speakeasy.net Mon Dec 31 18:04:38 2001 From: arcege@speakeasy.net (Michael P. Reilly) Date: Mon, 31 Dec 2001 13:04:38 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] Code critique please (OOP strategy) In-Reply-To: ; from wilson@visi.com on Mon, Dec 31, 2001 at 08:46:48AM -0600 References: Message-ID: <20011231130438.B922@speakeasy.net> On Mon, Dec 31, 2001 at 08:46:48AM -0600, Timothy Wilson wrote: [rest snipped] > > you could make a menu class or function, but all that would do is move the > > code out of main. > > Here's an example: > > The main() function contains the following code to delete a stock: > > elif choice.upper() == 'D': > ticker = raw_input("Delete which stock (type a ticker symbol): ") > for stock in p.contents: > if stock.ticker == ticker.upper(): > p.delStock(stock) > print "Removed %s" % stock.ticker > > The delStock method is: > > def delStock(self, stock): > self.contents.remove(stock) > self.modified = 1 > > Is is correct to ask for the ticker symbol in the 'elif' or should I do > that in 'delStock'? My reason for doing it the way I did was to make the > code as reusable as possible. That may or may not be a valid reason in > this case. I'd appreciate feedback on this point. You might want to look at the cmd module; it's design is meant for user keyboard input. import cmd class Portfolio(cmd.Cmd): prompt = '(O)pen existing portfolio or (M)ake a new one? ' def __init__(self): cmd.Cmd.__init__(self) self.portfolio = None def do_M(self, args): self.portfolio = Portfolio() def do_O(self, args): file = raw_input("filename: ") self.portfolio = Portfolio(file) class StockCmd(cmd.Cmd): prompt = '(A)dd/(D)elete stocks, (S)ave file, (U)pdate, ' \ '(R)eport, or (Q)uit? ' def __init__(self, portfolio): cmd.Cmd.__init__(self) self.portfolio = portfolio def do_A(self, args): ticker = raw_input("Ticket symbol: ") companyname = raw_input("Company name: ") ... p.addStock(s) def do_D(self, args): ... then you create new instances of these classes: cmd = PortfolioCmd() cmd.onecmd() # only one prompt and return if cmd.portfolio is not None: StockCmd(cmd.portfolio).cmdloop() This makes things a bit more extensible and teaches your students to reuse library classes. -Arcege From oliveriosierra@hotmail.com Mon Dec 31 06:09:10 2001 From: oliveriosierra@hotmail.com (Oliverio Sierra) Date: Mon, 31 Dec 2001 06:09:10 +0000 Subject: [Tutor] need a little help Message-ID: hi, i just downloaded and started studying python a few days ago. it's also the first language i have studied. i am currently writing my first semi-complicated(at least for me) program and i hit a dead end. my program goes a little like this: -there is a menu with 3 choices -then a user = input() statement -then an if, 2 elif, and an else statements i can go into any of the 3 choices, but only once. i need to be able to go into them several times. i have read everything i could find on the net, but had no succes. i know there is a way for the program to cycle back to where my user = input() statement is. i apreshiate your help and time. thank you. _________________________________________________________________ Hable con sus amigos en línea, pruebe MSN Messenger: http://messenger.msn.es From jeff@ccvcorp.com Mon Dec 31 18:20:43 2001 From: jeff@ccvcorp.com (Jeff Shannon) Date: Mon, 31 Dec 2001 10:20:43 -0800 Subject: [Tutor] Re: Tutor digest, Vol 1 #1302 - 15 msgs References: Message-ID: <3C30AC7A.BFA3F572@ccvcorp.com> > > Message: 9 > From: Karthik Gurumurthy > To: tutor@python.org > Date: Mon, 31 Dec 2001 19:20:50 +0530 > Subject: [Tutor] overloaded methods > > just to confirm. Overloading method names(with parameters belonging to > different types) > is not possible in python. > > class Currency: > pass > class Dollar(Currency): > pass > class Euro(Currency): > pass > > class CalculateRupeeEquivalent: > def calculate(currency): > //type checking of curency here? > //i don't like it with lots of ifs and else. Well, it *is* possible to get the name of an object's class... >>> class A: ... pass ... >>> class B(A): ... pass ... >>> a = A() >>> b = B() >>> str(a.__class__) '__main__.A' >>> str(b.__class__) '__main__.B' >>> __main__ would of course be replaced by whatever your module name is, but in any case the final component should be the classname. So you set up a dictionary that contains your conversion rates, and then do something like: def ConvertToRupees(currencyobject): # Get the part of the __class__ after the last period-- currencytype = str(currencyobject.__class__).split('.')[-1] conversionrate = ConversionDict[currencytype] return (currencyobject.amount * conversionrate) Actually, I think that a better approach would be to build conversions into each currency class, and then simply query the currency object. class Currency: def ConvertToRupees(self): return self.amount * self.rupeerate class Dollar(Currency): rupeerate = 2.5 class Euro(Currency): rupeerate = 3.0 (Obviously I'm just randomly guessing at conversion rates, as I have honestly no idea what the relative value of the Rupee is ;) ) Depending on your application, you may want to import the actual values for the conversion rates from somewhere else (so that they can be, for example, automatically updated from a database)... Jeff Shannon Technician/Programmer Credit International From dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu Mon Dec 31 18:16:18 2001 From: dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu (Danny Yoo) Date: Mon, 31 Dec 2001 10:16:18 -0800 (PST) Subject: [Tutor] wxPython? (fwd) Message-ID: Hi Karshi, Let me forward this to the rest of Tutor. I hate saying this, but I can't reproduce the wackiness. The only thing I can think that of that can trigger this behavior is if divide() itself was defined as: ### def divide(x,y): return x ### But then, I might not be considering some strange side effect. Can you check to see if this is what's happening? Also, what version of Python are you using? ---------- Forwarded message ---------- Date: Mon, 31 Dec 2001 09:13:45 -0500 From: Karshi To: Danny Yoo Subject: Re: [Tutor] wxPython? Hi Danny, Can you tell me why I am getting the strange results here: from Numeric import * def divide(x,y): return x/y for y in range(-10,10,1): x=2 try: print divide(x,y), y except ZeroDivisionError: print "You are trying to divide by zero" ---------------- -1 -10 -1 -9 -1 -8 -1 -7 -1 -6 -1 -5 -1 -4 -1 -3 -1 -2 -2 -1 You are trying to divide by zero 2 1 1 2 0 3 0 4 0 5 0 6 0 7 0 8 0 9 ------------------------------ Why x/y gives wrong results? On Tuesday 25 December 2001 02:32 pm, you wrote: > On Mon, 24 Dec 2001, Karshi Hasanov wrote: > > I wanna use python GUI's , like wxPython or Tkinter. > > Which one would be easy to learn, or what 's advantage of using wxPython > > than Tkinter? > > Both are pretty nice. I think that Tkinter is easier to learn, but many > people feel that Tkinter looks ugly. *grin* > > > Tkinter is also installed by default when we install Python, so it's used > quite a lot. Have you seen Fredrik Lungh's 'An Introduction to Tkinter' > web site? > > http://www.pythonware.com/library/tkinter/introduction/ > > It's a great tutorial on Tkinter programming. Take a look at it, and see > if Tkinter is a good fit. > > Good luck! From wheelege@hotmail.com Mon Dec 31 18:15:46 2001 From: wheelege@hotmail.com (Glen Wheeler) Date: Tue, 1 Jan 2002 05:15:46 +1100 Subject: [Tutor] need a little help References: Message-ID: Howdy, What your looking for is a loop - in this situation I think a while loop would be best. Is there a quit option in your menu? Here is a little bit of python... print 'Hi, please enter 1 to print slime mould, 2 to quit' while 1: choice = raw_input('> ') if choice == '1': print 'slime mould' elif choice == '2': print 'bye!' break else: print "That's not a 1 or 2 :)" HTH, Glen ----- Original Message ----- From: "Oliverio Sierra" To: Sent: Monday, December 31, 2001 5:09 PM Subject: [Tutor] need a little help > hi, i just downloaded and started studying python a few days ago. it's also > the first language i have studied. i am currently writing my first > semi-complicated(at least for me) program and i hit a dead end. my program > goes a little like this: > > -there is a menu with 3 choices > -then a user = input() statement > -then an if, 2 elif, and an else statements > > i can go into any of the 3 choices, but only once. i need to be able to go > into them several times. i have read everything i could find on the net, but > had no succes. i know there is a way for the program to cycle back to where > my user = input() statement is. i apreshiate your help and time. thank you. > > _________________________________________________________________ > Hable con sus amigos en línea, pruebe MSN Messenger: http://messenger.msn.es > > > _______________________________________________ > Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org > http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor > From shalehperry@attbi.com Mon Dec 31 18:29:45 2001 From: shalehperry@attbi.com (Sean 'Shaleh' Perry) Date: Mon, 31 Dec 2001 10:29:45 -0800 (PST) Subject: [Tutor] need a little help In-Reply-To: Message-ID: On 31-Dec-2001 Oliverio Sierra wrote: > hi, i just downloaded and started studying python a few days ago. it's also > the first language i have studied. i am currently writing my first > semi-complicated(at least for me) program and i hit a dead end. my program > goes a little like this: > > -there is a menu with 3 choices > -then a user = input() statement > -then an if, 2 elif, and an else statements > > i can go into any of the 3 choices, but only once. i need to be able to go > into them several times. i have read everything i could find on the net, but > had no succes. i know there is a way for the program to cycle back to where > my user = input() statement is. i apreshiate your help and time. thank you. > this is called a loop. There are two different kinds of loops in python. the 'for' loop loops over a sequence of values. for line in readlines(): process_input(line) would call process_input() once for each item in readlines(). The item from readlines() is stored in the temporary variable 'line'. the other loop structure is the 'while' loop. This is just like an if, except it loops. end_point = 30 while 1: # loop forever val = do_something() if val == end_point: break # until we reach an end this style is common in input situations. Another is 'while not done:' where done is set to zero initially and then to 1 at some condition in the loop. From dsh8290@rit.edu Mon Dec 31 18:41:57 2001 From: dsh8290@rit.edu (dman) Date: Mon, 31 Dec 2001 13:41:57 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] Building Python Source with Cygwin? In-Reply-To: <5104D4DBC598D211B5FE0000F8FE7EB20E66C21B@mbtlipnt02.btlabs.bt.co.uk> References: <5104D4DBC598D211B5FE0000F8FE7EB20E66C21B@mbtlipnt02.btlabs.bt.co.uk> Message-ID: <20011231184157.GA5155@localhost> On Mon, Dec 31, 2001 at 02:10:59PM +0000, alan.gauld@bt.com wrote: | > wondering if I can now take any related source (SWIG, Jython, | > etc...) from anywhere and build it on my Win2K box or partition. | | Thats the idea, once you get the LD-LIB paths and other config | bits sorted out it should build fairly seamlessly, although | I've not tried anything non-trivial yet myself. I haven't built any python stuff with cygwin (too bad there isn't a python-dev package, that would certainly make it easier), but I have built glib, gtk+, and gvim (with GTK+) on cygwin (with XFree86) without difficulty. -D -- There are six things the Lord hates, seven that are detestable to him : haughty eyes, a lying tongue, hands that shed innocent blood, a heart that devises wicked schemes, feet that are quick to rush into evil, a false witness who pours out lies and a man who stirs up dissension among brothers. Proverbs 6:16-19 From jimajima9@yahoo.com Mon Dec 31 18:50:42 2001 From: jimajima9@yahoo.com (Jim Angstadt) Date: Mon, 31 Dec 2001 10:50:42 -0800 (PST) Subject: Divide function (was: Re: [Tutor] wxPython? (fwd)) In-Reply-To: Message-ID: <20011231185042.85993.qmail@web14003.mail.yahoo.com> Just a newbie thought: The results below seem consistent with integer division using a 'floor' approach. --- Danny Yoo wrote: > from Numeric import * > > def divide(x,y): > return x/y > > for y in range(-10,10,1): > x=2 > try: > print divide(x,y), y > > except ZeroDivisionError: > print "You are trying to divide by zero" > > ---------------- > > -1 -10 > -1 -9 > -1 -8 > -1 -7 > -1 -6 > -1 -5 > -1 -4 > -1 -3 > -1 -2 > -2 -1 > You are trying to divide by zero > 2 1 > 1 2 > 0 3 > 0 4 > 0 5 > 0 6 > 0 7 > 0 8 > 0 9 > ------------------------------ > Why x/y gives wrong results? ===== Regards, Jim __________________________________________________ Do You Yahoo!? Send your FREE holiday greetings online! http://greetings.yahoo.com From tjenkins@devis.com Mon Dec 31 19:00:40 2001 From: tjenkins@devis.com (Tom Jenkins) Date: 31 Dec 2001 14:00:40 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] Integer division (was wxPython? (fwd)) In-Reply-To: References: Message-ID: <1009825241.4244.9.camel@asimov> Hey Karshi, These results are consistent with the notion of integer division. int/int will return an int int/float will return a float float/int will return a float so 2/8 = 0 with remainder of .25 2/-10 = 0 with remainder of -.2 now python will round down the remainders so 2/8 = 0 2/-10 = -1 Now this will change with python 2.2, I believe int/int will return a float float/float will return a float if you want to your divide to return a float then you can change it to: def divide(x,y): return float(x)/y or alternatively: def divide(x,y): return divmod(x,y)[0] On Mon, 2001-12-31 at 13:16, Danny Yoo wrote: > Hi Karshi, > > Let me forward this to the rest of Tutor. I hate saying this, but I > can't reproduce the wackiness. > > The only thing I can think that of that can trigger this behavior is if > divide() itself was defined as: > > ### > def divide(x,y): > return x > ### > > But then, I might not be considering some strange side effect. Can you > check to see if this is what's happening? Also, what version of Python > are you using? > > > > ---------- Forwarded message ---------- > Date: Mon, 31 Dec 2001 09:13:45 -0500 > From: Karshi > To: Danny Yoo > Subject: Re: [Tutor] wxPython? > > Hi Danny, > Can you tell me why I am getting the strange results here: > > from Numeric import * > > def divide(x,y): > return x/y > > for y in range(-10,10,1): > x=2 > try: > print divide(x,y), y > > except ZeroDivisionError: > print "You are trying to divide by zero" > > ---------------- > > -1 -10 > -1 -9 > -1 -8 > -1 -7 > -1 -6 > -1 -5 > -1 -4 > -1 -3 > -1 -2 > -2 -1 > You are trying to divide by zero > 2 1 > 1 2 > 0 3 > 0 4 > 0 5 > 0 6 > 0 7 > 0 8 > 0 9 > ------------------------------ > Why x/y gives wrong results? > > > On Tuesday 25 December 2001 02:32 pm, you wrote: > > On Mon, 24 Dec 2001, Karshi Hasanov wrote: > > > I wanna use python GUI's , like wxPython or Tkinter. > > > Which one would be easy to learn, or what 's advantage of using wxPython > > > than Tkinter? > > > > Both are pretty nice. I think that Tkinter is easier to learn, but many > > people feel that Tkinter looks ugly. *grin* > > > > > > Tkinter is also installed by default when we install Python, so it's used > > quite a lot. Have you seen Fredrik Lungh's 'An Introduction to Tkinter' > > web site? > > > > http://www.pythonware.com/library/tkinter/introduction/ > > > > It's a great tutorial on Tkinter programming. Take a look at it, and see > > if Tkinter is a good fit. > > > > Good luck! > > > _______________________________________________ > Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org > http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor -- Tom Jenkins Development InfoStructure http://www.devis.com From kev@sat.net Mon Dec 31 19:15:28 2001 From: kev@sat.net (Kevin McCormick) Date: Mon, 31 Dec 2001 13:15:28 -0600 Subject: [Tutor] exception classes Message-ID: <3C30B950.6040101@sat.net> I am trying to figure out how to design an exception class so that my class / module can handle errors nicely. What material I have found doesn't really explain it for me. Can anyone give a brief explanation or directions to good explanations? Thanks From dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu Mon Dec 31 19:56:33 2001 From: dyoo@hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu (Danny Yoo) Date: Mon, 31 Dec 2001 11:56:33 -0800 (PST) Subject: Divide function (was: Re: [Tutor] wxPython? (fwd)) In-Reply-To: <20011231185042.85993.qmail@web14003.mail.yahoo.com> Message-ID: On Mon, 31 Dec 2001, Jim Angstadt wrote: > Just a newbie thought: > > The results below seem consistent with integer division using a > 'floor' approach. You're right! What the heck was I thinking? Thanks for catching me. From moreno.rivilla@gmx.net Mon Dec 31 20:14:23 2001 From: moreno.rivilla@gmx.net (Francisco Moreno Rivilla) Date: Mon, 31 Dec 2001 21:14:23 +0100 Subject: [Tutor] ERROR using "BuildApplication" Message-ID: hi all, I=B4m a newbee, I=B4ve just writtem my first MAC-app. ("Hello World"), but I cant compile it; using "BuildApplication" I always get the following ERROR-message: ----------------------------- Searching for modules... Traceback (most recent call last): File "Online:Programme:Python 2.2:Mac:scripts:BuildApplication.py", line 141, in ? main() File "Online:Programme:Python 2.2:Mac:scripts:BuildApplication.py", line 46, in main buildapplication() File "Online:Programme:Python 2.2:Mac:scripts:BuildApplication.py", line 81, in buildapplication macgen_bin.generate(filename, dstfilename, None, architecture, 1) File "Online:Programme:Python 2.2:Mac:Tools:macfreeze:macgen_bin.py", lin= e 26, in generate module_dict, missing =3D macmodulefinder.process(input, [], [], 1) File "Online:Programme:Python 2.2:Mac:Tools:macfreeze:macmodulefinder.py"= , line 85, in process modfinder.import_hook(m) File "Online:Programme:Python 2.2:Tools:freeze:modulefinder.py", line 134= , in import_hook q, tail =3D self.find_head_package(parent, name) File "Online:Programme:Python 2.2:Tools:freeze:modulefinder.py", line 175= , in find_head_package q =3D self.import_module(head, qname, parent) File "Online:Programme:Python 2.2:Tools:freeze:modulefinder.py", line 261= , in import_module m =3D self.load_module(fqname, fp, pathname, stuff) File "Online:Programme:Python 2.2:Tools:freeze:modulefinder.py", line 291= , in load_module self.scan_code(co, m) File "Online:Programme:Python 2.2:Tools:freeze:modulefinder.py", line 336= , in scan_code self.scan_code(c, m) File "Online:Programme:Python 2.2:Tools:freeze:modulefinder.py", line 336= , in scan_code self.scan_code(c, m) File "Online:Programme:Python 2.2:Tools:freeze:modulefinder.py", line 311= , in scan_code self.import_hook(name, m) File "Online:Programme:Python 2.2:Tools:freeze:modulefinder.py", line 134= , in import_hook q, tail =3D self.find_head_package(parent, name) File "Online:Programme:Python 2.2:Tools:freeze:modulefinder.py", line 175= , in find_head_package q =3D self.import_module(head, qname, parent) File "Online:Programme:Python 2.2:Tools:freeze:modulefinder.py", line 261= , in import_module m =3D self.load_module(fqname, fp, pathname, stuff) File "Online:Programme:Python 2.2:Tools:freeze:modulefinder.py", line 291= , in load_module self.scan_code(co, m) File "Online:Programme:Python 2.2:Tools:freeze:modulefinder.py", line 336= , in scan_code self.scan_code(c, m) File "Online:Programme:Python 2.2:Tools:freeze:modulefinder.py", line 311= , in scan_code self.import_hook(name, m) File "Online:Programme:Python 2.2:Tools:freeze:modulefinder.py", line 134= , in import_hook q, tail =3D self.find_head_package(parent, name) File "Online:Programme:Python 2.2:Tools:freeze:modulefinder.py", line 175= , in find_head_package q =3D self.import_module(head, qname, parent) File "Online:Programme:Python 2.2:Tools:freeze:modulefinder.py", line 261= , in import_module m =3D self.load_module(fqname, fp, pathname, stuff) File "Online:Programme:Python 2.2:Tools:freeze:modulefinder.py", line 276= , in load_module co =3D compile(fp.read()+'\n', pathname, 'exec') MemoryError ------------------------------------ Please help me! I=B4m working on an i-MAC G3/233 160MB RAM, OS 8.6 and PYTHON 2.2 I=B4ve read in the spanish MACWORLD that you cant build standalone-apps with Python, you always need to compile with CODEWARRIER... true? -- Francisco Barcelona Espa=F1a=20 From dsh8290@rit.edu Mon Dec 31 22:25:11 2001 From: dsh8290@rit.edu (dman) Date: Mon, 31 Dec 2001 17:25:11 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] ERROR using "BuildApplication" In-Reply-To: References: Message-ID: <20011231222511.GB6385@localhost> On Mon, Dec 31, 2001 at 09:14:23PM +0100, Francisco Moreno Rivilla wrote: | hi all, | I´m a newbee, I´ve just writtem my first MAC-app. ("Hello World"), but I | cant compile it; using "BuildApplication" I always get the following | ERROR-message: Python is interpreted. You don't compile it. | Please help me! I´m working on an i-MAC G3/233 160MB RAM, OS 8.6 and | PYTHON 2.2 | I´ve read in the spanish MACWORLD that you cant build standalone-apps with | Python, you always need to compile with CODEWARRIER... true? You can build packages or installers to assist in shipping your app to people who don't have python already installed. There are a few (immature) projects to try and convert python source to native machine code, but I don't recommend attempting to use these until you are familiar with both python and C and the intracicies of compiling non-trivial applications. I would also be surprised if CodeWarrior could compile a python program. Are you using MacOS X? If so then that should be the easiest to work with. Just open a shell (eg tcsh or bash) and type "python". If that works you can follow unix instructions for running your programs (you know that OSX is a unix system with a macintosh gui). If you are using any other MacOS (or don't want to get into shells on OSX) then you need to check with some Mac people to learn how to run python programs. I haven't touched a Mac in ages and have never administered one myself. HTH, -D -- There are six things the Lord hates, seven that are detestable to him : haughty eyes, a lying tongue, hands that shed innocent blood, a heart that devises wicked schemes, feet that are quick to rush into evil, a false witness who pours out lies and a man who stirs up dissension among brothers. Proverbs 6:16-19 From dsh8290@rit.edu Mon Dec 31 22:27:55 2001 From: dsh8290@rit.edu (dman) Date: Mon, 31 Dec 2001 17:27:55 -0500 Subject: [Tutor] exception classes In-Reply-To: <3C30B950.6040101@sat.net> References: <3C30B950.6040101@sat.net> Message-ID: <20011231222755.GC6385@localhost> On Mon, Dec 31, 2001 at 01:15:28PM -0600, Kevin McCormick wrote: | I am trying to figure out how to design an exception class so that my | class / module can handle errors nicely. What material I have found | doesn't really explain it for me. Can anyone give a brief explanation | or directions to good explanations? What does your exception need to be able to do and what info does it need to store? The following is a minimal example : # first define the class class MyException( Exception ) : pass # now somewhere else we can raise it if need be def my_func() : # this should only be done in case of an error, # in this example an error always occurs raise MyException() # now use the function that might raise an exception, _and_ handle # that situaiton try : my_func() except MyException , err : print "Whoa, an exception was raised" print err HTH, -D -- A)bort, R)etry, B)ang it with a large hammer From dan@gui.com Mon Dec 31 22:26:23 2001 From: dan@gui.com (Dan Shafer) Date: Mon, 31 Dec 2001 14:26:23 -0800 Subject: [Tutor] ERROR using "BuildApplication" In-Reply-To: References: Message-ID: At 9:14 PM +0100 12/31/01, Francisco Moreno Rivilla wrote: >hi all, >I=B4m a newbee, I=B4ve just writtem my first MAC-app. ("Hello World"), but = I >cant compile it; using "BuildApplication" I always get the following >ERROR-message: Since you're getting a memory error, my guess is you need to increase the amount of memory in Finder that you've allocated to BuildApplication. That's just a guess, though. >----------------------------- >Searching for modules... >Traceback (most recent call last): > File "Online:Programme:Python 2.2:Mac:scripts:BuildApplication.py", line >141, in ? > main() > File "Online:Programme:Python 2.2:Mac:scripts:BuildApplication.py", line >46, in main > buildapplication() > File "Online:Programme:Python 2.2:Mac:scripts:BuildApplication.py", line >81, in buildapplication > macgen_bin.generate(filename, dstfilename, None, architecture, 1) > File "Online:Programme:Python 2.2:Mac:Tools:macfreeze:macgen_bin.py", li= ne >26, in generate > module_dict, missing =3D macmodulefinder.process(input, [], [], 1) > File "Online:Programme:Python 2.2:Mac:Tools:macfreeze:macmodulefinder.py= ", >line 85, in process > modfinder.import_hook(m) > File "Online:Programme:Python 2.2:Tools:freeze:modulefinder.py", line 13= 4, >in import_hook > q, tail =3D self.find_head_package(parent, name) > File "Online:Programme:Python 2.2:Tools:freeze:modulefinder.py", line 17= 5, >in find_head_package > q =3D self.import_module(head, qname, parent) > File "Online:Programme:Python 2.2:Tools:freeze:modulefinder.py", line 26= 1, >in import_module > m =3D self.load_module(fqname, fp, pathname, stuff) > File "Online:Programme:Python 2.2:Tools:freeze:modulefinder.py", line 29= 1, >in load_module > self.scan_code(co, m) > File "Online:Programme:Python 2.2:Tools:freeze:modulefinder.py", line 33= 6, >in scan_code > self.scan_code(c, m) > File "Online:Programme:Python 2.2:Tools:freeze:modulefinder.py", line 33= 6, >in scan_code > self.scan_code(c, m) > File "Online:Programme:Python 2.2:Tools:freeze:modulefinder.py", line 31= 1, >in scan_code > self.import_hook(name, m) > File "Online:Programme:Python 2.2:Tools:freeze:modulefinder.py", line 13= 4, >in import_hook > q, tail =3D self.find_head_package(parent, name) > File "Online:Programme:Python 2.2:Tools:freeze:modulefinder.py", line 17= 5, >in find_head_package > q =3D self.import_module(head, qname, parent) > File "Online:Programme:Python 2.2:Tools:freeze:modulefinder.py", line 26= 1, >in import_module > m =3D self.load_module(fqname, fp, pathname, stuff) > File "Online:Programme:Python 2.2:Tools:freeze:modulefinder.py", line 29= 1, >in load_module > self.scan_code(co, m) > File "Online:Programme:Python 2.2:Tools:freeze:modulefinder.py", line 33= 6, >in scan_code > self.scan_code(c, m) > File "Online:Programme:Python 2.2:Tools:freeze:modulefinder.py", line 31= 1, >in scan_code > self.import_hook(name, m) > File "Online:Programme:Python 2.2:Tools:freeze:modulefinder.py", line 13= 4, >in import_hook > q, tail =3D self.find_head_package(parent, name) > File "Online:Programme:Python 2.2:Tools:freeze:modulefinder.py", line 17= 5, >in find_head_package > q =3D self.import_module(head, qname, parent) > File "Online:Programme:Python 2.2:Tools:freeze:modulefinder.py", line 26= 1, >in import_module > m =3D self.load_module(fqname, fp, pathname, stuff) > File "Online:Programme:Python 2.2:Tools:freeze:modulefinder.py", line 27= 6, >in load_module > co =3D compile(fp.read()+'\n', pathname, 'exec') >MemoryError >------------------------------------ > >Please help me! I=B4m working on an i-MAC G3/233 160MB RAM, OS 8.6 and PYTH= ON >2.2 >I=B4ve read in the spanish MACWORLD that you cant build standalone-apps wit= h >Python, you always need to compile with CODEWARRIER... true? >-- >Francisco >Barcelona >Espa=F1a -- Dan Shafer, Author-Consultant http://www.danshafer.com http://www.shafermedia.com From thomi@thomi.imail.net.nz Mon Dec 31 11:35:55 2001 From: thomi@thomi.imail.net.nz (Thomi Richards) Date: Tue, 1 Jan 2002 00:35:55 +1300 Subject: [Tutor] extramural papers in python?? Message-ID: <20020101003555.57c5e2f8.thomi@thomi.imail.net.nz> can anyone recommend a university which runs a programming paper, using python?? I'm looking to take one or more papers extramuraly, to complete my degree. thanks. -- The software required Win95 or better, so I installed Linux. Thomi Richards, thomi@imail.net.nz

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