On Mon, 24 Mar 2014 20:56:19 -0700, Rustom Mody wrote: > Paren vs tuples: why do we need to write (x,) not (x) You don't. You can write x, without the brackets: py> t = 23, py> type(t) <class 'tuple'> It's the comma that makes tuples, not the brackets. -- Steven