[pypy-commit] pypy stdlib-2.7.12: merge default

pjenvey pypy.commits at gmail.com
Sat Oct 8 21:49:50 EDT 2016


Author: Philip Jenvey <pjenvey at underboss.org>
Branch: stdlib-2.7.12
Changeset: r87646:0cbd0850ccf0
Date: 2016-10-08 18:48 -0700
http://bitbucket.org/pypy/pypy/changeset/0cbd0850ccf0/

Log:	merge default

diff too long, truncating to 2000 out of 7788 lines

diff --git a/Makefile b/Makefile
--- a/Makefile
+++ b/Makefile
@@ -40,4 +40,4 @@
 # http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/help-make/2010-08/msg00106.html
 
 cffi_imports: pypy-c
-	PYTHONPATH=. ./pypy-c pypy/tool/build_cffi_imports.py
+	PYTHONPATH=. ./pypy-c pypy/tool/build_cffi_imports.py || /bin/true
diff --git a/lib-python/2.7/distutils/sysconfig_pypy.py b/lib-python/2.7/distutils/sysconfig_pypy.py
--- a/lib-python/2.7/distutils/sysconfig_pypy.py
+++ b/lib-python/2.7/distutils/sysconfig_pypy.py
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@
 import sys
 import os
 import shlex
+import imp
 
 from distutils.errors import DistutilsPlatformError
 
@@ -62,8 +63,7 @@
     """Initialize the module as appropriate for POSIX systems."""
     g = {}
     g['EXE'] = ""
-    g['SO'] = ".so"
-    g['SOABI'] = g['SO'].rsplit('.')[0]
+    g['SO'] = [s[0] for s in imp.get_suffixes() if s[2] == imp.C_EXTENSION][0]
     g['LIBDIR'] = os.path.join(sys.prefix, 'lib')
     g['CC'] = "gcc -pthread" # -pthread might not be valid on OS/X, check
 
@@ -75,8 +75,7 @@
     """Initialize the module as appropriate for NT"""
     g = {}
     g['EXE'] = ".exe"
-    g['SO'] = ".pyd"
-    g['SOABI'] = g['SO'].rsplit('.')[0]
+    g['SO'] = [s[0] for s in imp.get_suffixes() if s[2] == imp.C_EXTENSION][0]
 
     global _config_vars
     _config_vars = g
diff --git a/lib-python/2.7/sysconfig.py b/lib-python/2.7/sysconfig.py
--- a/lib-python/2.7/sysconfig.py
+++ b/lib-python/2.7/sysconfig.py
@@ -529,7 +529,7 @@
         for suffix, mode, type_ in imp.get_suffixes():
             if type_ == imp.C_EXTENSION:
                 _CONFIG_VARS['SOABI'] = suffix.split('.')[1]
-                break
+                break        
 
     if args:
         vals = []
diff --git a/lib-python/2.7/test/test_timeit.py b/lib-python/2.7/test/test_timeit.py
--- a/lib-python/2.7/test/test_timeit.py
+++ b/lib-python/2.7/test/test_timeit.py
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@
 DEFAULT_NUMBER = 1000000
 
 # timeit's default number of repetitions.
-DEFAULT_REPEAT = 3
+DEFAULT_REPEAT = timeit.default_repeat
 
 # XXX: some tests are commented out that would improve the coverage but take a
 # long time to run because they test the default number of loops, which is
@@ -211,7 +211,7 @@
             t.print_exc(s)
         self.assert_exc_string(s.getvalue(), 'ZeroDivisionError')
 
-    MAIN_DEFAULT_OUTPUT = "10 loops, best of 3: 1 sec per loop\n"
+    MAIN_DEFAULT_OUTPUT = "1 loops, average of 7: 1 +- 0 sec per loop (using standard deviation)\n"
 
     def run_main(self, seconds_per_increment=1.0, switches=None, timer=None):
         if timer is None:
@@ -237,33 +237,35 @@
 
     def test_main_seconds(self):
         s = self.run_main(seconds_per_increment=5.5)
-        self.assertEqual(s, "10 loops, best of 3: 5.5 sec per loop\n")
+        self.assertIn("1 loops, average of 7: 5.5 +- 0 sec per loop (using standard deviation)\n", s)
 
     def test_main_milliseconds(self):
         s = self.run_main(seconds_per_increment=0.0055)
-        self.assertEqual(s, "100 loops, best of 3: 5.5 msec per loop\n")
+        self.assertIn("100 loops, average of 7: 5.5 +-", s)
+        self.assertIn("msec per loop", s)
 
     def test_main_microseconds(self):
         s = self.run_main(seconds_per_increment=0.0000025, switches=['-n100'])
-        self.assertEqual(s, "100 loops, best of 3: 2.5 usec per loop\n")
+        self.assertIn("100 loops, average of 7: 2.5", s)
+        self.assertIn("usec per loop", s)
 
     def test_main_fixed_iters(self):
         s = self.run_main(seconds_per_increment=2.0, switches=['-n35'])
-        self.assertEqual(s, "35 loops, best of 3: 2 sec per loop\n")
+        self.assertIn("35 loops, average of 7: 2 +- 0 sec per loop (using standard deviation)\n", s)
 
     def test_main_setup(self):
         s = self.run_main(seconds_per_increment=2.0,
                 switches=['-n35', '-s', 'print("CustomSetup")'])
-        self.assertEqual(s, "CustomSetup\n" * 3 +
-                "35 loops, best of 3: 2 sec per loop\n")
+        self.assertIn("CustomSetup\n" * DEFAULT_REPEAT +
+                "35 loops, average of 7: 2 +- 0 sec per loop (using standard deviation)\n", s)
 
     def test_main_fixed_reps(self):
         s = self.run_main(seconds_per_increment=60.0, switches=['-r9'])
-        self.assertEqual(s, "10 loops, best of 9: 60 sec per loop\n")
+        self.assertIn("1 loops, average of 9: 60 +- 0 sec per loop (using standard deviation)\n", s)
 
     def test_main_negative_reps(self):
         s = self.run_main(seconds_per_increment=60.0, switches=['-r-5'])
-        self.assertEqual(s, "10 loops, best of 1: 60 sec per loop\n")
+        self.assertIn("1 loops, average of 1: 60 +- 0 sec per loop (using standard deviation)\n", s)
 
     @unittest.skipIf(sys.flags.optimize >= 2, "need __doc__")
     def test_main_help(self):
@@ -273,33 +275,34 @@
     def test_main_using_time(self):
         fake_timer = FakeTimer()
         s = self.run_main(switches=['-t'], timer=fake_timer)
-        self.assertEqual(s, self.MAIN_DEFAULT_OUTPUT)
+        self.assertIn(self.MAIN_DEFAULT_OUTPUT, s)
         self.assertIs(fake_timer.saved_timer, time.time)
 
     def test_main_using_clock(self):
         fake_timer = FakeTimer()
         s = self.run_main(switches=['-c'], timer=fake_timer)
-        self.assertEqual(s, self.MAIN_DEFAULT_OUTPUT)
+        self.assertIn(self.MAIN_DEFAULT_OUTPUT, s)
         self.assertIs(fake_timer.saved_timer, time.clock)
 
     def test_main_verbose(self):
         s = self.run_main(switches=['-v'])
-        self.assertEqual(s, dedent("""\
-                10 loops -> 10 secs
-                raw times: 10 10 10
-                10 loops, best of 3: 1 sec per loop
-            """))
+        self.assertIn(dedent("""\
+                1 loops -> 1 secs
+                raw times: 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
+                1 loops, average of 7: 1 +- 0 sec per loop (using standard deviation)
+            """), s)
 
     def test_main_very_verbose(self):
         s = self.run_main(seconds_per_increment=0.000050, switches=['-vv'])
-        self.assertEqual(s, dedent("""\
+        self.assertIn(dedent("""\
+                1 loops -> 5e-05 secs
                 10 loops -> 0.0005 secs
                 100 loops -> 0.005 secs
                 1000 loops -> 0.05 secs
                 10000 loops -> 0.5 secs
-                raw times: 0.5 0.5 0.5
-                10000 loops, best of 3: 50 usec per loop
-            """))
+                raw times: 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
+                10000 loops, average of 7: 50 +- 0 usec per loop (using standard deviation)
+            """), s)
 
     def test_main_exception(self):
         with captured_stderr() as error_stringio:
@@ -311,6 +314,15 @@
             s = self.run_main(switches=['-n1', '1.0/0.0'])
         self.assert_exc_string(error_stringio.getvalue(), 'ZeroDivisionError')
 
+    def test_main_recommends_perf(self):
+        s = self.run_main(seconds_per_increment=2.0, switches=['-n35', '-s', 'print("CustomSetup")'])
+        self.assertIn(dedent("""\
+            WARNING: timeit is a very unreliable tool. use perf or something else for real measurements
+            pypy -m pip install perf
+            pypy -m perf timeit -n35 -s 'print("CustomSetup")' 'import timeit; timeit._fake_timer.inc()'
+        """), s)
+
+
 
 def test_main():
     run_unittest(TestTimeit)
diff --git a/lib-python/2.7/timeit.py b/lib-python/2.7/timeit.py
--- a/lib-python/2.7/timeit.py
+++ b/lib-python/2.7/timeit.py
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@
 
 Options:
   -n/--number N: how many times to execute 'statement' (default: see below)
-  -r/--repeat N: how many times to repeat the timer (default 3)
+  -r/--repeat N: how many times to repeat the timer (default 7)
   -s/--setup S: statement to be executed once initially (default 'pass')
   -t/--time: use time.time() (default on Unix)
   -c/--clock: use time.clock() (default on Windows)
@@ -53,6 +53,8 @@
 """
 
 import gc
+import math
+import os
 import sys
 import time
 
@@ -60,7 +62,7 @@
 
 dummy_src_name = "<timeit-src>"
 default_number = 1000000
-default_repeat = 3
+default_repeat = 7
 
 if sys.platform == "win32":
     # On Windows, the best timer is time.clock()
@@ -266,6 +268,7 @@
     """
     if args is None:
         args = sys.argv[1:]
+    origargs = args
     import getopt
     try:
         opts, args = getopt.getopt(args, "n:s:r:tcvh",
@@ -282,6 +285,7 @@
     repeat = default_repeat
     verbose = 0
     precision = 3
+    units = {"sec": 1, "msec": 1e3, "usec": 1e6, "ns": 1e9}
     for o, a in opts:
         if o in ("-n", "--number"):
             number = int(a)
@@ -303,17 +307,25 @@
             print __doc__,
             return 0
     setup = "\n".join(setup) or "pass"
+
+    print "WARNING: timeit is a very unreliable tool. use perf or something else for real measurements"
+    executable = os.path.basename(sys.executable)
+    print "%s -m pip install perf" % executable
+    print "%s -m perf timeit %s" % (
+        executable,
+        " ".join([(arg if arg.startswith("-") else repr(arg))
+                        for arg in origargs]), )
+    print "-" * 60
     # Include the current directory, so that local imports work (sys.path
     # contains the directory of this script, rather than the current
     # directory)
-    import os
     sys.path.insert(0, os.curdir)
     if _wrap_timer is not None:
         timer = _wrap_timer(timer)
     t = Timer(stmt, setup, timer)
     if number == 0:
         # determine number so that 0.2 <= total time < 2.0
-        for i in range(1, 10):
+        for i in range(0, 10):
             number = 10**i
             try:
                 x = t.timeit(number)
@@ -325,24 +337,34 @@
             if x >= 0.2:
                 break
     try:
-        r = t.repeat(repeat, number)
+        timings = t.repeat(repeat, number)
     except:
         t.print_exc()
         return 1
-    best = min(r)
     if verbose:
-        print "raw times:", " ".join(["%.*g" % (precision, x) for x in r])
-    print "%d loops," % number,
-    usec = best * 1e6 / number
-    if usec < 1000:
-        print "best of %d: %.*g usec per loop" % (repeat, precision, usec)
-    else:
-        msec = usec / 1000
-        if msec < 1000:
-            print "best of %d: %.*g msec per loop" % (repeat, precision, msec)
-        else:
-            sec = msec / 1000
-            print "best of %d: %.*g sec per loop" % (repeat, precision, sec)
+        print "raw times:", " ".join(["%.*g" % (precision, x) for x in timings])
+
+    timings = [dt / number for dt in timings]
+
+    def _avg(l):
+        return math.fsum(l) / len(l)
+    def _stdev(l):
+        avg = _avg(l)
+        return (math.fsum([(x - avg) ** 2 for x in l]) / len(l)) ** 0.5
+
+    average = _avg(timings)
+
+    scales = [(scale, unit) for unit, scale in units.items()]
+    scales.sort()
+    for scale, time_unit in scales:
+        if average * scale >= 1.0:
+             break
+
+    stdev = _stdev(timings)
+    print("%s loops, average of %d: %.*g +- %.*g %s per loop (using standard deviation)"
+          % (number, repeat,
+             precision, average * scale,
+             precision, stdev * scale, time_unit))
     return None
 
 if __name__ == "__main__":
diff --git a/lib_pypy/_subprocess.py b/lib_pypy/_subprocess.py
--- a/lib_pypy/_subprocess.py
+++ b/lib_pypy/_subprocess.py
@@ -22,7 +22,10 @@
     code, message = _ffi.getwinerror()
     raise WindowsError(code, message)
 
-_INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE = _ffi.cast("HANDLE", -1)
+def _int2handle(val):
+    return _ffi.cast("HANDLE", val)
+
+_INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE = _int2handle(-1)
 
 class _handle(object):
     def __init__(self, c_handle):
@@ -70,9 +73,9 @@
     target = _ffi.new("HANDLE[1]")
 
     res = _kernel32.DuplicateHandle(
-        _ffi.cast("HANDLE", source_process),
-        _ffi.cast("HANDLE", source),
-        _ffi.cast("HANDLE", target_process),
+        _int2handle(source_process),
+        _int2handle(source),
+        _int2handle(target_process),
         target, access, inherit, options)
 
     if not res:
@@ -119,12 +122,14 @@
     if not res:
         raise _WinError()
 
-    return _handle(pi.hProcess), _handle(pi.hThread), pi.dwProcessId, pi.dwThreadId
+    return (_handle(pi.hProcess),
+            _handle(pi.hThread),
+            pi.dwProcessId,
+            pi.dwThreadId)
 
 def WaitForSingleObject(handle, milliseconds):
     # CPython: the first argument is expected to be an integer.
-    res = _kernel32.WaitForSingleObject(_ffi.cast("HANDLE", handle),
-                                        milliseconds)
+    res = _kernel32.WaitForSingleObject(_int2handle(handle), milliseconds)
     if res < 0:
         raise _WinError()
 
@@ -134,7 +139,7 @@
     # CPython: the first argument is expected to be an integer.
     code = _ffi.new("DWORD[1]")
 
-    res = _kernel32.GetExitCodeProcess(_ffi.cast("HANDLE", handle), code)
+    res = _kernel32.GetExitCodeProcess(_int2handle(handle), code)
 
     if not res:
         raise _WinError()
@@ -144,7 +149,7 @@
 def TerminateProcess(handle, exitcode):
     # CPython: the first argument is expected to be an integer.
     # The second argument is silently wrapped in a UINT.
-    res = _kernel32.TerminateProcess(_ffi.cast("HANDLE", handle),
+    res = _kernel32.TerminateProcess(_int2handle(handle),
                                      _ffi.cast("UINT", exitcode))
 
     if not res:
diff --git a/lib_pypy/cffi.egg-info/PKG-INFO b/lib_pypy/cffi.egg-info/PKG-INFO
--- a/lib_pypy/cffi.egg-info/PKG-INFO
+++ b/lib_pypy/cffi.egg-info/PKG-INFO
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 Metadata-Version: 1.1
 Name: cffi
-Version: 1.8.3
+Version: 1.8.4
 Summary: Foreign Function Interface for Python calling C code.
 Home-page: http://cffi.readthedocs.org
 Author: Armin Rigo, Maciej Fijalkowski
diff --git a/lib_pypy/cffi/__init__.py b/lib_pypy/cffi/__init__.py
--- a/lib_pypy/cffi/__init__.py
+++ b/lib_pypy/cffi/__init__.py
@@ -4,8 +4,8 @@
 from .api import FFI, CDefError, FFIError
 from .ffiplatform import VerificationError, VerificationMissing
 
-__version__ = "1.8.3"
-__version_info__ = (1, 8, 3)
+__version__ = "1.8.4"
+__version_info__ = (1, 8, 4)
 
 # The verifier module file names are based on the CRC32 of a string that
 # contains the following version number.  It may be older than __version__
diff --git a/lib_pypy/cffi/_embedding.h b/lib_pypy/cffi/_embedding.h
--- a/lib_pypy/cffi/_embedding.h
+++ b/lib_pypy/cffi/_embedding.h
@@ -233,7 +233,7 @@
         f = PySys_GetObject((char *)"stderr");
         if (f != NULL && f != Py_None) {
             PyFile_WriteString("\nFrom: " _CFFI_MODULE_NAME
-                               "\ncompiled with cffi version: 1.8.3"
+                               "\ncompiled with cffi version: 1.8.4"
                                "\n_cffi_backend module: ", f);
             modules = PyImport_GetModuleDict();
             mod = PyDict_GetItemString(modules, "_cffi_backend");
diff --git a/lib_pypy/cffi/cparser.py b/lib_pypy/cffi/cparser.py
--- a/lib_pypy/cffi/cparser.py
+++ b/lib_pypy/cffi/cparser.py
@@ -332,7 +332,7 @@
                         realtype = model.unknown_ptr_type(decl.name)
                     else:
                         realtype, quals = self._get_type_and_quals(
-                            decl.type, name=decl.name)
+                            decl.type, name=decl.name, partial_length_ok=True)
                     self._declare('typedef ' + decl.name, realtype, quals=quals)
                 else:
                     raise api.CDefError("unrecognized construct", decl)
@@ -781,11 +781,14 @@
                 exprnode.name in self._int_constants):
             return self._int_constants[exprnode.name]
         #
-        if partial_length_ok:
-            if (isinstance(exprnode, pycparser.c_ast.ID) and
+        if (isinstance(exprnode, pycparser.c_ast.ID) and
                     exprnode.name == '__dotdotdotarray__'):
+            if partial_length_ok:
                 self._partial_length = True
                 return '...'
+            raise api.FFIError(":%d: unsupported '[...]' here, cannot derive "
+                               "the actual array length in this context"
+                               % exprnode.coord.line)
         #
         raise api.FFIError(":%d: unsupported expression: expected a "
                            "simple numeric constant" % exprnode.coord.line)
diff --git a/lib_pypy/cffi/recompiler.py b/lib_pypy/cffi/recompiler.py
--- a/lib_pypy/cffi/recompiler.py
+++ b/lib_pypy/cffi/recompiler.py
@@ -587,8 +587,11 @@
     # ----------
     # typedefs
 
+    def _typedef_type(self, tp, name):
+        return self._global_type(tp, "(*(%s *)0)" % (name,))
+
     def _generate_cpy_typedef_collecttype(self, tp, name):
-        self._do_collect_type(tp)
+        self._do_collect_type(self._typedef_type(tp, name))
 
     def _generate_cpy_typedef_decl(self, tp, name):
         pass
@@ -598,6 +601,7 @@
         self._lsts["typename"].append(TypenameExpr(name, type_index))
 
     def _generate_cpy_typedef_ctx(self, tp, name):
+        tp = self._typedef_type(tp, name)
         self._typedef_ctx(tp, name)
         if getattr(tp, "origin", None) == "unknown_type":
             self._struct_ctx(tp, tp.name, approxname=None)
diff --git a/pypy/config/pypyoption.py b/pypy/config/pypyoption.py
--- a/pypy/config/pypyoption.py
+++ b/pypy/config/pypyoption.py
@@ -43,6 +43,7 @@
 try:
     if detect_cpu.autodetect().startswith('x86'):
         working_modules.add('_vmprof')
+        working_modules.add('faulthandler')
 except detect_cpu.ProcessorAutodetectError:
     pass
 
@@ -67,6 +68,8 @@
 
     if "cppyy" in working_modules:
         working_modules.remove("cppyy")  # not tested on win32
+    if "faulthandler" in working_modules:
+        working_modules.remove("faulthandler")  # missing details
 
     # The _locale module is needed by site.py on Windows
     default_modules.add("_locale")
@@ -89,6 +92,7 @@
                          ('objspace.usemodules.thread', True)],
     'cpyext': [('objspace.usemodules.array', True)],
     'cppyy': [('objspace.usemodules.cpyext', True)],
+    'faulthandler': [('objspace.usemodules._vmprof', True)],
     }
 module_suggests = {
     # the reason you want _rawffi is for ctypes, which
@@ -114,7 +118,8 @@
     "_hashlib"  : ["pypy.module._ssl.interp_ssl"],
     "_minimal_curses": ["pypy.module._minimal_curses.fficurses"],
     "_continuation": ["rpython.rlib.rstacklet"],
-    "_vmprof" : ["pypy.module._vmprof.interp_vmprof"],
+    "_vmprof"      : ["pypy.module._vmprof.interp_vmprof"],
+    "faulthandler" : ["pypy.module._vmprof.interp_vmprof"],
     }
 
 def get_module_validator(modname):
diff --git a/pypy/doc/cpython_differences.rst b/pypy/doc/cpython_differences.rst
--- a/pypy/doc/cpython_differences.rst
+++ b/pypy/doc/cpython_differences.rst
@@ -469,7 +469,12 @@
   these concerns also exist on CPython, just less so.  For this reason
   we explicitly don't implement ``sys.getsizeof()``.
 
+* The ``timeit`` module behaves differently under PyPy: it prints the average
+  time and the standard deviation, instead of the minimum, since the minimum is
+  often misleading.
+
 
 .. _`is ignored in PyPy`: http://bugs.python.org/issue14621
 .. _`little point`: http://events.ccc.de/congress/2012/Fahrplan/events/5152.en.html
 .. _`#2072`: https://bitbucket.org/pypy/pypy/issue/2072/
+
diff --git a/pypy/doc/embedding.rst b/pypy/doc/embedding.rst
--- a/pypy/doc/embedding.rst
+++ b/pypy/doc/embedding.rst
@@ -34,9 +34,11 @@
    This function searches the PyPy standard library starting from the given
    "PyPy home directory".  The arguments are:
 
-   * ``home``: NULL terminated path to an executable inside the pypy directory
+   * ``home``: path to an executable inside the pypy directory
      (can be a .so name, can be made up).  Used to look up the standard
-     library, and is also set as ``sys.executable``.
+     library, and is also set as ``sys.executable``.  From PyPy 5.5, you can
+     just say NULL here, as long as the ``libpypy-c.so/dylib/dll`` is itself
+     inside this directory.
 
    * ``verbose``: if non-zero, it will print error messages to stderr
 
@@ -82,18 +84,14 @@
 
 Note that this API is a lot more minimal than say CPython C API, so at first
 it's obvious to think that you can't do much. However, the trick is to do
-all the logic in Python and expose it via `cffi`_ callbacks. Let's assume
-we're on linux and pypy is installed in ``/opt/pypy`` (with
-subdirectories like ``lib-python`` and ``lib_pypy``), and with the
-library in ``/opt/pypy/bin/libpypy-c.so``.  (It doesn't need to be
-installed; you can also replace these paths with a local extract of the
-installation tarballs, or with your local checkout of pypy.) We write a
-little C program:
+all the logic in Python and expose it via `cffi`_ callbacks.
+We write a little C program:
 
 .. code-block:: c
 
     #include "PyPy.h"
     #include <stdio.h>
+    #include <stdlib.h>
 
     static char source[] = "print 'hello from pypy'";
 
@@ -102,9 +100,9 @@
         int res;
 
         rpython_startup_code();
-        /* note: in the path /opt/pypy/x, the final x is ignored and
-           replaced with lib-python and lib_pypy. */
-        res = pypy_setup_home("/opt/pypy/x", 1);
+        /* Before PyPy 5.5, you may need to say e.g. "/opt/pypy/bin" instead
+         * of NULL. */
+        res = pypy_setup_home(NULL, 1);
         if (res) {
             printf("Error setting pypy home!\n");
             return 1;
@@ -123,11 +121,6 @@
     $ LD_LIBRARY_PATH=/opt/pypy/bin ./x
     hello from pypy
 
-.. note:: If the compilation fails because of missing PyPy.h header file,
-          you are running PyPy <= 2.2.1.  Get it here__.
-
-.. __: https://bitbucket.org/pypy/pypy/raw/c4cd6eca9358066571500ac82aaacfdaa3889e8c/include/PyPy.h
-
 On OSX it is necessary to set the rpath of the binary if one wants to link to it,
 with a command like::
 
@@ -181,6 +174,7 @@
     /* C example */
     #include "PyPy.h"
     #include <stdio.h>
+    #include <stdlib.h>
 
     struct API {
         double (*add_numbers)(double x, double y);
@@ -196,7 +190,7 @@
         int res;
 
         rpython_startup_code();
-        res = pypy_setup_home("/opt/pypy/x", 1);
+        res = pypy_setup_home(NULL, 1);
         if (res) {
             fprintf(stderr, "Error setting pypy home!\n");
             return -1;
@@ -237,6 +231,8 @@
 Finding pypy_home
 -----------------
 
+**You can usually skip this section if you are running PyPy >= 5.5.**
+
 The function pypy_setup_home() takes as first parameter the path to a
 file from which it can deduce the location of the standard library.
 More precisely, it tries to remove final components until it finds
diff --git a/pypy/doc/whatsnew-head.rst b/pypy/doc/whatsnew-head.rst
--- a/pypy/doc/whatsnew-head.rst
+++ b/pypy/doc/whatsnew-head.rst
@@ -21,3 +21,43 @@
 JIT residual calls: if the called function starts with a fast-path
 like "if x.foo != 0: return x.foo", then inline the check before
 doing the CALL.  For now, string hashing is about the only case.
+
+.. branch: search-path-from-libpypy
+
+The compiled pypy now looks for its lib-python/lib_pypy path starting
+from the location of the *libpypy-c* instead of the executable. This is
+arguably more consistent, and also it is what occurs anyway if you're
+embedding pypy.  Linux distribution packagers, take note!  At a minimum,
+the ``libpypy-c.so`` must really be inside the path containing
+``lib-python`` and ``lib_pypy``.  Of course, you can put a symlink to it
+from somewhere else.  You no longer have to do the same with the
+``pypy`` executable, as long as it finds its ``libpypy-c.so`` library.
+
+.. branch: _warnings
+
+CPython allows warning.warn(('something', 1), Warning), on PyPy this
+produced a "expected a readable buffer object" error. Test and fix.
+
+.. branch: stricter-strip
+
+CPython rejects 'a'.strip(buffer(' ')); only None, str or unicode are
+allowed as arguments. Test and fix for str and unicode
+
+.. branch: faulthandler
+
+Port the 'faulthandler' module to PyPy default.  This module is standard
+in Python 3.3 but can also be installed from CPython >= 2.6 from PyPI.
+
+.. branch: test-cpyext
+
+Refactor cpyext testing to be more pypy3-friendly.
+
+.. branch: better-error-missing-self
+
+Improve the error message when the user forgot the "self" argument of a method.
+
+
+.. fb6bb835369e
+Change the ``timeit`` module: it now prints the average time and the standard
+deviation over 7 runs by default, instead of the minimum. The minimum is often
+misleading.
diff --git a/pypy/goal/targetpypystandalone.py b/pypy/goal/targetpypystandalone.py
--- a/pypy/goal/targetpypystandalone.py
+++ b/pypy/goal/targetpypystandalone.py
@@ -89,17 +89,18 @@
     def pypy_setup_home(ll_home, verbose):
         from pypy.module.sys.initpath import pypy_find_stdlib
         verbose = rffi.cast(lltype.Signed, verbose)
-        if ll_home:
+        if ll_home and ord(ll_home[0]):
             home1 = rffi.charp2str(ll_home)
             home = os.path.join(home1, 'x') # <- so that 'll_home' can be
                                             # directly the root directory
         else:
-            home = home1 = pypydir
+            home1 = "pypy's shared library location"
+            home = '*'
         w_path = pypy_find_stdlib(space, home)
         if space.is_none(w_path):
             if verbose:
                 debug("pypy_setup_home: directories 'lib-python' and 'lib_pypy'"
-                      " not found in '%s' or in any parent directory" % home1)
+                      " not found in %s or in any parent directory" % home1)
             return rffi.cast(rffi.INT, 1)
         space.startup()
         space.appexec([w_path], """(path):
@@ -302,37 +303,20 @@
         # HACKHACKHACK
         # ugly hack to modify target goal from compile_* to build_cffi_imports
         # this should probably get cleaned up and merged with driver.create_exe
+        from rpython.tool.runsubprocess import run_subprocess
         from rpython.translator.driver import taskdef
         import types
 
-        class Options(object):
-            pass
-
-
-        def mkexename(name):
-            if sys.platform == 'win32':
-                name = name.new(ext='exe')
-            return name
-
         compile_goal, = driver.backend_select_goals(['compile'])
         @taskdef([compile_goal], "Create cffi bindings for modules")
         def task_build_cffi_imports(self):
-            from pypy.tool.build_cffi_imports import create_cffi_import_libraries
             ''' Use cffi to compile cffi interfaces to modules'''
-            exename = mkexename(driver.compute_exe_name())
-            basedir = exename
-            while not basedir.join('include').exists():
-                _basedir = basedir.dirpath()
-                if _basedir == basedir:
-                    raise ValueError('interpreter %s not inside pypy repo',
-                                     str(exename))
-                basedir = _basedir
-            modules = self.config.objspace.usemodules.getpaths()
-            options = Options()
-            # XXX possibly adapt options using modules
-            failures = create_cffi_import_libraries(exename, options, basedir)
-            # if failures, they were already printed
-            print  >> sys.stderr, str(exename),'successfully built (errors, if any, while building the above modules are ignored)'
+            filename = os.path.join(pypydir, 'tool', 'build_cffi_imports.py')
+            status, out, err = run_subprocess(str(driver.compute_exe_name()),
+                                              [filename])
+            sys.stdout.write(out)
+            sys.stderr.write(err)
+            # otherwise, ignore errors
         driver.task_build_cffi_imports = types.MethodType(task_build_cffi_imports, driver)
         driver.tasks['build_cffi_imports'] = driver.task_build_cffi_imports, [compile_goal]
         driver.default_goal = 'build_cffi_imports'
diff --git a/pypy/interpreter/app_main.py b/pypy/interpreter/app_main.py
--- a/pypy/interpreter/app_main.py
+++ b/pypy/interpreter/app_main.py
@@ -33,6 +33,7 @@
 --info : print translation information about this PyPy executable
 -X track-resources : track the creation of files and sockets and display
                      a warning if they are not closed explicitly
+-X faulthandler    : attempt to display tracebacks when PyPy crashes
 """
 # Missing vs CPython: PYTHONHOME, PYTHONCASEOK
 USAGE2 = """
@@ -233,12 +234,22 @@
         import pypyjit
         pypyjit.set_param(jitparam)
 
+def run_faulthandler():
+    if 'faulthandler' in sys.builtin_module_names:
+        import faulthandler
+        try:
+            faulthandler.enable(2)   # manually set to stderr
+        except ValueError:
+            pass      # ignore "2 is not a valid file descriptor"
+
 def set_runtime_options(options, Xparam, *args):
     if Xparam == 'track-resources':
         sys.pypy_set_track_resources(True)
+    elif Xparam == 'faulthandler':
+        run_faulthandler()
     else:
         print >> sys.stderr, 'usage: %s -X [options]' % (get_sys_executable(),)
-        print >> sys.stderr, '[options] can be: track-resources'
+        print >> sys.stderr, '[options] can be: track-resources, faulthandler'
         raise SystemExit
 
 class CommandLineError(Exception):
@@ -527,6 +538,9 @@
             print >> sys.stderr, (
                 "Warning: pypy does not implement py3k warnings")
 
+    if os.getenv('PYTHONFAULTHANDLER'):
+        run_faulthandler()
+
 ##    if not we_are_translated():
 ##        for key in sorted(options):
 ##            print '%40s: %s' % (key, options[key])
diff --git a/pypy/interpreter/argument.py b/pypy/interpreter/argument.py
--- a/pypy/interpreter/argument.py
+++ b/pypy/interpreter/argument.py
@@ -21,7 +21,8 @@
     ###  Construction  ###
 
     def __init__(self, space, args_w, keywords=None, keywords_w=None,
-                 w_stararg=None, w_starstararg=None, keyword_names_w=None):
+                 w_stararg=None, w_starstararg=None, keyword_names_w=None,
+                 methodcall=False):
         self.space = space
         assert isinstance(args_w, list)
         self.arguments_w = args_w
@@ -41,6 +42,9 @@
         # a flag that specifies whether the JIT can unroll loops that operate
         # on the keywords
         self._jit_few_keywords = self.keywords is None or jit.isconstant(len(self.keywords))
+        # a flag whether this is likely a method call, which doesn't change the
+        # behaviour but produces better error messages
+        self.methodcall = methodcall
 
     def __repr__(self):
         """ NOT_RPYTHON """
@@ -209,7 +213,7 @@
                 starargs_w = []
             scope_w[co_argcount] = self.space.newtuple(starargs_w)
         elif avail > co_argcount:
-            raise ArgErrCount(avail, num_kwds, signature, defaults_w, 0)
+            raise self.argerrcount(avail, num_kwds, signature, defaults_w, 0)
 
         # if a **kwargs argument is needed, create the dict
         w_kwds = None
@@ -243,7 +247,7 @@
                             kwds_mapping, self.keyword_names_w, self._jit_few_keywords)
                 else:
                     if co_argcount == 0:
-                        raise ArgErrCount(avail, num_kwds, signature, defaults_w, 0)
+                        raise self.argerrcount(avail, num_kwds, signature, defaults_w, 0)
                     raise ArgErrUnknownKwds(self.space, num_remainingkwds, keywords,
                                             kwds_mapping, self.keyword_names_w)
 
@@ -267,9 +271,12 @@
                 else:
                     missing += 1
             if missing:
-                raise ArgErrCount(avail, num_kwds, signature, defaults_w, missing)
+                raise self.argerrcount(avail, num_kwds, signature, defaults_w, missing)
 
-
+    def argerrcount(self, *args):
+        if self.methodcall:
+            return ArgErrCountMethod(*args)
+        return ArgErrCount(*args)
 
     def parse_into_scope(self, w_firstarg,
                          scope_w, fnname, signature, defaults_w=None):
@@ -480,6 +487,22 @@
                 num_args)
         return msg
 
+class ArgErrCountMethod(ArgErrCount):
+    """ A subclass of ArgErrCount that is used if the argument matching is done
+    as part of a method call, in which case more information is added to the
+    error message, if the cause of the error is likely a forgotten `self`
+    argument.
+    """
+
+    def getmsg(self):
+        msg = ArgErrCount.getmsg(self)
+        n = self.signature.num_argnames()
+        if (self.num_args == n + 1 and
+                (n == 0 or self.signature.argnames[0] != "self")):
+            msg += ". Did you forget 'self' in the function definition?"
+        return msg
+
+
 class ArgErrMultipleValues(ArgErr):
 
     def __init__(self, argname):
diff --git a/pypy/interpreter/baseobjspace.py b/pypy/interpreter/baseobjspace.py
--- a/pypy/interpreter/baseobjspace.py
+++ b/pypy/interpreter/baseobjspace.py
@@ -375,12 +375,12 @@
 class BufferInterfaceNotFound(Exception):
     pass
 
+ at specialize.memo()
 def wrappable_class_name(Class):
     try:
         return Class.typedef.name
     except AttributeError:
         return 'internal subclass of %s' % (Class.__name__,)
-wrappable_class_name._annspecialcase_ = 'specialize:memo'
 
 class CannotHaveLock(Exception):
     """Raised by space.allocate_lock() if we're translating."""
@@ -829,12 +829,13 @@
             assert type(s) is str
         return self.interned_strings.get(s) is not None
 
+    @specialize.arg(1)
     def descr_self_interp_w(self, RequiredClass, w_obj):
         if not isinstance(w_obj, RequiredClass):
             raise DescrMismatch()
         return w_obj
-    descr_self_interp_w._annspecialcase_ = 'specialize:arg(1)'
 
+    @specialize.arg(1)
     def interp_w(self, RequiredClass, w_obj, can_be_None=False):
         """
         Unwrap w_obj, checking that it is an instance of the required internal
@@ -849,7 +850,6 @@
                         wrappable_class_name(RequiredClass),
                         w_obj.getclass(self))
         return w_obj
-    interp_w._annspecialcase_ = 'specialize:arg(1)'
 
     def unpackiterable(self, w_iterable, expected_length=-1):
         """Unpack an iterable into a real (interpreter-level) list.
@@ -1115,7 +1115,8 @@
         args = Arguments(self, list(args_w))
         return self.call_args(w_func, args)
 
-    def call_valuestack(self, w_func, nargs, frame):
+    def call_valuestack(self, w_func, nargs, frame, methodcall=False):
+        # methodcall is only used for better error messages in argument.py
         from pypy.interpreter.function import Function, Method, is_builtin_code
         if frame.get_is_being_profiled() and is_builtin_code(w_func):
             # XXX: this code is copied&pasted :-( from the slow path below
@@ -1132,13 +1133,15 @@
                     # reuse callable stack place for w_inst
                     frame.settopvalue(w_inst, nargs)
                     nargs += 1
+                    methodcall = True
                 elif nargs > 0 and (
                     self.abstract_isinstance_w(frame.peekvalue(nargs-1),   #    :-(
                                                w_func.w_class)):
                     w_func = w_func.w_function
 
             if isinstance(w_func, Function):
-                return w_func.funccall_valuestack(nargs, frame)
+                return w_func.funccall_valuestack(
+                        nargs, frame, methodcall=methodcall)
             # end of hack for performance
 
         args = frame.make_arguments(nargs)
@@ -1288,6 +1291,7 @@
             self.setitem(w_globals, w_key, self.wrap(self.builtin))
         return statement.exec_code(self, w_globals, w_locals)
 
+    @specialize.arg(2)
     def appexec(self, posargs_w, source):
         """ return value from executing given source at applevel.
             EXPERIMENTAL. The source must look like
@@ -1299,7 +1303,6 @@
         w_func = self.fromcache(AppExecCache).getorbuild(source)
         args = Arguments(self, list(posargs_w))
         return self.call_args(w_func, args)
-    appexec._annspecialcase_ = 'specialize:arg(2)'
 
     def _next_or_none(self, w_it):
         try:
@@ -1309,6 +1312,7 @@
                 raise
             return None
 
+    @specialize.arg(3)
     def compare_by_iteration(self, w_iterable1, w_iterable2, op):
         w_it1 = self.iter(w_iterable1)
         w_it2 = self.iter(w_iterable2)
@@ -1331,7 +1335,6 @@
                 if op == 'gt': return self.gt(w_x1, w_x2)
                 if op == 'ge': return self.ge(w_x1, w_x2)
                 assert False, "bad value for op"
-    compare_by_iteration._annspecialcase_ = 'specialize:arg(3)'
 
     def decode_index(self, w_index_or_slice, seqlength):
         """Helper for custom sequence implementations
diff --git a/pypy/interpreter/error.py b/pypy/interpreter/error.py
--- a/pypy/interpreter/error.py
+++ b/pypy/interpreter/error.py
@@ -375,11 +375,8 @@
         self._value = value
         self.setup(w_type)
 
-    def get_w_value(self, space):
-        w_value = self._w_value
-        if w_value is None:
-            self._w_value = w_value = space.wrap(self._value)
-        return w_value
+    def _compute_value(self, space):
+        return self._value
 
 @specialize.memo()
 def get_operr_class(valuefmt):
diff --git a/pypy/interpreter/executioncontext.py b/pypy/interpreter/executioncontext.py
--- a/pypy/interpreter/executioncontext.py
+++ b/pypy/interpreter/executioncontext.py
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 from pypy.interpreter.error import OperationError, get_cleared_operation_error
 from rpython.rlib.unroll import unrolling_iterable
 from rpython.rlib.objectmodel import specialize
-from rpython.rlib import jit, rgc
+from rpython.rlib import jit, rgc, objectmodel
 
 TICK_COUNTER_STEP = 100
 
@@ -131,6 +131,7 @@
         if self.gettrace() is not None:
             self._trace(frame, 'return', w_retval)
 
+    @objectmodel.always_inline
     def bytecode_trace(self, frame, decr_by=TICK_COUNTER_STEP):
         "Trace function called before each bytecode."
         # this is split into a fast path and a slower path that is
@@ -139,7 +140,6 @@
         actionflag = self.space.actionflag
         if actionflag.decrement_ticker(decr_by) < 0:
             actionflag.action_dispatcher(self, frame)     # slow path
-    bytecode_trace._always_inline_ = True
 
     def _run_finalizers_now(self):
         # Tests only: run the actions now, to ensure that the
@@ -147,6 +147,7 @@
         # pypy.tool.pytest.apptest.
         self.space.actionflag.action_dispatcher(self, None)
 
+    @objectmodel.always_inline
     def bytecode_only_trace(self, frame):
         """
         Like bytecode_trace() but doesn't invoke any other events besides the
@@ -156,7 +157,6 @@
             self.gettrace() is None):
             return
         self.run_trace_func(frame)
-    bytecode_only_trace._always_inline_ = True
 
     @jit.unroll_safe
     def run_trace_func(self, frame):
@@ -203,13 +203,13 @@
 
         d.instr_prev_plus_one = frame.last_instr + 1
 
+    @objectmodel.try_inline
     def bytecode_trace_after_exception(self, frame):
         "Like bytecode_trace(), but without increasing the ticker."
         actionflag = self.space.actionflag
         self.bytecode_only_trace(frame)
         if actionflag.get_ticker() < 0:
             actionflag.action_dispatcher(self, frame)     # slow path
-    bytecode_trace_after_exception._always_inline_ = 'try'
     # NB. this function is not inlined right now.  backendopt.inline would
     # need some improvements to handle this case, but it's not really an
     # issue
@@ -456,6 +456,7 @@
         periodic_actions = unrolling_iterable(self._periodic_actions)
 
         @jit.unroll_safe
+        @objectmodel.dont_inline
         def action_dispatcher(ec, frame):
             # periodic actions (first reset the bytecode counter)
             self.reset_ticker(self.checkinterval_scaled)
@@ -477,7 +478,6 @@
                     action._fired = False
                     action.perform(ec, frame)
 
-        action_dispatcher._dont_inline_ = True
         self.action_dispatcher = action_dispatcher
 
 
diff --git a/pypy/interpreter/function.py b/pypy/interpreter/function.py
--- a/pypy/interpreter/function.py
+++ b/pypy/interpreter/function.py
@@ -117,7 +117,8 @@
                                               list(args_w[1:])))
         return self.call_args(Arguments(self.space, list(args_w)))
 
-    def funccall_valuestack(self, nargs, frame): # speed hack
+    def funccall_valuestack(self, nargs, frame, methodcall=False): # speed hack
+        # methodcall is only for better error messages
         from pypy.interpreter import gateway
         from pypy.interpreter.pycode import PyCode
 
@@ -164,7 +165,7 @@
             args = frame.make_arguments(nargs-1)
             return code.funcrun_obj(self, w_obj, args)
 
-        args = frame.make_arguments(nargs)
+        args = frame.make_arguments(nargs, methodcall=methodcall)
         return self.call_args(args)
 
     @jit.unroll_safe
diff --git a/pypy/interpreter/pyframe.py b/pypy/interpreter/pyframe.py
--- a/pypy/interpreter/pyframe.py
+++ b/pypy/interpreter/pyframe.py
@@ -403,11 +403,14 @@
             depth -= 1
         self.valuestackdepth = finaldepth
 
-    def make_arguments(self, nargs):
-        return Arguments(self.space, self.peekvalues(nargs))
+    def make_arguments(self, nargs, methodcall=False):
+        return Arguments(
+                self.space, self.peekvalues(nargs), methodcall=methodcall)
 
-    def argument_factory(self, arguments, keywords, keywords_w, w_star, w_starstar):
-        return Arguments(self.space, arguments, keywords, keywords_w, w_star, w_starstar)
+    def argument_factory(self, arguments, keywords, keywords_w, w_star, w_starstar, methodcall=False):
+        return Arguments(
+                self.space, arguments, keywords, keywords_w, w_star,
+                w_starstar, methodcall=methodcall)
 
     @jit.dont_look_inside
     def descr__reduce__(self, space):
diff --git a/pypy/interpreter/pyopcode.py b/pypy/interpreter/pyopcode.py
--- a/pypy/interpreter/pyopcode.py
+++ b/pypy/interpreter/pyopcode.py
@@ -6,7 +6,8 @@
 
 from rpython.rlib import jit, rstackovf
 from rpython.rlib.debug import check_nonneg
-from rpython.rlib.objectmodel import we_are_translated
+from rpython.rlib.objectmodel import (we_are_translated, always_inline,
+        dont_inline)
 from rpython.rlib.rarithmetic import r_uint, intmask
 from rpython.tool.sourcetools import func_with_new_name
 
@@ -483,20 +484,20 @@
         # of oparg failed to produce an integer which is annotated as non-neg
         check_nonneg(oparg)
 
+    @always_inline
     def LOAD_FAST(self, varindex, next_instr):
         # access a local variable directly
         w_value = self.locals_cells_stack_w[varindex]
         if w_value is None:
             self._load_fast_failed(varindex)
         self.pushvalue(w_value)
-    LOAD_FAST._always_inline_ = True
 
+    @dont_inline
     def _load_fast_failed(self, varindex):
         varname = self.getlocalvarname(varindex)
         raise oefmt(self.space.w_UnboundLocalError,
                     "local variable '%s' referenced before assignment",
                     varname)
-    _load_fast_failed._dont_inline_ = True
 
     def LOAD_CONST(self, constindex, next_instr):
         w_const = self.getconstant_w(constindex)
@@ -888,6 +889,7 @@
                 return
         self.LOAD_GLOBAL(nameindex, next_instr)    # fall-back
 
+    @always_inline
     def _load_global(self, varname):
         w_value = self.space.finditem_str(self.get_w_globals(), varname)
         if w_value is None:
@@ -896,16 +898,15 @@
             if w_value is None:
                 self._load_global_failed(varname)
         return w_value
-    _load_global._always_inline_ = True
 
+    @dont_inline
     def _load_global_failed(self, varname):
         raise oefmt(self.space.w_NameError,
                     "global name '%s' is not defined", varname)
-    _load_global_failed._dont_inline_ = True
 
+    @always_inline
     def LOAD_GLOBAL(self, nameindex, next_instr):
         self.pushvalue(self._load_global(self.getname_u(nameindex)))
-    LOAD_GLOBAL._always_inline_ = True
 
     def DELETE_FAST(self, varindex, next_instr):
         if self.locals_cells_stack_w[varindex] is None:
@@ -939,6 +940,7 @@
         self.pushvalue(space.newlist([], sizehint=length_hint))
         self.pushvalue(last_val)
 
+    @always_inline
     def LOAD_ATTR(self, nameindex, next_instr):
         "obj.attributename"
         w_obj = self.popvalue()
@@ -949,7 +951,6 @@
             w_attributename = self.getname_w(nameindex)
             w_value = self.space.getattr(w_obj, w_attributename)
         self.pushvalue(w_value)
-    LOAD_ATTR._always_inline_ = True
 
     @jit.unroll_safe
     def cmp_exc_match(self, w_1, w_2):
diff --git a/pypy/interpreter/test/test_app_main.py b/pypy/interpreter/test/test_app_main.py
--- a/pypy/interpreter/test/test_app_main.py
+++ b/pypy/interpreter/test/test_app_main.py
@@ -1019,23 +1019,32 @@
         old_sys_path = sys.path[:]
         old_cwd = os.getcwd()
 
-        sys.path.append(self.goal_dir)
         # make sure cwd does not contain a stdlib
         if self.tmp_dir.startswith(self.trunkdir):
             skip('TMPDIR is inside the PyPy source')
-        os.chdir(self.tmp_dir)
+        sys.path.append(self.goal_dir)
         tmp_pypy_c = os.path.join(self.tmp_dir, 'pypy-c')
         try:
+            os.chdir(self.tmp_dir)
+
+            # If we are running PyPy with a libpypy-c, the following
+            # lines find the stdlib anyway.  Otherwise, it is not found.
+            expected_found = (
+                getattr(sys, 'pypy_translation_info', {})
+                .get('translation.shared'))
+
             import app_main
-            app_main.setup_bootstrap_path(tmp_pypy_c)  # stdlib not found
+            app_main.setup_bootstrap_path(tmp_pypy_c)
             assert sys.executable == ''
-            assert sys.path == old_sys_path + [self.goal_dir]
+            if not expected_found:
+                assert sys.path == old_sys_path + [self.goal_dir]
 
             app_main.setup_bootstrap_path(self.fake_exe)
             if not sys.platform == 'win32':
                 # an existing file is always 'executable' on windows
                 assert sys.executable == ''      # not executable!
-                assert sys.path == old_sys_path + [self.goal_dir]
+                if not expected_found:
+                    assert sys.path == old_sys_path + [self.goal_dir]
 
             os.chmod(self.fake_exe, 0755)
             app_main.setup_bootstrap_path(self.fake_exe)
@@ -1046,7 +1055,8 @@
             if newpath[0].endswith('__extensions__'):
                 newpath = newpath[1:]
             # we get at least 'expected_path', and maybe more (e.g.plat-linux2)
-            assert newpath[:len(self.expected_path)] == self.expected_path
+            if not expected_found:
+                assert newpath[:len(self.expected_path)] == self.expected_path
         finally:
             sys.path[:] = old_sys_path
             os.chdir(old_cwd)
diff --git a/pypy/interpreter/test/test_argument.py b/pypy/interpreter/test/test_argument.py
--- a/pypy/interpreter/test/test_argument.py
+++ b/pypy/interpreter/test/test_argument.py
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 import py
 from pypy.interpreter.argument import (Arguments, ArgErr, ArgErrUnknownKwds,
-        ArgErrMultipleValues, ArgErrCount)
+        ArgErrMultipleValues, ArgErrCount, ArgErrCountMethod)
 from pypy.interpreter.signature import Signature
 from pypy.interpreter.error import OperationError
 
@@ -573,6 +573,10 @@
         s = err.getmsg()
         assert s == "takes exactly 1 argument (0 given)"
 
+        sig = Signature(['self', 'b'], None, None)
+        err = ArgErrCount(3, 0, sig, [], 0)
+        s = err.getmsg()
+        assert s == "takes exactly 2 arguments (3 given)"
         sig = Signature(['a', 'b'], None, None)
         err = ArgErrCount(3, 0, sig, [], 0)
         s = err.getmsg()
@@ -607,6 +611,57 @@
         s = err.getmsg()
         assert s == "takes at most 1 non-keyword argument (2 given)"
 
+    def test_missing_args_method(self):
+        # got_nargs, nkwds, expected_nargs, has_vararg, has_kwarg,
+        # defaults_w, missing_args
+        sig = Signature([], None, None)
+        err = ArgErrCountMethod(1, 0, sig, None, 0)
+        s = err.getmsg()
+        assert s == "takes no arguments (1 given). Did you forget 'self' in the function definition?"
+
+        sig = Signature(['a'], None, None)
+        err = ArgErrCountMethod(0, 0, sig, [], 1)
+        s = err.getmsg()
+        assert s == "takes exactly 1 argument (0 given)"
+
+        sig = Signature(['self', 'b'], None, None)
+        err = ArgErrCountMethod(3, 0, sig, [], 0)
+        s = err.getmsg()
+        assert s == "takes exactly 2 arguments (3 given)"
+        sig = Signature(['a', 'b'], None, None)
+        err = ArgErrCountMethod(3, 0, sig, [], 0)
+        s = err.getmsg()
+        assert s == "takes exactly 2 arguments (3 given). Did you forget 'self' in the function definition?"
+        err = ArgErrCountMethod(3, 0, sig, ['a'], 0)
+        s = err.getmsg()
+        assert s == "takes at most 2 arguments (3 given). Did you forget 'self' in the function definition?"
+
+        sig = Signature(['a', 'b'], '*', None)
+        err = ArgErrCountMethod(1, 0, sig, [], 1)
+        s = err.getmsg()
+        assert s == "takes at least 2 arguments (1 given)"
+        err = ArgErrCountMethod(0, 1, sig, ['a'], 1)
+        s = err.getmsg()
+        assert s == "takes at least 1 non-keyword argument (0 given)"
+
+        sig = Signature(['a'], None, '**')
+        err = ArgErrCountMethod(2, 1, sig, [], 0)
+        s = err.getmsg()
+        assert s == "takes exactly 1 non-keyword argument (2 given). Did you forget 'self' in the function definition?"
+        err = ArgErrCountMethod(0, 1, sig, [], 1)
+        s = err.getmsg()
+        assert s == "takes exactly 1 non-keyword argument (0 given)"
+
+        sig = Signature(['a'], '*', '**')
+        err = ArgErrCountMethod(0, 1, sig, [], 1)
+        s = err.getmsg()
+        assert s == "takes at least 1 non-keyword argument (0 given)"
+
+        sig = Signature(['a'], None, '**')
+        err = ArgErrCountMethod(2, 1, sig, ['a'], 0)
+        s = err.getmsg()
+        assert s == "takes at most 1 non-keyword argument (2 given). Did you forget 'self' in the function definition?"
+
     def test_bad_type_for_star(self):
         space = self.space
         try:
@@ -674,6 +729,45 @@
         exc = raises(TypeError, (lambda a, b, **kw: 0), a=1)
         assert exc.value.message == "<lambda>() takes exactly 2 non-keyword arguments (0 given)"
 
+    @py.test.mark.skipif("config.option.runappdirect")
+    def test_error_message_method(self):
+        class A(object):
+            def f0():
+                pass
+            def f1(a):
+                pass
+        exc = raises(TypeError, lambda : A().f0())
+        assert exc.value.message == "f0() takes no arguments (1 given). Did you forget 'self' in the function definition?"
+        exc = raises(TypeError, lambda : A().f1(1))
+        assert exc.value.message == "f1() takes exactly 1 argument (2 given). Did you forget 'self' in the function definition?"
+        def f0():
+            pass
+        exc = raises(TypeError, f0, 1)
+        # does not contain the warning about missing self
+        assert exc.value.message == "f0() takes no arguments (1 given)"
+
+    @py.test.mark.skipif("config.option.runappdirect")
+    def test_error_message_module_function(self):
+        import operator # use repeat because it's defined at applevel
+        exc = raises(TypeError, lambda : operator.repeat(1, 2, 3))
+        # does not contain the warning about missing self
+        assert exc.value.message == "repeat() takes exactly 2 arguments (3 given)"
+
+    @py.test.mark.skipif("config.option.runappdirect")
+    def test_error_message_bound_method(self):
+        class A(object):
+            def f0():
+                pass
+            def f1(a):
+                pass
+        m0 = A().f0
+        exc = raises(TypeError, lambda : m0())
+        assert exc.value.message == "f0() takes no arguments (1 given). Did you forget 'self' in the function definition?"
+        m1 = A().f1
+        exc = raises(TypeError, lambda : m1(1))
+        assert exc.value.message == "f1() takes exactly 1 argument (2 given). Did you forget 'self' in the function definition?"
+
+
     def test_unicode_keywords(self):
         def f(**kwargs):
             assert kwargs[u"美"] == 42
diff --git a/pypy/interpreter/typedef.py b/pypy/interpreter/typedef.py
--- a/pypy/interpreter/typedef.py
+++ b/pypy/interpreter/typedef.py
@@ -109,6 +109,7 @@
 # we need two subclasses of the app-level type, one to add mapdict, and then one
 # to add del to not slow down the GC.
 
+ at specialize.memo()
 def get_unique_interplevel_subclass(space, cls):
     "NOT_RPYTHON: initialization-time only"
     assert cls.typedef.acceptable_as_base_class
@@ -119,7 +120,6 @@
         assert cls not in _unique_subclass_cache
         _unique_subclass_cache[cls] = subcls
         return subcls
-get_unique_interplevel_subclass._annspecialcase_ = "specialize:memo"
 _unique_subclass_cache = {}
 
 def _getusercls(cls, reallywantdict=False):
diff --git a/pypy/module/__pypy__/__init__.py b/pypy/module/__pypy__/__init__.py
--- a/pypy/module/__pypy__/__init__.py
+++ b/pypy/module/__pypy__/__init__.py
@@ -2,6 +2,8 @@
 
 from pypy.interpreter.mixedmodule import MixedModule
 from pypy.module.imp.importing import get_pyc_magic
+from rpython.rlib import rtime
+
 
 class BuildersModule(MixedModule):
     appleveldefs = {}
@@ -14,16 +16,11 @@
 class TimeModule(MixedModule):
     appleveldefs = {}
     interpleveldefs = {}
-    if sys.platform.startswith("linux") or 'bsd' in sys.platform:
-        from pypy.module.__pypy__ import interp_time
+    if rtime.HAS_CLOCK_GETTIME:
         interpleveldefs["clock_gettime"] = "interp_time.clock_gettime"
         interpleveldefs["clock_getres"] = "interp_time.clock_getres"
-        for name in [
-            "CLOCK_REALTIME", "CLOCK_MONOTONIC", "CLOCK_MONOTONIC_RAW",
-            "CLOCK_PROCESS_CPUTIME_ID", "CLOCK_THREAD_CPUTIME_ID"
-        ]:
-            if getattr(interp_time, name) is not None:
-                interpleveldefs[name] = "space.wrap(interp_time.%s)" % name
+        for name in rtime.ALL_DEFINED_CLOCKS:
+            interpleveldefs[name] = "space.wrap(%d)" % getattr(rtime, name)
 
 
 class ThreadModule(MixedModule):
diff --git a/pypy/module/__pypy__/interp_time.py b/pypy/module/__pypy__/interp_time.py
--- a/pypy/module/__pypy__/interp_time.py
+++ b/pypy/module/__pypy__/interp_time.py
@@ -4,71 +4,28 @@
 from pypy.interpreter.error import exception_from_saved_errno
 from pypy.interpreter.gateway import unwrap_spec
 from rpython.rtyper.lltypesystem import rffi, lltype
-from rpython.rtyper.tool import rffi_platform
-from rpython.translator.tool.cbuild import ExternalCompilationInfo
+from rpython.rlib import rtime
+from rpython.rlib.rtime import HAS_CLOCK_GETTIME
 
-if sys.platform == 'linux2':
-    libraries = ["rt"]
-else:
-    libraries = []
-
-
-class CConfig:
-    _compilation_info_ = ExternalCompilationInfo(
-        includes=["time.h"],
-        libraries=libraries,
-    )
-
-    HAS_CLOCK_GETTIME = rffi_platform.Has('clock_gettime')
-
-    CLOCK_REALTIME = rffi_platform.DefinedConstantInteger("CLOCK_REALTIME")
-    CLOCK_MONOTONIC = rffi_platform.DefinedConstantInteger("CLOCK_MONOTONIC")
-    CLOCK_MONOTONIC_RAW = rffi_platform.DefinedConstantInteger("CLOCK_MONOTONIC_RAW")
-    CLOCK_PROCESS_CPUTIME_ID = rffi_platform.DefinedConstantInteger("CLOCK_PROCESS_CPUTIME_ID")
-    CLOCK_THREAD_CPUTIME_ID = rffi_platform.DefinedConstantInteger("CLOCK_THREAD_CPUTIME_ID")
-
-cconfig = rffi_platform.configure(CConfig)
-
-HAS_CLOCK_GETTIME = cconfig["HAS_CLOCK_GETTIME"]
-
-CLOCK_REALTIME = cconfig["CLOCK_REALTIME"]
-CLOCK_MONOTONIC = cconfig["CLOCK_MONOTONIC"]
-CLOCK_MONOTONIC_RAW = cconfig["CLOCK_MONOTONIC_RAW"]
-CLOCK_PROCESS_CPUTIME_ID = cconfig["CLOCK_PROCESS_CPUTIME_ID"]
-CLOCK_THREAD_CPUTIME_ID = cconfig["CLOCK_THREAD_CPUTIME_ID"]
 
 if HAS_CLOCK_GETTIME:
-    #redo it for timespec
-    CConfig.TIMESPEC = rffi_platform.Struct("struct timespec", [
-        ("tv_sec", rffi.TIME_T),
-        ("tv_nsec", rffi.LONG),
-    ])
-    cconfig = rffi_platform.configure(CConfig)
-    TIMESPEC = cconfig['TIMESPEC']
-
-    c_clock_gettime = rffi.llexternal("clock_gettime",
-        [lltype.Signed, lltype.Ptr(TIMESPEC)], rffi.INT,
-        compilation_info=CConfig._compilation_info_, releasegil=False,
-        save_err=rffi.RFFI_SAVE_ERRNO
-    )
-    c_clock_getres = rffi.llexternal("clock_getres",
-        [lltype.Signed, lltype.Ptr(TIMESPEC)], rffi.INT,
-        compilation_info=CConfig._compilation_info_, releasegil=False,
-        save_err=rffi.RFFI_SAVE_ERRNO
-    )
 
     @unwrap_spec(clk_id="c_int")
     def clock_gettime(space, clk_id):
-        with lltype.scoped_alloc(TIMESPEC) as tp:
-            ret = c_clock_gettime(clk_id, tp)
+        with lltype.scoped_alloc(rtime.TIMESPEC) as tp:
+            ret = rtime.c_clock_gettime(clk_id, tp)
             if ret != 0:
                 raise exception_from_saved_errno(space, space.w_IOError)
-            return space.wrap(int(tp.c_tv_sec) + 1e-9 * int(tp.c_tv_nsec))
+            t = (float(rffi.getintfield(tp, 'c_tv_sec')) +
+                 float(rffi.getintfield(tp, 'c_tv_nsec')) * 0.000000001)
+        return space.wrap(t)
 
     @unwrap_spec(clk_id="c_int")
     def clock_getres(space, clk_id):
-        with lltype.scoped_alloc(TIMESPEC) as tp:
-            ret = c_clock_getres(clk_id, tp)
+        with lltype.scoped_alloc(rtime.TIMESPEC) as tp:
+            ret = rtime.c_clock_getres(clk_id, tp)
             if ret != 0:
                 raise exception_from_saved_errno(space, space.w_IOError)
-            return space.wrap(int(tp.c_tv_sec) + 1e-9 * int(tp.c_tv_nsec))
+            t = (float(rffi.getintfield(tp, 'c_tv_sec')) +
+                 float(rffi.getintfield(tp, 'c_tv_nsec')) * 0.000000001)
+        return space.wrap(t)
diff --git a/pypy/module/_cffi_backend/__init__.py b/pypy/module/_cffi_backend/__init__.py
--- a/pypy/module/_cffi_backend/__init__.py
+++ b/pypy/module/_cffi_backend/__init__.py
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 from rpython.rlib import rdynload, clibffi, entrypoint
 from rpython.rtyper.lltypesystem import rffi
 
-VERSION = "1.8.3"
+VERSION = "1.8.4"
 
 FFI_DEFAULT_ABI = clibffi.FFI_DEFAULT_ABI
 try:
diff --git a/pypy/module/_cffi_backend/embedding.py b/pypy/module/_cffi_backend/embedding.py
--- a/pypy/module/_cffi_backend/embedding.py
+++ b/pypy/module/_cffi_backend/embedding.py
@@ -112,29 +112,7 @@
 #define _WIN32_WINNT 0x0501
 #include <windows.h>
 
-#define CFFI_INIT_HOME_PATH_MAX  _MAX_PATH
 static void _cffi_init(void);
-static void _cffi_init_error(const char *msg, const char *extra);
-
-static int _cffi_init_home(char *output_home_path)
-{
-    HMODULE hModule = 0;
-    DWORD res;
-
-    GetModuleHandleEx(GET_MODULE_HANDLE_EX_FLAG_FROM_ADDRESS | 
-                       GET_MODULE_HANDLE_EX_FLAG_UNCHANGED_REFCOUNT,
-                       (LPCTSTR)&_cffi_init, &hModule);
-
-    if (hModule == 0 ) {
-        _cffi_init_error("GetModuleHandleEx() failed", "");
-        return -1;
-    }
-    res = GetModuleFileName(hModule, output_home_path, CFFI_INIT_HOME_PATH_MAX);
-    if (res >= CFFI_INIT_HOME_PATH_MAX) {
-        return -1;
-    }
-    return 0;
-}
 
 static void _cffi_init_once(void)
 {
@@ -155,28 +133,9 @@
 else:
 
     do_includes = r"""
-#include <dlfcn.h>
 #include <pthread.h>
 
-#define CFFI_INIT_HOME_PATH_MAX  PATH_MAX
 static void _cffi_init(void);
-static void _cffi_init_error(const char *msg, const char *extra);
-
-static int _cffi_init_home(char *output_home_path)
-{
-    Dl_info info;
-    dlerror();   /* reset */
-    if (dladdr(&_cffi_init, &info) == 0) {
-        _cffi_init_error("dladdr() failed: ", dlerror());
-        return -1;
-    }
-    if (realpath(info.dli_fname, output_home_path) == NULL) {
-        perror("realpath() failed");
-        _cffi_init_error("realpath() failed", "");
-        return -1;
-    }
-    return 0;
-}
 
 static void _cffi_init_once(void)
 {
@@ -201,14 +160,10 @@
 
 static void _cffi_init(void)
 {
-    char home[CFFI_INIT_HOME_PATH_MAX + 1];
-
     rpython_startup_code();
     RPyGilAllocate();
 
-    if (_cffi_init_home(home) != 0)
-        return;
-    if (pypy_setup_home(home, 1) != 0) {
+    if (pypy_setup_home(NULL, 1) != 0) {
         _cffi_init_error("pypy_setup_home() failed", "");
         return;
     }
diff --git a/pypy/module/_cffi_backend/test/_backend_test_c.py b/pypy/module/_cffi_backend/test/_backend_test_c.py
--- a/pypy/module/_cffi_backend/test/_backend_test_c.py
+++ b/pypy/module/_cffi_backend/test/_backend_test_c.py
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 # ____________________________________________________________
 
 import sys
-assert __version__ == "1.8.3", ("This test_c.py file is for testing a version"
+assert __version__ == "1.8.4", ("This test_c.py file is for testing a version"
                                 " of cffi that differs from the one that we"
                                 " get from 'import _cffi_backend'")
 if sys.version_info < (3,):
diff --git a/pypy/module/_cffi_backend/test/test_ffi_obj.py b/pypy/module/_cffi_backend/test/test_ffi_obj.py
--- a/pypy/module/_cffi_backend/test/test_ffi_obj.py
+++ b/pypy/module/_cffi_backend/test/test_ffi_obj.py
@@ -507,6 +507,11 @@
     def test_bug_1(self):
         import _cffi_backend as _cffi1_backend
         ffi = _cffi1_backend.FFI()
-        q = ffi.new("char[]", "abcd")
+        q = ffi.new("char[]", b"abcd")
         p = ffi.cast("char(*)(void)", q)
         raises(TypeError, ffi.string, p)
+
+    def test_negative_array_size(self):
+        import _cffi_backend as _cffi1_backend
+        ffi = _cffi1_backend.FFI()
+        raises(ffi.error, ffi.cast, "int[-5]", 0)
diff --git a/pypy/module/_cffi_backend/test/test_recompiler.py b/pypy/module/_cffi_backend/test/test_recompiler.py
--- a/pypy/module/_cffi_backend/test/test_recompiler.py
+++ b/pypy/module/_cffi_backend/test/test_recompiler.py
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@
 
 @unwrap_spec(cdef=str, module_name=str, source=str)
 def prepare(space, cdef, module_name, source, w_includes=None,
-            w_extra_source=None):
+            w_extra_source=None, w_min_version=None):
     try:
         import cffi
         from cffi import FFI            # <== the system one, which
@@ -16,8 +16,13 @@
         from cffi import ffiplatform
     except ImportError:
         py.test.skip("system cffi module not found or older than 1.0.0")
-    if cffi.__version_info__ < (1, 4, 0):
-        py.test.skip("system cffi module needs to be at least 1.4.0")
+    if w_min_version is None:
+        min_version = (1, 4, 0)
+    else:
+        min_version = tuple(space.unwrap(w_min_version))
+    if cffi.__version_info__ < min_version:
+        py.test.skip("system cffi module needs to be at least %s, got %s" % (
+            min_version, cffi.__version_info__))
     space.appexec([], """():
         import _cffi_backend     # force it to be initialized
     """)
@@ -1790,3 +1795,28 @@
                                 "void f(void) { }")
         assert lib.f.__get__(42) is lib.f
         assert lib.f.__get__(42, int) is lib.f
+
+    def test_typedef_array_dotdotdot(self):
+        ffi, lib = self.prepare("""
+            typedef int foo_t[...], bar_t[...];
+            int gv[...];
+            typedef int mat_t[...][...];
+            typedef int vmat_t[][...];
+            """,
+            "test_typedef_array_dotdotdot", """
+            typedef int foo_t[50], bar_t[50];
+            int gv[23];
+            typedef int mat_t[6][7];
+            typedef int vmat_t[][8];
+        """, min_version=(1, 8, 4))
+        assert ffi.sizeof("foo_t") == 50 * ffi.sizeof("int")
+        assert ffi.sizeof("bar_t") == 50 * ffi.sizeof("int")
+        assert len(ffi.new("foo_t")) == 50
+        assert len(ffi.new("bar_t")) == 50
+        assert ffi.sizeof(lib.gv) == 23 * ffi.sizeof("int")
+        assert ffi.sizeof("mat_t") == 6 * 7 * ffi.sizeof("int")
+        assert len(ffi.new("mat_t")) == 6
+        assert len(ffi.new("mat_t")[3]) == 7
+        raises(ffi.error, ffi.sizeof, "vmat_t")
+        p = ffi.new("vmat_t", 4)
+        assert ffi.sizeof(p[3]) == 8 * ffi.sizeof("int")
diff --git a/pypy/module/_collections/interp_deque.py b/pypy/module/_collections/interp_deque.py
--- a/pypy/module/_collections/interp_deque.py
+++ b/pypy/module/_collections/interp_deque.py
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@
 from pypy.interpreter.gateway import interp2app, unwrap_spec
 from pypy.interpreter.error import OperationError, oefmt
 from rpython.rlib.debug import check_nonneg
+from rpython.rlib.objectmodel import specialize
 
 
 # A `dequeobject` is composed of a doubly-linked list of `block` nodes.
@@ -316,12 +317,12 @@
             w_currently_in_repr = ec._py_repr = space.newdict()
         return dequerepr(space, w_currently_in_repr, space.wrap(self))
 
+    @specialize.arg(2)
     def compare(self, w_other, op):
         space = self.space
         if not isinstance(w_other, W_Deque):
             return space.w_NotImplemented
         return space.compare_by_iteration(space.wrap(self), w_other, op)
-    compare._annspecialcase_ = 'specialize:arg(2)'
 
     def lt(self, w_other):
         return self.compare(w_other, 'lt')
diff --git a/pypy/module/_csv/interp_reader.py b/pypy/module/_csv/interp_reader.py
--- a/pypy/module/_csv/interp_reader.py
+++ b/pypy/module/_csv/interp_reader.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 from rpython.rlib.rstring import StringBuilder
+from rpython.rlib import objectmodel
 from pypy.interpreter.baseobjspace import W_Root
 from pypy.interpreter.error import OperationError, oefmt
 from pypy.interpreter.gateway import unwrap_spec
@@ -25,12 +26,12 @@
     def iter_w(self):
         return self.space.wrap(self)
 
+    @objectmodel.dont_inline
     def error(self, msg):
         space = self.space
         w_module = space.getbuiltinmodule('_csv')
         w_error = space.getattr(w_module, space.wrap('Error'))
         raise oefmt(w_error, "line %d: %s", self.line_num, msg)
-    error._dont_inline_ = True
 
     def add_char(self, field_builder, c):
         assert field_builder is not None
diff --git a/pypy/module/_csv/interp_writer.py b/pypy/module/_csv/interp_writer.py
--- a/pypy/module/_csv/interp_writer.py
+++ b/pypy/module/_csv/interp_writer.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 from rpython.rlib.rstring import StringBuilder
+from rpython.rlib import objectmodel
 from pypy.interpreter.baseobjspace import W_Root
 from pypy.interpreter.error import OperationError
 from pypy.interpreter.typedef import TypeDef, interp2app
@@ -21,12 +22,12 @@
             special += dialect.quotechar
         self.special_characters = special
 
+    @objectmodel.dont_inline
     def error(self, msg):
         space = self.space
         w_module = space.getbuiltinmodule('_csv')
         w_error = space.getattr(w_module, space.wrap('Error'))
         raise OperationError(w_error, space.wrap(msg))
-    error._dont_inline_ = True
 
     def writerow(self, w_fields):
         """Construct and write a CSV record from a sequence of fields.
diff --git a/pypy/module/_file/interp_file.py b/pypy/module/_file/interp_file.py
--- a/pypy/module/_file/interp_file.py
+++ b/pypy/module/_file/interp_file.py
@@ -140,7 +140,11 @@
         stream = dispatch_filename(streamio.open_file_as_stream)(
             self.space, w_name, mode, buffering, signal_checker(self.space))
         fd = stream.try_to_find_file_descriptor()
-        self.check_not_dir(fd)
+        try:
+            self.check_not_dir(fd)
+        except:
+            stream.close()
+            raise
         self.fdopenstream(stream, fd, mode)
 
     def direct___enter__(self):
diff --git a/pypy/module/_file/test/test_file_extra.py b/pypy/module/_file/test/test_file_extra.py
--- a/pypy/module/_file/test/test_file_extra.py
+++ b/pypy/module/_file/test/test_file_extra.py
@@ -667,3 +667,20 @@
         f2.close()
         s2.close()
         s1.close()
+
+    def test_close_fd_if_dir_check_fails(self):
+        from errno import EMFILE
+        for i in range(1700):
+            try:
+                open('/')
+            except IOError as e:
+                assert e.errno != EMFILE
+            else:
+                assert False
+
+    @py.test.mark.skipif("os.name != 'posix'")
+    def test_dont_close_fd_if_dir_check_fails_in_fdopen(self):
+        import posix
+        fd = posix.open('/', posix.O_RDONLY)
+        raises(IOError, posix.fdopen, fd)
+        posix.close(fd)
diff --git a/pypy/module/_lsprof/interp_lsprof.py b/pypy/module/_lsprof/interp_lsprof.py
--- a/pypy/module/_lsprof/interp_lsprof.py
+++ b/pypy/module/_lsprof/interp_lsprof.py
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@
 from pypy.interpreter.typedef import (TypeDef, GetSetProperty,
                                       interp_attrproperty)
 from rpython.rlib import jit
-from rpython.rlib.objectmodel import we_are_translated
+from rpython.rlib.objectmodel import we_are_translated, always_inline
 from rpython.rlib.rtimer import read_timestamp, _is_64_bit
 from rpython.rtyper.lltypesystem import rffi, lltype
 from rpython.translator.tool.cbuild import ExternalCompilationInfo
@@ -256,7 +256,7 @@
         return w_frame.wrap_string(space)
     return w_frame    # actually a PyCode object
 
-
+ at always_inline
 def prepare_spec(space, w_arg):
     if isinstance(w_arg, Method):
         return (w_arg.w_function, w_arg.w_class)
@@ -264,8 +264,6 @@
         return (w_arg, None)
     else:
         return (None, space.type(w_arg))
-prepare_spec._always_inline_ = True
-
 
 def lsprof_call(space, w_self, frame, event, w_arg):
     assert isinstance(w_self, W_Profiler)
diff --git a/pypy/module/_pypyjson/interp_decoder.py b/pypy/module/_pypyjson/interp_decoder.py
--- a/pypy/module/_pypyjson/interp_decoder.py
+++ b/pypy/module/_pypyjson/interp_decoder.py
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 import sys
 from rpython.rlib.rstring import StringBuilder
-from rpython.rlib.objectmodel import specialize
+from rpython.rlib.objectmodel import specialize, always_inline
 from rpython.rlib import rfloat, runicode
 from rpython.rtyper.lltypesystem import lltype, rffi
 from pypy.interpreter.error import oefmt
@@ -188,6 +188,7 @@
         self.pos = i
         return self.space.call_function(self.space.w_int, self.space.wrap(s))
 
+    @always_inline
     def parse_integer(self, i):
         "Parse a decimal number with an optional minus sign"
         sign = 1
@@ -218,7 +219,6 @@
         # overflowed
         ovf_maybe = (count >= OVF_DIGITS)
         return i, ovf_maybe, sign * intval
-    parse_integer._always_inline_ = True
 
     def decode_array(self, i):
         w_list = self.space.newlist([])
diff --git a/pypy/module/_pypyjson/targetjson.py b/pypy/module/_pypyjson/targetjson.py
--- a/pypy/module/_pypyjson/targetjson.py
+++ b/pypy/module/_pypyjson/targetjson.py
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@
 import time
 from pypy.interpreter.error import OperationError
 from pypy.module._pypyjson.interp_decoder import loads
+from rpython.rlib.objectmodel import specialize, dont_inline
 
 
 ## MSG = open('msg.json').read()
@@ -68,11 +69,11 @@
         assert isinstance(w_x, W_String)
         return w_x.strval
 
+    @dont_inline
     def call_method(self, obj, name, arg):
         assert name == 'append'
         assert isinstance(obj, W_List)
         obj.listval.append(arg)
-    call_method._dont_inline_ = True
 
     def call_function(self, w_func, *args_w):
         return self.w_None # XXX
@@ -91,6 +92,7 @@
     def wrapfloat(self, x):
         return W_Float(x)
 
+    @specialize.argtype(1)
     def wrap(self, x):
         if isinstance(x, int):
             return W_Int(x)
@@ -100,7 +102,6 @@
         ##     assert False
         else:
             return W_Unicode(unicode(x))
-    wrap._annspecialcase_ = "specialize:argtype(1)"
 
 
 fakespace = FakeSpace()
diff --git a/pypy/module/_rawffi/interp_rawffi.py b/pypy/module/_rawffi/interp_rawffi.py
--- a/pypy/module/_rawffi/interp_rawffi.py
+++ b/pypy/module/_rawffi/interp_rawffi.py
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@
 from rpython.rtyper.lltypesystem import lltype, rffi
 from rpython.rtyper.tool import rffi_platform
 from rpython.rlib.unroll import unrolling_iterable
+from rpython.rlib.objectmodel import specialize
 import rpython.rlib.rposix as rposix
 
 _MS_WINDOWS = os.name == "nt"
@@ -255,6 +256,7 @@
 
 _ARM = rffi_platform.getdefined('__arm__', '')
 
+ at specialize.arg(2)
 def read_ptr(ptr, ofs, TP):
     T = lltype.Ptr(rffi.CArray(TP))
     for c in unroll_letters_for_floats:
@@ -274,8 +276,8 @@
                 return ptr_val
     else:
         return rffi.cast(T, ptr)[ofs]
-read_ptr._annspecialcase_ = 'specialize:arg(2)'
 
+ at specialize.argtype(2)
 def write_ptr(ptr, ofs, value):
     TP = lltype.typeOf(value)
     T = lltype.Ptr(rffi.CArray(TP))
@@ -296,7 +298,6 @@
                 return
     else:
         rffi.cast(T, ptr)[ofs] = value
-write_ptr._annspecialcase_ = 'specialize:argtype(2)'
 
 def segfault_exception(space, reason):
     w_mod = space.getbuiltinmodule("_rawffi")
@@ -374,14 +375,15 @@
     def getrawsize(self):
         raise NotImplementedError("abstract base class")
 
+ at specialize.arg(0)
 def unwrap_truncate_int(TP, space, w_arg):
     if space.isinstance_w(w_arg, space.w_int):
         return rffi.cast(TP, space.int_w(w_arg))
     else:
         return rffi.cast(TP, space.bigint_w(w_arg).ulonglongmask())
-unwrap_truncate_int._annspecialcase_ = 'specialize:arg(0)'
 
 
+ at specialize.arg(1)
 def unwrap_value(space, push_func, add_arg, argdesc, letter, w_arg):
     if letter in TYPEMAP_PTR_LETTERS:
         # check for NULL ptr
@@ -422,10 +424,10 @@
                 return
         else:
             raise oefmt(space.w_TypeError, "cannot directly write value")
-unwrap_value._annspecialcase_ = 'specialize:arg(1)'
 
 ll_typemap_iter = unrolling_iterable(LL_TYPEMAP.items())
 
+ at specialize.arg(1)
 def wrap_value(space, func, add_arg, argdesc, letter):
     for c, ll_type in ll_typemap_iter:
         if letter == c:
@@ -437,7 +439,6 @@
             else:
                 return space.wrap(func(add_arg, argdesc, ll_type))
     raise oefmt(space.w_TypeError, "cannot directly read value")
-wrap_value._annspecialcase_ = 'specialize:arg(1)'
 
 NARROW_INTEGER_TYPES = 'cbhiBIH?'
 
diff --git a/pypy/module/_rawffi/structure.py b/pypy/module/_rawffi/structure.py
--- a/pypy/module/_rawffi/structure.py
+++ b/pypy/module/_rawffi/structure.py
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@
 from rpython.rlib.rarithmetic import intmask, signedtype, r_uint, \
     r_ulonglong
 from rpython.rtyper.lltypesystem import lltype, rffi
+from rpython.rlib.objectmodel import specialize
 import sys
 
 IS_BIG_ENDIAN = sys.byteorder == 'big'
@@ -284,6 +285,7 @@
 def NUM_BITS(x):
     return x >> 16
 
+ at specialize.arg(1)
 def BIT_MASK(x, ll_t):
     if ll_t is lltype.SignedLongLong or ll_t is lltype.UnsignedLongLong:
         one = r_ulonglong(1)
@@ -291,8 +293,8 @@
         one = r_uint(1)
     # to avoid left shift by x == sizeof(ll_t)
     return (((one << (x - 1)) - 1) << 1) + 1
-BIT_MASK._annspecialcase_ = 'specialize:arg(1)'
 
+ at specialize.argtype(2)
 def push_field(self, num, value):
     ptr = rffi.ptradd(self.ll_buffer, self.shape.ll_positions[num])
     TP = lltype.typeOf(value)
@@ -313,8 +315,8 @@
                 value = rffi.cast(TP, current)
             break
     write_ptr(ptr, 0, value)
-push_field._annspecialcase_ = 'specialize:argtype(2)'
 
+ at specialize.arg(2)
 def cast_pos(self, i, ll_t):
     pos = rffi.ptradd(self.ll_buffer, self.shape.ll_positions[i])
     value = read_ptr(pos, 0, ll_t)
@@ -337,7 +339,6 @@
                 value = rffi.cast(ll_t, value)
             break
     return value
-cast_pos._annspecialcase_ = 'specialize:arg(2)'
 
 class W_StructureInstance(W_DataInstance):
     def __init__(self, space, shape, address):
diff --git a/pypy/module/_warnings/interp_warnings.py b/pypy/module/_warnings/interp_warnings.py
--- a/pypy/module/_warnings/interp_warnings.py
+++ b/pypy/module/_warnings/interp_warnings.py
@@ -248,6 +248,10 @@
     if space.isinstance_w(w_message, space.w_Warning):
         w_text = space.str(w_message)
         w_category = space.type(w_message)
+    elif (not space.isinstance_w(w_message, space.w_unicode) or
+          not space.isinstance_w(w_message, space.w_str)):
+        w_text = space.str(w_message)
+        w_message = space.call_function(w_category, w_message)
     else:
         w_text = w_message
         w_message = space.call_function(w_category, w_message)
diff --git a/pypy/module/_warnings/test/test_warnings.py b/pypy/module/_warnings/test/test_warnings.py
--- a/pypy/module/_warnings/test/test_warnings.py
+++ b/pypy/module/_warnings/test/test_warnings.py
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@
         import _warnings
         _warnings.warn("some message", DeprecationWarning)
         _warnings.warn("some message", Warning)
+        _warnings.warn(("some message",1), Warning)
 
     def test_lineno(self):
         import warnings, _warnings, sys


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